TVAS

NORTH MIDLANDS

Land at Windmill Cottage, Road ,

Archaeological Evaluation

by Helen Daniel

Site Code WCD 19/122

(SK 3799 2955)

Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire

An Archaeological Evaluation

for Dunnicliff Developments Ltd

by Helen Daniel

TVAS North Midlands

Site Code WCD19/122

February 2020 Summary

Site name: Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire

Grid reference: SK 3799 2955

Site activity: Archaeological Evaluation

Date and duration of project: 26th November – 9th December 2019

Project coordinator: Steve Ford

Site supervisor: Helen Daniel

Site code: WCD19/122

Area of site: 0.1 hectare

Summary of results: The evaluation was carried out as intended and used targeted trial trenching to locate the remains of Swarkestone Mill (MDR: 7327); a tower mill, which was first recorded as a new brick built mill in the late 18th century. Two of the five trenches revealed partial standing walls, four to five courses high, along with floor surfaces relating to the windmill and its associated outbuildings. Although there were no finds which relate specifically to the construction of the mill, a large assemblage of late 19th to early 20th century domestic material was recovered.

Location and reference of archive: The archive is presently held at TVAS North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent and will be deposited at Museum in due course, with accession code DBYMU 2019-62

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. All TVAS unpublished fieldwork reports are available on our website: www.tvas.co.uk/reports/reports.asp.

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford xx.xx.20 Steve Preston 18.02.20

1 Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire An Archaeological Evaluation

by Helen Daniel

Report 19/122

Introduction

This report documents the results of an archaeological field evaluation carried out on land to the rear of

Windmill Cottage, 185 Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire, DE73 6UD (SK 37991 29548) (Fig. 1). The work was commissioned by Dunnicliff Developments Ltd., Castle Lane, Melbourne, Derbyshire, DE73 8JB as advised by Helen Martin-Bacon of Avalon Heritage, Dairyhouse Lane, Cheadle, Stoke-on-Trent, ST10 2PW.

A planning application (9/2019/0233) has been submitted to Derby City Council for the development of two detached dwellings with associated gardens and off-road parking on land to the rear of Windmill Cottage. A

Heritage Statement within the application’s Design and Access Statement (DBD 2019) highlighted that the development area encompasses the site of Swarkestone Windmill (Heritage Environment Record ID:

MDR7327). On this basis, the Development Control Archaeologist for Derbyshire County Council (advising the

City Council) required that a programme of archaeological evaluation by trial trenching be undertaken within the proposed development area, in order to inform the planning application and permit the formulation of a mitigation strategy if appropriate.

This is in accordance with the Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government’s National

Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2019) and the Council’s policies on archaeology. The field investigation was carried out to a specification approved by Ms Sarah Whiteley, Development Control Archaeologist for

Derbyshire County Council. The fieldwork was undertaken by Helen Daniel, between 26th November and 9th

December 2019 and the site code is WCD19/122. The archive is presently held at TVAS North Midlands, Stoke- on-Trent and will be deposited at Derby Museum in due course, with accession code DBYMU 2019-62.

Location, topography and geology

The proposed development site is located approximately 1km south of the village centre of Chellaston and 7km south-east of the city of Derby, within the historic of Swarkestone, c.1.4km to the south-west (Fig.

1). Situated on the south-western slope of Chellaston Hill, the site lies in a lowland farmland landscape between the , c.1.4km to the south-west and the River Derwent, c.4.5km to the north-east.

2 The site comprises approximately 0.1ha of land, most recently utilised as gardens for the existing Windmill

Cottage. At 58.5m above Ordnance Survey (aOD), the highest point on site is at the north-eastern corner from there the site slopes gently down to 56.9m aOD at the south-western boundary. The underlying bedrock is recorded Branscombe Mudstone Formation overlain by Oadby Member Diamicton (BGS 2020).

Archaeological background

The site history and archaeological context have been summarized in a Heritage Statement (DBD 2019), which highlighted that the development area is located on the site of Swarkestone Windmill (MDR7327), whose history has been well documented (Gifford 2003).

The first documentary reference to Swarkestone Mill dates from December 1794 as the sale of ‘land lately purchased…from Joseph Dawson with the windmill for grinding corn, lately built by Isaac Orme upon Little

Close'. A document dated March 1798 documents the ‘purchase of dwelling house and tenement windmill’, then only a month later in April of the same year sees an advertisement offering 'a new erected brick freehold messuage and windmill, with two pairs of stones, dressing mill, in complete repair, with stable and croft etc…'

(Gifford 2003, 46). There is no further information then until 1817 when the mill appears in the will of William

Elkin in the bequest to his wife of ‘my messuage dwelling house or tenement windmill for grinding corn, and the stables, in parish of Swarkestone, in close called ’Little Close’ A conveyance document of 1834 records the transference of the ownership of the mill from Robert Shipton to Sir George Crewe, Bart. but further research is complicated by the close proximity of Chellaston Windmill (MDR7326) only c.150m away, and no further documents can be attributed with any certainty due to the confusion caused when there is no specific location reference other than that of ’mill’ or ‘millwright’.

