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The Effects of Salicylic Acid and Ascorbic Acid on the Antioxidant System and Activity of Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme of Cut Flowers (Rosa Hybrid Acv

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The Effects of Salicylic Acid and Ascorbic Acid on the Antioxidant System and Activity of Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme of Cut Flowers (Rosa Hybrid Acv The effects of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on the antioxidant system and activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme of Cut Flowers (Rosa hybrid acv. Black Magic) Sevana Ghadimian1, 1. M. Sc of Horticaltural Science, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan. [email protected] Elham Danaei2 2. Professor, Dep. of Horticultural Science, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan. [email protected] Abstract To analyze the post-harvest difficulties of cut Black magic roses, the effect of salicylic acid (100, 200ppm) and ascorbic acid (10 and 20 mg/l) with sucrose 3%, on the antioxidant system and on keeping the freshness of this flower, was conducted in a factorial arrangement, carried out in a completely randomized design, with 6 treatment groups and three repetitions, distilled water & sucrose as control, was performed. In this experiment, in addition to the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme, properties such as vase life, wet weight, dry weight, ionic leakage, rate of solution absorption, petal anthocyanin, petal chlorophyll, were analyzed. Results showed that using the treatments caused the quantitative and qualitative differences to be significant on a 1% statistical level compared to the control group, and the flowers stayed fresh for 7.8 days with treatment of 200 mg/l of salicylic acid versus 4.2 days for the control group. Furthermore, the use of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid caused a reduction of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in treatment groups versus the control group, due to influencing the phenol cycle and its antioxidant role. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of using different amounts of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on keeping the flowers fresh and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in cut roses and determining the optimum concentration of thisArchive material on post-harvest life. of SID Keywords: Antioxidant system, Ascorbic acid, Post-harvest, Salicylic acid, Vase life www.SID.ir 1 1- Introduction The life (the length of time a cut flower stays fresh) of cut flowers is one of the most important qualitative factors. Long life of cut flowers has a significant effect on the demand of consumers and the value of cut flowers. Many factors influence the life of a cut flower. Therefore, knowledge of optimal methods of post-harvest care is one of the success factors in the production and export of flowers and decorative plants. Post-harvest physiology research of cut flowers and potted plants, increase our information about the process of aging, prevention of post-harvest damages methods, and fighting oxidative and environmental stresses, and cause the formation of a number of preservative solutions for cut flowers. Most preservative solutions include substances such as sugars, fungicides, bactericides, anti-ethylene material, growth adjusters, and a weak acid. Yet, different species of plant, even different types of plants show different reactions to chemicals. On the other hand, solutions that are used for the preservation of cut flowers should be inexpensive, easy to use, and harmless to the environment. (Vaezi 2011) Roses are important decorative and commercial plants in the word. Roses are of the type: Rosa, genus: Rosacae, and sub-genus: Rosoideae. There are three types of roses. The production of cut flowers is the most important subset of decorative flowers and plants. On average, more than 800 million cut flowers are produced in Iran annually. Roses are one of the most attractive flowers in the world, due to its various shapes and colors. Iran has vast areas of plantation due to its suitable climate and having lots of sunshine. 1-1- Antioxidant and SOD systems Plants use an efficient system of controlling ROS, based on enzyme antioxidants (superoxide dismutase – SOD, Catalase – CAT, ascorbic peroxide – APX) and non-enzyme antioxidants (carotenoids, tocopherol, glutathione, and phenol compounds) for defending against the adverse effects of ROS against important molecules that are necessary for cell structure and its performance (such as fat, proteins, and nucleic acids). However, the catalytic activity of these antioxidant systems can create negative effects on the flowers, through conditions of repeated stress due to biologic or non- biologic elements in very normal (common) conditions (such as storehouses or commercial settings (Qodir et al 2004). SOD speeds (catalyzes) the transformation of two molecules from O2 to O2 and H2O2. On the other hand, the use of ascorbate as an electron donor, APX enzyme reduces the transformation of H2O2 to H2O. The formation of radical hydroxyl by O2 and H2O2 can be controlled by a combination of non-mutagenic reactions by CAT, SOD, and APX enzymes (Tongetat, 2006). Molecular Oxygen is