DOCSLIB.ORG

(II) Complexes of the Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ibuprofen with Imidazoles and Pyrazole

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(II) Complexes of the Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ibuprofen with Imidazoles and Pyrazole EuAsC2S-12/S1-OP25 Superoxide Dismutase and Oxidase Activities of Copper(II) Complexes of the Anti-inflammatory Drug Ibuprofen with Imidazoles and Pyrazole A.Latif Abuhijleh Chemistry Department, Birzeit University, P.O.Box 14, Birzeit-West Bank, Palestine ([email protected] ) Ibuprofen a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is among the most prescribed drug on the world. Copper(II) complexes with NSAIDs are more active than their parent drugs and exhibit a lower toxicity than inorganic forms of copper [1] . Further, many of these complexes, including that of copper ibuprofenate complex, have a better anti-ulcer protective effect than the parent drugs. Binary and some ternary copper(II) ibuprofenate complexes are dimeric of the general formula Cu2(Ibup)4L2, where L is solvent or monodentate ligands , and having the known paddle- wheel dicopper(II) tetracarboxylates structure [2]. As part of our on-going research on the interaction of copper(II) ion with anti-inflammatory drugs which contain carboxylate group and with biologically important ligands that contain nitrogen atoms, as models for copper proteins, we had previously prepared and studied biological activities of binuclear and mononuclear copper(II) ibuprofenate complexes [3]. We report here the synthesis and characterization, superoxide dismutase and oxidase activities of mononuclear copper(II) ibuprofenate adducts with 1,2-dimethylimidazole (1), benzimidazole (2) and pyrazole (3) of the formula [Cu (Ibup)2 Ln],where n=2 for complexes (1) and (2), or 4 for complex (3). The X-ray molecular structure measurements of complex (1) showed that it is monomeric and has trans- CuN2O2+O2 chromophore. The copper(II) ion is coordinated in the equatorial plane to two 1,2- dimethylimidazole molecules through the nitrogen atoms in trans geometry and two carboxylate oxygen atoms each from one ibuprofenate anion. The second carboxylate oxygen atoms of ibuprofenates interact weakly with copper in the axial positons. Available spectral data for complex (2) indicated that this adduct is analogous to complex (1) and contain CuN2O2+O2 chromophore in which the nitrogen atoms are coming from two benzimidazole ligands. In the pyrazole adduct, complex (3), the spectral data indicated that it has CuN4+O2 chromophore with four pyrazole ligands are coordinated to Cu2+ ion in the equatorial plane and the two ibuprofenate ions are coordinated axially,as monodentate ligands, through one of the carboxylate oxygen atoms. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activities of complexes (1), (2) and (3) are determined and compared to those obtained previously for Cu(II) complexes with other anti-inflammatory drugs. The results indicated that these complexes are potent SOD mimics. These complexes are found to catalyze the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol to the corresponding o-quinone and the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine to 2,3-diaminophenazine. The formation of copper ion semiquinone species in these reactions, which may be the catalytic intermediate that reacts with oxygen which leads to the formation of the respective product, is demonstrated spectrophotometrically. Initial studies for the catalytic oxygenation of 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol to 3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone by these complexes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide will be presented. References [1]. J.E. Weder,, C.T. Dillon, T.V. Hambley, B.J. Kennedy, P.A. Lay, J.R. Biffin, H.L. Regtop and N.M.Davies, Coord. Chem.Rev. 2002, 232, 95. EuAsC2S-12/S1-OP25 [2]. P.N. Ahn-Thou, P. Lemoine, B. Viossat, J. Chaumeil and A.Tomas, Z. Kristallogr. 2007, 222, 93. [3]. a. A.L.Abuhijleh, Polyhedron 1997, 16, 773. b. A.L.Abuhijleh , J.Inorg. Biochem.1994, 55,255. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taurine Prevents Ibuprofen-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions and Influences Endogenous Antioxidant Status of Stomach in Rats
