DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sociocultural Influence on Attitudes Toward Wife Beating in Kuwait and the Implications for Kuwaiti Education

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sociocultural Influence on Attitudes Toward Wife Beating in Kuwait and the Implications for Kuwaiti Education THE SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCE ON ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING IN KUWAIT AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR KUWAITI EDUCATION By KHALED ALFADHALAH Bachelor of Education Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Basic Education Aladailiya, Kuwait 2000 Master of Art in Curriculum and Instruction New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico 2009 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 2015 THE SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCE ON ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING IN KUWAIT AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR KUWAITI EDUCATION Dissertation Approved: Dr. Guoping Zhao Dissertation Adviser Dr. Lucy Bailey Dr. John Foubert Dr. Qiuying Wang ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this long journey towards my doctoral degree would not have been made possible without the encouragement and support of many people. First and foremost, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my academic advisor and committee chair Dr. Guoping Zhao for her patience, support, encouragement, assistance and guidance through this long project and throughout the entire period of my university studies. My sincere appreciation is also extended to the other members of my committee, Dr. Lucy Bailey, Dr. John Foubert, and Dr. Qiuying Wang, for improving this dissertation by their valuable suggestions and expertise. I would like also to acknowledge my thanks to all professors at The College of Basic Education in Kuwait who allowed me to collect data from their classes, and to all students who participated in this study. Last but not least, I would like to thank my mother who was praying for me to complete this long project, and to my wife who was a source of encouragement and support and who took many responsibilities off my shoulders to prepare a good environment for me to succeed. iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: KHALED ALFADHALAH Date of Degree: DECEMBER, 2015 Title of Study: THE SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCE ON ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING IN KUWAIT AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR KUWAITI EDUCATION Major Field: EDUCATION Abstract: This study investigated the influence of several predictor variables on attitudes toward wife beating among Kuwaiti college students (N=208). The hypothesized predictors of attitudes toward wife beating were (1) attitudes toward gender roles, (2) intrinsic religiosity, (3) extrinsic religiosity, (4) experiencing physical violence in childhood, and (5) witnessing physical violence between parents in childhood. Specifically, it was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference between male and female participants’ attitudes toward wife beating. In addition, it was hypothesized that there would be a significant negative relationship between egalitarian attitudes toward gender roles and supportive attitudes toward wife beating. Moreover, it was hypothesized that there would be a significant positive relationship between intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity, experiencing physical violence in childhood, and witnessing physical violence between parents in childhood and supportive attitudes toward wife beating. It was also hypothesized that combinations of the five predictor variables would explain a significant portion of the variance in attitudes toward wife beating. The sample consisted of 208 male and female students, recruited from The College of Basic Education in Kuwait. Participants completed the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating (IBWB) scale, the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES), the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of the Islamic Behavioral Religiosity (IBR) scale, the physical abusiveness subscale of the Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI), the physical assault subscale of the adult-recall version of the revised Conflicts Tactics Scales (CTS2), and a demographic questionnaire . The data were analyzed using independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient r, and multiple regression analysis. The study found that male participants were significantly more likely to support wife beating than female participants. In addition, there was a significant support for all the hypothesized relationships between predictor variables and attitudes toward wife beating. Moreover, a combination of predictor variables in this study significantly explained 43.1% of the total variance in attitudes toward wife beating. Based on the findings of this study, implications for education in Kuwait and recommendations for future research are discussed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 Cultural influence on attitudes toward wife-beating ................................................5 Kuwait and patriarchy ............................................................................................20 Violence against women in Kuwait ......................................................................22 Statement of problem .............................................................................................24 Purpose of the study ...............................................................................................26 Definitions of terms ..............................................................................................26 II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..........................................................................29 The feminist theoretical framework .......................................................................29 Feminist framework on gender roles attitudes and attitude toward violence against women ....................................................................................................................33 Feminist framework on religion and violence against women ..............................36 Social learning theory (SLT) and attitudes toward violence against women ........38 Relevance of feminist and social learning theories to Kuwaiti cultural context....41 The study hypotheses .............................................................................................42 III. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................44 From attitudes to behaviors ...................................................................................44 Cross cultural studies on attitudes toward violence against women ......................46 Attitudes toward wife abuse in Kuwait ..................................................................48 Relationship between gender role attitudes and attitudes towards marital violence ................................................................................................................................51 Studies on attitudes toward gender roles ...............................................................60 v Chapter Page Studies on the relationship between religiosity and attitudes toward wife beating ................................................................................................................................63 Exposure to violence in childhood and attitudes toward violence against women ................................................................................................................................71 Summary of literature review ...............................................................................81 IV. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................82 Research design .....................................................................................................83 Participants .............................................................................................................83 Instruments .............................................................................................................84 Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES) ............................................................84 Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating Scale (IBWB) .................................87 The Islamic Behavioral Religiosity Scale ........................................................88 The Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI) ........................................................................................................89 Adult-Recall Version of the Revised Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS2-CA) .....90 Demographic Questionnaire ..................................................................................92 Translation .............................................................................................................92 Research procedure ................................................................................................93 Data analyses .........................................................................................................93 V. RESULTS ..............................................................................................................95 Reliability ...............................................................................................................95 Results of research hypothesis ..............................................................................97 Hypothesis 1 ..........................................................................................................98
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MENA Women News Briefdownload
    MENA Women News Brief March 1, 2016-March 15, 2016 In celebration of International Women’s Day 2016, the Middle East Program and Women in Public Service Project at the Wilson Center asked a number of women in the MENA Region and the United States for their thoughts about the status of women. (Read here) Algeria March 7: Campaign Involving Men in Women’s Promotion in Algeria “A campaign involving men in the protection and the promotion of woman has been launched the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in Algeria, under the theme ‘I am a man, I respect women.’ This campaign was initiated on the occasion of the celebration of the International Day woman, said Monday the UNFPA in a statement.” (All Africa) March 9: Soumaia Fergani: The only woman in Algerian stadiums “For seven years, and in the midst of a gruesome civil war, Soumaia Fergani was the only woman in Algerian football stadiums when she was the country's only qualified female match official. She now serves as a deputy in the National People's Assembly, but prior to her political aspirations, football was her true passion.” (BBC) Egypt March 7: Is Egypt doing enough to counter widespread sexual harassment? “Although a number of recent developments offer hope to Egyptian women that efforts to combat sexual harassment are working, change is slow. An Egyptian TV talk show host who slammed a sexual assault survivor, blaming her for provoking the attack by ‘dressing immodestly,’ has been sentenced to one year in prison.” (Al Monitor) March 8: How Egyptian females celebrated International
    [Show full text]
  • The Working Group on the Status of Palestinian Women in Israel ______