As far as cartographic evidence goes, a mill is recorded by Farey in his survey of 1808 and there is also one shown on Greenwoods’ map of 1825. The First Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1836 records the location of both windmills on Chellaston Hill but by the 1882 map Swarkestone Mill is marked as ‘disused’ while

Chellaston Mill is still recorded as a ’flour mill’ and so was presumably still in use. Later mapping shows that

Swarkestone Mill stood within a small orchard, and the site is labelled as ‘Old Windmill’ for most revisions until more recent mapping depicts it merely as boundary lines in the gardens of 'Windmill Cottage'.

A sketch of 1889 in the Gilbert Thompson Notebook No.2 held in Derby Local Studies Library shows the mill as a three-storey tower mill with a damaged ogee cap and ball finial and with only the fantail staging in place. The sails are common but there appears to be one or more sails leaning against the tower, the mill is

3 obviously disused unlike the Chellaston mill which is depicted in the background and apparently in working order. An undated photograph in the possession of Mr Gifford appears very similar in composition to that of the

Thompson sketch, it also shows three-storey Swarkestone Mill in the foreground with its damaged sails and the complete Chellaston Mill is visible behind to the left. The cartographic information confirms that Swarkestone

Mill was disused by at least 1882 and that Chellaston Mill was still in use until at least 1887 which may indicate that the sketch and photograph are both of a similar date. A painting of the mill by Karl Wood from 1932 shows that by this time it had been reduced to one floor and a basement and it was this image that, in 1983, was recognised by the owner of the cottage at that time as 'the brick structure I had to demolish because it had become unsafe'. At the time of Mr Gifford’s site visit in 1995 only a pile of stones built into a rockery in the garden survived along with two complete grey millstones set into the lawn and path of the house.

Although the site is in close proximity to Scheduled Ancient Monuments at Swarkestone Lowes

(SAM101960) and Swarkestone Causeway (SAM1007076) approximately 1km to the west, there has been little in the way of archaeological investigation within the vicinity. Evaluations in advance of a large residential development adjacent to the site include a 2012 investigation which located a 2nd-century Roman farmstead with boundary ditch and adjoining enclosure c.120m to the north-east (MDR14702) while there is a record of medieval ridge and furrow, a field system and possible fire pit around 500m east-north-east (EDR4025).

Objectives and methodology

The purpose of the evaluation was to determine the presence/absence, extent, condition, character, quality and date of any archaeological deposits contained within the area of development. The Research

Framework (Knight et al, 2012) has provided a region-specific agenda and any relevant research themes will be considered throughout the course of the project. The specific aims of the evaluation are:

to ensure that any archaeological remains which may be present are appropriately sampled and recorded;

to identify remains belonging to the windmill and to ascertain their level of preservation;

to inform upon the need for further archaeological work prior to development commencing and

to disseminate the results of the fieldwork through an appropriate level of publication.

Specific objectives relate to the following:

to identify and record any features or deposits associated with phases of activity predating the windmill;

to define the date, nature, extent and potential significance of archaeological remains within the site;

to identify any structural or archaeological features associated with Roman activity; 4 to identify any structural or archaeological features associated with the prehistoric period;

to consider any medieval activity within the site boundary;

to consider any relevant research objectives contributing to a wider understanding of the archaeological

context, an understanding of the topography of the site and its environs;

to highlight relevant research aims should further archaeological work be required as a result and

to disseminate the results of the fieldwork through an appropriate level of reporting including potentially in

period relevant journals and/or journals dealing with historic industrial processes.

It was agreed with the Development Control Archaeologist to excavate five trenches, each 20m long and

1.8m wide. Topsoil and any other overburden were to be removed by a machine fitted with a toothless ditching bucket, to expose archaeologically sensitive levels and to be carried out under constant archaeological supervision. Sufficient of the archaeological features and deposits exposed were then to be excavated or sampled by hand to satisfy the aims of the project; without compromising the integrity of any features that might warrant preservation in situ or might better be investigated under the conditions pertaining to full excavation. All spoil heaps were to be metal detected and monitored for finds.

Results

The evaluation was carried out and all five trenches were excavated. Due to the constraints of manoeuvring the plant machinery within such a small site and after consultation with the planning monitor, four of the trenches were adjusted in length (Fig. 3). They ranged in length from 15m to 20.2m and were between 0.35m and 0.91m deep and 1.8m wide. All spoil heaps were searched for finds by hand and also with a metal detector. A complete list of trenches giving lengths, breadths, depths and a description of sections and geology is given in Appendix 1.

The stratigraphy in all trenches was generally uniform (Fig. 5) except where disturbed by areas of made ground and consisted of 0.34-38m of soft dark brown humic topsoil above 0.25-0.3m of brownish-orange sandy clay interface subsoil overlying orange-brown sandy clay natural geology. The excavated features, with dating evidence, are summarized in Appendix 2.

Trench 1 (Figs 3-5) Trench 1 was aligned roughly east-west and was 16.2m long and 0.8m deep. The stratigraphy consisted of 0.38m of topsoil and 0.3m subsoil overlying the natural geology. A modern service trench was located along virtually at the whole length of the trench. Some 45 sherds of unstratified pottery of late 19th to early 20th century date, was recovered along with a moulded glass bottle and an item of plastic. No archaeological features were observed.

5 Trench 2 (Figs 3-5 and Pls. 1 & 3) Trench 2 was aligned NNW-SSE and was 15.8m long and up to 0.91m deep. In the northern section, the stratigraphy consisted of 0.38m of topsoil above 0.37m of made ground of brick and stone rubble (52), overlying the natural geology. In the southern section, the stratigraphy consisted of 0.45m of topsoil and 0.25m of subsoil overlying the natural geology. At 11.5m from the south end of the trench, a variety of deposits were encountered which comprised the following; courses of brickwork (53, 59, 64, 66); floor surfaces of stone (54, 56, 57, 60) and brick (55, 67); possible foundation courses (61, 65) and a brick drain (68) were recorded and given group number 1000. The unstratified finds consisted of 81 sherds of pottery and two sherds of a moulded marbled glass goblet (50g). Finds from deposits were; a moulded glass bottle (1 sherd, 30g), an unidentified vessel of thin milk glass (2 sherds, 24g) and 278 sherds of pottery were recovered from stone floor 54; one sherd (5g) from a vessel of white glass with painted decoration to its exterior and 277 sherds of pottery o were recovered from brick floor

55; The pottery is predominantly of a late 19th to early 20th century date.

Trench 3 (Figs 3-5) Trench 3 was aligned north-east to south-west and was 18.2m long and 0.65m deep. The stratigraphy consisted of 0.35m of topsoil and 0.2m of subsoil overlying the natural geology. A modern service trench was located at c.6m along the southern edge and continued east-west to c.11.5m on the northern edge of the trench. Some 54 sherds of unstratified late 19th to early 20th century pottery were recovered, along with a single sherd of a clay tobacco pipe stem (2g), and fragments of an unidentified vessel of thin milk glass (9 sherds, 2g). No archaeological features were observed.

Trench 4 ((Figs 3-5 and Pls. 2, 4, 5 & 6) Trench 4 was aligned NNW - SSE and was 15m long and 0.82m deep. The stratigraphy consisted of 0.35m of topsoil and 0.26m subsoil overlying the natural geology. At c.4.5m from the southern end of the trench a stone foundation (62) which was 3.7m long and c.0.5m wide with a small brick repair (63) was recorded. At 9-11.5m, further possible foundation stones (69, 71) were recorded along with a brick floor surface (70) which was covered by a layer of lime concrete (72) which continued into the eastern section. At 12m, was the external curved brick skin (73); central stone in-fill (74); internal brick skin (75) and brick demolition rubble fill (76) of the windmill (1001). Both brick skins of the windmill had between four and five courses of standing brickwork which at its maximum was 0.5m high and encased the 1m wide stone in-filling (74). Bricks from 73 measured

251mm x 114mm x 72mm and those from 75 were similar, measuring 250mm x 117mm x 73mm. The bricks are all handmade and very similar in both the external and internal facing skins, however they were laid slightly differently; the internal face is laid in traditional stretcher bond but the external face is laid in rowlock stretcher 6 with the broad face of the bricks exposed. All standing structures continued for the full width of the trench and on into both sections. A total of 43 sherds of unstratified pottery of a late 19th to early 20th century date was recovered and is dealt with in greater detail below.

Trench 5 (Figs 3-5) Trench 5 was aligned roughly north-south and was 20.2m long and 0.7m deep. The stratigraphy consisted of

0.35m of topsoil and 0.25m subsoil overlying natural geology. At the southern end of this trench, a sondage was excavated down to a depth of c.1.1m, confirming the natural orange-brown sandy clay geology of the site. No archaeological features or finds were recovered.

Finds

Pottery by Dr David Barker

Introduction

The evaluation yielded 1,035 sherds of pottery weighing 14,390g. Five hundred and fifty-five sherds (6,871g) are from just two stratified contexts (Trench 2 (54) and Trench 2 (55)), but a quantity of unstratified material has also been recovered from all four trenches, and other unstratified sherds.

The ceramics have been examined individually with a view to determining the types of ware and the range of vessel forms present, identifying distinguishing characteristics which may help in suggesting the provenance the material, and defining the likely date range for material in each context. Types of decoration and the overall quality of the ware have also been considered with a view to determining factors which may have affected consumer choice. An attempt has also been made to identify cross-context joins and many other joins have been noted within individual contexts.

Trench 1 unstratified: 45 sherds (984g)

This is a mixed group of domestic wares, predominantly of white earthenware. Other ware types include bone china, hard-paste porcelain, Rockingham, jet ware, majolica, yellow ware and Bristol glazed stoneware. Vessels include tea wares (cups, saucers, bowls teapot), table wares (plates, a mug and pudding dishes), toilet wares

(basin, chamber pot and ewer) and kitchen wares (mixing bowl). Other vessels include a green-glazed candle holder, a cylindrical covered jar and a stoneware preserve jar. Just one vessel has printed decoration, while saucers and bowls have painted gold lines. Several forms have relief-moulded decoration. The only marks present are an incomplete blue printed garter mark, bearing the text ‘[?IRON]STONE’ and ‘[ENGL]AND’, and an incomplete ‘[JO]HNSON’ mark moulded in relief on the reverse of a decorated wall tile. Broadly all of these sherds fall within a late 19th to early 20th century date range. 7 Trench 2 (54): 278 sherds (3,667g) Again, this is a mixed group of mixed domestic wares which relate closely to finds from Trench 2 (55) and

Trench 2 unstratified, with both of which there are joins. Examples of the same types of wares are clearly present amongst the general unstratified material and, indeed, sherds of vessels present in (54) may also be present as unstratified finds. The wares from this context are dominated by white earthenwares, which include several plates, dishes, pudding bowls, cup and saucers, and bowls, amongst others. A high proportion of the vessels are decorated. Printed decoration predominates, with ‘Willow’ pattern and ‘Asiatic Pheasants’ being best represented. Other patterns in blue, green, pink, brown and black are not so readily identifiable, but one pink pattern is also present amongst the general unstratified material, where a mark identifies the pattern as ‘Flora’.

Other patterns are also represented elsewhere in the wider assemblage.

Slip decoration is present on a number of bowls and a mug, with one of the former being in a fair state of completeness. A number of vessels have sponged decoration: one mug has cross-joins with Trench 2 (55) and

Trench 2 u/s. One dinner plate has a band-and-line painted edge pattern in blue and again joins a sherd from

Trench 2 (55). Several cup and saucer sherds are decorated with single gold painted lines. Relief-moulded decoration features on the edges of plates, a dish and other forms.

Three sherds are from two preserve jars, whose contents are identified by the black printed designs on the exteriors: 'GRAND ME[DAL OF MERIT VIENNA. 1873] / [JAMES KEILLER & SON'S DUNDEE

MARMALADE] / [ONL]Y PRIZE MEDAL FOR MA[RMALADE...] / LONDON. 1862'. The impressed mark to the base sherd identifies the vessel’s manufacturer as C. T. Maling & Son of Newcastle-on-Tyne, a firm which was in business from 1890 (Godden 1991, 409-10).

Other wares present in this context in small quantities include majolica (a flower pot and a dish); jet ware, bone china (several cups, saucers and a side plate); Continental hard-paste porcelain (a pierced plate and a litho decorated saucer); yellow ware, red ware, brown salt-glazed stoneware, Bristol glazed stoneware and coarse earthenware. One curious vessel is a vase or similar in a coarse terracotta body, with an external brown slip coat and simple painted floral decoration; this joins with a sherd from Trench 2 (55).

Stylistically, the majority of the ceramics date to the late 19th to early 20th century. This is supported by the presence of several printed marks of this date: a mark of Myott, Son & Co. of Cobridge, Stoke-on-Trent, on a white earthenware plate was in use from 1907 (Godden 1991, 457); a Crown Staffordshire mark on a bone china side plate was used from 1906 by this Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent firm (Godden 1991, 182); while an incomplete mark on a white earthenware plate includes both a design registration number '473130', and the date (of registration) 'May 9th 06'. It is not impossible, however, that some sherds are somewhat earlier, such as that 8 bearing the blue printed mark of Cartwright & Edwards of Longton, a firm established in 1857 to produce earthenware by 1869 (Godden 1991, 130). The ‘Willow’ pattern dish with this mark is impossible to date precisely, and other unmarked ‘Willow’ decorated wares are similarly difficult to date precisely. The same is true of the pattern ‘Asiatic Pheasants’, introduced during the late 1850s and remaining popular for the remainder of the 19th century.

Trench 2 (55): 277 sherds (3,204g) The material from this context is similar in its range of types, forms and decoration to that from (54) and there are several cross-context joins. White earthenwares predominate and are mostly table wares and tea wares, although there are also probable chamber pots, a wash basin and a possible ewer. Most of the decorated wares are printed, with the main patterns being ‘Willow’ and ‘Asiatic Pheasants’. There are also sherds with the pink printed pattern ‘Flora’ noted above in (54), including one polygonal dish. One sherd is of a jar with the same printed design advertising its contents as Keiller’s Marmalade, as in (54). Several cups and saucers have gold painted lines to their bodies, and a small number of bowls have slip-banded decoration. Of the sponge-decorated sherds, three join cylindrical mug sherds from (54) and Trench 2 u/s.