necessary for the life of all thing including plants. However, a type of active oxygen (ROS), which includes the superoxide anion (O2-), radical hydroxyl (OH), radical pre- hydroxyl (O2H) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), produce a natural metabolic process in all secondary cells. In general, under various environmental stress conditions, the level of ROS in the plant cells raises which causes oxidative stress. In fact, among stresses, oxidative stress is the cause of cell damage in plants. The level of ROS in plants may increase due to biologic elements (age, pathogen attacks) or non-biologicArchive elements (heat, cold, dryness, salt,of chemicals, SID mechanical damage). This accumulation causes a homeostasis disorder that causes the reduction of oxidation (Shigeoka et al 2002). One of the common attributes among various types of ROS is their ability to produce oxidative stress in proteins, fats, and DNA. Yet, considering its inner-cell concentration, ROS can play a key role as the molecular signal in the defensive and adjusting response of pathogens, however it operates at very low concentrations (Apel & Hirt 2004). ROS responds to stress conditions in two ways: 1) the effect of ROS on various biological molecules, which cause irreversible damage and cause necrosis of the tissue, and in more severe cases, the death of the tissue. (Girotti, 2001). 2) The effect of ROS on expression of different genes and the signal transfer paths regarding defense (Apel & Hirt, 2004). Superoxide dismutase is the ROS radical controlling enzyme in aerobic species. In plants there are three types of SOD based on their active cofactors: Manganese SOD (MnSOD), Copper/Zinc SOD (Cu/Zn SOD), and Iron SOD (FeSOD). During the metabolic oxidative process, ROSs is produced on a controllable level, and plays a key role in the defense of plants. This can be summarized as follows: 1) Strengthening of the cell membrane by structural changes of carbohydrates in the joints, 2) Induction of the genes related to defense coding of inhibitor proteins of gluconase, kinanase, and other www.SID.ir 2 proteins, and 3) Cellular death in specific parts of the plant (Reilly et al, 2004). The presence of heavy metals in water, such as Lead (Pb) pollution cause oxidative stress which in turn causes damage to the cell and its components such as the chloroplast, and changes in the metabolites concentrations including protein solutions, prolin, glutathione and antioxidant enzymes (Reddy et al, 2005) 1-2- Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the result of D-glucose metabolism in plants that influence plant growth and development, and play an important role in electron transfer. Smirnoff et al suggest a biosynthesis and identification of some new enzymes. They also reported that the ascorbate synthesized from H.galactose is from the raw internal production of GDP-manose and L-GDP-galactose. Ascorbic acid is also in connection with various biological activities in plants, including enzyme-production elements, antioxidants, and as electron donors or receptors in the plasma membrane or in the chloroplast. Therefore, knowledge of optimal methods of post-harvest care is one of the success factors in the production and export of flowers and decorative plants. Post-harvest physiology research of cut flowers and potted plants, increase our information about the process of aging, prevention of post-harvest damages methods, and fighting oxidative and environmental stresses, and cause the formation of a number of preservative solutions for cut flowers. Most preservative solutions include substances such as sugars, fungicides, bactericides, anti-ethylene material, growth adjusters, and a weak acid. Yet, different species of plant, even different types of plants show different reactions to chemicals. On the other hand, solutions that are used for the preservation of cut flowers should be inexpensive, easy to use, and harmless to the environment. (Vaezi 2011) Roses are important decorative and commercial plants in the word. Roses are of the type: Rosa, genus: Rosacae, and sub- genus: Rosoideae. There are three types of roses. The production of cut flowers is the most important subset of decorative flowers and plants. On average, more than 800 million cut flowers are produced in Iran annually. Roses are one of the most attractive flowers in the world, due to its various shapes and colors. Iran has vast areas of plantation due to its suitable climate and having lots of sunshine. 1-3- Salicylic acid Salicylic acid was the best compound of drugs sold in the world in a period of time was made in 1898 in Germany (Raskin, 1992). However, John Buchner in 1928 isolated salicylic alcohol glycoside from willow bark in Munich, but later named by Rafacle Piria in 1938 as salicylic acid (SA). The word salicylic acid (SA) is rooted in the Latin word "Salix", meaning willow bark, and the reason is that, in all whole plant kingdom (Raskin, 1992), SA plays diverse role in regulating metabolism in plants (PoPova et al., 1997). In terms of chemical structure, SA belongs to a diverse group of plant phenol, which has an aromatic ring with a hydroxyl group or a function of its derivatives. Free SA is a crystalline powder, which can be melted at the temperature 157-1590c.
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