Malingering and illness deception Edited by Peter W. Halligan School of Psychology Cardiff University Christopher Bass Department of Psychological Medicine John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford and David A. Oakley Department of Psychology University College London 1 Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up to date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers ane the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Malingering and illness deception 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox26dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press, 2003 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer A catalogue record for this title is available from the British library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Data available) ISBN 0 19 851554 5 (Pbk) 10987654321 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., Guildford and King’s Lynn Acknowledgements The editors gratefully acknowledge the considerable assistance provided by Kath Little, Laura Morris, Sue Dentten and Lorraine Awcock. We would also like to thank all those contributors at the Woodstock meeting who provided constructive comments and feedback on the presentations: Mrs Diana Brahams, Professor Derick Wade, Dr Peter White, Professor John C. Marshall, Pro- fessor Gordon Waddell, and Professor Richard Lewis. We are grateful to Richard Marley, Carol Maxwell and Laura Johnstone at OUP for their editorial guidance and assistance. The meeting which formed the basis for this book would not have been possible had it not been for the enthu- siastic support of Professor Mansel Aylward and funding from the Department for Work and Pensions. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Contributors xi Section 1 Introduction 1 Wilful deception as illness behaviour 3 Peter W. Halligan, Christopher Bass, and David A. Oakley Section 2 Historical, military, and evolutionary origins 2 Malingering: historical perspectives 31 Simon Wessely 3 Malingering, shirking, and self-inflicted injuries in the military 42 Ian P. Palmer 4 Can monkeys malinger? 54 Richard W. Byrne and Emma Stokes Section 3 Conceptual, methodological, and cultural context 5 Conceptual issues and explanatory models of malingering 71 Richard Rogers and Craig S. Neumann 6 The social cognition of intentional action 83 Bertram F. Malle 7 Malingering and criminal behaviour as psychopathology 93 Adrian Raine 8 Alternatives to four clinical and research traditions in malingering detection 107 David Faust 9 Characteristics of the sick role 122 Lindsay Prior and Fiona Wood 10 The contemporary cultural context for deception and malingering in Britain 132 W. Peter Robinson viii Contents Section 4 Illness deception and clinical practice 11 Illness falsification in children: pathways to prevention? 147 Judith A. Libow 12 Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders 156 Michael Sharpe 13 The nature of chronic pain: a clinical and legal challenge 171 Chris J. Main 14 The misadventures of wanderers and victims of trauma 184 Loren Pankratz 15 When the quantity of mercy is strained: US physicians’ deception of insurers for patients 197 Matthew K. Wynia Section 5 Medicolegal and occupational perspectives 16 Law, lies, and videotape: malingering as a legal phenomenon 209 Michael A. Jones 17 Outcome-related compensation: in search of a new paradigm 220 George Mendelson 18 Malingering and the law: a third way? 232 Alan Sprince 19 How can organizations prevent illness deception among employees? 243 Charles Baron and Jon Poole Section 6 Contributions from cognitive neuroscience 20 Lying as an executive function 255 Sean Spence, Tom Farrow, David Leung, Samir Shah, Becky Reilly, Anna Rahman, and Amy Herford 21 Differential brain activations for malingered and subjectively ‘real’ paralysis 267 David A. Oakley, Nicholas S. Ward, Peter W. Halligan, and Richard S. J. Frackowiak Contents ix Section 7 Disability analysis and insurance medicine 22 Origins, practice, and limitations of Disability Assessment Medicine 287 Mansel Aylward 23 Malingering, insurance medicine, and the medicalization of fraud 301 John LoCascio Section 8 Deception detection 24 Investigating benefit fraud and illness deception in the United Kingdom 313 Richard Kitchen 25 Neuropsychological tests and techniques that detect malingering 323 Richard I. Frederick 26 Misrepresentation of pain and facial expression 336 Kenneth D. Craig and Marilyn Hill 27 Deceptive responses and detecting deceit 348 Aldert Vrij and Samantha Mann Index 363 This page intentionally left blank List of Contributors Mansel Aylward Department for Work and Pensions, London, UK. Charles Baron Registered Specialist in Occupational Medicine, Mold, UK. Christopher Bass Department of Psychological Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. Richard Byrne Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK. Kenneth D. Craig Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Tom Farrow Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. David Faust Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA. Richard S. J. Frackowiak Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, UK. Richard I. Frederick Department of Psychology, US Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, Springfield, Missouri, USA. Peter W. Halligan School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Amy Herford Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Marilyn Hill Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada. Michael A. Jones Liverpool Law School, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Richard Kitchen Department for Work and Pensions, Ladywood, Birmingham, UK. David Leung Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Judith A. Libow Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital and Research Center at Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA John LoCascio UNUM Provident Insurance Company, Portland, ME, USA. Chris J. Main Department of Behavioural Medicine, Hope Hospital, Salford Royal Hospital, NHS Trust, Salford, UK. Bertram F. Malle Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. Samantha Mann Psychology Department, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK. George Mendelson Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Australia. Craig Neumann Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA. David A. Oakley Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK. Ian P. Palmer Royal Centre for Defence Medicine TD, Fort Blockhouse, Gasport, Hants, UK. Loren Pankratz Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA. Jon Poole Dudley Priority Health NHS Trust, Health Centre, Dudley, UK. Lindsay Prior Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Anna Rahman Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Adrian Raine Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. xii List of Contributors Becky Reilly Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. W. Peter Robinson Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Richard Rogers Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA. Samir Shah Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Michael Sharpe Division of Psychiatry, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK. Sean Spence Academic Department of Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. Alan Sprince The Cayman Islands Law School, Grand Layman, B.W.I. Emma Stokes Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK. Aldert Vrij Psychology Department, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth,