Karauli District

Hydrogeological Atlas of

Karauli District Contents: List of Plates Title Page No.

Plate I Administrative Map 2

Plate II Topography 4

Plate III Rainfall Distribution 4

Plate IV Geological Map 6

Plate V Geomorphological Map 6

Plate VI Aquifer Map 8

Plate VII Stage of Ground Water Development (Block wise) 2011 8 Location of Exploratory and Ground Water Monitoring Plate VIII 10 Stations

Depth to Water Level Plate IX 10 (Pre-Monsoon 2010) Water Table Elevation Plate X 12 (Pre-Monsoon 2010) Water Level Fluctuation Plate XI 12 (Pre-Post Monsoon 2010) Electrical Conductivity Distribution Plate XII 14 (Average Pre-Monsoon 2005-09) Chloride Distribution Plate XIII 14 (Average Pre-Monsoon 2005-09) Fluoride Distribution Plate XIV 16 (Average Pre-Monsoon 2005-09) Nitrate Distribution Plate XV 16 (Average Pre-Monsoon 2005-09) Plate XVI Depth to Bedrock 18

Plate XVII Map of Unconfined Aquifer 18

Glossary of terms 19

2013

ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP DISTRICT – KARAULI

Location: Karauli district is located in the eastern part of Rajasthan. It is bounded in the north by and Bharatpur districts, in the east by Dhaulpur district, south by state of and district in the west. It stretches between 26° 01' 27.02” to 27° 00' 11.61” north latitude and 76° 28' 34.98’’ to 77° 24' 12.00’’ east longitude covering an area of 4,985 sqkms. This district is part of four river basins namely ‘Gambhir River Basin’, ‘Banas River Basin’, ‘ River Basin’ and ‘Parbati River Basin’.

Administrative Set-up: Karauli district is administratively divided into five blocks. The following table summarizes the basic statistics of the district at block level.Sapotra block is the largest in area occupying about 1955 sq kms whereas the smallest block is spread over about 544 sq kms while population wise, block has the highest population and Nadoti has lowest population.

Population Area % of District Total Number of S. No. Block Name (Based on 2001 census) (sq km) Area Towns and Villages 1 Hindaun 3,47,264 649.5 13.0 128 2 Karauli 2,88,860 1,227.8 24.6 204 3 Nadoti 1,26,089 608.7 12.2 95 4 Sapotra 2,32,513 1,954.9 39.3 224 5 Todabhim 2,14,939 544.1 10.9 150 Total 12,09,665 4,985.0 100.0 801

Karauli district has 801 towns and villages, of which five block headquarters as well.

Climate: The climate of the district is characterized by subtropical, dry with distinct winter, summer and monsoon. Highest temperature during May-June has been recorded as 49 °C and lowest temperature in January recorded as 5 °C. Most of the rainfall is received during the monsoon season, which extends from July to September. Average rainfall of the district is 577.11 mm.

1

2

TOPOGRAPHY DISTRICT – KARAULI The area is characterized by flat to undulating topography with small isolated hills in NW, NE, SW and eastern part of the district. Vindhyanchal and Aravalli hill ranges comes under the district area which covers almost half part of the district. The major rivers of the district are Gambhir in north, Morel and Banas in southwest and Chambal in southeast which developed very good drainage system along with their tributaries like Gor, Khar, Ranchana, Salrni and Jagar. The general topographic elevation in the district ranges between 250 m to 300 m above mean sea level in most of the blocks. Minimum elevation in the district is 131.0 m above mean sea level in Sapotra block in the southern part of the district and maximum of 522.5 m above mean sea level In Nadoti block in northwestern part of the district.

