GENERGIS - Green for Islands

2012-IEF-332028

Deliverable II

Energy Statistics and Potential of

Identification of the case study

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou

Scientist in charge: Prof. Maria Loizidou

Unit of Environmental Science and Technology

National Technical University of

June 2015

IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 2 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece

In the following text, the GENERGIS project case study is presented. The current state of energy policy and use in Greece (including statistics on renewable and conventional energy use) is also briefly presented as an introduction.

The text has the following structure:

List of Tables ...... 4

List of Figures ...... 5

Abbreviations ...... 6

THE CURRENT ENERGY SITUATION IN GREECE ...... 7

Energy supply and consumption ...... 7

Electricity generation and consumption ...... 8

Energy savings ...... 8

Energy Resources In Greece ...... 9

Fossil fuels ...... 9 Renewable energy sources ...... 9 Solar, wind and sources and potential in Greece ...... 11

National renewable energy action plan ...... 14

GREEK ISLANDS ...... 16

Energy generation on the islands ...... 17

Energy storage ...... 18

IDENTIFICATION OF THE CASE STUDY ...... 19

References ...... 21

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List of Tables

Table 1: Number of installations and installed capacity nationwide by category, technology, and network ...... 11 Table 2: Planned electrical connections in Greece and the region...... 18 Table 3: Surface area and number of inhabitants of non-interconnected islands...... 20

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Installations of RES stations in the interconnected system of Greece in the last 11 years (MW)...... 9 Figure 2: Global irradiation and solar electricity potential – Optimally-inclined photovoltaic modules...... 12 Figure 3: Wind potential at a height of 100 m above the base of the mast ...... 13 Figure 4: Biomass potential from solid residues...... 13 Figure 5: Geothermal potential in Greece...... 14 Figure 6: Island groups of Greece...... 16

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Abbreviations

ADMIE/ITSO Independent Power Transmission Operator

DEDDIE/HEDNO Hellenic Distribution Network Operator

ELSTAT Hellenic Statistical Authority

GHG Greenhouse gas

IEA International Energy Agency

IENE Institute of Energy of Northeastern Europe

LAGIE Operator of electricity market

PV Photovoltaic

RAE Regulatory Authority for Energy

RES Renewable energy sources

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THE CURRENT ENERGY SITUATION IN GREECE

Energy supply and consumption

Greece was identified by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as the country with the most carbon-intensive primary energy supply among the IEA member countries, because of its strong reliance on and oil [1]. Specifically, energy (excluding transport) in Greece has been identified as the sector with the most significant share in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (with a percentage of 64.1 %) [2]. With this in mind, and accounting for the country’s high potential in renewable resources [3], a change in energy policies could make a significant contribution to the economic recovery of Greece, while original energy strategies could be seen as development towards energy autonomy.

Oil, the dominant energy source in Greece, accounted for 45 % of the country’s total primary energy supply in 2012 [4]. It should be noted that in 2008 oil accounted for 55 % of the country’s total primary energy supply [5]. The import dependency of oil was 99.5 % in 2012 and it is predicted to reach 99.7 % in 2018, while most of the imports of oil to Greece in 2012 came from Russia (33 %), Saudi Arabia (17 %), Iraq (17 %), Libya (13 %) and Kazakhstan (9 %) [4]. It has been reported that for the energy needs of the islands in the alone, Greece pays more than 500 million every year for oil consumption, in order to produce electricity in local power plants [6]. In 2012 the majority of the imported oil was used in transport (51 %) (increased from 46 % in 2008 [5]), followed by the residential sector (18 %) and the sector of transformation/energy (16 %) [4]. Oil has also been widely used for electricity generation on many of the inhabited Greek islands [4].

Coal is the second largest energy source in Greece; it accounted for 27 % of the country’s primary energy in 2010 [7]. Lignite, specifically accounted for 78 % of the primary energy production from in 2010. 98 % of the coal produced in 2009 was reported to be used for electricity generation [7].

According to the IEA, in 2012, use accounted for 14 % of Greece’s total primary energy supply, with an import dependency of 99.9 % [4]. 60 % of the imported natural gas in 2012 came from Russia, 16 % from Algeria and 15 % from . Transformation accounted for 61 % of total consumption, followed by industry (24 %) and residential use (9 %).

