Namibia: Nama, Haiǁom, Damara !Xuun Himba & Herero
KHOE
Khoekhoe Kalahari Khoe
Nama-Damara Haiǁom
Güldemann 2014: 26 Himba & Herero:
linguistically and culturally closely related Bantu pastoralists Damara (✹) Hai||om (o) KX’A TUU KHOE “BANTU” Nama (⊠)
Pickrell et al. 2012 mtDNA composition
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% Hai||om Nama Damara L0d/L0k other
Barbieri et al. 2014 Y-chromosome composition
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% Hai||om Nama Damara A/B2b other
Barbieri et al. in prep Autosomal ancestry composition
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% Hai||om Nama Damara "Khoisan" "non-Khoisan"
Pickrell et al. 2012 East African links (Y-chromosome and autosomes)
0,4
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0 Hai||om Nama Damara Y-chrom E1b1b LP -14010C
Barbieri et al. in prep, Macholdt et al. 2014 Nama
• no genetic differences between subgroups (Topnaar or others) • up to 30% European gene flow in paternal line ~140 years BP • clear links to East Africa • female-biased intermarriage with indigenous populations, close relationship to Haiǁom Damara
• genetically very different from other “Khoisan” populations • ~75% clearly Bantu-associated Y-chromosome haplogroups, some European admixture in paternal line • striking relationship with Himba and Herero probably Damara maternal admixture into Himba and Herero KX’A TUU HIMBA & HERERO KHOE “BANTU” DAMARA
Pickrell et al. 2012 MDS based on mtDNA sequences
Barbieri et al. 2014 stress = 0.08 High frequency of shared mtDNA haplogroup
green = Damara red = Herero orange = Himba
Barbieri et al. 2014b MDS based on Y-chromosomal sequences
(stress = 0.08) KX’A
JU ǂ’Amkoe
North North-Central Central Ju|’hoan (Angolan (N. Namibian (Grootfontein (North, South) !Xuun) !Xuun) !Xuun)
Güldemann 2014: 26 Ju|’hoan
!Xuun (△)
Hai||om (o) KX’A TUU KHOE “BANTU”
Pickrell et al. 2012 !Xuun
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% mtDNA Y-chrom autosomes "Khoisan" "non-Khoisan"
Barbieri et al. 2014, in prep.; Pickrell et al. 2012 !Xuun
• closely related to linguistically related Ju|’hoan • but some difference due to admixture (mainly in paternal line) • 24% Y-chromosome lineages of clear Bantu origin