Table: Block wise minimum and maximum elevation Min. Elevation Max. Elevation S. No. Block Name (m amsl) (m amsl) 1 Hindaun 200.2 378.8 2 Karauli 221.1 413.4 3 Nadoti 225.5 522.5 4 Sapotra 131.0 470.4 5 Todabhim 205.4 441.4

RAINFALL The general distribution of rainfall across the district can be visualized from isohyets presented in the Plate – III where most of the district seems to have received rainfall in the range of 600-700 mm in year 2010. The total annual average rainfall is 646.8 mm based on the data of available blocks. Sapotra block received highest rainfall of 913.0mm whereas lowest was in Nadoti block (560.8mm). Maximum average annual rainfall recorded in Sapotra block about 705.2mm.

Table: Block wise annual rainfall statistics (derived from year 2010 meteorological station data) Minimum Annual Maximum Annual Average Annual Block Name Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm) Hindaun 609.1 668.5 634.9 Karauli 628.0 730.4 657.8 Nadoti 560.8 758.8 628.0 Sapotra 645.1 913.0 705.2 Todabhim 578.1 633.3 608.0

3

4

GEOLOGY DISTRICT – KARAULI Geologically, the district lies under Vindhyan, and Super Groups. The eastern part of the district is separated from the western part by Great Boundary Fault. The latter consists of the rock formation of Bhander Group i.e. Sandstone, Shale and Limestone. The Delhi Super Group occupies the northwest part of the district which consist Quartzite, Schist of Ajabgarh and Group. A small isolated patch of Ranthambhor Group also occupies the center area of the district, which consists of Quartzite, Schist and Gneiss.

Super Group Group Formation Recent to Sub-Recent Alluvium --X------X------X------X---Unconformity---X------X------X------X-- Bhander Sandstones, Limestone and Vindhyan Rewa Shale Kaimur Ajabgarh Delhi Quartzite and Schist Alwar --X------X------X------X---Unconformity---X------X------X------X-- Bhilwara Ranthambhore Quartzite, Schist and Gneiss

GEOMORPHOLOGY Table: Geomorphologic units, their description and distribution Origin Landform Unit Description Buried Pediment Pediment covers essentially with relatively thicker alluvial, colluvial or weathered materials. Denudational Intermontane Valley Depression between mountains, generally broad & linear, filled with colluvial deposits. Mainly undulating landscape formed due to fluvial activity, comprising of gravels, sand, silt and clay. Terrain mainly Alluvial Plain undulating, produced by extensive deposition of alluvium. Flat to gentle undulating plain formed due to fluvial activity, mainly consists of gravels, sand, silt and clay with Alluvial Plain (Sandy) Fluvial unconsolidated material of varying lithology, predominantly sand along river. Formed by fluvial activity, usually at lower topographic locations, comprising of boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gravels, Valley Fill sand, silt and clay. The unit has consolidated sediment deposits. Ravine Small, narrow, deep, depression, smaller than gorges, larger than gulley, usually carved by running water. Formed over varying lithology with extensive, flat, landscapes, bordered by escarpment on all sides. Essentially Structural Plateau formed horizontally layered rocky marked by extensive flat top and steep slopes. It may be criss crossed by lineament. Steep sided, relict hills undergone denudation, comprising of varying lithology with joints, fractures and lineaments. Denudational, Linear to arcuate hills showing definite trend-lines with varying lithology associated with folding, faulting etc. Hills Structural Hill, Long narrow low-lying ridge usually barren, having high run off may form over varying lithology with controlled Linear Ridge strike.

5

6

AQUIFERS DISTRICT – KARAULI Aquifer distribution map is presented in Plate – VI, which demonstrates widespread formation of aquifers within Alluvium and Sandstones. The alluvial aquifers (Older Alluvium) occupy approximately half of the district and occur as continuous patch in the western part of the district. The sandstone aquifers hold water both in primary and secondary openings and constitute good aquifers in the southeastern half of the district contributing to about 43% of district’s aquifers. Quartzites aquifers form just 3% of the area and occur in the northwestern part of the district.

