absoluta

Photo: Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, www.bugwood.org, #5432149

This presentation is about , an invasive that is native to .

1 Tuta absoluta overview

• Small moth native to South America • Major pest of tomatoes and other solanaceous plants (nightshades) • Larvae mine inside leaves and also feed inside fruits – Decreases production and fruit quality – Can result in complete plant loss

Photo: Sangmi Lee, Hasbrouck Collection, Arizona State University, www.bugwood.org, #5432148

Tuta absoluta is sometimes referred to as the leafminer, but the common name “tomato leafminer” properly refers to at least three species of flies in the Liriomyza. Tuta absoluta does not have a common name at this time.

Tuta absoluta is a small moth that is native to South America. It is a major pest of tomatoes and other solanaceous plants (nightshades). Immature (i.e., caterpillars or larvae) primarily form mines in the leaves they feed on. They may also feed on and burrow into fruit. Larval feeding results in decreased production and fruit quality. The fruit can become diseased, leading to fruit rot. In some instances, complete plant loss can result.

Information Sources:

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020. http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435.

2 Smith, Melissa. 2012. Tech research program confirms presence of invasive insect in Senegal. Virginia Tech News. Published 28 Sep 2012. Accessed 23 Feb 2013. http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2012/09/092812-oired-tuta.html

2 Distribution

• Native to South America • Spread to , , , and Asia • Currently, it is not known to occur in the U.S. • Detected in Haiti

Map: CABI. Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved 2020. https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

Tuta absoluta is native to South America and occurs throughout the South American continent (, Bolivia, , , Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela).

It is widely distributed throughout Europe (Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, , Germany, , Guernsey, Hungary, , Lithuania, , Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Portugal, Romania, , Serbia, Slovenia, , Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom)

Central America (Costa Rica, Panama), Caribbean (Haiti)

Africa (, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, , Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, , Malawi, Mayotte, , Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, , Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, , , Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, , Zimbabwe)

Asia (Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Georgia, , , , , Japan, ,

3 Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, , , Qatar, , , , , United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, ). Tuta absoluta is currently not known to occur in the

Tuta absoluta is currently not known to occur in the United States.

The potential exists for Tuta absoluta to naturally spread from Central and South America, to the Caribbean and U.S.

Information Sources: Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

Smith, Melissa. 2012. Virginia Tech research program confirms presence of invasive insect in Senegal. Virginia Tech News. Published 28 Sep 2012. Accessed 23 Feb 2013. http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2012/09/092812-oired-tuta.html

3 Areas at Risk of Establishment

Risk Potential High

Low

“This Risk map is a combination of the Host and Climate suitability. A Risk map depicts, with relative scale, the potential areas that are unsuitable or highly suitable for growth and establishment.” Map courtesy of http://www.nappfast.org/caps_pests/Caps%20edits%20for%20matrix.htm.

This map shows the relative risk potential for Tuta absoluta establishment for each county in the United States based on the suitability of the climate and the host availability in these regions. If Tuta absoluta is introduced, parts of Washington state, Nevada, and Oregon, as well as much of and Arizona and the Gulf Coast of the U.S., including the entire state of , are at risk for Tuta absoluta establishment.

Information Sources: Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

4 Tomato Production in Florida and Areas of Potential Risk

Counties where tomatoes are planted commercially

Map courtesy of Florida Agriculture by Numbers.

In Florida in 2019, 27,000 acres of tomatoes were planted, producing 780 million pounds of tomatoes with a value of $425,912,000. Counties that produce a large amount of tomatoes include: Gadsden, Sumter, Hillsborough, Manatee, Hardee, St. Lucie, Lee, Martin, Palm Beach, and Miami-Dade.

Information Sources: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2013. Florida Agriculture by the Numbers.

United States Department of Agriculture: National Agriculture Statistics Service. 2019. State agriculture overview. Accessed 22 May 2020, https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=FLO RIDA

5 Host Plants

• Prefers tomato • Will also feed on other nightshades, such as potatoes, , and peppers • Other host plants possible but unlikely and incidental

Photos: Wikimedia commons

Tuta absoluta preferentially feeds on tomato when it is available. It may also feed on other valuable nightshade (Solanaceous) crops such as potatoes, eggplant, and peppers.

