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Four Perspectives Educational Psychology important notes Theories about human learning can be grouped into four broad "perspectives". These are Behaviorism - focus on observable behavior Cognitive - learning as purely a mental/ neurological process Humanistic - emotions and affect play a role in learning Social - humans learn best in group activities The development of these theories over many decades is a fascinating story. Some theories developed as a negative reaction to earlier ones. Others built upon foundational theories, looking at specific contexts for learning, or taking them to a more sophisticated level. There is also information here about general theories of learning, memory, and instructional methodology. Read brief descriptions of these four general perspectives here: Learning www.allonlinefree.comTheories: Four Perspectives Within each "perspective" listed below, there may be more than one cluster of theories. Click on the name of the theorist to go to the page with biographical information and a description of the key elements of his/her theory. www.allonlinefree.com Educational Psychology important notes 1. Behaviorist Perspective Classical Conditioning: Stimulus/Response Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Classical Conditioning Theory Behaviorism: Stimulus, Response, Reinforcement John B. Watson 1878-1958 Behaviorism Edward L. Thorndike 1874-1949 Connectivism Edwin Guthrie 1886-1959 Contiguity Theory B. F. Skinner 1904-1990 Operant Conditioning William Kaye Estes 1919 - Stimulus Sampling Theory Neo-behaviorism: Stimulus-Response; Intervening Internal Variables; Purposive Behavior Edward C. Tolman 1886-1959 Sign Theory & Latent Learning Clark Hull 1884-1952www.allonlinefree.com Drive Reduction Theory Keneth W. Spence 1907-1967 Discrimination Learning www.allonlinefree.com Educational Psychology important notes 2. Cognitive Perspective: Learning as a Mental Process Gestalt Learning Theory: Perception, Decision making, Attention, Memory, & Problem Solving Max Wertheimer 1880 -1943 Gestalt Learning Theory Kurt Lewin 1890 - 1947 Field Theoretical Approach Wolfgang Kohler 1887 - 1967 Insight Learning Kurt Koffka 1887 - 1941 Gestalt Theory Leon Festinger 1919 - 1989 Cognitive Dissonance Information Processing and Computer Models D.O. Hebb 1904 - 1985 Neurophysiologic Theory George A Miller 1920 - Information Processing Theory Allen Newell 1927 - 1992 General Problem Solver Craik & Lockhart Levels of Processing Allan Paivio 1941 - Dual Coding Theory David E. Rumelhart 1942 - Interactive Activation with Competition Constructivism: Knowledge is Constructed; the Learner is an Active Creator David Ausubel 1918 - 2008 Subsumption Theory Jerome Bruner 1915 - Constructivism Jean Piaget 1896 - 1990 Genetic Epistemology Jean Lave Situated Cognition Chris Argyris 1923 - Double Loop Learning Rand J. Spiro Cognitive Flexibility David Kolb Learning Styles John Flavell Metacognition Roger Schank Script Theory Psychoanalytic: The role of the Unconscious Mind in Learning Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Psychoanalytic Theory of Learning www.allonlinefree.com 3. Humanistic Perspective: Emotions and Affect Play a Role in Learning www.allonlinefree.com Educational Psychology important notes Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 Humanistic Theory of Learning Carl Rogers 1902-1987 Experiential Learning Jack Mezirow Transformational Learning 4. Social Learning Perspective: Learning as a group process Lev Vygotsky 1896 - 1935 Social Constructivism Albert Bandura 1925 - Observational Learning John Seely Brown Cognitive Apprenticeship 5. General Theories of Memory & Intelligence J. R. Anderson ACT* J.P. Guilford Structure of Intellect Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory of Intelligence www.allonlinefree.com www.allonlinefree.com .
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