From the above it can be seen that approximately 60 % of the primary energy supply of Greece must be covered through imports, while the remaining 40 %, covered through national energy sources, is by far dominated by lignite resources. Lastly, Greek energy consumption is dominated by the production of oil products (approximately 65 % [8]),

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 7 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece followed by electricity power (27 % [9]) and other products of lower importance. The sectors with the highest energy consumption are transport, the residential sector and the industry [9].

Electricity generation and consumption

In 2011, 50 % of the electricity produced in Greece came from the use of lignite, 27 % from natural gas, 9 % from oil (mainly on the islands) and 14% from renewable energy sources (RES) [9]. According to the statistical office of the (), gross electricity generation in Greece was 60,959 GWh in 2012, 57,152 GWh in 2013 and 50,743 in 2014 [10], [11]. The Hellenic statistical authority (ELSTAT) reports that Greece consumed 51,168 GWh of electrical energy in 2012, 36 % of which was consumed in the domestic sector, 29 % in the commercial sector, 24 % in the industrial sector, 5 % in the agricultural sector, and the remaining 16 % for other uses [12]. Thus, the domestic sector dominates the electrical consumption in Greece. According to a survey on energy consumption in households conducted by ELSTAT for the period 2011-2012, 38.4 % of the annual total electricity consumed in a household is used for cooking, 14.7 % for the fridge, 10.6 % for the washing machine, 6.6 % for lighting and 4.9 % for space cooling [13].

Energy savings

As is apparent from the statistics associated with energy and electricity generation and consumption in Greece, the highest potential for energy savings lie with the following actions:

- Improvement of buildings

- Improvement of transport means

- Improvement of generation, transport and use of electrical energy

- Adoption of new methods, materials and technologies

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Energy Resources In Greece

Fossil fuels

Exploratory research related to finding and extracting fossil fuel reserves in Greece started in 1960 in Western Greece and the . The reserves that were discovered and exploited were of relatively low importance mainly due to the lack of today’s technology. It is known that there are large hydrocarbon reserves, among others, in the Gulf of Patras, in the south and southeast sides of the island of , in Ipiros, in the northwestern , in the Ionian Sea, in the area of and in the northern Aegean Sea [14].

Renewable energy sources

The development of the installation and operation of RES stations in the last 11 years in Greece can be seen in Figure 1 below (data from personal communication with the Operator of electricity market, LAGIE).

RES in the form of biomass and solarthermal for heating purposes have been widely used in Greece for many years. Wind turbines started being used in last two decades and hydroelectric, biomass/biogas, and photovoltaics more recently.

2500

2000 Wind 1500 Small hydro plants

1000 Biogas-Biomass PV 500 PV on roofs <10kW

0

Figure 1: Installations of RES stations in the interconnected system of Greece in the last 11 years (MW).

The Eurostat report on RES shares in countries of the European Union in 2012 [15] reveals a total RES share in Greece of 13.8 %. When looking at the specific application sectors (electricity,

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 9 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece heating/cooling and transport), we see that Greece has a high RES contribution in the sector of heating/cooling (24.43 %), strongly related with the wide use of wood and solar thermal systems. The use of biomass, however, does not always relate to progress and emission reductions, when compared to previous years and improved practices. Nevertheless, the heating/cooling sector affects the outcome significantly, resulting in an overall RES share for Greece higher than that, for example, of Germany (12.4 %), although Germany has significantly higher RES shares in both the electricity and transport sectors. The RES share in the heating/cooling sector is followed by the electricity generation sector with a 16.5 % RES share and, finally, transport with a share of 1.1 %.

Electricity from wind turbines, hydroelectric stations and biogas/biomass has increased steadily over the years, with being the most commonly implemented technology. From their first applications in 2008, photovoltaic (PV) implementations increased very rapidly until the middle of 2013. PVs on rooftops started becoming more popular in 2010 (the year after the “Special Program” was approved). It should be mentioned that on top of the PV installations on the interconnected system, 24 MW of PV have been installed on rooftops on non-interconnected islands. These PV installations generated from 1,900 to 4,270 MWh in 2014 (depending on the load factor that varied between 11.8-24.5 %) [10].

The increase of PV implementations was stalled by new government measures that were adopted as a result of actual electricity production from PVs reaching/surpassing planned limits. The government proceeded to implement cuts in the incentives available until then by decreasing the prices of the electricity absorbed by the Network/System. This discouraged new PV applications, while in 2014 harsher measures (law 4254/2014) approximately froze any new investments in the technology [10].