Table: aquifer potential zones their area and their description Aquifer in Potential Area % age of Description of the unit/Occurrence Zone (sq km) district This litho unit comprises of mixture of heterogeneous Older Alluvium 2,377.9 47.7 fine to medium grained sand, silt and kankar. Fine to medium grained, red colour and compact and at Sandstone 2,132.7 42.8 places. Medium to coarse grained and varies from feldspathic Quartzite 161.2 3.2 grit to sericitic quartzite. Hills 313.2 6.3

Total 4,985.0 100.0

STAGE OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT In this district too, the ground water is under stress as revealed by ground water resource assessment studies. The stage of ground water development is very high as two blocks fall under ‘Critical’ category implying close to 100% development of resource. Ground water in two other blocks (Sapotra and Hindaun) is more stressed as they fall into ‘Over Exploited category where exploitation exceeds the available dynamic ground water resource. Todabhim block has been ‘Notified’ for no more development of ground water resource.

Categorization on the basis of Block Name stage of development of ground water Critical Nadoti, Karauli Over Exploited Sapotra, Hindaun Notified Todabhim

Basis for categorization: Ground water development <=100% - Critical and >100% - Over-Exploited. In Notified blocks development of GW is not permitted any more.

7

8

LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY AND GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS DISTRICT – KARAULI Karauli district has a well distributed network of exploratory wells (51) and ground water monitoring stations (77) in the district owned by RGWD (22 and 54 respectively) and CGWB (29 and 23 respectively). The exploratory wells have formed the basis for delineation of subsurface aquifer distribution scenario in three dimensions. Benchmarking and optimization studies suggest that both the ground water level and quality monitoring network needs to be strengthened by adding 21 and 102 additional wells in different blocks.

Table: Block wise count of wells (existing and recommended) Ground Water Recommended additional wells for Exploratory Wells Block Name Monitoring Stations optimization of monitoring network CGWB RGWD Total CGWB RGWD Total Water Level Water Quality Hindaun 6 5 11 4 12 16 1 21 Karauli 8 5 13 7 9 16 7 19 Nadoti 3 4 7 4 10 14 0 17 Sapotra 6 5 11 5 10 15 13 23 Todabhim 6 3 9 3 13 16 0 22 Total 29 22 51 23 54 77 21 102

DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL (PRE MONSOON – 2010) 10m interval has been adopted to depict the depth to ground water levels in Karauli district as shown in Plate – IX. Variation in depth to water level varies from less than 10m below ground level to more than 70mbgl. In northwestern part of the district i.e., in Hindaun – Todabhim region, deeper water levels of 40m - 60m in general, and often reaching >70m bgl. Eastwards, the water level is moderately deep around (20-40m bgl) and the water level is quite shallow occurring 10m-20m bgl occasionally even less than 10m bgl in isolated patches especially in Nadoti region.

Depth to water Block wise area coverage (sq km) * Total Area level (m bgl) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) < 10 7.4 23.7 45.0 1.7 0.1 77.9 10-20 324.2 862.6 292.0 743.0 210.0 2,431.8 20-30 150.6 264.7 158.3 1,024.5 189.5 1,787.6 30-40 112.1 14.8 45.8 8.4 56.9 238.0 40-50 30.2 0.5 26.4 - 33.2 90.3 50-60 13.3 - 4.5 - 13.4 31.2 60-70 5.3 - - - 8.7 14.0 < 70 0.1 - - - 0.9 1.0 Total 643.2 1,166.3 572.0 1,777.6 512.7 4,671.8 * The area covered in the derived maps is less than the total district area since the hills have been excluded from interpolation/contouring.

9

10

WATER TABLE ELEVATION (PRE MONSOON – 2010) DISTRICT – KARAULI Plate – XI presents the water table elevation map in Karauli district. Arrows are also indicated in the map, which show the flow direction of ground water. The central part of the district (northeast of Karauli) and the western most part of the district show high water levels and ground water flows from these areas towards north, southeast and southwestern directions following the topographic slope and river flow directions as well decided differently in each basin part of the district. The elevation ranges are varying in the district, the water table elevation highest reaching up to >320m amsl to a minimum elevation of <180m amsl in the Sapotra block in southeastern part of the district.

