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Glacier Clusters Identification Across Chilean Andes Using Topo- Climatic Variables
EGU21-10852 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10852 EGU General Assembly 2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Glacier Clusters identification across Chilean Andes using Topo- Climatic variables Alexis Caro1, Fernando Gimeno2, Antoine Rabatel1, Thomas Condom1, and Jean Carlos Ruiz3 1Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (UMR 5001), Grenoble, France ([email protected]) 2Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile 3Sorbonne Université, Paris, France This study presents a glacier clustering for the Chilean Andes (17.6-55.4°S) realized with the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) algorithm and using topographic and climatic variables over the 1980-2019 period. We classified ~24,000 glaciers inside thirteen different clusters (C1 to C13). These clusters show specific conditions in terms of annual and monthly amounts of precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation. In the Northern part of Chile, the Dry Andes (17-36°S) gather five clusters (C1-C5) that display mean annual precipitation and temperature differences up to 400 mm/yr and 8°C, respectively, and a mean elevation difference reaching 1800 m between glaciers in C1 and C5 clusters. In the Wet Andes (36-56°S) the highest differences were observed at the Southern Patagonia Icefield (50°S), with mean annual values for precipitation above 3700 mm/yr (C12, maritime conditions) and below 1000 mm/yr in the east of Southern Patagonia Icefield (C10), and with a difference in mean annual temperature near 4°C and mean elevation contrast of 500 m. -
Variations of Patagonian Glaciers, South America, Utilizing RADARSAT Images
Variations of Patagonian Glaciers, South America, utilizing RADARSAT Images Masamu Aniya Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571 Japan Phone: +81-298-53-4309, Fax: +81-298-53-4746, e-mail: [email protected] Renji Naruse Institute of Low Temperature Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan, Phone: +81-11-706-5486, Fax: +81-11-706-7142, e-mail: [email protected] Gino Casassa Institute of Patagonia, University of Magallanes, Avenida Bulness 01855, Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile, Phone: +56-61-207179, Fax: +56-61-219276, e-mail: [email protected] and Andres Rivera Department of Geography, University of Chile, Marcoleta 250, Casilla 338, Santiago, Chile, Phone: +56-2-6783032, Fax: +56-2-2229522, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Combining RADARSAT images (1997) with either Landsat MSS (1987 for NPI) or TM (1986 for SPI), variations of major glaciers of the Northern Patagonia Icefield (NPI, 4200 km2) and of the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI, 13,000 km2) were studied. Of the five NPI glaciers studied, San Rafael Glacier showed a net advance, while other glaciers, San Quintin, Steffen, Colonia and Nef retreated during the same period. With additional data of JERS-1 images (1994), different patterns of variations for periods of 1986-94 and 1994-97 are recognized. Of the seven SPI glaciers studied, Pio XI Glacier, the largest in South America, showed a net advance, gaining a total area of 5.66 km2. Two RADARSAT images taken in January and April 1997 revealed a surge-like very rapid glacier advance. -
Remote Sensing Study of Glacial Change in the Northern Patagonian Icefield
Advances in Remote Sensing, 2015, 4, 270-279 Published Online December 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ars http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ars.2015.44022 Remote Sensing Study of Glacial Change in the Northern Patagonian Icefield Lucy Dixon, Shrinidhi Ambinakudige Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA Received 23 October 2015; accepted 27 November 2015; published 30 November 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The Patagonian Icefield has the largest temperate ice mass in the southern hemisphere. Using re- mote sensing techniques, this study analyzed multi-decadal glacial retreat and expansion of glaci- er lakes in Northern Patagonia. Glacial boundaries and glacier lake boundaries for 1979, 1985, 2000, and 2013 were delineated from Chilean topographic maps and Landsat satellite images. As- ter stereo images were used to measure mass balance from 2007 to 2012. The highest retreat was observed in San Quintin glacier. The area of glacier lakes increased from 13.49 km2 in 1979 to 65.06 km2 in 2013. Four new glacier lakes formed between 1979 and 2013. Between 2007 and 2012, significant glacial thinning was observed in major glaciers, including HPN1, Pared Norte, Strindberg, Acodado, Nef, San Quintin, Colonia, HPN4, and Benito glaciers. Generally, ablation zones lost more mass than accumulation zones. Keywords Patagonia, Glaciers, South America, ASTER 1. Introduction Glaciers are key indicators for assessing climate change [1]-[3]. Beginning in the nineteenth century, glaciers in many parts of the world retreated significantly, which was a clear indicator of climate warming [3]-[7]. -