    Research Article TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2004) 4, 1046–1054 ISSN 1537-744X; DOI 10.1100/tsw.2004.207 Taurine Prevents Ibuprofen-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions and Influences Endogenous Antioxidant Status of Stomach in Rats T. Balasubramanian1,*, M. Somasundaram1, and A. John William Felix2 1Department of Physiology, 2Department of Community Medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamilnadu, India E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received October 6, 2004; Revised November 25, 2004; Accepted November 29, 2004; Published December 6, 2004 Recently, free radical–induced tissue damage is implicated in the nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)–involved gastric mucosal lesion. Administration of taurine, an endogenous antioxidant, is reported to be beneficial in various clinical conditions. Therefore, we decided to study the protective effect of taurine in ibuprofen-induced gastropathy and the effects of administration of taurine on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and reduced glutathione (GSH) of stomach. In rats, administration of taurine orally for three consecutive days (250 mg/kg body weight) protected the gastric mucosa from ibuprofen-induced, acute gastric mucosal lesion. In ibuprofen-treated rats, the lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a marker for free radical–induced tissue damage, is also significantly decreased by taurine. Ibuprofen treatment resulted in a significant increase in the activities of total SOD, manganese SOD (Mn-SOD), and GPX and reduced GSH. Taurine administration in ibuprofen-treated rats also showed a significant increase in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes namely total SOD, Mn-SOD, GPX, CAT, and the level of reduced GSH.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Intramuscular Diclofenac Use on Lipid
    Sushma Sharma & Archana Thakur. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2017, 8 (1) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407 Research Article EFFECTS OF INTRAMUSCULAR DICLOFENAC USE ON LIPID PEROXIDATION AND SKELETAL MUSCLE HISTOLOGY IN BALB-C MICE Sushma Sharma and Archana Thakur * Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Article Received on: 13/12/16 Revised on: 23/12/16 Approved for publication: 12/01/17 DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.08014 ABSTRACT Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used for the treatment of musculoskeletal complaints, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and acute muscle pain conditions. There is considerable interest in the toxicity of diclofenac because of its clinical uses. In the present study, the sub-chronic administration of diclofenac (10 mg/kg body weight; 30 days) resulted in various changes in activity of SOD enzyme (a marker of oxidative stress) and lipid peroxidation levels of mice. Changes in the activity of enzyme represent adaptive responses in muscle after diclofenac treatment. Results show that diclofenac is a strong inducer of oxidative stress. Increase in the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and SOD activity is observed which indicates a link between oxidative stress and muscular toxicity. Maximum increase is seen in drug treated mice at 30 days’ stage of investigation. Key words: Diclofenac, SOD, lipid peroxidation INTRODUCTION Normal healthy looking mice showing no sign of morbidity were divided into following groups: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the a) Mice in the first group (Group I) comprised of age matched most commonly prescribed categories of drugs worldwide in the control mice.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Active Oxygen, Lipid Peroxidation, and Antioxidants In
    732 Gut 1993; 34: 732-737 Role of active oxygen, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.34.6.732 on 1 June 1993. Downloaded from injury induced by indomethacin in rats T Yoshikawa, Y Naito, A Kishi, T Tomii, T Kaneko, S linuma, H Ichikawa, M Yasuda, S Takahashi, M Kondo Abstract role of reactive oxygen species in mediating the The roles of active oxygen, lipid peroxidation, microvascular disturbance that preceded gastric and the antioxidative defence mechanism in mucosal injury induced by several kinds of stress gastric mucosal injury induced by treatment and ischaemia-reperfusion." 12 Furthermore, with indomethacin in rats were investigated. lipid peroxidation mediated by oxygen free The total area of gastric erosions and concen- radicals is believed to be an important cause of tration of lipid peroxides in the gastric mucosa destruction and damage to cell membranes, increased with time after administration of because polyunsaturated fatty acids of the indomethacin (20 mg/kg, orally). The a- cellular membranes are degraded by the lipid tocopherol:total cholesterol ratio in serum was peroxidation with consequent disruption of significantly decreased and the activity of membrane integrity.'3 Membrane peroxidation glutathione peroxidase, an important enzyme can lead to changes in membrane fluidity and to scavenger of lipid peroxides, was inhibited permeability, enhanced rates ofprotein degrada- by the administration of indomethacin. Treat- tion, and ultimately, cell lysis. We have already ments with superoxide dismutase and catalase reported that lipid peroxidation plays a signifi- inhibited the increases in gastric mucosal cant part in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal erosions and lipid peroxides in the gastric lesions induced by water immersion restraint mucosa, and the reduction of serum stress, burn shock, and ischemia-reperfusion.I'l6 a-tocopherol.