Table: Block wise area covered in each water table elevation range Water table elevation Block wise area coverage (sq km) Total Area range (m amsl) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) < 180 - - - 4.3 - 4.3 180 - 200 18.8 - - 149.9 1.0 169.7 200 - 220 311.6 13.0 13.2 575.6 337.9 1,251.3 220 - 240 147.2 105.3 186.1 524.3 173.8 1,136.7 240 - 260 62.2 267.8 278.0 280.0 - 888.0 260 - 280 55.9 424.2 62.8 159.4 - 702.3 280 - 300 36.0 177.9 31.9 83.7 - 329.5 300 - 320 11.5 155.2 - 0.4 - 167.1 > 320 - 22.9 - - - 22.9 Total 643.2 1,166.3 572.0 1,777.6 512.7 4,671.8

WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION (PRE TO POST MONSOON 2010) Ground water level fluctuation map (Plate – XI) reveals a fall of more than 6 m in one area to rise in other areas by more than 18m. The negative fluctuation areas (indicated by pink and red regions) are the areas where overexploitation is taking place and even after monsoon recharge water level has not risen and has actually gone down with respect to pre- monsoon levels. Such ground water depletion areas are located in the central part of the district. Rest of the district has shown a nominal (0-4m) to significant rise in ground water level in the post monsoon season with respect to pre monsoon region. Maximum rise of more than 18m is noticed in the southern part of Karauli.

Table: Block wise area covered in each water fluctuation zone Block wise area coverage (sq km) per water level fluctuation range (m) Total Area Block Name < -6 -6 to -4 -4 to -2 -2 to 0 0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10 10 to 12 12 to 14 14 to 16 16 to 18 > 18 (sq km) Hindaun - - - 78.8 478.0 86.4 ------643.2 Karauli 2.8 28.0 67.3 142.2 384.0 231.1 134.1 72.9 41.0 27.5 18.3 9.9 6.5 0.7 1,166.3 Nadoti - - - - 77.5 207.4 111.2 70.9 51.9 33.0 15.7 4.4 - - 572.0 Sapotra - - 4.3 17.1 489.0 882.1 270.7 60.5 27.1 14.0 7.5 4.9 0.4 - 1,777.6 Todabhim - - - - 273.9 159.0 46.0 27.8 6.0 - - - - - 512.7 Total 2.8 28.0 71.6 238.1 1,702.4 1,566.0 562.0 232.1 126.0 74.5 41.5 19.2 6.9 0.7 4,671.8

11

12

GROUND WATER ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION DISTRICT – KARAULI The Electrical conductivity (at 25°C) distribution map is presented in Plate – XII. The areas with low EC values in ground water (<2000 µS/cm) are shown in yellow color and occupies almost 82% of the district area indicating that, by and large the ground water in the district is suitable for domestic purpose. The areas with moderately high EC values (2000 - 4000 µS/cm) are shown in green color and occupy 17% of the district area, largely in the northern and southeastern part of the district. Remaining small part of the district area approximately 1% has high EC values in ground water (>4000 µS/cm) is shown in red color, largely eastern part of Hindaun.

Table: Block wise area of Electrical conductivity distribution Electrical Conductivity Ranges Block wise area coverage (sq km) Total Area (µS/cm at 25⁰C) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) (Ave. of years 2005-09) Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age < 2000 329.5 51.2 1,144.1 98.1 309.8 54.1 1,767.7 99.4 285.8 55.8 3,836.9 2000-4000 292.0 45.4 22.2 1.9 255.6 44.7 9.9 0.6 203.3 39.6 783.0 >4000 21.7 3.4 - - 6.6 1.2 - - 23.6 4.6 51.9 Total 643.2 100.0 1,166.3 100.0 572.0 100.0 1,777.6 100.0 512.7 100.0 4,671.8

GROUND WATER CHLORIDE DISTRIBUTION High chloride concentration in ground water also renders it unsuitable for domestic and other purposes. The yellow colored regions in Plate – XIII are such areas where chloride concentration is low (<250 mg/l) that occupy approximately 73% of the district area. The ground water in this region is suitable for domestic purposes. The areas with moderately high chloride concentration (250-1000mg/l) are shown in green color, which occupy approximately 27% of the district area, largely northern part of the district. No area in the district has shown very high (>1000 mg/l) Chloride concentration in ground water.