Tuta absoluta has been reported on the following host plants but the suitability of these plants as a host is questionable.

Research has demonstrated Tuta absoluta larval growth may not be sustained on certain , , , and species tested under laboratory conditions by Bawin et al., 2016. Solanaceous species were more favorable for larval growth. In the field, larvae could potentially develop on cultivated or weedy Solanaceous species.

Datura quercifolia and Datura ferox (long-spined thorn apple); (jimson weed, devil’s trumpet); Lycopersicum puberulum; tabacum (tobacco); Physalis angulata; (Cape gooseberry); Solanum americanum (American nightshade); Solanum bonariense; Solanum elaeagnifolium; Solanum gracilius; Solanum hirtum; (sweet cucumber, pepino); (black nightshade); Solanum pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry);

6 Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade, litchi tomato); and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean).

Information Sources: Bawin, T., Dujeu, D., De Backer, L., Francis, F. and Verheggen, F.J. 2016. Ability of Tuta absoluta (: ) to develop on alternative host plant species. The Canadian Entomologist, 148:434-442.

Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

6 Damage

• Larvae cause damage when they tunnel through leaves, shoots, flowers, and fruit • Produce mines and galleries and large amounts of waste as they tunnel through plant tissue • Galleries and pinholes can lead to secondary infections by pathogens Leafmines of Liriomyza sp. (white arrows) and of Tuta absoluta (red arrows) on tomato leaves

Photo credit: Wietse den Hartog, National Reference Centre, Plant Protection Service Wageningen (NL)

Larvae feed on leaves, shoots, flowers, and fruit creating conspicuous mines as they tunnel. Larvae create mines and galleries with large amounts of frass (waste) as they mine the plant tissues. Note the difference between the mines created by Lyriomyza flies (tomato leafminer) and Tuta absoluta in the image.

Feeding on the plant hurts its overall health and can lead to the death of the plant. The leaves can have necrotic areas, be malformed, and rolled or folded in appearance.

Feeding on the stems can cause witches broom, wilting, and dieback. Feeding on the flowers can cause them to drop. Feeding on the fruit causes abnormal shape, premature drop, and reduced size.

It will also feed on harvested plant material.

Galleries and pinholes in fruit made by the feeding larvae create opportunities for secondary infections by pathogens. Damage can be particularly severe in young plants.

7 Information Sources: Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435.

7 Economic Risk

• Regularly causes economic losses in Latin America if not managed • 50-100% fruit loss can occur • Potential pest in field and greenhouse production

Photo credit: Sandeeokumar Jalapathi, Tamil Nadu Agricultrual University, Bugwood.org, image #5583210

In regions where present, Tuta absoluta cause substantial damage to tomatoes. In Latin America, 100 percent fruit loss has been documented in pesticide research trials (Moore, 1983). It is considered one of the most important pests of tomato in multiple South American countries (Moore, 1983).

The high damage potential of Tuta absoluta to tomatoes could lead to substantial losses to the $425 million dollar Florida tomato industry through fruit loss and potential management costs.

This pest could pose a risk to both field and greenhouse production systems.

Information sources: Aigbedion-Atalor, P.O., Hill, M.P., Zalucki, M.P., Obala, F., Idriss, G.E., Midingoyi, S.K., Chidege, M., Ekesi, S. and Mohamed, S.A., 2019. The South America Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Spreads Its Wings in Eastern Africa: Distribution and Socioeconomic Impacts. Journal of economic entomology, 112(6), pp.2797-2807.