The Information Registry of Operating Stations, created based on data from the Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE), LAGIE, the Independent Power Transmission Operator (ITSO/ADMIE) and the Hellenic Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO/DEDDIE), is maintained by the Customer Service of Investors for RES Projects. According to the statistics of the registry of operating stations [16], the installed capacity and the electricity generation of RES stations in 2012 and 2013 were as shown in Table 1.

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Table 1: Number of installations and installed capacity nationwide by category, technology, and network (2013, Source: Greek Ministry of Environment Energy and Climate Change).

Technology Interconnection Number of Installed Installed Production Production Network stations capacity capacity 2012 (MWh) 2013 (MWh) Wind turbines Interconnected 106 2012 (MW) 1,520.022013 (MW) 3,156,192.20 2013 System & Network Non-interconnected 86 288.64 689,347.59 Network of Islands Subtotal 1,752.01 1,808.65 3,845,539.80 4,139,136.86

Biomass Interconnected 12 45.81 196,519.30 System & Network Non-interconnected 0 0 0 Network of Islands Subtotal 44.75 45.81 196,519.30 209,669.78

Large-scale Interconnected 15 3,018.0 3,921,268.09 Hydroelectric System & Network Non-interconnected 0 0 0 Network of Islands Subtotal 3017.70 3018.00 3,921,268.09 5,602,324.30

Small-scale Interconnected 104 219.84 669,380.91 Hydroelectric System & Network Non-interconnected 1 0.30 944.96 Network of Islands Subtotal 213.23 220.14 670,325.87 771,562.76

PV (w/out Interconnected 12662 2,070.25 1,215,882.16 Special Program System & Network

for rooftops) Non-interconnected 1755 135.74 183,655.03 Network of Islands Subtotal 1,237.76 2,205.98 1,399,537.19 3,127,114.76

PV of the Special Interconnected 38060 348.69 Program for System & Network

rooftops Non-interconnected 3157 23.05 Network of Islands Subtotal 296.53 371.74 497,941.51

TOTAL 10,304,510.01 14,347,749.97

TOTAL electr. needs 60,959,000

% RES in electr. 16.5

% RES in total (W, 13.83 heating/cooling + transport.

Solar, wind and biomass sources and potential in Greece

Greece has enormous potential in the renewable energy sector. The country enjoys more than 250 days or 3,000 sunny hours annually, while it has many areas of strong winds [17]. In addition, Greece has promising potential of geothermal resources especially at low to medium temperature [18]. Below we present maps of the solar, wind, biomass and geothermal potential of Greece as published by recognized entities of the country.

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 11 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028Global irradiation and solar electriEnergy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greececity potential Optimally-inclined photovoltaic modules GREECE / ΕΛΛΑΔΑ 20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E

Bulgaria

Komotini FYR of Xan th i Alexa ndrou poli

Seres N

Kavala " 0 ' 0 ° 0 4

Thessaloníki

Albania

Turkey Larisa

Ioann ina Volos Kerkira

La mia

Chalkida Agrinio

Patra Athínai

Korin th os

Erm oupo li

Tripoli Rodos

Kalam ata N " 0 ' 0 ° 5

Hania Irákleion 3

0 50 100 200 Km

Projection: Lambert Azimutal Equal Area, WGS84, lat 52º lon 10º Yearly sum of global irradiation Source of ancillary data: CORINE Land Cover 2 DTM SRTM-30 [kWh/m ] GISCO database <1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 >2100 Geonames Natural Earth

<1050 1125 1200 1275 1350 1425 1500 >1575 Urban area Yearly sum of solar electricity generated by 1kWp Figure 2: Global irradiation and solar electricity potential system with perform– aOptimallynce ratio 0.75-inclined photovoltaic modules [19]– Water body [21]. [kWh/kWpeak] Authors: Thomas Huld, Irene Pinedo-Pascua Joint • Joint Research Centre Research Institute for Energy and Transport, Renewable Energy Unit Centre PVGIS http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/

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Figure 3: Wind potential at a height of 100 m above the base of the mast [22].

Figure 4: Biomass potential from solid residues. The example shown is for part of the Prefecture. TN stands for tonnes and EN stands for energy (GJ). More details can be found in [23].

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Figure 5: Geothermal potential in Greece [24].