The 2015 Chileno Valley Glacial Lake Outburst Flood, Patagonia
Aberystwyth University The 2015 Chileno Valley glacial lake outburst flood, Patagonia Wilson, R.; Harrison, S.; Reynolds, John M.; Hubbard, Alun; Glasser, Neil; Wündrich, O.; Iribarren Anacona, P.; Mao, L.; Shannon, S. Published in: Geomorphology DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.01.015 Publication date: 2019 Citation for published version (APA): Wilson, R., Harrison, S., Reynolds, J. M., Hubbard, A., Glasser, N., Wündrich, O., Iribarren Anacona, P., Mao, L., & Shannon, S. (2019). The 2015 Chileno Valley glacial lake outburst flood, Patagonia. Geomorphology, 332, 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.01.015 Document License CC BY General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 09. Jul. 2020 Geomorphology 332 (2019) 51–65 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph The 2015 Chileno Valley glacial lake outburst flood, Patagonia R. -
A Review of the Current State and Recent Changes of the Andean Cryosphere
feart-08-00099 June 20, 2020 Time: 19:44 # 1 REVIEW published: 23 June 2020 doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.00099 A Review of the Current State and Recent Changes of the Andean Cryosphere M. H. Masiokas1*, A. Rabatel2, A. Rivera3,4, L. Ruiz1, P. Pitte1, J. L. Ceballos5, G. Barcaza6, A. Soruco7, F. Bown8, E. Berthier9, I. Dussaillant9 and S. MacDonell10 1 Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina, 2 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Grenoble, France, 3 Departamento de Geografía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 4 Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile, 5 Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia, 6 Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 7 Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia, 8 Tambo Austral Geoscience Consultants, Valdivia, Chile, 9 LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France, 10 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile The Andes Cordillera contains the most diverse cryosphere on Earth, including extensive areas covered by seasonal snow, numerous tropical and extratropical glaciers, and many mountain permafrost landforms. Here, we review some recent advances in the study of the main components of the cryosphere in the Andes, and discuss the Edited by: changes observed in the seasonal snow and permanent ice masses of this region Bryan G. Mark, The Ohio State University, over the past decades. The open access and increasing availability of remote sensing United States products has produced a substantial improvement in our understanding of the current Reviewed by: state and recent changes of the Andean cryosphere, allowing an unprecedented detail Tom Holt, Aberystwyth University, in their identification and monitoring at local and regional scales. -
Debris Flows Occurrence in the Semiarid Central Andes Under Climate Change Scenario
geosciences Review Debris Flows Occurrence in the Semiarid Central Andes under Climate Change Scenario Stella M. Moreiras 1,2,* , Sergio A. Sepúlveda 3,4 , Mariana Correas-González 1 , Carolina Lauro 1 , Iván Vergara 5, Pilar Jeanneret 1, Sebastián Junquera-Torrado 1 , Jaime G. Cuevas 6, Antonio Maldonado 6,7, José L. Antinao 8 and Marisol Lara 3 1 Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología & Ciencias Ambientales, CONICET, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; [email protected] (M.C.-G.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (P.J.); [email protected] (S.J.-T.) 2 Catedra de Edafología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5528AHB, Argentina 3 Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; [email protected] (S.A.S.); [email protected] (M.L.) 4 Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O0Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile 5 Grupo de Estudios Ambientales–IPATEC, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Argentina; [email protected] 6 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad de La Serena, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile; [email protected] (J.G.C.); [email protected] (A.M.) 7 Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile 8 Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47404, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +54-26-1524-4256 Citation: Moreiras, S.M.; Sepúlveda, Abstract: This review paper compiles research related to debris flows and hyperconcentrated flows S.A.; Correas-González, M.; Lauro, C.; in the central Andes (30◦–33◦ S), updating the knowledge of these phenomena in this semiarid region. -
The 21St-Century Fate of the Mocho-Choshuenco Ice Cap in Southern Chile
