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Historical Quarterly COVER “A Tourist Paradise in Florida.” From a postcard in the William M. Goza Florida Collection. The Historical Quarterly THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LIX, Number 3 JANUARY 1981 COPYRIGHT 1981 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor David L. Lawrence, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) J. Leitch Wright, Jr. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made or opinions held by authors. Table of Contents S PAIN ’ S S IXTEENTH -C ENTURY N ORTH A MERICAN S ETTLEMENT ATTEMPTS: A NEGLECTED ASPECT Eugene Lyon 275 JUDGE HERBERT RIDER AND THE LYNCHING AT LABELLE Jerrell H. Shofner 292 “ART IS LONG; LIFE ISN’T,” RANDOLPH CALDECOTT IN AMERICA AND IN FLORIDA John Cech 307 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS: ABNER DOUBLEDAY AND THE THIRD SEMINOLE WAR David Ramsey 318 SOLDIERING WITH THE SECOND FLORIDA INFANTRY REGIMENT John P. Ingle, Jr. 335 FREDERICK DOUGLASS AND THE BUILDING OF A WALL OF ANTI-SLAVERY FIRE, 1845-1846. AN ESSAY REVIEW Willard B. Gatewood, Jr. 340 FLORIDA HISTORY RESEARCH IN PROGRESS ...................... 345 B OOK REVIEWS ........................................................... 355 BOOK NOTES ................................................................................................. 382 HISTORY NEWS .............................................................................................. 390 iii BOOK REVIEWS LA POBLACION DE LUISIANA ESPANOLA (1763-1803), by Antonio Acosta Rodríguez reviewed by Paul E. Hoffman FIFTY YEARS OF PLEASURE: THE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF PUBLIX SUPER MARKETS, INC., by Pat Watters reviewed by Charlton W. Tebeau ARCHEOLOGY AND A SCIENCE OF MAN, by Wilfred T. Neill reviewed by John W. Griffin DISCOVERING AMERICA, 1700-1875, by Henry Savage, Jr. reviewed by Richard A. Bartlett THE PAPERS OF HENRY LAURENS, VOLUME SEVEN: AUG. 1, 1769-OCT. 9, 1771, edited by George C. Rogers, Jr., David R. Chestnutt, and Peggy J. Clark reviewed by Richard Walsh LETTERS OF DELEGATES TO CONGRESS, 1774-1789, VOLUME 4: MAY 16-AUGUST 15, 1776, edited by Paul H. Smith, Gerard W. Gawalt, Rosemary Fry Plakas, and Eugene R. Sheridan reviewed by Robert M. Calhoon THE IDEA OF A SOUTHERN NATION: SOUTHERN NATIONALISTS AND SOUTHERN NATIONALISM, 1830-1860, by John McCardell reviewed by John Pancake THE SLAVE DRIVERS: BLACK AGRICULTURAL LABOR IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH, by William L. Van Deburg THE BLACK RURAL LANDOWNER-ENDANGER SPECIES: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, edited by Leo McGee and Robert Boone reviewed by Gilbert C. Fite THE DIARY OF MISS EMMA HOLMES, 1861-1866, by John F. Marszalek reviewed by Emory M. Thomas 1866: THE CRITICAL YEAR REVISITED, by Patrick W. Riddleberger reviewed by Dan J. Kraska To SET THE LAW IN MOTION: THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU AND THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF BLACKS, 1865-1868, by Donald G. Nieman reviewed by George R. Bentley FROM THE CAPTAIN TO THE COLONEL: AN INFORMAL HISTORY OF EASTERN AIRLINES, by Robert J. Serling reviewed by John P. Ingle, Jr. SOUTHERN MUSIC/AMMERICAN MUSIC, by Bill C. Malone reviewed by Augustus M. Burns III FOXFIRE 5, by Eliot Wigginton reviewed by Charles W. Crawford THE BLACK TOWNS, by Norman L. Crockett reviewed by Joe M. Richardson THE HALF-BLOOD: A CULTURAL SYMBOL IN 19TH-CENTURY AMERICAN FICTION, by William J. Scheick reviewed by Odie B. Faulk SPAIN’S SIXTEENTH-CENTURY NORTH AMERICAN SETTLEMENT ATTEMPTS: A NEGLECTED ASPECT by EUGENE LYON* SOMEWHAT neglected aspect of Spanish colonial aims and A deeds in eastern North America was the settlement impulse. Due to historical hindsight and cultural stereotyping, the colonizing powers have often mistakenly been categorized: the English as settlers-farmers and artisans; the Spaniards as ex- ploiters-bullion-seekers; and the Dutch and the French as traders devoted primarily to the Indian trade. In fact, compara- tive investigation would likely disclose more similarities than differences among the colonizing efforts in North America, given the varying cultural and institutional bases of the European powers. The purpose here is to delineate somewhat the sixteenth- century Spanish settlements in the area