GENERGIS - Green Energy for Islands 2012-IEF-332028 Deliverable II Energy Statistics and Renewable Energy Potential of Greece Identification of the case study Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou Scientist in charge: Prof. Maria Loizidou Unit of Environmental Science and Technology National Technical University of Athens June 2015 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 2 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece In the following text, the GENERGIS project case study is presented. The current state of energy policy and use in Greece (including statistics on renewable and conventional energy use) is also briefly presented as an introduction. The text has the following structure: List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 6 THE CURRENT ENERGY SITUATION IN GREECE .................................................................... 7 Energy supply and consumption .......................................................................................... 7 Electricity generation and consumption ............................................................................ 8 Energy savings ............................................................................................................................ 8 Energy Resources In Greece ................................................................................................... 9 Fossil fuels .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Renewable energy sources .................................................................................................................... 9 Solar, wind and biomass sources and potential in Greece ......................................... 11 National renewable energy action plan ........................................................................... 14 GREEK ISLANDS ............................................................................................................................. 16 Energy generation on the islands ....................................................................................... 17 Energy storage .......................................................................................................................... 18 IDENTIFICATION OF THE CASE STUDY .................................................................................. 19 References ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 3 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece List of Tables Table 1: Number of installations and installed capacity nationwide by category, technology, and network ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Table 2: Planned electrical connections in Greece and the region. ............................................................ 18 Table 3: Surface area and number of inhabitants of non-interconnected islands. .............................. 20 Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 4 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece List of Figures Figure 1: Installations of RES stations in the interconnected system of Greece in the last 11 years (MW). .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2: Global irradiation and solar electricity potential – Optimally-inclined photovoltaic modules. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3: Wind potential at a height of 100 m above the base of the mast ............................................. 13 Figure 4: Biomass potential from solid residues. ............................................................................................... 13 Figure 5: Geothermal potential in Greece. ............................................................................................................. 14 Figure 6: Island groups of Greece. ............................................................................................................................. 16 Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 5 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece Abbreviations ADMIE/ITSO Independent Power Transmission Operator DEDDIE/HEDNO Hellenic Distribution Network Operator ELSTAT Hellenic Statistical Authority GHG Greenhouse gas IEA International Energy Agency IENE Institute of Energy of Northeastern Europe LAGIE Operator of electricity market PV Photovoltaic RAE Regulatory Authority for Energy RES Renewable energy sources Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 6 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece THE CURRENT ENERGY SITUATION IN GREECE Energy supply and consumption Greece was identified by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as the country with the most carbon-intensive primary energy supply among the IEA member countries, because of its strong reliance on lignite and oil [1]. Specifically, energy (excluding transport) in Greece has been identified as the sector with the most significant share in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (with a percentage of 64.1 %) [2]. With this in mind, and accounting for the country’s high potential in renewable resources [3], a change in energy policies could make a significant contribution to the economic recovery of Greece, while original energy strategies could be seen as development towards energy autonomy. Oil, the dominant energy source in Greece, accounted for 45 % of the country’s total primary energy supply in 2012 [4]. It should be noted that in 2008 oil accounted for 55 % of the country’s total primary energy supply [5]. The import dependency of oil was 99.5 % in 2012 and it is predicted to reach 99.7 % in 2018, while most of the imports of oil to Greece in 2012 came from Russia (33 %), Saudi Arabia (17 %), Iraq (17 %), Libya (13 %) and Kazakhstan (9 %) [4]. It has been reported that for the energy needs of the islands in the Aegean Sea alone, Greece pays more than 500 million Euro every year for oil consumption, in order to produce electricity in local power plants [6]. In 2012 the majority of the imported oil was used in transport (51 %) (increased from 46 % in 2008 [5]), followed by the residential sector (18 %) and the sector of transformation/energy (16 %) [4]. Oil has also been widely used for electricity generation on many of the inhabited Greek islands [4]. Coal is the second largest energy source in Greece; it accounted for 27 % of the country’s primary energy in 2010 [7]. Lignite, specifically accounted for 78 % of the primary energy production from coal in 2010. 98 % of the coal produced in 2009 was reported to be used for electricity generation [7]. According to the IEA, in 2012, natural gas use accounted for 14 % of Greece’s total primary energy supply, with an import dependency of 99.9 % [4]. 60 % of the imported natural gas in 2012 came from Russia, 16 % from Algeria and 15 % from Turkey. Transformation accounted for 61 % of total consumption, followed by industry (24 %) and residential use (9 %). From the above it can be seen that approximately 60 % of the primary energy supply of Greece must be covered through imports, while the remaining 40 %, covered through national energy sources, is by far dominated by lignite resources. Lastly, Greek energy consumption is dominated by the production of oil products (approximately 65 % [8]), Dr.-Ing. Fontina Petrakopoulou, E-mail: [email protected] Page 7 of 23 IEF Project GENERGIS 332028 Energy statistics and renewable energy potential of Greece followed by electricity power (27 % [9]) and other products of lower importance. The sectors with the highest energy consumption are transport, the residential sector and the industry [9]. Electricity generation and consumption In 2011, 50 % of the electricity produced in Greece came from the use of lignite, 27 % from natural gas, 9 % from oil (mainly on the islands) and 14% from renewable energy sources (RES) [9]. According to the statistical office of the European Union (Eurostat), gross electricity generation in Greece was 60,959 GWh in 2012, 57,152 GWh in 2013 and 50,743 in 2014 [10], [11]. The Hellenic statistical authority (ELSTAT) reports that Greece consumed 51,168 GWh of electrical energy in 2012, 36 % of which was consumed in the domestic sector, 29 % in the commercial sector, 24