Some of the bone china sherds are from cups and saucers; one is a plate, perhaps a bread and butter plate, while probable German porcelains are a cup or small jug with an elaborate handle and a ribbed dish. Other wares include jet wares (at least one teapot); Rockingham (a dish and at least two teapots); glazed coloured stoneware

(one a teapot in a green body); majolica; yellow ware; coarse earthenware, including one dish with an internal white slip coat and one red dish with a white slip band to its rim. There is also a sherd of the curious decorated terracotta vase noted in (54) and sherds of at least two unglazed terracotta flower pots with rouletted decoration or inscriptions. Kitchen wares – dishes and stew pots – occur in brown salt-glazed stoneware, and there is a cylindrical bottle in the same, while thirty-one Bristol glazed stoneware sherds are from – mainly – preserve jars, but also one or two bottles and a large jar. One final sherd is a glazed wall tile. Stylistically, the majority of the ceramics date to the late 19th to early 20th century, but there are no marked sherds.

Trench 2 unstratified: 81 sherds (1,140g) The unstratified Trench 2 ceramics relate very closely to the material from contexts 54 and 55, and there are joins with sherds from both of these. The range of ware types and vessel forms is similar to those from floors 54 and 55. White earthenwares dominate, with forms including cups, saucers, plates, pudding bowls, dishes, a tureen, one or two wash basins, a moulded jug and a cover. Decoration includes printed patterns in brown, blue, black and pink, the last being an example of the pattern ‘Flora’ noted above in 54. Plate sherds with a blue printed vine pattern join a sherd from 54. One vessel has a floral litho-printed pattern, while a dinner plate has a 9 blue painted band-and-line edge pattern and is probably the same vessel as that in 54 and 55. Other plates have relief moulded patterns to their rims, while cups and saucers favour simple painted gold lines.

Other ware types include bone china, hard-paste porcelain, jet ware, redware, yellow ware, brown salt- glazed stoneware; Bristol glazed stoneware and coarse earthenware. The bone china sherds are cups, saucers and a small plate, while one of porcelain sherds is also probably from a saucer. The jet ware sherds are probably from a teapot, while one of the redwares is a teapot cover. One other redware vessel is a mug or jug with an external pink slip coat. The Bristol glazed stonewares are – with one exception (a bottle) – preserve jars. The ceramics fall into a late 19th to early 20th century date range.

Trench 3 unstratified: 54 sherds (685g) This, too, comprises domestic wares of different types. Again, white earthenwares predominate, but there are also examples of bone china, hard-paste porcelain, parian, yellow ware, brown salt-glazed stoneware, Bristol- glazed stoneware and coarse earthenware.

The white earthenware table wares are plates and serving dishes. One of the latter has a blue-printed

‘Willow’ pattern decoration, while the other has a printed floral pattern in mulberry. Four plates sherds have light blue printed decoration, two or more of which are the pattern ‘Asiatic Pheasants’; one of these has an incomplete printed mark to the underside. Another dinner plate has a rococo-style scroll motif design moulded in low relief on the rim edge. Tea wares include 3 saucers and a teabowl; one saucer has a light blue printed floral pattern, of a type present also in floor 54, while another has a black printed landscape scene which pre-dates the remainder of the material by forty or fifty years. One cup is decorated with red sponged motifs framed by under- glaze painted lines, also in red. Other earthenware forms include a chamber pot, a ewer and pudding dishes; another handle sherd, coloured green, is perhaps also from a chamber pot. One sherd of uncertain form – perhaps a side plate – has a gold painted line. The remaining two earthenware sherds are wall tiles. The bone chinas and porcelains include of tea wares, while the parian vessel is moulded vessel, probably a jug.

The brown salt-glazed stoneware sherds are of dishes, all with internal Bristol glazes, while the other

Bristol glazed stonewares are preserve jars. The yellow ware sherds – one of which lacks any glaze – are from uncertain forms, but the single coarse earthenware vessel is a large, straight-sided dish or pan.

