Römische Gastronomiebetriebe in Pompeji, Herkulaneum Und Ostia

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Römische Gastronomiebetriebe in Pompeji, Herkulaneum Und Ostia Römische Gastronomiebetriebe in Pompeji, Herkulaneum und Ostia Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie des Fachbereichs Kulturgeschichte und Kulturkunde der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Anna Katharina Kieburg aus Hamburg Hamburg 2014 1. Gutachterin………Prof. Dr. Martina Seifert 2. Gutachterin……...Prof. Dr. Inge Nielsen Datum der Disputation: 21.04.2010 Tag des Vollzugs der Promotion: 21.04.2010 „A bottle of red, a bottle of white Whatever kind of mood you're in tonight I'll meet you anytime you want In our Italian Restaurant. (Billy Joel, Scenes From An Italian Restaurant, 1977) Für Hildegard, Paul und Finn. Inhalt Einleitung................................................................................................................................. 1 I. Vorangegangene Untersuchungen zum gastronomischen Gewerbe in Pompeji, Herkulaneum und Ostia........................................................................................................... 4 ........... I.1. Forschungsgeschichte bis 1957.................................................................................................. 4 I.2. Interpretationen und neue Forschungsansätze nach 19957........................................................ 6 II.Terminologie........................................................... 11 II.1. Verteilung der einzelnen Termini – Tabelle............................................................................... 17 II.2. Herkömmliche Bezeichnungen für Gaststätten in Pompeji, Herkulaneum und Ostia – Tabelle. 18 III. Methodik und Material 22 III.1. Der archäologische Befund 23 III.1.b. Zusammenfassung in Tabellen 26 III.2. Bearbeitung von Kleinfunden 26 III.3. Schriftliche Quellen und ihre Interpretation 27 III.3.a. Appendices der epigraphischen und literarischen Quellen 28 III.4. Appendices der Befunde in Ostia 28 IV. Beschreibung und Analyse der archäologischen Befundes 33 IV.1. Frontgestaltung gastronomischer Betriebe 33 IV.1.a. Architektonische Frontgestaltung von gastronomischen Betrieben 33 IV.1.b. Dekorative Formen der Frontgestaltung gastronomischer Betriebe 35 IV.1.c. Funktionen der Frontgestaltung 45 IV.1.e. Tabelle 48 IV.2. Tresen 53 IV.2.a. Tresenformen 54 IV.2.b. Tresenposition und –maße 56 IV.2.c. Tresenergänzungen 59 IV.2.d. Tresen aus Holz 60 IV.2.e. Tresendekorationen 62 IV.2.f. Arbeitsabläufe und Organisation im Gastronomiegewerbe 66 IV.2.g. Tabelle 67 IV.3. Lagerung und Präsentation von Waren und Vorräten 79 IV.3.a. Die dolia in den kampanischen Tresen 79 IV.3.b. Die ostiensischen Tresenbecken 82 IV.3.c. Stufenregale 83 IV.3.d. Regale und Schränke 84 IV.3.e. Weiterer Lagerraum 86 IV.3.f. Effektivität und Präsentation – Zusammenfassung 91 IV 3.g. Tabelle 93 IV.4. Herdstellen 104 IV.4.a. Herdstellen am Tresen 104 IV.4.b. freistehende Herdstellen 106 IV.4.c. Rauchabzüge 108 IV.4.d. Zusammenfassung 109 IV4.e. Tabelle 109 IV.5. Aufenthaltsräume und Mobiliar 118 IV.5.a. Hölzernes Mobiliar 118 IV.5.b. Gemauerte Bänke 122 IV.5.c. Gemauerte triclinia 123 IV.5.d. Speisezimmer 124 IV.5.e. Außenbereiche 125 