    [Show full text]
  • TOTAL JOINT SUPPORT (Formerly Glucosamine Plus)
    TOTAL JOINT SUPPORT (Formerly Glucosamine Plus) Ingredients: Glucosamine Sulphate 100mg, N-Acetyl Glucosamine 50mg, L-Glutathione 2mg, N-Acetyl Cysteine 5mg, L-Cysteine 50mg, L-Glutamic Acid 50mg, L-Glycine 50mg, L-Taurine 25mg, Vitamin C 50mg, Vitamin E (Succinate) 25i.u, Pantothenic Acid 50mg, Soluble Trachea 25mg, Silymarin 5mg, Milk Thistle 100mg, Green Lipped Mussel 25mg. Supportive Function: Glucosamine Plus is a superb formula tested against individual nutrients for its synergistic action in supporting healthy bone and connective tissue. In the body, some glucosamine sulfate is converted to N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG), which is listed by the Merck Index in its own antiarthritic category. Liver detox, gastrointestinal and antioxidant nutrients all lend support that can be helpful when arthritis affects bone and connective tissue. Mucopolysaccharides are also important building blocks, which are furnished in this formula by green-lipped mussel. When is glucosamine support helpful? Osteoarthritis, tissue and joint pain, and injury. Clinical Applications/Research: Glucosamine Sulfate provides the essential building block needed for the construction and repair of joint cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments. Glucosamine further transforms into polyglycans that provide the foundation of synovial fluid and the lining of joints. Supplementation with glucosamine sulfate reduces pain and swelling and helps repair joints. Benefits become evident within 8 weeks. Continued supplementation is needed to maintain benefits (Drovanti A, et al, "Therapeutic activity of oral glucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis: A placebo-controlled double blind investigation,"Clin Ther 1980: 3(4): 260-72). N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) has been shown to reduce joint pain, swelling, and restricted motion in clinical trials.
    [Show full text]
  • Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium And
    veterinary sciences Article Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium and Oxytetracycline Mediated Hepato-Renal Toxicity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Male Albino Rats Gehad E. Elshopakey 1,* and Sara T. Elazab 2 1 Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt 2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; [email protected] or [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +20-102-392-3945 Abstract: Among commonly consumed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs are diclofenac sodium (DFS) and oxytetracycline (OTC), especially in developing countries because they are highly effective and cheap. However, the concomitant administration of anti-inflammatory drugs with antibiotics may exaggerate massive toxic effects on many organs. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cin) is considered one of the most broadly utilized plants with various antioxidant and anti- inflammatory actions. This study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of cinnamon aqueous extract (Cin) against DFS and OTC hepato-renal toxicity. Eight groups (8/group) of adult male albino rats were treated orally for 15 days with physiological saline (control), Cin aqueous extract (300 mg/kg b.w.), OTC (200 mg/kg b.w.), single dose of DFS at the 14th day (100 mg/kg b.w.), DFS + OTC, Cin + DFS, Cin + OTC, and Cin + DFS + OTC. The administration of DFS and/or Citation: Elshopakey, G.E.; Elazab, S.T. Cinnamon Aqueous OTC significantly increased (p < 0.05) the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino- Extract Attenuates Diclofenac transferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine, and uric acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Superoxide Dismutase) Antioxidant