Trench 4 unstratified: 43 sherds (1,182g) This trench yielded fewer sherds than the other trenches, which are also rather more mixed. White earthenwares are well-represented and include printed patterns seen in the other groups – ‘Willow’ and ‘Asiatic Pheasants’, amongst others – and there are sherds of a white earthenware cup and saucer with gold painted lines. One

10 undecorated concave plate rim has pronounced kiln furniture contact scars on both faces, while another sherd has an incomplete printed mark ‘SWINNE[RTONS] / HAN[LEY] / ENG[LAND], a mark suggesting a date of 1906 or shortly afterwards (Godden 1991, 606). A single sherd of a jet ware teapot, bone china sherds, sherds of brown salt-glazed stonewares and Bristol glazed stoneware preserve jars are all types present amongst the material from the other trenches. A single sherd of a glazed black stoneware, or ‘Egyptian Black’ vessel is, however, the only one of its type in the assemblage; this dates to perhaps the second or third quarter of the 19th century. There are other earlier sherds: a large bowl with rouletted, slip-banded and wormed slip decoration of the 1810s – 1830s and two sherds of creamware, one a plate with a moulded ‘Queen’s’ rim, both of late 18th to early 19th century date. There are also five coarse earthenware sherds – three from one or more dishes with internal slip coats and dark brown/black glazes, and one from a dish or pan with a red brown internal glaze; the other, unglazed, is almost certainly a drain pipe with a cut, straight edge.

General unstratified: 257 sherds (3,528g) A wide range of material is present, but broadly representing the same types, forms and with the same decoration noted elsewhere, and some of the vessels represented here are almost certainly present elsewhere in the assemblage. Once again, the majority of the ceramics date to the late 19th to early 20th centuries, but a few sherds of earlier material may be present. As noted above the printed ‘Willow’ and ‘Asiatic Pheasants’ patterns were popular throughout the whole of the second half of the 19th century and can be difficult to date precisely in the absence of marks. Moreover, one sherd with printed decoration bears a printed garter mark of the firm of

Cork & Edge of the Newport Pottery, Burslem, with the pattern name ‘Ruby’; the firm operated between the dates 1846-60 (Godden 1991, 174).

White wares are the dominant type, with a range of printed patterns being represented alongside ‘Willow’ and ‘Asiatic Pheasants’. These include at least two plates with the pink printed pattern ‘Ruby’, which occurs elsewhere and which can be identified by a mark present amongst the unstratified sherds.

Small quantities of other ware types include jet ware, Rockingham, redware, majolica, yellow ware, bone china, German hard-paste porcelain, brown salt-glazed stoneware; Bristol glazed stoneware and coarse earthenware. Several sherds are worthy of note. First is the base of a green glazed moulded jardinière with an impressed mark ‘ / BRETBY / 1595’. Another marked piece is an undecorated bone china saucer which bears the printed mark ‘BROWN WESTHEAD’S / CAULDON CHINA / ENGLAND’. In 1905 the company of Brown, Westhead & Moore became the Cauldon Potteries Ltd. (Godden 1991, 133), and it is probable that this version of the marks was used immediately after the formation of the new company. Another piece to note is a glazed drab stoneware teapot cover which is more likely to date to the mid-19th century than 11 late 19th century. Another earlier sherd is from a hemispherical bowl with wormed or marbled slip decoration on a tan-coloured ground; this appears to be of creamware and should, therefore, date to the 1810s or 1820s.

Finally, there are several German porcelain vessels which include cups and saucers with litho printed decoration, and a small ornamental figure of a dog.

Discussion

This is not a large group of material. As it stands, the evaluation material derives from just two good contexts

(Trench 2 (54) and (55)), but its relationship to the unstratified finds from Trench 2 is clear with numerous cross- context joins, and there is a marked similarity to the unstratified ceramics from the site as a whole.

The picture across the site is consistent. These are wares which were widely available and much used in households of more limited economic means in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Vessels are functional, but typically decorated, in a limited range of useful forms and with a limited range of low cost decoration. The ceramics are not always of the best quality and several exhibit faults which would see them described as

‘seconds’. The vessels relate to the dinner table, tea drinking, and hygiene, with a smaller number of vessels for food preparation or use in the kitchen. Purely decorative wares are limited to a small porcelain figure of a dog, while a small number of majolica vessels with coloured are both useful and beautiful, and include a candlestick, a flower pot and a dish. The green glazed Bretby is also a flower pot or jardinière.

The range of ware types is typical of the period: white earthenwares for dining, tea wares and hygiene; bone china for tea wares; brown salt-glazed stonewares for kitchen use; yellow wares for food preparation; jet wares typically being present as teapots; and Bristol glazed grey stonewares being present as preserve jars or bottles. Especially noteworthy are a number of sherds from vessels of hard-paste porcelain from Continental

Europe – probably from Germany or Austria. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German and Austrian porcelains were imported in vast quantities into this country: wares were cheap and often highly decorated and constituted a major threat to home-produced goods, especially at the lower end of the market. However, the sources of the majority of the wares is clear – north Staffordshire for the white earthenwares and bone chinas, for the yellow wares and the single Bretby piece, and north Derbyshire for the stonewares.

Perhaps two vessels originate outside the area – the marmalade jars produced in Newcastle-on-Tyne - but these vessels were distributed as containers for their contents, which were of far greater importance to the customer.