The Cryosphere, 15, 3637–3654, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3637-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The 21st-century fate of the Mocho-Choshuenco ice cap in southern Chile Matthias Scheiter1,a, Marius Schaefer2, Eduardo Flández3, Deniz Bozkurt4,5, and Ralf Greve6,7 1Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 2Instituto de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 3Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile 4Departamento de Meteorología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile 5Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile 6Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 7Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan aformerly at: Institut für Geophysik und Geoinformatik, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany Correspondence: Matthias Scheiter ([email protected]) Received: 8 October 2020 – Discussion started: 11 November 2020 Revised: 23 June 2021 – Accepted: 25 June 2021 – Published: 6 August 2021 Abstract. Glaciers and ice caps are thinning and retreat- different global climate models and on the uncertainty asso- ing along the entire Andes ridge, and drivers of this mass ciated with the variation of the equilibrium line altitude with loss vary between the different climate zones. The south- temperature change. Considering our results, we project a ern part of the Andes (Wet Andes) has the highest abun- considerable deglaciation of the Chilean Lake District by the dance of glaciers in number and size, and a proper under- end of the 21st century. standing of ice dynamics is important to assess their evo- lution. -
Glacier Inventory and Recent Glacier Variations in the Andes of Chile, South America
Annals of Glaciology 58(75pt2) 2017 doi: 10.1017/aog.2017.28 166 © The Author(s) 2017. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work. Glacier inventory and recent glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America Gonzalo BARCAZA,1 Samuel U. NUSSBAUMER,2,3 Guillermo TAPIA,1 Javier VALDÉS,1 Juan-Luis GARCÍA,4 Yohan VIDELA,5 Amapola ALBORNOZ,6 Víctor ARIAS7 1Dirección General de Aguas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Santiago, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 3Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland 4Institute of Geography, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 5Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada 6Department of Geology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile 7Department of Geology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT. The first satellite-derived inventory of glaciers and rock glaciers in Chile, created from Landsat TM/ETM+ images spanning between 2000 and 2003 using a semi-automated procedure, is pre- sented in a single standardized format. Large glacierized areas in the Altiplano, Palena Province and the periphery of the Patagonian icefields are inventoried. The Chilean glacierized area is 23 708 ± 1185 km2, including ∼3200 km2 of both debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers. -
Glacier Clusters Identification Across Chilean Andes Using Topo-Climatic
119 Glacier Clusters identification across Chilean Andes using Topo-Climatic variables Identificación de clústeres glaciares a lo largo de los Andes chilenos usando variables topoclimáticas Historial del artículo Alexis Caroa; Fernando Gimenob; Antoine Rabatela; Thomas Condoma; Recibido: Jean Carlos Ruizc 15 de octubre de 2020 Revisado a Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (UMR 5001), 30 de octubre de 2020 Grenoble, France. Aceptado: b Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. 05 de noviembre de 2020 c Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. Keywords Abstract Chilean Andes, climatology, Using topographic and climatic variables, we present glacier clusters in the Chilean Andes (17.6-55.4°S), where the glacier clusters, topography Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) unsupervised machine learning algorithm was utilized. The results classified 23,974 glaciers inside thirteen clusters, which show specific conditions in terms of annual and monthly amounts of precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation. In the Dry Andes, the mean annual values of the five glacier clusters (C1-C5) display precipitation and temperature difference until 400 mm (29 and 33°S) and 8°C (33°S), with mean elevation contrast of 1800 m between glaciers in C1 and C5 clusters (18 to 34°S). While in the Wet Andes the highest differences were observed at the Southern Patagonia Icefield latitude (50°S), were the mean annual values for precipitation and temperature show maritime precipitation above 3700 mm/yr (C12), where the wet Western air plays a key role, and below 1000 mm/yr in the east of Southern Patagonia Icefield (C10), with differences temperature near of 4°C and mean elevation contrast of 500 m. -
Extreme Precipitation and Climate Gradients in Patagonia Revealed by High-Resolution Regional Atmospheric Climate Modeling