National renewable energy action plan

According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan in the Scope of Directive 2009/28/EC, the goals of Greece related to the generation of electricity in the interconnected system are to (1) modernize the current lignite power plants incorporating CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies, (2) construct RES and hydroelectric pumped storage plants and (3) install some additional natural gas combined cycle plants [25]. In the non-interconnected islands the main priority of the country’s strategy is the installation of RES plants, including hybrid RES plants and offshore wind parks. These plants will operate either as autonomous systems on small islands or they will be connected to the existing interconnected system, in order to be used as additional energy resources by supplying excess electricity. In the electricity sector it is expected

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 14 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece that lignite and petroleum will gradually give way to mainly natural gas and wind power. The heating/cooling sector is estimated to be serviced mainly by biomass, followed by solar energy, heat pumps and the incorporation of some geothermal resources.

The minimum target of Greece for RES contribution by 2020 is 18 % with 40 % of this share stemming from electricity. As seen in Figure 1, the estimated installed PV capacity for 2020 reported in [25] (2,200 MW) has almost already been achieved. The installed wind capacity, on the other hand, is still relatively low when compared to its estimated levels in the National Plan (7,500 MW). Although network saturation issues, insufficient policies and other social factors have occasionally stalled the installation of new RES stations, there are plans for further advancement in the area. An example to overcome saturation problems in the networks are plans to construct new high voltage centers and extend and/or upgrade existing centers, with the goal to increase the maximum installed capacity and to reach the 2020 RES penetration goals [26].

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GREEK ISLANDS

According to the Greek National Tourism Organization, Greece has 6,000 islands and islets scattered in the Aegean and Ionian Seas, from which 227 islands are inhabited [27]. The islands in the Aegean Sea are divided into seven groups (Figure 6): the northeastern , the , , the islands of the Argosaronic Gulf, , and Crete. Some islands of the Aegean Sea (Gavdos, Elafonissos and Trizonis) do not form part of a group. The Ionian Sea includes the Eptanese and some smaller islands that do not form part of a group.

The islands present a unique challenge to develop a unified energy development policy due to their unique characteristics. Some of the islands were home to some of the oldest European civilizations enriching their beauty with unique archeological sites and constituting them cultural and natural heritage. Due to their remote placement, most of the islands evolved unique idiosyncrasies, living traditions, folkloric and architectural characteristics (music, art), as well as dietary traits. Additionally, geomorphological particularities offer highly diversified topography and geo-characteristics of the islands, unparalleled landscape, volcanic soil and fascinating local aspects.

Figure 6: Island groups of Greece [28].

The two most important topics of environmental management on islands are protection of coastal areas and the management of solid and liquid waste [29]. Proposed actions involve, among others, energy saving measures, energy generation using renewable energy sources and measures to minimize the effects of mass tourism (e.g., energy upgrades of buildings). A challenge created through the continuous increase of tourism and pollution on the islands is soil erosion, which in turn deteriorates the management and stability of water resources. Such

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 16 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece problems cause water to be an even more competitive commodity and result in the reduction of irrigated agriculture for the sake of tourism [29].

Energy generation on the islands

According to the RAE, most of the islands in Greece today (mainly in the Aegean) are electrified by autonomous electrical systems and they generate electricity primarily using local thermal power plants that operate with heavy (mazut) or light (diesel) oil and RES stations (wind and photovoltaic) [30]. The small and medium-scale autonomous islands in the Aegean represent approximately 10% of the country's total energy consumption [26]. The non-interconnected islands are not connected to date with the electrical system of the interconnected system, mainly due to logistical, technological and financial difficulties.

The electricity market of the non-interconnected islands consists of 32 autonomous systems. Some of them consist of several islands (clusters of islands), and their operation and management is realized by the Islands Management Division of DEDDIE (or HEDNO) [30].

The size (peak demand) in kW of the 32 independent electrical island systems of the country varies and it consists of:

• 19 small autonomous systems with a peak demand of 10 MW, • 11 medium-sized autonomous systems with a peak demand of between 10 MW and 100 MW and • 2 large autonomous systems with a peak demand of more than 100 MW, i.e., Crete and .

Similarly, the demand (consumption in MWh) of electricity in the non-interconnected islands also varies from several hundred MWh in the smaller islands (e.g., , , etc.), up to several TWh in the biggest non-interconnected island (Crete). The energy and peak demand for the years 2008-2013 of the 32 electrical island systems are reported by RAE [30]. In addition, data on the installation and operation of RES stations on non-interconnected islands are published monthly by the HEDNO [31].

To achieve the 2020 goals of RES penetration in the Greek energy market, the country aims to take further advantage of its wind potential, to decrease the cost of electricity on the islands and minimize the risks and problems of existing stations and to connect the non-interconnected islands to the interconnected system. The planned evolution of electrical interconnections in Greece and the Region published in 2012 in the report of the Institute of Energy of Northeastern Europe (IENE), commissioned by RAE, is shown in Table 2 [32], while the specific planning of

Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 17 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece non-interconnected islands to the interconnected system can be found in the 10-year Plan for the development of a transmission system published by ADMIE [26].