Conceiçao, M.B., Catherine, M.C.B., Pervin, M.E., Joanne, M.F., Jean-François, M.G.,

8 Neil, M.G., Gritta, M.S., Robert, M.V., Ernst, M.P., Roel, M.P. and Secretariat. 2010. E.P.P.O., Organisation Europeenne et Mediterraneenne pour la Protection des Plantes European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Accessed 8 June 2020. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://gd.eppo.int/download/doc/504_ PRA_rep_EPIXSP.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb- gga&ct=res&cd=0&d=14442479436843909717&ei=smHeXsXOCISimAHk1rzwCA&scisi g=AAGBfm1SBO9LvKLlAChc_y8nAb9R83IXLg

Moore, J. E. 1983. Control of tomato leafminer (Scrobipalpula absoluta) in Bolivia. Tropical Pest Management 29:231–238

8 Identification: Adults • Filiform antennae, alternating rings of light and dark scales • Recurved labial palps • Body length up to 10 mm Light/dark bands on antennae Recurved (upcurved) labial palps

Photo credit: Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, www.bugwood.org, #5432149 and James Hayden, FDACS Division of Plant Industry, Bugwood.org, #5499751

Adult Tuta absoluta are about 1 cm (10 mm) in length. The male abdomen is usually longer and slimmer than the female. They are mottled grey in color and their antennae are long and filiform with alternating light and dark bands. Labial palps (mouthparts) are also banded with light and dark scales and are recurved (curved upwards). Note that for final identification, an examination of the adult male genitalic structures may be necessary.

Information Sources: Brambila, J., S. Lee, and S. Passoa. 2010. Tuta absoluta diagnostic aid. Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey program.

Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland. CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed

9 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435.

9 Identification: Adults

Hindwings have apical concave margin and fringed edges Wing margin

Photo: Sangmi Lee, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, www.bugwood.org, #5432148

Tuta absoluta has dark spots on their narrow forewings. The hindwing posterior margin is fringed with long hairs and looks roughly like a finger pointing outward from the body when the wings are spread. Hindwings of males lack hair pencils that are present in the similar looking species lycopersicella. Again, note that for final identification, an examination of the adult male genitalic structures may be necessary. A Lepidoptera taxonomic specialist at FDACS such as Dr. James Hayden can help identify moths from genitalia.

Information Sources: Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

Brambila, J., S. Lee, and S. Passoa. 2010. Tuta absoluta diagnostic aid. Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey program.

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

10 Anonymous. Microlepidoptera on . Lucid ID Key. United States Department of Agriculture. Date retrieved 4 June 2020 http://idtools.org/id/leps/micro/factsheet.php?name=%3Cem%3ETuta+absoluta%3C %2Fem%3E#:~:text=Tuta%20absoluta%20can%20be%20differentiated,margin%20of %20the%20prothoracic%20shield.

10 Look-alike Species Tuta absoluta tuber moth ( operculella) “hair pencils”

Hair pencil of tomato pinworm

Tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella)

Photo: Clockwise upper left to right: Tuta absoluta - Sangmi Lee, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, www.bugwood.org, #5432148; tomato pinworm - James Hayden, FDACS Division of Plant Industry, www.bugwood.org, #5499727; potato tuber moth - James Hayden, FDACS Division of Plant Industry, Bugwood.org, #5499679; hair pencil - James Hayden, FDACS-DPI

Tuta absoluta can easily be confused with the tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella) and the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella), two pest species that occur in tomato fields in the United States.

The adult tomato pinworm in particular resembles the adult T. absoluta; both species have light-and-dark banded antennae (yellow arrow). The most noticeable differences are the tomato pinworm has somewhat lighter coloration on the forewings and “hair pencils” (bundles of long stiff setae) along the back edge of the hindwings (blue arrow). Accurate identification of either of these species requires examination of adult male genitalic structures. The tomato pinworm occupies the ecological niche on tomatoes that T. absoluta would occupy if it were present in the United States.

The potato tuber moth also has banded antennae, but the colors are not as contrasting as in T. absoluta and tomato pinworm. A row of three dark spots appear on the forewings (red circle). Similar to the tomato pinworm, the potato tuber moth also has hair pencils along the back edge of the hindwings; however, there are also hair pencils near the apex of the abdomen (purple arrow), which is not found in either T. absoluta or tomato pinworm.

11 Additional information on this pest can be found at - http://www.tutaabsoluta.com/.

Information Sources: Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

Brambila, J., S. Lee, and S. Passoa. 2010. Tuta absoluta diagnostic aid. Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey program.

