DOCSLIB.ORG

Brazil Deals with a Prolonged COVID-19 Epidemic Course

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brazil Deals with a Prolonged COVID-19 Epidemic Course WORLD VIEW | SERIES world view | SERIES From denial to hope: Brazil deals with a prolonged COVID-19 epidemic course Brazil must strengthen science-based education to improve human development and responses to future public health threats. Credit: Márcio Alves t the end of February 2020, when I of January 2021, Brazil had already lost over This outstanding intellectual network has apprehensively followed the advance 220,000 lives, and there had been more than kept young scientists enthusiastic and has Aof a deadly wave of COVID-19 9 million cases of infection. compensated the community for the lack of in Europe, huge crowds clustered in the Exposed to conflicting information scientific meetings. streets to celebrate Carnival in Brazil. Later, from the news and different layers of This year, government agencies epidemiologists revealed that SARS-CoV-2 government, and overshadowed by concentrated resources and fellowships had reached Brazil 1–3 months before the misinformation from social media, on COVID-19 efforts. Brazilian scientists first case of COVID-19 was reported on Brazilians were left on their own to make promptly responded with valuable research 25 February 2020. decisions about life-saving measures, such into the pathogenic roles of neutrophil In the previous five years, Brazilians as wearing masks and adopting social extracellular traps (Veras, F. P. et al. had struggled with an economic recession distancing. Hence, as the antivaccine J. Exp. Med. 217, e20201129, 2020) and coupled with sharp political and social movements resurged, the number of people inflammasomes (Rodrigues, T. S. et al. tensions, further fueled by science-negating receiving routine vaccines has fallen in J. Exp. Med. 218, e20201707, 2020), leaders. Moreover, the Brazilian government Brazil, despite the previous successful providing new avenues for therapy. has disrupted the environmental protection immunization programs. Furthermore, Biochemists and immunologists at my agencies, allowing the upscaling of illegal recent surveys revealed an ongoing university cooperated to develop inexpensive forest clearing, which accelerates climate campaign against SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, diagnosis tools and hyperimmune sera in change and the emergence of new zoonotic whereas current political rivalries may partnership with the Vital Brazil Institute. diseases. In the Amazon rainforest, the ultimately hamper their management The Oswaldo Cruz and Butantan Institutes, indigenous populations have the highest and distribution. Thus, while vaccination universities and pharmaceutical companies risk of poor social and health outcomes. becomes a reality in developed countries, it assembled international networks to Undoubtedly, this alarming scenario remains an unfulfilled promise here. conduct investigations and clinical trials on precludes the necessary efforts to cope with After a decade of progress, recent immunotherapy and vaccine development. the COVID-19 pandemic and compromises Brazilian governments have substantially While the level 3 biosafety labs, which the response to future public health and decreased investment in science, can run SARS-CoV-2 experiments, became environmental crises in Brazil. compromising the development of human busier, most laboratories remained closed The dismantling of a dedicated team and material resources. Postdocs have for 2–3 months, and essential services at the Ministry of Health, caused by the been particularly affected, by joining and such as animal and equipment facilities exclusion of experienced epidemiologists, thus expanding large research groups with have run under restrictions. Since July, prevented the establishment of a national available fellowships, by moving abroad for following the stepwise reopening of the leadership group and coherent public opportunities, or by leaving their scientific economy, research has gradually returned health policies to confront COVID-19. careers altogether. Moreover, postdocs with restricted numbers and rotating lab After the first reported death on 16 March, do not have opportunities to develop personnel. Nevertheless, viral infection has scientific boards recommended mobility independent careers, as jobs remain scarce been detected in the university campuses, and other restrictions in the metropolitan at our universities. The uncertainty about while simultaneously, we have seen a areas, which were also implemented around work conditions as well as the quarantine steady increase in the cases of COVID-19 the country, at the discretion of local certainly heightened anxiety levels, and overloaded hospitals, leading to some authorities. The infection reproduction rate mainly among graduate students, and tragic outcomes. Moreover, a rise in rates (R0) abruptly dropped from 3 (de Souza, overwhelmed female scientists with of respiratory syndrome and insufficient W. M. et al. Nat. Hum. Behav. https://doi. children who required home care. testing point to underreporting of org/10.1038/s41562-020-0928-4, 2020) During social isolation that was imposed SARS-CoV-2 in the country. to slightly above 1, and it has remained at to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, Epidemiological surveys indicate that the that level since then. Likewise, there has most scientists at the universities were prevalence of infection inversely correlates been continuous reporting of deaths, rather unprepared for virtual teaching, and they with educational, economic and social than in successive waves, which has been a had to learn new strategies to interact with indicators. Sadly, SARS-CoV-2 infection hallmark of COVID-19 in Brazil, caused by graduate and undergraduate students. In disseminates in the neighborhoods where SARS-CoV-2 propagation and recirculation parallel, we have experienced new and big families share small houses and use throughout the Brazilian states. At the end exciting national and international webinars. overcrowded public transportation to travel 256 NATURE IMMUNOLOGY | VOL 22 | MARCH 2021 | 256–261 | www.nature.com/natureimmunology SERIES | WORLD VIEW SERIES | world view to workplaces and schools. More recently, as ethics, critical thinking and searching for development and reduce the economic infection has spread in crowded shopping reliable information. and social gaps between Brazil and areas, beaches, bars and parties, reflecting Fortunately, COVID-19 has placed developed countries. ❐ denial, as well as little responsibility, science and immunology in the headlines, empathy, solidarity or respect for patients, with the Brazilian media highlighting Marcela F. Lopes ✉ mourning families and healthcare workers. the unprecedented vaccine endeavor. By Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal Overall, the advent of COVID-19 has teaching graduate students engaged in our University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. strengthened our view that social and successful programs about immunology ✉e-mail: [email protected] educational issues underlie the risk of as a scientific career, I have realized that exposure to life-threatening infectious we do need more scientists to overcome Published online: 24 February 2021 diseases and that lack of knowledge is one of COVID-19 and future public health https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-00875-8 the saddest outcomes of social inequity. In challenges. I hope that increasing social this regard, it urges us to educate Brazilian inclusion of young people through education Competing interests children in the principles of science, such and science will help human and scientific The author declares no competing interests. NATURE IMMUNOLOGY | VOL 22 | MARCH 2021 | 256–261 | www.nature.com/natureimmunology 257.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Medeiros Et Al., 2008.Pdf
    Toxicon 52 (2008) 606–610 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Epidemiologic and clinical survey of victims of centipede stings admitted to Hospital Vital Brazil (Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil) C.R. Medeiros a,e, T.T. Susaki a, I. Knysak b, J.L.C. Cardoso a, C.M.S. Ma´laque a, H.W. Fan a, M.L. Santoro c, F.O.S. França a, K.C. Barbaro d,* a Hospital Vital Brazil, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil b Laboratory of Arthropods, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil c Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil d Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil e Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Sa˜o Paulo School of Medicine Hospital das Clı´nicas, Brazil article info abstract Article history: We retrospectively analyzed 98 proven cases of centipede stings admitted to Hospital Vital Received 16 January 2008 Brazil, Butantan Institute, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil, between 1990 and 2007. Most stings occurred Received in revised form 27 June 2008 at the metropolitan area of Sa˜o Paulo city (n ¼ 94, 95.9%), in the domiciles of patients Accepted 16 July 2008 (n ¼ 67, 68.4%), and during the warm-rainy season (n ¼ 60, 61.2%). The mean age of the Available online 29 July 2008 victims was 32.0 Æ 18.8-years-old.
    [Show full text]
  • Stiiemtific PNSTHTUTHQNS in LATIN AMERICA the BUTANTAN Institutel
    StiIEMTIFIC PNSTHTUTHQNS IN LATIN AMERICA THE BUTANTAN INSTITUTEl Director: Dr. Jayme Cavalcanti Xão Paulo, Brazil The ‘%utantan Institute of Serum-Therapy,” situated in the middle of a large park on the outskirts of Sao Paulo, was founded in 1899 by the Government of the State primarily for the purpose of preparing plague vaccine and serum. Dr. Vital Brazil, the first Director of the Institute, resumed there the studies on snake poisons which he had begun in 1895 on his return from France, and his work and that of his colleagues soon caused the Institute to become world-famous for its work in that field. Dr. Brazil was one of the first workers to observe the specificity of snake venom, that is, that different species of snakes have different venoms and that, therefore, different sera must be made for treating their bites. His work on snake poisons included zoological studies of the various species of snakes in the country, with their geographic distribution, biology, common names, types of venom, etc.; the prepara- tion of sera from various types of venom; the teaching of preventive measures, including the method of capturing snakes and sending them ’ to the specialized centers; establishment of a system of exchange of live snakes for ampules of serum between the farmers and the Insti- tute; the introduction into the death certificate of an entry for the recording of snake-bite as a cause of death, and the compiling of sta- tistics of bites, treatment used, and results. Dr. Brazil was followed in the directioqof the Institute, in 1919, by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Vital Brazil E a Autonomia (Vital) Para a Educação Introdução Imagine Se
    Vital Brazil e a autonomia (vital) para a educação Sandra Delmonte Gallego Honda1 Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE Resumo: O presente artigo tem o objetivo de explanar de forma sucinta a biografia de Vital Brazil e relacionar suas contribuições na medicina e na educação brasileira. A educação, conforme é sabido, sofre defasagens consideráveis no cerne de alunos de escolas públicas que almejam adentrar em cursos superiores considerados, ainda hoje, elitistas, tal qual a medicina, que nos serve de protagonista neste trabalho. Buscou-se, assim, conjugar a biografia de Vital Brazil com as colocações de Paulo Freire em "Pedagogia do Oprimido" (2010), concluindo que a autonomia e a perseverança do educando diante das opressões e obstáculos são de suma importância para a concretização e a construção do indivíduo. Palavras-chave: Educação brasileira; pedagogia do oprimido; Vital Brazil Abstract: This paper its purpose explain a summarized form the Vital Brazil's biography and relate to their contributions in medicine with the Brazilian education. The education, as is known, suffers considerable gaps at the heart of public school students that aims to enter in university courses considered, even today, such elitists which medicine that serves the protagonist of this paper. It attempted to thus combine the biography of Vital Brazil with the placement of Paulo Freire in "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" (2010) concluding that the autonomy and perseverance of the student in front of oppression and obstacles are of paramount importance to the implementation and construction of the individual. Keywords: Brazilian education; pedagogy of the oppressed; Vital Brazil Introdução "A única felicidade da vida está na consciência de ter realizado algo útil em benefício da comunidade”.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibody Response from Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine Immunized Brazilian Children Against Different Strains of Bordetella Pertussis
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 82(4), 2010, pp. 678–682 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0486 Copyright © 2010 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Antibody Response from Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine Immunized Brazilian Children against Different Strains of Bordetella pertussis Alexandre Pereira , Aparecida S. Pietro Pereira , Célio Lopes Silva , Gutemberg de Melo Rocha , Ivo Lebrun , Osvaldo A. Sant’Anna , and Denise V. Tambourgi * Genetics, Virology, Biochemistry and Immunochemistry Laboratories, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil; College of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Abstract. Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative bacillus that causes the highly contagious disease known as pertussis or whooping cough. Antibody response in children may vary depending on the vaccination schedule and the product used. In this study, we have analyzed the antibody response of cellular pertussis vaccinated children against B. pertussis strains and their virulence factors, such as pertussis toxin, pertactin, and filamentous hemagglutinin. After the completion of the immunization process, according to the Brazilian vaccination program, children serum samples were collected at different periods of time, and tested for the presence of specific antibodies and antigenic cross-reactivity. Results obtained show that children immunized with three doses of the Brazilian whole-cell pertussis vaccine present high levels of serum anti- bodies capable of recognizing the majority of the components present in vaccinal and non-vaccinal B. pertussis strains and their virulence factors for at least 2 years after the completion of the immunization procedure. INTRODUCTION Recent studies indicate that both immunization and infec- tion during childhood do not lead to a permanent immunity Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative bacillus that causes against Bordetella pertussis and, as a consequence, older chil- the highly contagious disease known as pertussis or whoop- dren and adults are the main reservoirs of the infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Dos Editores / Editors' Notes
    Nota dos Editores / Editors’ Notes Adolpho Lutz: complete works Jaime L. Benchimol Magali Romero Sá SciELO Books / SciELO Livros / SciELO Libros BENCHIMOL, JL., and SÁ, MR., eds., and orgs. Adolpho Lutz: Primeiros trabalhos: Alemanha, Suíça e Brasil (1878-1883) = First works: Germany, Switzerland and Brazil (1878-1883) [online]. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2004. 440 p. Adolpho Lutz Obra Completa, v.1, book 1. ISBN: 85-7541-043-1. Available from SciELO Books <http://books.scielo.org>. All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição - Uso Não Comercial - Partilha nos Mesmos Termos 3.0 Não adaptada. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported. PRIMEIROS TRABALHOS: ALEMANHA, SUÍÇA E NO BRASIL (1878-1883) 65 Adolpho Lutz : complete works The making of many books, my child, is without limit. Ecclesiastes 12:12 dolpho Lutz (1855-1940) was one of the most important scientists Brazil A ever had. Yet he is one of the least studied members of our scientific pantheon. He bequeathed us a sizable trove of studies and major discoveries in various areas of life sciences, prompting Arthur Neiva to classify him as a “genuine naturalist of the old Darwinian school.” His work linked the achievements of Bahia’s so-called Tropicalist School, which flourished in Salvador, Brazil’s former capital, between 1850 and 1860, to the medicine revolutionized by Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Patrick Manson.
    [Show full text]
  • Vital Brazil Meu Pai Seção Depoimentos
    Seção Vital Brazil Depoimentos Meu Pai Vital Brazil Lael Vital Brazil1 My father 1. Meu avô paterno, José Manoel dos Santos Pereira Filho de Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha e de Dinah Brazil, Júnior nasceu na Fazenda da Cachoeira, em Itajubá, biografo de Vital Brazil e nasceu em 12 de outubro de 1837, filho natural de José em Niterói em 13/02/1931. Manoel dos Santos Pereira, o Capitão Pimenta, e de Tereza Joaquina do Nascimento, este descendente di- reto, herdeiro dos colonizadores da região e um dos fundadores da cidade de Itajubá. Por mais de 15 anos, o Capitão Pimenta foi unido a Tereza Joaquina, não se casando por impedimento familiar que tradicio- nalmente ordenava o casamento dentro da família ou com herdeiro de família abastada. Criado em ambiente de fartura, José Manoel (pai de Vital Brazil) ainda adolescente foi enviado para o Colégio dos Jesuítas do Caraça, em Congonhas do Campo, onde se distinguiu pelas peraltices sem deixar de fixar, contudo exemplos de virtude, de força de vontade e de retidão de caráter, que mais tarde veio a transmitir oralmente para seu filho Vital. De Congonhas do Campo, com breve pas- sagem por Itajubá, foi José Manoel mandado para São Paulo, com matrícula no curso de Direito. Moço feito, bastante inteligente, de espírito irrequieto e inovador, mas com pouca disposição para o estudo, 115 se divertia, lia romances e livros de versos sem dar atenção ao curso de Direito. Cansado dos desatinos do filho, seu pai ordenou o seu regresso a Itajubá, e lhe impôs como castigo o cargo de capataz da tropa.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Ultrastructural Observation of Lymphocystis Disease (Lcd) and Lymphocystis Disease Virus (Lcdv) Detection In
    MORPHOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATION OF LYMPHOCYSTIS DISEASE (LCD) AND LYMPHOCYSTIS DISEASE VIRUS (LCDV) DETECTION IN FISH TELEOST (Aequidens plagiozonatus) FROM AMAZON, BRAZIL* OBSERVAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA E ULTRAESTRUTURAL DA DOENÇA LINFOCÍSTICA E DO VÍRUS DA DOENÇA LINFOCÍSTICA (LCDV) EM PEIXE TELEÓSTEO (Aequidens plagiozonatus) DA AMAZÔNIA, BRASIL Marcela Nunes Videira1, Michele Velasco Oliveira da Silva2, Patricia Santos Matos3, Rogério Tortelly4, Sérgio Carmona de São Clemente4 and Edilson Rodrigues Matos5 ABSTRACT. Videira M.N., Velasco M, Matos P.S., Tortelly R., De São Clemente S.C. & Matos E. Morphological and ultrastructural observation of lymphocystis disea- se (LCD) and lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) detection in fish teleost (Aequi- dens plagiozonatus) from Amazon, Brazil [Observação morfológica e ultraestrutural da doença linfocística e do vírus da doença linfocística (LCDV) em peixe teleósteo (Aequidens plagiozonatus) da Amazônia, Brasil]. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Vete- rinária, 33(4):215-219, 2011. Laboratório de Pesquisa Carlos Azevedo, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, Nº 2501 Bairro Montese Belém, 66.077-530, PA, Brasil. Email: [email protected] Lymphocystosis or lymphocystis disease (LCD) is a disease produced by a virus of Iridoviridae family. The contamination occurs by virus penetration through lesions of the skin, leading to the formation of tumors. 50 samples of Aequidens plagiozonatus were analyzed, coming from Peixe-Boi River, Pará, Brasil. Fragments where removed from the regions that showed clusters of cells present in the lymphocystic disease and then processed by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron micros- copy. The prevalence of 36% for LCD was noticed. The lesions were diffusely distribu- ted, spotted on the fins, opercular region and oral cavity, showing growth in the shape of cluster cells, with secular membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Archive Global
    ARCHIVE GLOBAL 2013 ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS _01 Health and the Built Environment 02 Message from the Founder 03 About ARCHIVE 04 Sustainability 05 Our Work 06 Bangladesh 07 Brazil 09 Cameroon 11 Haiti 13 United Kingdom 15 USA 17 ARCHIVE in Numbers 19 Events 20 894 Sixth Avenue, 5th Floor Social Media and Press 21 New York, NY 10001 Snapshot of our Team 22 United States Partners and Supporters 23 archiveglobal.org ARCHIVE Global is a tax-exempt Financials 24 501(c)(3) public charity in the United States. Plans for the Future / The Year Ahead 25 Banker: Santander Bank Message from the Board 26 Legal: Alston & Bird LLP Auditors: Crowe Horwath LLP Thank You 27 We thank UBS Optimus Foundation for its generous support in advancing our work. Cover Photo: Shajjad Hossain 02_ HEALTH AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Food stored in unhygienic environments can host life-threatening bacteria and Walls and roofs can host insect vectors mold, and lead to rodent-borne illnesses. carrying Chagas and leishmaniasis. Windows, doors, and eaves can be entry points for vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Lack of ventilation can increase incidence of many airborne diseases, such as tuberculosis, and compound the effects of dusts and Direct contact with waste water, or indirect pollutants, such as those from indoor stoves contact through contaminated water supplies using solid fuels. or through animals and insects, is a common source of diarrheal diseases, hepatitis, and many of the Neglected Tropical Diseases. Dirt floors carry parasites, bacteria, and viruses that cause diarrhea, hepatitis, typhoid fever, and Neglected Tropical Diseases such as trachoma.
    [Show full text]
  • The Policy for the Introduction of New Vaccines in Brazil
    Case Study: The Policy for the Introduction of New Vaccines in Brazil CARLA MAGDA ALLAN SANTOS DOMINGUES, ANTÔNIA MARIA TEIXEIRA, AND SANDRA MARIA DEOTTI CARVALHO 2 Case Study: The Policy for the Introduction of New Vaccines in Brazil Case Study: The Policy for the Introduction of New Vaccines in Brazil Carla Magda Allan Santos Domingues National Immunization Program — Ministry of Health, Brazil Antônia Maria Teixeira National Immunization Program — Ministry of Health, Brazil Sandra Maria Deotti Carvalho National Immunization Program — Ministry of Health, Brazil Introduction The National Immunization Program (NIP) of the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Brazil was created in 1973, and the first national immunization schedule was published in 1977 with four mandatory vaccines in the first year of life (tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, measles, and DTPw [diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis]).1 During this time, vaccine production in the country was going slowly. The private sector considered that the national vaccine market was limited in contrast to other areas within the pharmaceutical sector, given its low profitability as compared to other profitable lines of business within the sector. This was a discouragement for the entry of private vaccine manufacturers to the national vaccine market.2 Despite the institutional effort to maintain the flow of supplies offered by the PNI, a significant crisis erupted in connection with the shortage of immunobiologicals as a result of the closure of Sintex of Brazil that was a privately-owned foreign-capital company that addressed the demand for products such as sera and the DTP vaccine. So, in 1985, the need for such products demanded the creation of the National Program for Self- Sufficiency in Immunobiologics (PASNI).
    [Show full text]
  • W.F.Hui — Issues Related to Antivenom Distribution And
    WHO CONSULTATIVE MEETING RABIES AND ENVENOMINGS: A NEGLECTED PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE ISSUES RELATED TO ANTIVENOM DISTRIBUTION AND APPROPRIATE USE Hui Wen Fan Coordination of Anthropozoonosis Secretariat of Health Surveillance Brazilian Ministry of Health [email protected] Geneva, 10th January 2007 BRAZIL: GENERAL INFORMATION 8,547,403.5 km2 169,799,170 population 27 states 5,567 municipalities 80% living in urban areas HISTORY • 1901: Production of snake antivenoms in Brazil • 1970’s decade: National Program for Self-Sufficiency in Biological Products • 1986: National Program for Snakebites Control • 2006: Four public manufacturers, nine types of antivenoms SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR RABIES AND ENVENOMINGS CONTROL ANTIVENOM PRODUCTION INFORMATION ANTIVENOM SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION EDUCATIONAL ANTIVENOM ACTIVITIES USE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM FOR RABIES AND ENVENOMINGS CONTROL INFORMATION SYSTEM ENVENOMINGS BY POISONOUS ANIMALS IN BRAZIL, 1987-2005 100000 snake bites scorpion stings spider bites 80000 60000 nº cases nº 40000 20000 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 FIGURES OF ENVENOMINGS CAUSED BY POISONOUS ANIMALS BRAZIL, 2005 28,711 snake bites 36,558 scorpion stings 19,634 spider bites 15 cases/100,000 pop 16 cases/100,000 pop 10 cases/100,000 pop 114 deaths (0.40%) 50 deaths (0.14%) 9 deaths (0.05%) HUMAN RABIES IN BRAZIL, 1980-2005 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Pandemic in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: a Social Inequality Report
    medicina Communication COVID-19 Pandemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Social Inequality Report Yago Bernardo 1,2 , Denes do Rosario 1,3 and Carlos Conte-Junior 1,2,3,4,* 1 COVID Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil; [email protected] (Y.B.); [email protected] (D.d.R.) 2 Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24230-340, RJ, Brazil 3 Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil 4 Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance, National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-21-3938-7825 Abstract: Background and Objectives: To perform a retrospective report on the lethality of COVID-19 in different realities in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Materials and Methods: We accomplished an observational study by collecting the data about total confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the top 10 high social developed neighborhoods and top 10 most populous favelas in RJ to determine the case-fatality rate (CFR) and compare these two different realities. Results: CFR was significatively higher in poverty areas of RJ, reaching a mean of 9.08% in the most populous favelas and a mean of 4.87% in the socially developed neighborhoods. Conclusions: The social mitigation measures adopted in RJ have benefited only smaller portions of the population, excluding needy communities.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BRAZILIAN SOCIETY of TOXINOLOGY (Sbtx) COMES of AGE
    J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis. V.14, n.1, p.1-2, 2008. Editor's viewpoint. ISSN 1678-9199. THE BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF TOXINOLOGY (SBTx) COMES OF AGE Toxinology as a Science in Brazil undoubtedly started with Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha (1865-1950), whose name carries with it the country, the state and the city of his birth. This physician became known, at first, by his clinical activities in Public Health dedicated to important diseases such as the yellow fever, bubonic pest, smallpox and the cholera, among others. However, impressed by the high number and seriousness of human accidents by venomous snake bites while living in Botucatu (1895-1897), a city in the state of São Paulo, he decided to change his study focus. Moving to the Bacteriological Institute [Instituto Bacteriológico], São Paulo State, in 1897, he performed his first experiments with snake venoms with the support of Drs. Adolfo Lutz and Albert Calmette, who shared with him their experience with anti-snake venom serum production. The enthusiasm and dedication of Dr. Vital Brazil rendered him an invitation to move to the Serum Therapeutic Institute [Instituto Serumtherapico], São Paulo State. In 1901, Dr. Vital Brazil started his activities on the production of immune sera and vaccines in a laboratory that had been installed in a farm named Butantan. This was the first laboratory in Brazil dedicated to vaccine and antivenom production based on horse immunization. Today, Butantan Institute [Instituto Butantan], named after this pioneer farm, is an internationally known institution. Together with other governmental institutes, such as Ezequiel Dias Foundation [Fundação Ezequiel Dias] (Minas Gerais State) and Vital Brazil Institute [Instituto Vital Brazil] (created by Dr.
    [Show full text]