Table: Block wise area of Chloride distribution Chloride Concentration Block wise area coverage (sq km) Total Area Range (mg/l) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) (Ave. of years 2005-09) Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age < 250 247.2 38.0 1,086.9 93.0 204.0 36.0 1,760.9 99.0 129.9 25.0 3,428.9 250-1000 396.0 62.0 79.4 7.0 368.0 64.0 16.7 1.0 382.8 75.0 1,242.9 > 1000 ------Total 643.2 100.0 1,166.3 100.0 572.0 100.0 1,777.6 100.0 512.7 100.0 4,671.8

13

14

GROUND WATER FLUORIDE DISTRIBUTION DISTRICT – KARAULI The Fluoride concentration map is presented in Plate – XIV. The areas with low concentration (i.e.,>1.5 mg/l) are shown in yellow color which occupy almost 91% of the district area which is suitable for domestic purpose. The areas with moderately high concentration (1.5-3.0 mg/l) are shown in green color that occupies approximately 8% of the district area, largely in the northern part of the district. A very small patch in the northern part of the district falls in high fluoride concentration (>3.0 mg/l) area and occupies approximately 1% area which is not suitable for domestic purpose.

Table: Block wise area of Fluoride distribution Fluoride concentration Block wise area coverage (sq km) Total Area Range(mg/l) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) (Ave. of years 2005-09) Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age < 1.5 465.3 72.3 1,058.8 90.8 500.0 87.4 1,777.5 100.0 457.2 89.2 4,258.8 1.5-3.0 151.5 23.6 107.5 9.2 72.0 12.6 0.1 - 55.5 10.8 386.6 > 3.0 26.4 4.1 ------26.4 Total 643.2 100.0 1,166.3 100.0 572.0 100.0 1,777.6 100.0 512.7 100.0 4,671.8

GROUND WATER NITRATE DISTRIBUTION High nitrate concentration in ground water renders it unsuitable for agriculture purposes. Plate – XV shows distribution of Nitrate in ground water. Moderately high nitrate concentration (50-100 mg/l) is shown in green color and occupies approximately 57% of the district area. The areas with low nitrate concentration (<50 mg/l) are shown in yellow color and occupy approximately 29% of the district area, largely eastern part of the district where ground water is suitable for agriculture. Remaining part of the district area is covered with high nitrate concentration (>100 mg/l) which is shown in red colored patches largely seen in western part of Hindaun block.

Table: Block wise area of Nitrate distribution Nitrate concentration Block wise area coverage (sq km) Total Area Range (mg/l) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) (Ave. of years 2005-09) Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age < 50 40.5 6.2 504.9 43.3 118.0 20.6 646.6 36.4 61.0 11.9 1,371.0 50-100 371.4 57.8 651.0 55.8 248.7 43.5 1,069.9 60.2 342.2 66.7 2,683.2 >100 231.3 36.0 10.4 0.9 205.3 35.9 61.1 3.4 109.5 21.4 617.6 Total 643.2 100.0 1,166.3 100.0 572.0 100.0 1,777.6 100.0 512.7 100.0 4,671.8

15

16

DEPTH TO BEDROCK DISTRICT – KARAULI Plate – XVI depicts the bedrock depth from ground level in Karauli district. The beginning of massive bedrock has been considered for defining top of bedrock surface. It varies from less than 20 below ground level to more than 80m bgl. The major rocks types constituting the bedrock are sandstone and quartzites. These rocks are overlain by alluvial deposits of sand, clay, silt and admixture of these in different proportions and thicknesses. The map of depth to bed rock in meters below ground level reveals that the bedrock surface is quite undulating and varies from very shallow near hardrock exposures to more than 80m below ground level. Western part of the district i.e., in Nadoti, Sapotra, southern side of Sapotra and central parts of Hindam and Karauli blocks, the bedrock depth is less (of the order of <20 to 40 m bgl) and occasionally reaches to depth of 60m bgl. In the northeastern part of the district in blocks viz. Todabhim, Hindam, Karauli and Sapotra the bedrock depth often reaches 80m bglor more. Deepest bedrock has been encountered in eastern fringe of Karauli block (more than 80 meter below ground level).