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

Hayden, J.E., S. Lee, S.C. Passoa, J. Young, J.-F. Landry, V. Nazari, R. Mally, L.A. Somma, and K.M. Ahlmark. 2013. Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae. USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP). Fort Collins, CO. Accessed 16 January 2014, http://idtools.org/id/leps/micro/factsheet.php?name=%3Cem%3ETuta+absoluta%3C %2Fem%3E

11 Identification: Eggs, Larvae, and Pupae

Egg Pupa

Photos: (Left) tutaabsoluta.com, (Middle) Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org, #5431769, (Right) https://www.inspection.gc.ca/plant-health/plant-pests-invasive-species//tomato- leafminer/fact-sheet/eng/1328634442933/1328887251933

The eggs are small (0.38 mm in length by 0.21 mm in width), cylindrical, and creamy white to yellow, turning yellow-orange as they progress in development. Just before hatching, they turn almost black. Eggs are usually laid on the underside of leaves.

Tuta absoluta larva is creamy in color with a dark head at hatching. The color changes to green or light pink in later stages. When mature, the larvae average 8 mm in length.

The larvae leave the mines and build silk cocoons in the leaflets or the soil. Pupae are greenish at the beginning, turning dark brown as they mature. The male pupae are smaller (about 4.25 mm) than the female pupae (about 4.7 mm).

Information Sources: Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020,

12 https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435.

12 Life Cycle

Females can lay 60-120 eggs per mating Eggs hatch 4-6 days

Adults emerge after 5-8 days Larvae pupate after 11-13 days

Photos: (Left) Marja van der Straten, NVWA Plant Protection Service, Bugwood.org, #5432148, (Bottom) https://www.inspection.gc.ca/plant-health/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/tomato-leafminer/fact- sheet/eng/1328634442933/1328887251933, (Top) tutaabsoulta.com, (Right)SangmiLee, Hasbrouck Insect Collection, Arizona State University, www.bugwood.org, #5431769

Tuta absoluta completes its life cycle in approximately 29-38 days (28.7 days at 25°C).

As many as 12 generations are possible in a year depending on environmental conditions.

At 27.1°C, eggs hatched in 4 to 6 days, larvae were ready to pupate in 11 to 13 days, and pupae emerged as adults in 5 to 8 days. At lower temperatures, the life cycle took longer to complete.

A female can lay up to 260 eggs in its lifetime (averaging 60 to 120 eggs) and mate multiple times. Larvae undergo four instar stages.

Pupation occurs in the soil, leaf surface, or within mines. The day after adults emerge, the first mating usually occurs. Adults are nocturnal and mate at dawn. Adults can mate multiple times. Tuta absoluta may overwinter in the egg, pupa, or adult stage.

Information Sources:

13 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435.

Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS–PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland.

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

13 Monitoring and Management • Monitoring: — Scouting — Synthetic pheromones in delta or sticky traps

• Cultural management: — rotation with non-solanaceous crops — ploughing for weed control — adequate fertilization and irrigation to minimize plant stress — destruction of infested plants Sticky board with males attracted — removal of plant debris after harvest to pheromone

Photo credit: Dr. J.E. Hayden, FDACS-DPI

To monitor population levels, synthetic pheromones in delta traps or sticky traps can be used in conjunction with scouting. Monitoring helps with proper timing on chemical controls if needed.

Management practices include cultural methods (such as rotation with non- solanaceous crops and destruction of infested plants). Rotating non-solanaceous crops can reduce build up of the pest by replacing a favorable host with a less attractive or non-host. Destroying weeds and tomato plant residue can reduce alternative hosts and overwintering locations. Proper fertilization and irrigation is important for proper plant health which can help help plants be more resistant to pest pressure.

Experimental studies on economic action thresholds suggest implementing chemical management options at 1-2 larvae per plant in Ethiopia (Shiberu and Getu, 2017)

Information Sources: CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

14 Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435.

Shiberu, T. and Getu, E. 2017. Experimental analysis of economic action level of tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plant under open field. Advances in Crop Science and Technology 6:327.