15 JUNE 2014 L E N A E R T S E T A L . 4607 Extreme Precipitation and Climate Gradients in Patagonia Revealed by High-Resolution Regional Atmospheric Climate Modeling JAN T. M. LENAERTS,MICHIEL R. VAN DEN BROEKE,JAN M. VAN WESSEM, AND WILLEM JAN VAN DE BERG Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands ERIK VAN MEIJGAARD AND LAMBERTUS H. VAN ULFT Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands MARIUS SCHAEFER University of Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile (Manuscript received 24 September 2013, in final form 7 March 2014) ABSTRACT This study uses output of a high-resolution (5.5 km) regional atmospheric climate model to describe the present-day (1979–2012) climate of Patagonia, with a particular focus on the surface mass balance (SMB) of the Patagonian ice fields. Through a comparison with available in situ observations, it is shown that the model is able to simulate the sharp climate gradients in western Patagonia. The southern Andes are an efficient barrier for the prevalent atmospheric flow, generating strong orographic uplift and precipitation throughout the entire year. The model suggests extreme orographic precipitation west of the Andes divide, with annual precipitation rates of .5 to 34 m w.e. (water equivalent), and a clear rain shadow east of the divide. These modeled precipitation rates are supported qualitatively by available precipitation stations and SMB estimates on the ice fields derived from firn cores. For the period 1979–2012, a slight atmospheric cooling at upper ice field elevations is found, leading to a small but insignificant increase in the ice field SMB. -
© Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68158-2 - Mountain Weather and Climate, Third Edition Roger G
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68158-2 - Mountain Weather and Climate, Third Edition Roger G. Barry Index More information INDEX Abramov Glacier station 381 altitude effect on (direct) solar radiation 35 Abramov Glacier, mean monthly temperature and altitude effects on sky radiation 42 precipitation 381 altitude of maximum precipitation 286 absolute vorticity 128 altitudinal characteristics 282–288 accidents due to lightning 458 altitudinal effects on solar radiation 38–42 acclimatization 453 altitudinal gradient of air temperature 57 accretion of ice on power lines 322 altitudinal gradients of precipitation 421–421 actual evaporation 394 altitudinal gradients of soil temperature 57–58 acute mountain sickness 446–447 anabatic 187 adaptations 452–456 anabatic slope flows 191 adret 397, 483–485 Andean Quechua 453 Adriatic Sea 176 Andes 128, 421–426, 453 Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) 230 angle of repose 459 aerobic working capacity 454 annual temperature range 26, 27 aerodynamic method 330–331 Antarctic 128 aerosol 461 Antarctic Peninsula 133 aerosol concentrations 37 Antarctica 159, 183–185, 416–419 air avalanches 193 Antarctica, katabatic wind regime 418–419 air pollution 460–468 Appalachian Mountains 136, 264, 298 air pressure 32 Appalachians 142 air pressure and altitude 445 areal representativeness of a gauge 313–314, 318 airflow over mountains, theories 152–154 aridity 380, 414 Alaska 107 Arunachal Pradesh 375 Alberta 173 Asekreme 379, 381 ALPEX 142, 145, 178 aspect 87–96 alpine 3 aspect ratio 82 Alpine Experiment -
Surface Energy Fluxes on Chilean Glaciers
Surface energy fluxes on Chilean glaciers: measurements and models Marius Schaefer1, Duilio Fonseca1, David Farias-Barahona2, and Gino Casassa3,4 1Instituto de Ciencias Física y Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Austral University, Valdivia, Chile 2Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany 3Dirección General de Aguas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Santiago, Chile 4Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile Correspondence: Marius Schaefer ([email protected]) Abstract. The surface energy fluxes of glaciers determine surface melt and their adequate parametrization is one of the keys for a successful prediction of future glacier mass balance and freshwater discharge. Chile hosts glaciers in a large range of latitudes under contrasting climatic settings: from 18◦S in the Atacama Desert to 55◦S on Tierra del Fuego Island, Southern Patagonia. Using three different methods, we computed surface energy fluxes for five glaciers which represent the main glaciological 5 zones of Chile. We found that the main energy sources for surface melt change from the Central Andes, where the net shortwave radiation is driving the melt, to Patagonia, where the turbulent fluxes are an important source of energy. We inferred higher surface melt rates for Patagonian glaciers as compared to the glaciers of the Central Andes due to a higher contribution of the turbulent sensible heat flux, less negative net longwave radiation and a positive contribution of the turbulent latent heat flux. The variability of the atmospheric emissivity was high and not able to be explained exclusively by the variability of the inferred 10 cloud cover. The influence of the stability correction and the roughness length on the magnitude of the turbulent fluxes in the different climate settings was examined.