Assemblages from households of a lower socio-economic status, especially those dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, have received little attention and are poorly reported upon. Nevertheless, they have the potential to shed considerably more light on household activities, distribution networks and consumer choice

12 than assemblages from earlier periods. As it stands, this assemblage hints at this potential, but if further finds are forthcoming from the site it may realise something of this potential and make a significant contribution to an understanding of daily life of the less well-off.

Animal Bone Ceri Falys

Two pieces of non-human bone were collected from the stone floor (54), in trench 2. Weighing 52g, the bone was well preserved, with excellent retention of surface features. One is a cow tooth and the other, unidentified fragment is also from a large mammal. The latter displayed a large patch of dark grey, porous, active new bone formation along one surface, signifying the bone was in the process of remodelling at the time of the animal’s death. This piece of bone also displayed evidence of butchery practices, in the form of a diagonal cut- or chop mark that cut through the whole thickness of the bone, severing it from the once larger element.

Conclusion

The evaluation was carried out as intended and used targeted trenching, which confirmed the location and the state of preservation of Swarkestone Mill (MDR7327); a tower mill, which was first recorded as a new structure in the late 18th century.

Two of the five trenches revealed the partial standing walls of the stone body and brick skins of the windmill, along with a number of associated floor surfaces which may relate to the courtyard of the mill or possibly to its outbuildings. The remaining three trenches contained no features or deposits of archaeological significance, although two of these trenches did contain reasonable amounts of unstratified pottery which had joins with those found within secure contexts. This suggests that the windmill has survived extensively below ground and in a fair state of preservation but that at some point in the past has been subject to some disturbance which has spread some of the pottery across the rest of the site within the topsoil.

Although there were no finds which relate specifically to the construction of the mill, a large amount of late

19th to early 20th century domestic material was recovered. Due to the extent of preservation encountered during the evaluation it was agreed with the Development Control Archaeologist for Derbyshire County Council that archaeological mitigation would continue as full excavation, in order to record the full extent of the survival of

Swarkestone Mill.

13 Acknowledgements

TVAS North Midlands would like to thank Mr Alan Gifford for all his assistance during the project and for the use of the photographs and information from his research regarding Swarkestone Mill. As one of the founder members of Heage Windmill Society, Alan’s knowledge and experience has been invaluable and we would like to thank him as well as the members of the society who very kindly arranged for a visit to their restored mill.

References

BGS, 2020, https://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [accessed January 2020] DBD, 2019, Design & Access & Heritage Impact Statement, DBD Architectural Consultancy unpublished report Farey, J, 1813, General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire: With Observations on the Means of Their Improvement, board of Agriculture. Gifford, A, 2003, Derbyshire Windmills Past and Present, Heage Windmill Society Godden, G. A. 1991. Encyclopaedia of British Pottery and Porcelain Marks. Barrie & Jenkins: London (revised edition). Knight, D, Vyner, B and Allen C, 2012, East Midlands Heritage: An Updated Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands, University of and York Archaeological Trust NPPF, 2019, National Planning Policy Framework, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, London

14 APPENDIX 1: Trench details 0m at S or W end

Trench Length (m) Breadth (m) Depth (m) Comment 1 16.2 1.8 0.7-0.8 0–0.38m soft dark brown humic loam topsoil, 0.38–0.68m brownish- orange sandy clay interface subsoil, 0.68m+ orange-brown sandy clay (natural geology). No archaeological features. [Pl. ?] 2 15.8 1.8 0.8-0.91 Northern = 0–0.38m soft dark brown humic loam topsoil, 0.38–0.75m made ground of brick and stone rubble, 0.75m+ orange-brown sandy clay (natural geology). Features: (??) (??) (??) [Pl. ?] Southern = 0–0.45m soft dark brown humic loam topsoil, 0.45–0.70m brownish-orange sandy clay interface subsoil, 0.70m+ orange-brown sandy clay (natural geology). 3 18.2 1.8 0.35-0.65 0–0.35m soft dark brown humic loam topsoil, 0.35–0.55m brownish- orange sandy clay interface subsoil, 0.55m+ orange-brown sandy clay (natural geology). No archaeological features. [Pl. ?] 4 15 1.8 0.6-0.82 0–0.35m soft dark brown humic loam topsoil, 0.35–0.61m brownish- orange sandy clay interface subsoil, 0.61m+ orange-brown sandy clay (natural geology). Features: (??) (??) (??) [Pl. ?] 5 20.2 1.8 0.5-0.7 0–0.35m soft dark brown humic loam topsoil, 0.35–0.60m brownish- orange sandy clay interface subsoil, 0.60m+ orange-brown sandy clay (natural geology). No archaeological features. [Pl. ?]

