: Nama, Haiǁom, Damara !Xuun Himba & Herero

KHOE

Khoekhoe Kalahari Khoe

Nama-Damara Haiǁom

Güldemann 2014: 26 Himba & Herero:

linguistically and culturally closely related Bantu pastoralists Damara (✹) Hai||om (o) KX’A TUU KHOE “BANTU” Nama (⊠)

Pickrell et al. 2012 mtDNA composition

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Hai||om Nama Damara L0d/L0k other

Barbieri et al. 2014 Y-chromosome composition

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Hai||om Nama Damara A/B2b other

Barbieri et al. in prep Autosomal ancestry composition

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Hai||om Nama Damara "" "non-Khoisan"

Pickrell et al. 2012 East African links (Y-chromosome and autosomes)

0,4

0,35

0,3

0,25

0,2

0,15

0,1

0,05

0 Hai||om Nama Damara Y-chrom E1b1b LP -14010C

Barbieri et al. in prep, Macholdt et al. 2014 Nama

• no genetic differences between subgroups (Topnaar or others) • up to 30% European gene flow in paternal line ~140 years BP • clear links to East • female-biased intermarriage with indigenous populations, close relationship to Haiǁom Damara

• genetically very different from other “Khoisan” populations • ~75% clearly Bantu-associated Y-chromosome haplogroups, some European admixture in paternal line • striking relationship with Himba and Herero  probably Damara maternal admixture into Himba and Herero KX’A TUU HIMBA & HERERO KHOE “BANTU” DAMARA

Pickrell et al. 2012 MDS based on mtDNA sequences

Barbieri et al. 2014 stress = 0.08 High frequency of shared mtDNA haplogroup

green = Damara red = Herero orange = Himba

Barbieri et al. 2014b MDS based on Y-chromosomal sequences

(stress = 0.08) KX’A

JU ǂ’Amkoe

North North-Central Central Ju|’hoan (Angolan (N. Namibian (Grootfontein (North, South) !Xuun) !Xuun) !Xuun)

Güldemann 2014: 26 Ju|’hoan

!Xuun (△)

Hai||om (o) KX’A TUU KHOE “BANTU”

Pickrell et al. 2012 !Xuun

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% mtDNA Y-chrom autosomes "Khoisan" "non-Khoisan"

Barbieri et al. 2014, in prep.; Pickrell et al. 2012 !Xuun

• closely related to linguistically related Ju|’hoan • but some difference due to admixture (mainly in paternal line) • 24% Y-chromosome lineages of clear Bantu origin