    PRODUCT DATA DOUGLAS LABORATORIES® 04/2012 1 S.O.D. (Superoxide Dismutase) Antioxidant DESCRIPTION S.O.D. (Superoxide Dismutase) from Douglas Laboratories contains 2,000 M.F. units of superoxide dismutase from porcine liver extract. FUNCTIONS Body cells and tissues are threatened continuously by damage caused by toxic free radicals and reactive oxygen species (e.g., peroxides) which are produced during normal oxygen metabolism, by other chemical reactions, and by toxic agents in the environment. Free radicals, once formed, are capable of disrupting metabolic activity and cell structure. When this occurs, additional free radicals are produced which, in turn, can result in more extensive damage to cells and tissues, particularly the oxidation of DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. The uncontrolled production of free radicals is thought to be a major contributing factor to many degenerative pathologies. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a prime antioxidant enzyme found in two forms. One, complexed with zinc and copper, is localized in the cytosol, while the other, bound with manganese, is found in the mitochondrial matrix. Both forms of this metalloenzyme catalyze the inactivation of destructive reactive oxygen species by converting them to hydrogen peroxide which is then transformed to water and oxygen by the enzyme catalase. Superoxide dismutase has been shown to be useful in joint, gastrointestinal and respiratory health. INDICATIONS S.O.D. (Superoxide Dismutase) from Douglas Laboratories is a dietary adjunct for those who wish to supplement their diet with antioxidant enzymes. FORMULA (#7987) Each Capsule Contains: Superoxide Dismutase ...................... 2,000 M.F.units (from porcine liver extract) with naturally occurring catalase enzyme SUGGESTED USE Adults take 1 or more capsules daily or as directed by a healthcare professional.
    [Show full text]
  • Side Effects of Dexibuprofen Have Been Ameliorated with Vitamin E Gamal El-Din A.M
    BENHA VETERINARY MEDICAL JOURNAL, VOL. 36, NO. 1:382-392, March, 2019 Side effects of dexibuprofen have been ameliorated with vitamin E Gamal El-Din A.M. Shams, Suhair A. Abd El-Latif, Haydi H. El Din Abdallah Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt A B S T R A C T The present study was designed to define the effects of daily administration of 100 mg vitamin E\kg on side effects in mice treated with dexibuprofen (7.2 mg/kg, P.O once daily) for 21 consecutive days and its antioxidant scavenging capacity. Blood samples were collected from mice on 1st, 2nd, 14th, 21st days post –treatment and tissue samples were collected on 7th, 14th days post- treatment to assess the protective effects of vitamin E. The results indicated significant increase in antioxidant enzymes Glutathione peroxidase, dismutase superoxide dismutase(SOD)&catalase (CAT) together decrease the level of malondialdehyde besides diminished and in portal fibrosis and decrease in congestion of hepatic blood vessels and sinusoids caused by dexibuprofen administration as demonstrated by kidney histopathology Therefore, Vitamin E should be taken with dexibuprofen to decrease its side effects. Key words Antioxidant activity, Dexibuprofen, Histopathology, Vitamin E. ) BVMJ-36(1): 382-392, 2019) 1. INTRODUCTION (http://www.bvmj.bu.edu.eg Dexibuprofen is non-steroidal anti- between the two drugs was in the degree of inflammatory drug. It's the active recovery of platelet function. The effect of dextrorotatory enantiomer of ibuprofen. Most aspirin persisted for 24 h after the last dose ibuprofen formulations contain a racemic (remaining inhibition 50% respect to the mixture of both isomers (Hardikar, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • A Small Molecule Promotes Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Generation and Inhibits Osteoarthritis Development
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09839-x OPEN A small molecule promotes cartilage extracellular matrix generation and inhibits osteoarthritis development Yuanyuan Shi1,2, Xiaoqing Hu1,2, Jin Cheng1, Xin Zhang1, Fengyuan Zhao1, Weili Shi1, Bo Ren1, Huilei Yu1, Peng Yang1, Zong Li1, Qiang Liu1, Zhenlong Liu 1, Xiaoning Duan1, Xin Fu1, Jiying Zhang1, Jianquan Wang1 & Yingfang Ao1 1234567890():,; Degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) underlies loss of cartilage tissue in osteoarthritis, a common disease for which no effective disease-modifying therapy currently exists. Here we describe BNTA, a small molecule with ECM modulatory properties. BNTA promotes gen- eration of ECM components in cultured chondrocytes isolated from individuals with osteoarthritis. In human osteoarthritic cartilage explants, BNTA treatment stimulates expression of ECM components while suppressing inflammatory mediators. Intra-articular injection of BNTA delays the disease progression in a trauma-induced rat model of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, we identify superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) as a mediator of BNTA activity. BNTA induces SOD3 expression and superoxide anion elimination in osteoarthritic chondrocyte culture, and ectopic SOD3 expression recapitulates the effect of BNTA on ECM biosynthesis. These observations identify SOD3 as a relevant drug target, and BNTA as a potential therapeutic agent in osteoarthritis. 