IV.5.f. „Gemütlicher Zeitvertreib“ (Zusammenfassung) 127 IV.5.g. Tabelle 128 IV.6. Innendekoration 138 IV.6.a. Wandmalereien 138 IV.6.b. Fußböden 145 IV.6.c. Zusammenfassung 147 IV 6.d. Tabelle 149 IV.7. Kultische Ausstattungselemente 158 IV.7.a. Gemauerte lararia 159 IV.7.b. Gemalte lararia 160 IV.7.c. Altäre 161 IV.7.d. Die Lage der lararia und Altäre 162 IV.7.e. Zusammenfassung 163 IV.7.f. Tabelle 164 IV.8. Wasserversorgung 173 IV.8.a. Möglichkeiten der Wasservorsorgung in Gaststätten 173 IV.8.b. Latrinen 177 IV.8.c. Zusammenfassung 179 IV.8.b. Tabelle 180 V. Verteilung und Interaktionsräume des gastronomischen Gewerbes in Pompeji, 190 Herkulaneum und Ostia V.1. Gaststätten und Privathäuser 190 V.2. Gaststätten und andere Gewerbe 195 V.3. Gaststätten und Vereine 198 V.4. Gaststätten und Straßen 204 V.5. Gaststätten an Platzanlagen, Thermen und Theater 210 VI. Schlussbetrachtung 216 Appendix I – Epigraphische Quellen 220 Appendix II – Literarische Quellen 231 Appendix III – Dokumentierte Funde 255 Appendix IV – Befunde in Ostia 262 Appendix V – Chronologie der gastronomischen tabernae in Ostia 300 Literaturverzeichnis 302 Abbildungsverzeichnis 318 Tafelverzeichnis 320 Tafelteil Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die überarbeitete Fassung meiner 2009 eingereichten Disseration an der Universität Hamburg. Die Hauptuntersuchungsorte sind Pompeji, Herkulaneum und Ostia, archäologische Stätten, die eine Vielzahl von Forschungsprojekten beherbergen, sodass jährlich mit einer Flut an Neuerscheinungen in Form von Büchern und Artikeln zu rechnen ist, deren Thematik sich dann und wann auch mit der eigenen Arbeit überschneiden kann. Diese Arbeit berücksichtigt den Publikationsstand bis Ende 2009. Darüber hinaus wurde versucht, die wichtigsten Neuerungen einzuarbeiten, immer mit dem Wissen, dass die drei römischen Stätten nie aufhören werden, weiter Geheimnisse in einer nächsten Publikation preiszugeben. Prof. Dr. Martina Seifert bin ich tief verbunden. Ihre immense und nicht enden wollende Förderung und Motivation, ihre wertvollen Ratschläge und Gespräche haben diese Arbeit erst möglich gemacht. Ein Reisestipendium der Ernst-Kirsten-Gesellschaft – Internationale Gesellschaft für Historische Geographie der Alten Welt erlaubte mir ausführliche Recherchen in Pompeji und Herkulaneum, während für die Bearbeitung v.a. von Ostia das DAI Rom seine Kompetenzen zur Verfügung stellte. Eine Bearbeitung des Materials wäre ohne die freundliche Unterstützung der Sopraintendenzen von Rom, Ostia, Pompeji und Neapel nicht möglich gewesen. Den leitenden Archäologen sowie den Mitarbeitern in den Archiven, Magazinen, Bibliotheken, den Museen und den Grabungsbüros gilt mein aufrichtiger Dank dafür. Ein herzlicher Dank geht an S. Ellis und N. Monteix, die ihrerseits eine Dissertation über „Bars“ (in Pompeji) und „les commerces alimentaires“ (in Herkulaneum) geschrieben haben und jederzeit zu einem Gespräch bereit waren. Und natürlich danke ich den vielen Kolleginnen und Kollegen, die mich in den Jahren meiner Forschungen mit Diskussionen, Hinweisen, Anregungen immer begleitet und unterstützt haben: R. Storli, P. Lohmann, H. Stöger, S. Baker, H. Cool, E.