Table 2: Planned electrical connections in Greece and the region [32].

Years Electrical connection of Cyclades 2013-2016 Connection Crete - Mainland 2014-2017 Connection Cyprus - Israel 2014-2016 Connection Cyprus - Crete 2015-2018 Connection of W. Greece - S. Italy (2.0 GW) 2017-2021 Connection of W. Greece - S. Italy (2nd line, Arachthos-Gatalina, 500 MW) 2019-2022

According to DEDDIE, in December 2014 84 % of the energy generation on non-interconnected islands came from thermal power plants, 13 % from wind parks and 3 % from PV stations. Most of the wind and PV stations have been installed by far on the island of Crete, followed by the island of Rhodes. The contribution of RES stations to the electricity generation on the non- interconnected islands in December 2014 was 15.6 % [31].

Local networks restrict the operation of RES stations on non-interconnected islands to 30 % of the peak power demand (not accounting for possible storage facilities in hybrid systems) [29]. Experience has shown that wind parks on autonomous Greek islands cannot cover more than 15 % of the annual demand, while 15-20 % of the annual wind energy is discarded [29]. These calculations are based on the fact that local conventional power stations must be operated continuously (even at technically-minimum operation) in order to cover for potential fluctuations or lack of wind.

Energy storage

The report of the Programme Kalikratis [29] identifies pumped storage as the cheapest and most convenient way to store electricity. This system can be combined with desalination units that use energy from the incorporated wind turbine(s) to produce drinking water.

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IDENTIFICATION OF THE CASE STUDY

The plan of the project GENERGIS was to choose one small-sized, non-interconnected island and to propose and evaluate energy strategies towards 100 % renewable energy autonomy.

In order to choose the most suitable island for the realization of the project, we had to ensure that the following criteria were met:

(1) Availability of detailed local energy statistics,

(2) Collaboration of local authorities, and

(3) Availability of local energy resources.

After personal contact with local authorities, it became obvious that the collection of energy data for non-interconnected islands and the collaboration of local authorities were not going to be an issue in the project. In addition, the majority of islands have a satisfactory availability of energy resources. Thus, in order to reduce the number of islands to choose from, the three criteria set in the project were enriched with two quantitative restrictions:

(1) Size: smaller than 300 km2 and bigger than 150 km2 and

(2) Population density: less than 40 permanent inhabitants/km2.

In addition, we accounted for an additional definition of small-sized islands: Besides definitions of small islands found in the literature (e.g., [33], [34]) there exists the categorization of European islands based on population data [35]. According to this distinction, the following categories are defined:

• Large islands: at least 50,000 residents

• Medium-sized islands: 5000-50000 residents

• Small islands: less than 5,000 residents

From the non-interconnected islands shown in Table 3, six have a size between 150 and 300 km2 and four have a population density smaller than 40 residents per km2. Among these islands, and satisfy the criterion of a small-sized island with less than 5,000 residents. Finally, between the two islands, Skyros was chosen as the island with a better relationship between area and population density.

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Table 3: Surface area and number of inhabitants of non-interconnected islands.