1 Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China. 2These authors contributed equally: Yuanyuan Shi, Xiaoqing Hu. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.W. (email: [email protected]) or to Y.A. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:1914 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09839-x | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09839-x steoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal compared with vehicle (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Superoxide Dismutase (Sod)
    NIPRO ENZYMES SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) [EC 1.15.1.1] from Bacillus stearothermophilus - - + O2 + O2 + 2H ↔ O2 + H2O2 SPECIFICATION State : Lyophilized Specific activity : more than 9,000 U/mg protein Contaminants : (as SOD activity = 100 %) Catalase < 0.01 % PROPERTIES Molecular weight : ca. 50,000 Subunit molecular weight : ca. 25,000 Metal content : 1.5 g atoms of Mn per mole of enzyme Optimum pH : 9.5 (Fig. 1) pH stability : 6.0 - 9.0 (Fig. 2) Isoelectric point : 4.5 Thermal stability : No detectable decrease in activity up to 60 °C. (Fig. 3, 4) STORAGE Stable at -20 °C for at least one year APPLICATION The enzyme is useful for medicine, cosmetic material and nutrition or antioxidant. NIPRO ENZYMES ASSAY Principle To determine the enzyme activity of cytochrome c reduction is measured by the following reactions. Xanthine oxidase - Xanthine + O2 Urate + O2 + H2O2 cytochrome c cytochrome c (red.) - O2 SOD O2 + H2O2 Unit Definition One unit of activity is defined as the amount of SOD required to inhibit the rate of reduction of cytochrome C by 50 % at 30 °C. Solutions Ⅰ Buffer solution ; 75 mM Potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.8 Ⅱ Xanthine solution ; 0.75 mM (0.010 g xanthine/50 mL N/250 NaOH) Ⅲ Cytochrome c solution ; 0.15 mM (0.019 g cytochrome c/10 mL distilled water, Sigma-Aldrich Co., No. C-2506, from horse heart) Ⅳ EDTA solution ; 1.5 mM (0.028 g EDTA disodium salt∙2H2O/50 mL distilled water) Ⅴ Xanthine oxidase (XOD) ; (from buttermilk, Sigma-Aldrich Co., No. X-1875) suspension in 2.3 M (NH4)2SO4 solution is diluted to 0.04 U/mL with distilled water.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities of Bifunctional
    Open Chemistry 2020; 18: 1444–1451 Research Article Lenka Hudecova, Klaudia Jomova, Peter Lauro, Miriama Simunkova*, Saleh H. Alwasel, Ibrahim M. Alhazza, Jan Moncol, Marian Valko Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional copper(II) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0180 growth inhibition of E. coli was observed, at its highest received September 7, 2020; accepted October 22, 2020 concentration, for the complex 1, which contains chlorine atoms in the ligand environment. The trend obtained Abstract: Copper(II) complexes represent a promising group of compounds with antimicrobial and antifungal from IC50 values is generally in agreement with the determined MIC values. Similarly, the complex 1 showed properties. In the present work, a series of Cu(II) com- S. cerevisiae plexes containing the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory the greatest growth inhibition of the yeast ( ) drugs, tolfenamic acid, mefenamic acid and flufenamic and the overall antifungal activities of the Cu II complexes 1 > 3 ≫ 2 acid as their redox-cycling functionalities, and 1,10-phe- were found to follow the order . However, for 2 nanthroline as an intercalating component, has been stu- complex , even at the highest concentration tested ( μ ) died. The antibacterial activities of all three complexes, 150 M ,a50%decreaseinyeastgrowthwasnot [Cu(tolf-O,O′) (phen)] (1), [Cu(mef-O,O′) (phen)] (2) and achieved. It appears that the most potent antimicrobial 2 2 ( ) [Cu(fluf-O,O′) (phen)] (3), were tested against the and antifungal Cu II complexes are those containing 2 ( ) prokaryotic model organisms Escherichia coli (E.