15 APPENDIX 2: Feature details

Trench Cut Fill (s) Group Type Date Dating evidence n/a 50 n/a Topsoil n/a n/a n/a 51 n/a Subsoil n/a n/a n/a 52 n/a Made Ground – brick/stone n/a n/a rubble 2 53 1000 Brick wall Post-medieval Material 2 54 1000 Stone slabbed floor surface Post-medieval Material 2 55 1000 Brick floor surface Post -medieval Material 2 56 1000 Stone floor surface - uneven Post-medieval Material 2 57 1000 Stone floor – broken Post-medieval Material 2 58 1000 Stone collapse covering (68) Post-medieval Material 2 59 1000 Brick wall course – return Post-medieval Material 2 60 1000 Stone slab Post-medieval Material 2 61 1000 Brick course - foundation? Post-medieval Material 4 62 n/a Separate stone foundation to S Post-medieval Material 4 63 n/a Brick repair to (62) Post-medieval Material 2 64 1000 Brick edging course Post-medieval Material 2 65 1000 Stone foundation near (68) Post-medieval Material 2 66 1000 Brick collapsed wall rubble Post-medieval/Modern Material 2 67 1000 Brick collapsed floor by (71) Post-medieval/Modern Material 2 68 1000 Brick drain Post-medieval/Modern Material 4 69 n/a Stone foundation? S of (70) Post-medieval Material 4 70 n/a Brick floor – step? Post-medieval Material 4 71 n/a Collapsed stone - foundation? Post-medieval Material 4 72 n/a Concrete Post-medieval/Modern Material 4 73 1001 External brick skin of windmill Post-medieval Material 4 74 1001 Stone in-fill between (73) & (75) Post-medieval Material 4 75 1001 Internal brick skin of windmill Post-medieval Material 4 76 1001 Brick demolition rubble in centre Post-medieval Material

16   www.memory-map.com

Buxton Chesterfield

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SITE 30000

SITE

29000

SK37000 38000 WCD 19/122 Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire, 2019 Archaeological Evaluation Figure 1. Location of site within Chellaston and Derbyshire.

Reproduced under licence from Ordnance Survey Explorer Digital mapping at 1:12500 Crown Copyright reserved 29600

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Sw SITE

e 53.6m Cottag Windmill

29500 Ri ber Drive

A514

SK37900 38000 WCD 19/122

N Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire, 2019 Archaeological Evaluation

Figure 2. Detailed location of site off Swarkestone Road.

0 50m 3 Cottage Windmill

1

4

2

5

29500 Ri ber Drive

SK38000 WCD 19/122

N Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire, 2019 Archaeological Evaluation

Figure 3. Trench and feature plan.

0 25m Trench 2 58 56 65 66 68 57 67 64 59 71 11m 61 15m 71 N 60 54 53 55

Trench 4

73 71 76 4m 63 9m 75 15m 69 70 74

62 72 N

Brick Concrete Stone

WCD 19/122 Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire, 2019 Archaeological Evaluation

Figure 4. Trench plans.

0 5m Trench 2 S N 57.36m aOD Topsoil

Made Ground - brick and stone rubble

Natural - orange-brown sandy clay

Trench 1

SSE NNW 58.24m aOD

Topsoil

Subsoil

Natural - orange-brown sandy clay

WCD 19/122 Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire 2019 Archaeological Evaluation

Figure 5. Representative sections.

0 1m Plate 1. Trench 2, looking north, Scales: 2m and 1m.

Plate 2. Trench 4, looking northwest, Scales: 2m and 1m. |WCD 19/122 Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire, 2019 Archaeological Evaluation Plates 1 and 2. Plate 3. Brick and stone floor surfaces in Trench 2 Plate 4. Stone foundation in Trench 4, looking northeast, (Group number 1000), looking east, Scales: 2m and 1m. Scales: 2m and 1m.

Plate 5. External brick skin of windmill (73) (1001), Plate 6. Plan view of (1001), showing external skin (73), looking northwest, Scales: 1m and 0.5m. stone fill (74) and internal skin (75), Scales: 2m and 1m.

WCD 19/122 Land at Windmill Cottage, Swarkestone Road, Chellaston, Derbyshire, 2019 Archaeological Evaluation Plates 3 to 6. TIME CHART

Calendar Years

Modern AD 1901

Victorian AD 1837

Post Medieval AD 1500

Medieval AD 1066

Saxon AD 410

Roman AD 43 AD 0 BC Iron Age 750 BC

Bronze Age: Late 1300 BC

Bronze Age: Middle 1700 BC

Bronze Age: Early 2100 BC

Neolithic: Late 3300 BC

Neolithic: Early 4300 BC

Mesolithic: Late 6000 BC

Mesolithic: Early 10000 BC

Palaeolithic: Upper 30000 BC

Palaeolithic: Middle 70000 BC

Palaeolithic: Lower 2,000,000 BC TVAS (North Midlands), 2b Stanton Road, Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST3 6DD

Tel: 01782 595648 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tvas.co.uk/northmidlands

Offices in: Reading, Brighton, Taunton, Wellingborough and Ennis (Ireland)