Smith, Melissa. 2012. Virginia Tech research program confirms presence of invasive insect in Senegal. Virginia Tech News. Published 28 Sep 2012.

14 Monitoring and Management

• Chemical Management: — insecticides can be effective, but some evidence of resistance

• Biological control: — research being done on various parasitoids or predators

• Resistant cultivars are also being investigated Trichogrammid wasp ovipositing into an egg

Photo credit: Peggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org, image #5526014

Chemical management requires several application during the growing season; however, there is some evidence of insecticide resistance.

Research on biological control agents such as parasitoids (e.g. Trichogramma pretiosum) and predators (e.g. Podisus nigrispinus) that can be used against this pest are being researched. Other parasites as well as pathogens have also been recorded as potential biological control agents. Some on the list include:

Agathis fuscipennis (Parasite on the larvae) Apanteles gelechiidivoris (Parasite on the larvae) (Pathogen) Bracon lucileae (Parasite on the larvae) koehleri (Parasite on the eggs) Nesidiocoris tenuis (Predator) Parasierola nigrifemur (Parasite on the larvae) Trichogramma exiguum (Parasite on the eggs)

Entomopathogenic nematodes have also been used.

15 Currently, commercial cultivars are not available. will hopefully result in cultivars for grower use (Sohrabi et al., 2016)

Information Sources: CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, https://www.cabi.org/isc/tuta

Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020, http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435.

Ferracini, C., Bueno, V.H., Dindo, M.L., Ingegno, B.L., Luna, M.G., Salas Gervassio, N.G., Sánchez, N.E., Siscaro, G., van Lenteren, J.C., Zappalà, L. and Tavella, L. 2019. Natural enemies of Tuta absoluta in the Mediterranean basin, Europe and South America. Biocontrol science and technology, 29:578-609.

Smith, Melissa. 2012. Virginia Tech research program confirms presence of invasive insect in Senegal. Virginia Tech News. Published 28 Sep 2012. Accessed 23 Feb 2013. http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2012/09/092812-oired-tuta.html

Sohrabi, F., Nooryazdan, H., Gharati, B. and Saeidi, Z. 2016. Evaluation of ten tomato cultivars for resistance against tomato , Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under field infestation conditions. Entomologia Generalis, 36: 163-175.

15 Reporting Distance Diagnostic and Identification System

• Digital Diagnostic Collaboration – Extension agents – Laboratories – Clinics – Specialists • https://ddis.ifas.ufl.edu/

The Digital Diagnostic Identification System (DDIS) connects extension clientele, extension agent, specialists, plant disease clinics, and government officials. Users can submit electronic samples through the system to get rapid identification of insect, weed, mushroom, plant pathogens, and abiotic disorder samples. The general public and shareholders must contact their local county extension agent before signing up as extension clientele.

16 Reporting a Pest in Florida

UF/IFAS Faculty • Local county extension office – https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/find-your-local-office/ • Insect ID Lab- Lyle Buss – http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/insectid/ • UF/IFAS Plant Diagnostic Center- Dr. Carrie Harmon – https://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/plant-diagnostic-center/

The UF/IFAS faculty is responsible for reporting diseases, insects, weeds, nematodes, or any other invasive species to the Florida Department Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry (FDACS, DPI). Reporting this information is essential to protect Florida agriculture, communities and natural areas.

Local county extension agents can assist in identifying plant pests or submitting a pest sample to the correct department or agency for identification. Local extension agents can also sign up for DDIS and receive samples electronically.

Lyle Buss is the insect identifier at the University of Florida. Visit the link to download the sample submission form or email him with questions.

17 Dr. Carrie Harmon is the head of the plant diagnostic center in Gainesville, Florida. Visit the PDC website to download the sample submission forms. She highly recommends calling prior to sample submission.

The diagnosticians and identifiers in each area will also provide management strategies for the sample. If an invasive pest is found, they will send it FDACS, DPI for further testing.

17 Reporting FDACS: Division of Plant Industry • FDACS, DPI Responsibility oAnnouncing detection or establishment of new invasive species. oReporting is a legal obligation under Florida Statute 581.091. • Submission Form – http://forms.freshfromflorida.com/08400.pdf – https://www.fdacs.gov/Agriculture-Industry/Pests-and-Diseases/How-to- Submit-a-Sample-for-Identification

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services: Division of Plant Industry is a regulatory agency dedicated to the detection and prevention of introduction and spread of pests and diseases that can affect Florida’s native and commercially grown plants. Announcing the establishment of new invasive species can affect Florida’s agricultural producers and trade of agricultural products.

FDACS, DPI provides online submission forms to fill out and send to the agency for proper identification. DPI provides useful videos of how to properly handle the specimens before shipping them for identification

18 FDACS, DPI Contact • Division of Plant Industry Helpline – [email protected] – 1-888-397-1517 • Dr. Leroy Whilby, Bureau Chief of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology – [email protected] – 352-395-4661 • Dr. Paul Skelley, Chief Entomologist and Assistant Bureau Chief of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology – [email protected] – 352-395-4678

The DPI contacts provided will assist in determining the next steps if the pest found is of regulatory concern. Additionally, FDACS, DPI has a hotline with both a phone number and email for questions and concerns.

19 Original Authors

• Carla Burkle, DPM – Former Vegetable Production Extension Educator, Penn State University

• Smriti Bhotika, Ph.D. – USDA, and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine

• Amanda Hodges, Ph.D. – Associate Extension Scientist, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida

20 Revision Authors

• Benjamin Waldo, M.S. – DPM student, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florid • Amanda Hodges, Ph.D. – Associate Extension Scientist, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida

21 Original Editors

• Stephanie Stocks – Solutions Consultant, Turnitin. Laurel, MD.

• Jennifer Hamel, Ph.D. – Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Elon University

• Matthew D. Smith, Ph.D. – Former Post-Doctoral Associate, University of Florida

• All original editors were post-doctoral associate or other staff within the University of Florida, Biosecurity Research and Education Lab.

22 Reviewers

• Julieta Brambila, M.S. – USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. • James E. Hayden, Ph.D. – Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. • Leroy Whilby, DPM – Bureau Chief - Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services • Morgan Pinkerton, DPM – Extension Agent, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Seminole County • Gideon Alake, Ph.D. – Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida

23 Collaborating Agencies • U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) • Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program (CAPS) • Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) • National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) • Sentinel Plant Network (SPN) • Protect U.S. • University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS)

24 Educational Disclaimer and Citation

• This presentation can be used for educational purposes for NON-PROFIT workshops, trainings, etc.

• Original citation: – Burkle, C., B.S., Bhotika, S. 2014. Tuta absoluta, June 2014. – http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Hodges/FL_FD/index.html#:~:t ext=Florida%20First%20Detector%20is%20a,nursery%20ind ustries%2C%20and%20natural%20areas.

25 Educational Disclaimer and Citation

• This presentation can be used for educational purposes for NON-PROFIT workshops, trainings, etc.

• New citation: – Burkle, C., Bhotika, S., Waldo, B., Hodges, A. 2020. Tuta absoluta, August 2014. www.flfirstdetector.org

26 References • Bloem, S. and E. Spaltenstein. 2011. New Pest Response Guidelines: Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta). USDA–APHIS– PPQ–EDP Emergency Management, Riverdale, Maryland. • Brambila, J., S. Lee, and S. Passoa. 2010. Tuta absoluta diagnostic aid. Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey program. • CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020. – http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030 • Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. 2014. Survey manual: Tuta absoluta. Accessed 22 May 2020. – http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/3030 • European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2005. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Tuta absoluta. EPPO Bulletin 35, p. 434–435. • Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. 2013. Florida Agriculture by the Numbers. • Hayden, J.E., S. Lee, S.C. Passoa, J. Young, J.-F. Landry, V. Nazari, R. Mally, L.A. Somma, and K.M. Ahlmark. 2013. Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae. USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP). Fort Collins, CO. • Smith, Melissa. 2012. Virginia Tech research program confirms presence of invasive insect in Senegal. Virginia Tech News. Published 28 Sep 2012. Accessed 23 Feb 2013. – http://www.vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2012/09/092812-oired-tuta.html

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