Block wise area coverage (sq km) Depth to bedrock Total Area Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (mbgl) (sq km) Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age Area %age < 20 ------70.3 4.0 - - 70.3 20-40 103.6 16.1 23.5 2.0 367.5 64.0 762.4 42.9 - - 1,257.0 40-60 272.2 42.3 655.4 56.0 204.5 36.0 930.4 52.3 287.8 56.0 2,350.3 60-80 267.4 41.6 428.9 37.0 - - 14.5 0.8 224.9 44.0 935.7 > 80 - - 58.5 5.0 ------58.5 Total 643.2 100.0 1,166.3 100.0 572.0 100.0 1,777.6 100.0 512.7 100.0 4,671.8 UNCONFINED AQUIFER Alluvial areas Hard rock areas Aquifer in alluvial material is formed in western part of the district largely around Weathered, fractured and jointed rock formations form the phreatic aquifer in the Banas and Gambhir Rivers with thickness varying from less than 10 meter, reaching upto areas where hard rocks are exposed or occur at shallow depths. Such zone ranges in 50 meter. Entire Todaabhim block has unconfined aquifer formed in alluvial material thickness from less than 10 meter to 100 meter in the district. Maximum thickness of with thickness from 10 to 40 meter and maximum area of Hindaun also covered with unconfined condition in hardrock is reported in the eastern side of the district (>100m), alluvial aquifer. In southwestern part of Karauli block, aquifer thickness is more reaching whereas the general thickness in the district is upto 40m. upto 50m. Unconfined aquifer Block wise area coverage(sq km) Total Area Thickness (m) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) Unconfined aquifer Block wise area coverage (sq km) Total Area <10 48.2 113.4 161.3 80.1 0.2 403.2 Thickness (m) Hindaun Karauli Nadoti Sapotra Todabhim (sq km) 10-20 - 168.7 - 966.7 - 1,135.4 < 10 480.7 176.3 140 320.8 404.2 1,522.0 20-30 2.9 107.0 - 105.5 - 215.4 10-20 41.4 120.9 172.1 71.6 57.7 463.7 30-40 45.3 112.0 - 53.4 - 210.7 20-30 24.7 66.2 98.6 73.5 48.4 311.4 40-50 - 79.6 - 62.6 - 142.2 30-40 - 57.6 - 9.9 2.2 69.7 50-60 - 70.3 - 28.6 - 98.9 > 40 - 8.7 - - - 8.7 60-70 - 46.6 - 4.9 - 51.5 Total 546.8 429.7 410.7 475.8 512.5 2,375.5 70-80 - 27.2 - 0 - 27.2 80-90 - 11.5 - - - 11.5 > 90 - 0.3 - - - 0.3 Total 96.4 736.6 161.3 1301.8 0.2 2,296.3