    [Show full text]
  • Chondrosamine Plus®
    ChondroSamine Plus® Cartilage is composed primarily of collagen, water and proteoglycans. The combination of glucosamine Collagen is a protein that forms a fibrous network that resists tensile forces. HCl and chondroitin sulfate showed Proteoglycans protect connective tissues against (weightbearing) forces. favorable results in a double blind, Proteoglycans (PGs) have a high affinity for water. This creates equilibrium placebo-controlled pilot study carried between the proteoglycan gels and the collagen fibers. out by the Medical Department of the Naval Special Warfare, Group Two.(11) Cartilage relies upon diffusion of nutrients through the cartilage matrix from distant blood vessels in bone and synovial membranes. Vitamin C. Vitamin C is considered an essential cofactor of collagen Inflammation is characterized by local edema and swelling. If present near formation. Epidemiological studies joints, this increase in pressure slows diffusion of nutrients from blood support a positive association between to chondrocytes. Inflammatory processes increase free radicals and may vitamin C intake and bone density.(12) compromise cell function. Because of vitamin C’s essential role in Purified Chondroitin Sulfates. Chondroitin sulfates (CS) are collagen synthesis, it may play a role in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are large heterogeneous biological wound healing.(13) polymers used by the body to maintain proper elastic integrity within tissues. Cumulative damage to tissues, The chief GAG of cartilage is Chondroitin Sulfate (CS). CS is a repeating mediated by reactive oxygen disaccharide, specifically glucuronic acid and sulfated N-acetylglucosamine. species (ROS), has been implicated as a pathway that leads to many of the Cartilage is a component of connective tissue and helps provide support and degenerative changes associated with aging.
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between High On-Aspirin Platelet Reactivity and Reduced
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Association between High On-Aspirin Platelet Reactivity and Reduced Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Patients Affected by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or Primary Hypercholesterolemia Cristina Barale 1, Franco Cavalot 2, Chiara Frascaroli 2, Katia Bonomo 2, Alessandro Morotti 1 , Angelo Guerrasio 1 and Isabella Russo 1,* 1 Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (A.G.) 2 Metabolic Disease and Diabetes Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy; [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (C.F.); [email protected] (K.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-011-9026622; Fax: +39-011-9038639 Received: 5 June 2020; Accepted: 13 July 2020; Published: 15 July 2020 Abstract: Platelet hyperactivation is involved in the established prothrombotic condition of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and familial hypercholesterolemia (HC), justifying the therapy with aspirin, a suppressor of thromboxane synthesis through the irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), to prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, some patients on aspirin show a higher than expected platelet reactivity due, at least in part, to a pro-oxidant milieu. The aim of this study was to investigate platelet reactivity in T2DM (n = 103) or HC (n = 61) patients (aspirin, 100 mg/day) and its correlation with biomarkers of redox function including the superoxide anion scavenger superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the in vivo marker of oxidative stress urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α. As results, in T2DM and HC subjects the prevalence of high on-aspirin platelet reactivity was comparable when both non-COX-1-dependent and COX-1-dependent assays were performed, and platelet reactivity is associated with a lower SOD activity that in a stepwise linear regression appears as the only predictor of platelet reactivity.
    [Show full text]