    The Working Group on the Status of Palestinian Women in Israel ____________________________________________________________ NGO Report: The Status of Palestinian Women Citizens of Israel Contents Page I. ‘The Working Group on the Status of Palestinian Women in Israel’..........................2 II. Forward - Rina Rosenberg...........................................................................................5 III. Palestinian Women in Israel - ‘Herstory’- Nabila Espanioly......................................8 IV. Political Participation, Public Life, and International Representation - Aida Toma Suliman & Nabila Espanioly..........................................................18 V. Education - Dr. Hala Espanioly Hazzan, Arabiya Mansour, & A’reen Usama Howari.................................................................................23 VI. Palestinian Women and Employment - Nabila Espanioly.........................................31 VII. Palestinian Women’s Health - Siham Badarne..........................................................45 VIII. Personal Status and Family Laws - Suhad Bishara, Advocate, & Aida Toma Suliman...........................................................................................56 IX. Violence Against Women - Iman Kandalaft & Hoda Rohana..................................63 X. Recommendations - All Members..............................................................................75 XI. Selected Bibliography................................................................................................83
    [Show full text]
  • Study of the Role of Women in Israel, in the Background
    Unprocessed manuscript for circulation to committee readers only. Not for • duplication or distribution in any form. STUDY OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ISRAEL, IN THE BACKGROUND OF THE CONTEMPORARY NEAR EAST • BY Leona Glidden Running Andrews University Berrien Springs, Michigan 1973 • Paper for the Biblical Research Committee Council Sept. 16-20, 1973 STUDY OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ISRAEL. IN THE BACKGROUND OF THE CONTEMPORARY NEAR EAST by Leona Glidden Running In his statement on "The Ordination of Women" at the World Council of Churches Consultation held in Geneva May 10-12, 1963, Dr. Lukas Vischer said: "'Modern historical research on the Bible has given us a new awareness of the extent to which the biblical witness is conditioned by and oriented to his- torical situations. Therefore biblical teaching cannot be abstracted from the historical context in which the books have been written. The Bible is not a collection of proof texts, and questions cannot be answered by quoting single passages. ." (P. 6.) "The Bible views the persons of the Trinity as beyond the sphere of sex, • which is fundamental only to human kind. This affirmation is specially clear for the person of Yahweh in the OT who was carefully distinguished from the pagan background of gods and goddesses. But it is also true for the person of Jesus Christ, who is image of the new man (including men and women), and for the person of the Holy Ghost. Therefore, as the ministry is the announcement to the world of the trinitarian reality and work, we must renounce the argument in favour of the masculinity of ecclesiastical ministry on the basis of the fact that God is called Father or that Jesus Christ is incarnated as male.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Israel
    Israel Studies: An Anthology - Women in Israel Women in Israel By Anat Maor (March 2010) Introduction The status of women in Israel began to take shape in context of the ideology of the Zionist movement and the First Aliyah to Israel in 1882. These gave rise to two fascinating and contradictory trends: on one hand, research indicates that Zionism, as the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, was essentially a masculine liberation movement. On the other hand, the harsh conditions of the pioneers and the need to settle the land led to prima facie equality with regard to labor and security, and to the establishment of women’s organizations during the earliest stages of the Yishuv. One of the main streams in Zionism championed the return to national independence, to Jewish defense forces, to conquest through labor, conquest of the soil, physical agricultural work, and the native Israeli (Sabra) role model. These all required attributes of physical strength, physical labor, the military, heroism in war, independence, and control. Yet, the image of the state of the Jews in exile was of feminine attributes, interpreted as weakness: spiritual power, the capacity to give, non-physical labor, culture and literature, dependence (on the gentile nations), and domestication (as well as the obligation to be confined in ghettoes). A fascinating illustration of these attributes can be seen in Michael Glozman’s recent study.[1] He analyzes Herzl’s Altneuland as a gender and sexual utopia that sees the objective of Zionism as transforming the “emaciated Jewish youth” into a “steel-cast man”; he discusses the works of Bialik, who emphasizes that the Kishinev pogrom represents “powerlessness – the most shameful illness of all,” and he brings Yosef Haim Brenner’s impressions of “this nation’s feminine virtues.” The greatest authors and poets of early Zionism – Herzl, Bialik, and Brenner – contributed to the shaping of the Jewish and Zionist national image as explicitly masculine images, muscle-bound and strong.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Politics in Kuwait Muhamad S
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 11 | Issue 2 Article 13 Sep-2009 Women and Politics in Kuwait Muhamad S. Olimat Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Olimat, Muhamad S. (2009). Women and Politics in Kuwait. Journal of International Women's Studies, 11(2), 199-212. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol11/iss2/13 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2009 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Women and Politics in Kuwait By Muhamad S. Olimat1 Abstract On May 17, 2008, Kuwait conducted its Twelfth election of its National Assembly. The most remarkable aspect of the election was the active participation of women, who gained their right to vote in May 2005. This paper argues that the main impediment for women’s inability to win any seat in the 11th and 12th Assemblies is their failure to work with each other and support their political rights. The objective of this article is to examine the Kuwaiti women’s struggle for political rights, their participation in the last two elections and investigate their inability to win any seats, in spite of the conduciveness of the political environment to their electoral success.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and the Kuwaiti National Assembly Muhamad S
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 12 Issue 3 Arab Women and Their Struggles for Socio- Article 6 economic and Political Rights Mar-2011 Women and the Kuwaiti National Assembly Muhamad S. Olimat Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Olimat, Muhamad S. (2011). Women and the Kuwaiti National Assembly. Journal of International Women's Studies, 12(3), 76-95. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol12/iss3/6 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2011 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Women and the Kuwaiti National Assembly By Muhamad S. Olimat1 Abstract Kuwaiti women’s long struggle for a seat in the National Assembly culminated with remarkable success on May 16, 2009. For the very first time in Kuwait’s political history, the women’s movement managed to send four female representatives to the National Assembly. Their electoral success ushers a new phase in Kuwait’s political process in which women finally become active participants. The goal of this article is to examine women’s struggle for political rights, their electoral success, their role in current Kuwaiti politics, their accomplishments, and their future in politics in Kuwait. Keywords: Kuwait, Women’s National Assembly, Sunni, Shi’i Islam, Electoral Impediments, Electoral Success.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Stress in Compulsory Army Service in Israel
    Work 50 (2015) 37–48 37 DOI 10.3233/WOR-141930 IOS Press Women’s stress in compulsory army service in Israel: A gendered perspective Ephrat Huss∗ and Julie Cwikel The Center for Women’s Health Studies and Promotion, The Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel Received 30 May 2013 Accepted 13 May 2014 Abstract. BACKGROUND: A growing number of women are serving in the military in a variety of roles, yet information on their experi- ence of stressors not associated with either combat or sexual harassment is not commonly reported. OBJECTIVE: To present phenomenological data on stressors experienced in military service, together with the use of coping strategies as a way to focus on women’s mental needs following deployment from service. METHODS: Twenty women who had recently completed their compulsory army service in Israel drew a picture expressing stressors they experienced in the army. They analyzed their own pictures on three levels: the content, context, and the composition as expressing stress and the resources they used in coping with stress. RESULTS: Six themes were raised: proximity to war situations, coping with accidents in training soldiers under their command, a conflict between political values and military orders, witnessing the injury of another female soldier, responsibility for accidental injury of a civilian, and distress over the army placement. CONCLUSIONS: Coping resources were relational, primarily family and friend support, rather than from the army framework. This reliance on relational sources of support was both a resource and a source of vulnerability and is viewed as distinct from men’s style of coping.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Participation in the Arab Gulf
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by LSE Research Online Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States Gender and Participation in the Arab Gulf Wanda Krause September 2009 Number 4 The Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States is a ten-year multidisciplinary global programme. It focuses on topics such as globalisation, economic development, diversification of and challenges facing resource rich economies, trade relations between the Gulf States and major trading partners, energy trading, security and migration. The Programme primarily studies the six states that comprise the Gulf Cooperation Council – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. However, it also adopts a more flexible and broader conception when the interests of research require that key regional and international actors, such as Yemen, Iraq, Iran, as well as its interconnections with Russia, China and India, be considered. The Programme is hosted in LSE’s interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Global Governance, and led by Professor David Held, co- director of the Centre. It supports post-doctoral researchers and PhD students, develops academic networks between LSE and Gulf institutions, and hosts a regular Gulf seminar series at the LSE, as well as major biennial conferences in Kuwait and London. The Programme is funded by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences. www.lse.ac.uk/LSEKP/ Gender and Participation in the Arab Gulf Research Paper, Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States Wanda Krause [email protected] Copyright © Wanda Krause 2009 The right of Wanda Krause to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Combat Soldiers in the United States and Israel Pamela Laufer-Ukeles University of Dayton School of Law
    University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 41 Article 5 Issue 2 Winter 2012 2012 Cross-Dressers with Benefits: Female Combat Soldiers in the United States and Israel Pamela Laufer-Ukeles University of Dayton School of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Law and Gender Commons Recommended Citation Laufer-Ukeles, Pamela (2012) "Cross-Dressers with Benefits: eF male Combat Soldiers in the United States and Israel," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 41: Iss. 2, Article 5. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol41/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CROSS-DRESSERS WITH BENEFITS: FEMALE COMBAT SOLDIERS IN THE UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL j Pamela Laufer-Ukeles·• The entry of women into posItions of power in the military in general, and into combat units more specifically, is the ultimate manifestation of women's forging into the traditional male realm. The military warrior is perhaps the ultimate personification of the male gender role. I Accordingly, there is significant resistance to women in combat roles. 2 While some of this resistance has to do with actual physical differences between the sexes, 3 such physical differences can be overcome by some women. 4 Physical differences-upper body strength, stamina, physical might-that may be necessary for combat are not relevant to those women who can meet minimum requirements for duty.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel's Exceptional Fertility
    Israel’s Exceptional Fertility Alex Weinreb, Dov Chernichovsky, and Aviv Brill A chapter from the State of the Nation Report 2018 Jerusalem, December 2018 Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel The Taub Center was established in 1982 under the leadership and vision of Herbert M. Singer, Henry Taub, and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The Center is funded by a permanent endowment created by the Henry and Marilyn Taub Foundation, the Herbert M. and Nell Singer Foundation, Jane and John Colman, the Kolker-Saxon-Hallock Family Foundation, the Milton A. and Roslyn Z. Wolf Family Foundation, and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. This paper, like all Center publications, represents the views of its authors only, and they alone are responsible for its contents. Nothing stated in this paper creates an obligation on the part of the Center, its Board of Directors, its employees, other affiliated persons, or those who support its activities. Center address: 15 Ha’ari Street, Jerusalem, Israel Telephone: 02 5671818 Fax: 02 5671919 Email: [email protected] Website: www.taubcenter.org.il Internet edition 1 Israel’s Exceptional Fertility Alex Weinreb, Dov Chernichovsky, and Aviv Brill* Abstract It is widely-known that fertility levels in Israel are very high relative to other developed countries. This chapter discusses other exceptional aspects of Israel’s fertility, most of which are much less well-known, even though they may have significant implications for public policy. Our focus is on: Who is having children, at what age, within marriage? How educated are they? Among the key results, we find: (1) Over the last 15 years, fertility in Israel has increased by 0.2 children, even as Haredi and Arab fertility has fallen, and even as the mean age at first birth has increased by at least 2 years in Israel’s Jewish, Christian, and Druze populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudes of Kuwaiti Young Adults Toward Marriage and Divorce: a Comparative Study Between Young Adults from Intact and Divorced Families
    Attitudes of Kuwaiti Young Adults toward Marriage and Divorce: A Comparative Study between Young Adults from Intact and Divorced Families Humoud Alqashan Hayfaa Alkandari Abstract: This study investigates whether parental marital status affects young adults’ attitudes toward marriage and divorce. There exists a vast amount of literature on the impact of divorce on young adults in Western cultures; however, no previous empirical studies have been conducted on the attitudes of young adults from intact and divorced families in the Gulf region or in Arab countries in the Middle East. The sample of the study consisted of 661 young adults from Kuwait University (from divorced and intact families). The findings reveal that adults whose parents divorced show fewer positive attitudes toward marriage than do those individuals from intact marriages. The study also suggests that adults whose parents were divorced carry more positive attitudes toward divorce compared with individuals from intact marriages. Furthermore, gender was found to be an important factor in shaping attitudes toward marriage and divorce. A longitudinal study is recommended to look at the changes in young adults’ attitudes toward marriage and divorce over time, which will help to identify the influence of other factors of attitudes toward marriage and divorce. Key Words: Adults, marriage, divorce, attitudes, Kuwait, Arabs, Muslims. INTRODUCTION The impact of parental divorce on children was reported to be associated with a stressful experience for children at any age (Cooney, Hutchinson, & Leather, 1995; Mahl, 2001). Parental divorce was reported to be the most stressful event that children experience in their lives (Wolchik et al., 1993). Likewise, children of divorced families are at an increased risk of social and psychological problems which may continue into their adult life (Amato & Sobolewski, 2001; Wallerstein, Lewis, & Blakeslee, 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Societal Values on Kuwaiti Women and the Role of Education
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2006 The Impact of Societal Values on Kuwaiti Women and the Role of Education Zaha F. M. M. Alsuwailan University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Alsuwailan, Zaha F. M. M., "The Impact of Societal Values on Kuwaiti Women and the Role of Education. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1631 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Zaha F. M. M. Alsuwailan entitled "The Impact of Societal Values on Kuwaiti Women and the Role of Education." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Education. Barbara Thayer-Bacon, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Rosiland Gwynne, Diana Moyer, Joe DeSensi Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Zaha F.M.M.
    [Show full text]