defined as Spanish Florida: those vast lands in the conquerors’ asientos stretching from Pánuco eastward along the Gulf shoreline, around the Florida peninsula and the Keys, and thence northeasterly to Newfound- land, including the wide territories inland from those coasts. What then was the content of the Spanish settlement of Florida? For what reasons and in which ways did Spaniards attempt to confront, master, and exploit the eastern continent and its peoples? Why did they fall short of their purposes? There were seven major sixteenth-century attempts to settle Florida: Juan Ponce deLeón, Lucas Vazquez de Ayllón, Pánfilo de Narváez, Hernando de Soto, Tristan de Luna-Ángel de Villafañe, the second Ayllón in 1563, and Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565-1577. 1 Their crown contracts, or, in 1559, the enabling vice- * Mr. Lyon is a consulting historian and writer. This article was read as a paper at the annual meeting of the Society for the History Of Discoveries, University of Florida, November 18, 1978. 1. See a provision of Doña Juana, Valladolid, September 27, 1514, from Archivo General de Indias (hereinafter cited as AGI) Indiferente General (hereinafter cited as IG) 419-Ordinances for the settlement of Bimini and Florida. See also the following asientos: Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Valladolid, June 12, 1523; Pánfilo de Narváez, Granada, December 11, 1526; Hernando de Soto, Valladolid, April 20, 1537-all from AGI IG 415. [275] 276 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY regal instructions, all demonstrate a consistent purpose to settle the land. 2 All were admonished to populate; in most cases, the numbers of settlers and livestock required were specified. The jurisdictional framework of the Florida conquest was generally one of the licensing of contractors, required by their agreements to pacify, settle, and implant the civil, religious, and juridical institutions of Castile in the conquered lands. Except for the De Luna-Villafañe expeditions, this was to be ac- complished at the entrepreneur’s cost. The circumstances which arose after the signing of the Menéndez contract-the belated dis- covery that the French had built Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River-led to a joint-venture conquest, in which both crown and conqueror invested heavily.3 The costs of the sixteenth-century Florida conquest and settlement attempts were substantial, probably exceeding 1,000,000 ducats for all parties. 4 The basic grant of authority for the expeditions of 1559-1561 is a letter from the crown to Viceroy Luis de Velasco, dated at Valladolid, December 29, 1557, from AGI ]usticia (hereinafter cited as JU) 1,013. The contract for the second Vázquez de Ayllón was issued on June 4, 1563, and is found in AGI Contratación (hereinafter cited as CT) 3,309, together with that of Pedro Menéndez de Aviles, March 20, 1565. The Menéndez contract is also found in many other places in AGI. The attempts of the Verapaz group of missionaries, led by Father Luis Cáncer de Barbastro, which resulted in his death in the Tampa Bay area in 1549, is not considered here as a major planned conquest effort. For analyses of the privileges and obligations of the sixteenth-century adelantados, see Eugene Lyon, The Enterprise of Florida (Gainesville, 1976), 2-5, 24-25, 43-55, appendices I and II. Ponce de León’s fiscal agent estimated that he had spent 6,000 ducats at one time on the Florida outfitting, and “much more afterward.” See the testimony of Pedro de Mata, AGI JU 1,000, No. 1, ramo 2. The fortune amassed in Peru and Nicaragua by Hernando de Soto and his partner Hernando Ponce was largely invested in Soto’s Florida venture, this, according to the estranged partner in his lawsuit (AGI JU 750 A and B). The adelantado left substantial properties in Cuba and had some crown annuities in Spain, but the bulk of his funds, estimated at 120,000 to 130,000 ducats, were probably spent in the Florida expedition. Velasco’s efforts in Florida cost the New Spain treasury more than 300,000 pesos from 1557 to 1561. See Tristán de Luna to the crown, 1561, Plonza, AGI JU 1,013, No. 2, ramo 1. No totals for the two Ayllón expeditions or that of Pánfilo de Narváez have been found. By 1568, Menéndez had already spent approximately
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