17

18

Glossary of terms S. No. Technical Terms Definition S. No. Technical Terms Definition A saturated geological formation which has good permeability to It is defined as the rate of flow through an aquifer of unit width and 1 AQUIFER supply sufficient quantity of water to a Tube well, well or spring. total saturation depth under unit hydraulic gradient. It is equal to 29 TRANSMISSIBILITY 2 ARID CLIMATE Climate characterized by high evaporation and low precipitation. product of full saturation depth of aquifer and its coefficient of 3 ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE Addition of water to a ground water reservoir by man-made activity permeability. A water bearing formation having permeable overburden. The The sum total of all atmospheric or meteorological influences 30 UNCONFINED AQUIFER 4 CLIMATE principally temperature, moisture, wind, pressure and evaporation water table forms the upper boundary of the aquifer. of a region. The zone below the land surface in which pore space contains both 31 UNSATURATED ZONE A water bearing strata having confined impermeable overburden. In water and air. 5 CONFINED AQUIFER this aquifer, water level represents the piezometric head. 32 WATER CONSERVATION Optimal use and proper storage of water. Introduction of undesirable substance, normally not found in water, 33 WATER RESOURCES Availability of surface and ground water. 6 CONTAMINATION which renders the water unfit for its intended use. WATER RESOURCES Planned development, distribution and use of water resources. 34 7 DRAWDOWN The drawdown is the depth by which water level is lowered. MANAGEMENT 8 FRESH WATER Water suitable for drinking purpose. Water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation at 35 WATER TABLE 9 GROUND WATER Water found below the land surface. atmospheric pressure. A hydro-geologic unit containing one large aquifer or several 36 ZONE OF SATURATION The ground in which all pores are completely filled with water. 10 GROUND WATER BASIN connected and interrelated aquifers. ELECTRICAL Flow of free ions in the water at 25C mu/cm. 37 GROUND WATER The natural infiltration of surface water into the ground. CONDUCTIVITY 11 RECHARGE A Vertical Projection showing sub-surface formations encountered in 38 CROSS SECTION 12 HARD WATER The water which does not produce sufficient foam with soap. a specific plane. HYDRAULIC A constant that serves as a measure of permeability of porous A structure showing all three dimensions i.e. length, width and 13 39 3-D PICTURE CONDUCTIVITY medium. depth. 14 HYDROGEOLOGY The science related with the ground water. 40 GWD Ground Water Department 15 HUMID CLIMATE The area having high moisture content. 41 CGWB Central Ground Water Board 16 ISOHYET A line of equal amount of rainfall. 42 CGWA Central Ground Water Authority 17 METEOROLOGY Science of the atmosphere. 43 SWRPD State Water Resources Planning Department 18 PERCOLATION It is flow through a porous substance. 44 EU-SPP European Union State Partnership Programme Details of drainage lines and physical features of land surface on a 19 PERMEABILITY The property or capacity of a soil or rock for transmitting water. 45 TOPOGRAPHY Value of hydrogen-ion concentration in water. Used as an indicator map. 20 pH of acidity (pH < 7) or alkalinity (pH > 7). 46 GEOLOGY The science related with the Earth. 21 PIEZOMETRIC HEAD Elevation to which water will rise in a piezometers. 47 GEOMORPHOLOGY The description and interpretation of land forms. It is a natural or artificial process by which water is added from Monitoring of Ground Water level from the selected 22 RECHARGE outside to the aquifer. 48 PRE MONSOON SURVEY DKW/Piezometer before Monsoon (carried out between 15th May Amount of water which can be extracted from ground water without to 15th June) 23 SAFE YIELD Monitoring of Ground Water level from the selected producing undesirable effect. POST-MONSOON 49 DKW/Piezometer after Monsoon (carried out between 15th 24 SALINITY Concentration of dissolved salts. SURVEY An area is considered semiarid having annual rainfall between 10-20 October to 15th November) 25 SEMI-ARID A non-pumping small diameter bore hole used for monitoring of inches. 50 PIEZOMETER SEMI-CONFINED Aquifer overlain and/or underlain by a relatively thin semi-pervious static water level. 26 GROUND WATER Change in static water level below ground level. AQUIFER layer. 51 Quantity of water which is released by a formation after it's FLUCTUATION 27 SPECIFIC YIELD complete saturation. 52 WATER TABLE The static water leval found in unconfined aquifer. TOTAL DISSOLVED Total weight of dissolved mineral constituents in water per unit 53 DEPTH OF BED ROCK Hard & compact rock encountered below land Surface. 28 G.W. MONITORING Dug wells selected on grid basis for monitoring of state water level. SOLIDS volume (or weight) of water in the sample. 54 STATION (Contd…) 55 EOLIAN DEPOSITS Wind-blown sand deposits

19