-M. Viitanen, H. Ynillä, S. Cappel, D. Reizenstein, D. Keenan-Jones, J. Lipps, T. Bitterer, H. Ziemssen, B. Gesemann, S. Ritter, M. Langner, D. Griffiths, J. Hartnett, und nicht zuletzt E. Proudfoot, dessen untrübliche Begeisterung für Pompeji (und die Archäologie) stets eine Inspiration war und ist. Für euch schmeiße ich eine Runde Falerner! Für die nicht nachlassende Unterstützung und stetige Motivation danke ich meinem Mann. A. Kieburg, April 2014 Einleitung “There is nothing which has yet been contrived by stellten, unverzichtbar, da viele Einwohner der Städte man, by which so much happiness is produced as by in ihren Wohnungen über keine geeigneten Möglich- a good tavern or inn”1. In diesem Zitat bezieht sich keiten verfügten, warme Mahlzeiten zu kochen. Trotz der Dichter und Schriftsteller Samuel Johnson (1709- der bedeutenden Rolle der Gastronomie für das anti- 1784) auf seine Erfahrung, dass an jeder Straßenecke ke Stadtleben, zeigen sich selbst neuere Forschungen Londons eine Gaststätte zu finden sei. Sofern man immer noch von dem antiken Vorurteil gegenüber Abwechslung vom Alltag und Gesellschaft wünscht, gastronomischer Betriebe beeinflusst, das seine Ur- bräuchte man sich nur dorthin zu begeben. Um diesen sache in den literarischen Quellen hat. In einem Satz scheinbar für alle Gesellschaftsschichten offen zu- gesagt: Das Gewerbe litt unter einem sehr schlech- gänglichen Interaktionsraum im städtischen Kontext ten Ruf – zumindest bei der römischen Oberschicht. von Pompeji, Herkulaneum und Ostia soll es in dieser Die neuzeitliche unkritische Übernahme der antiken Arbeit gehen. Aussagen auf die archäologischen Befunde führte zu Als Interaktionsraum „Gaststätte“ werden einer- gravierenden und bis heute nicht völlig ausgeräumten seits die architektonischen Strukturen, d. h. die Ge- Missinterpretationen des römischen Gaststättenge- bäude bezeichnet, in denen sich ein gastronomisches werbes. Um diesen seit fast 2000 Jahren immer wie- Gewerbe befand, das über eine gewisse Ausstattung derkehrenden Vorurteilen entgegen zu treten, soll mit verfügte, und in dem Menschen miteinander in sozi- unvoreingenommenem Blick versucht werden, ein alen Kontakt treten konnten. Andererseits bezeichnet weitaus differenzierteres Bild der römischen Gastro- der Interaktionsraum „Gaststätte“ den Standort des nomie zu zeichnen als es bisher geschehen ist. Gebäudes im urbanen Kontext, in dem es von Nach- Die insgesamt 225 archäologischen Befunde von bargebäuden umgeben ist und mit ihnen in Wechsel- Gaststätten aus Pompeji (180), Herkulaneum (12) wirkung tritt. und Ostia (33) bilden das Hauptquellenmaterial zum Diese beiden Formen von Interaktionsräumen sollen römischen Gastronomiegewerbe in den römischen im Folgenden anhand von detaillierten Analysen der Städten. Die Untersuchungen werfen zunächst einen Ausstattungselemente und den Gaststätten benachbar- Blick auf acht Ausstattungselemente, die sich im Be- ten architektonischen Strukturen untersucht werden. fund nachweisen lassen: Forschungen zur antiken Gastronomie haben bereits 1. Frontgestaltungen, 2. Tresen, 3. Lagermöglich- die Bedeutung dieses Gewerbes für die städtische keiten, 4. Herdstellen, 5. Mobiliar, 6. Innendekorati- Bevölkerung hervorgehoben. Besonders für die Un- on, 7. Kultische Ausstattung, 8. Wasserversorgung. terschicht
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