Island Area (km2) Inhabitants Inhabitants/km2 Island group 1 Crete 8.303,0 623,065 75.04 2 Mitilini/Lesvos 1.636,0 86,436 52.83 Northern Aegean 3 Rodos 1.401,5 115,490 82.41 Dodekanisa 4 842,8 51,390 60.98 Northern Aegean 5 477,9 32,977 69.00 Northern Aegean 6 Limnos 476,3 16,992 35.68 Northern Aegean 7 429,8 17,930 41.72 Cyclades 8 300,2 6,226 20.74 Dodekanisa 9 287,6 33,388 116.09 Dodekanisa 10 255,3 8,423 32.99 Northern Aegean 11 Skyros 206,9 2,994 14.47 Sporades 12 196,3 13,715 69.86 Cyclades 13 Milos 158,4 4,977 31.42 Cyclades 14 121,5 1,973 16.24 Cyclades 15 110,6 16,005 144.74 Dodekanisa 16 108,7 2,024 18.62 Cyclades 17 99,4 1,456 14.64 Cyclades 18 96,4 1,334 13.84 Dodekanisa 19 86,1 10,134 117.67 Cyclades 20 84,1 21,507 255.83 Cyclades 21 / 76,2 15,231 199.91 Cyclades 22 75,2 1,420 18.88 Cyclades 23 73,9 2,625 35.50 Cyclades 24 66,4 1,084 16.32 Dodekanisa 25 61,5 780 12.69 Dodekanisa 26 57,9 2,590 44.76 Dodekanisa 27 54,1 7,917 146.47 Dodekanisa 28 43,3 270 6.23 Northern Aegean 29 41,7 273 6.55 Cyclades 30 41,3 987 23.92 Dodekanisa 31 40,5 458 11.32 Northern Aegean 32 38,6 271 7.01 Cyclades 33 37,4 910 24.31 Cyclades 34 35,1 1,211 34.51 Cyclades 35 34,1 2,998 87.81 Dodekanisa 36 32,4 765 23.62 Cyclades 37 Fournoi 30,5 1,120 36.72 Northern Aegean 38 Gavdos 29,6 152 5.14 Northern Aegean 39 Chalki 27,0 478 17.71 Dodekanisa 40 Antikythira 20,4 68 3.33 Eptanisa 41 Iraklia 18,1 141 7.80 Cyclades 42 15,8 790 49.87 Dodekanisa 43 14,6 80 5.47 Northern Aegean 44 13,7 167 12.23 Cyclades 45 Oinouses 14,4 826 57.43 Northern Aegean 46 Agathonisi 13,4 185 13.80 Dodekanisa 47 Othonoi 10,1 392 38.90 Eptanisa 48 57,4 57 57.43 Northern Aegean 49 Thirasia 9,2 319 34.50 Cyclades 50 Kastelorizo/Megisti 9,1 492 53.99 51 Schinousa 8,1 227 27.87 Cyclades 52 6,7 44 6.57 53 Koufonisi 5,8 399 69.15 Cyclades 54 4,6 94 20.22 55 Giali 4,6 21 4.61 56 Ereikousa 4,4 496 111.49 Eptanisa 57 3,5 24 6.79 Cyclades 58 Marathi 0,4 5 14.08 Dodekanisa

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References

[1] M. van der Hoeven, “Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Greece 2011 Review,” 2011.

[2] United Nations, “Summary of GHG Emissions for Greece,” 2012.

[3] Greek Ministry of Environment Energy and Climate Change, “Εθνικό Πληροφοριακό Σύστημα για την Ενέργεια - ΥΠΕΚΑ,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://195.251.42.2/cgi- bin/nisehist.sh?objtype=xartes. [Accessed: 04-Mar-2015].

[4] IEA, “Energy Supply Security: The Emergency Response of IEA Countries,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/energy- supply-security-the-emergency-response-of-iea-countries-2014.html. [Accessed: 04-Mar- 2015].

[5] IEA, “Oil and Gas Emergency Policy - Greece 2010 update,” 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/oil-and-gas-emergency- policy---greece-2010-update.html. [Accessed: 04-Mar-2015].

[6] I. Michaletos, “Greece’s Energy Plans, Projects and Key Actors: 2011 and Beyond - Greece,” 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.balkanalysis.com/greece/2011/04/26/greeces-energy-plans-projects-and- key-actors-2011-and-beyond/. [Accessed: 13-Aug-2012].

[7] IEA, Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Greece- 2011 Review. OECD Publishing, 2011.

[8] CRES, “Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Greece,” 2012.

[9] P. Katsivelis, “. Basic Information and Figures,” 2013.

[10] Λειτουργός Αγοράς Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας Α.Ε. - ΛΑΓΗΕ, “Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας & ΣΗΘΥΑ - Συνοπτικό Δελτίο,” 2014.

[11] Eurostat, “Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) graph,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/graph.do?tab=graph&plugin=1&pcode=ten00087&lan guage=en&toolbox=data. [Accessed: 04-Mar-2015].

[12] Hellenic Statistical Authority, “Κατανάλωση ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, κατά μεγάλη γεωγραφική περιοχή, περιφέρεια, νομό και κατά κατηγορία χρήσης,” 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/PAGE- themes?p_param=A0301&r_param=SIN03&y_param=2012_00&mytabs=0. [Accessed: 04- Mar-2015].

[13] Hellenic Statistical Authority, “Press Release - Survey on Energy Consumption in Households,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A0805/PressReleases/A08 05_SFA40_DT_5Y_00_2012_01_F_EN.pdf. [Accessed: 04-Mar-2015].

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