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Home , Milky Way, Photon sphere, Schwarzschild radius, Supermassive black hole

SUPERMASSIVE HOLES

SRJC, Spring 2014-PHYS43 Thea Dumont Kyle Cubba They are a class of black holes They are formidably larger than regular black holes They are gigantic (100,000 X -- 1,000,000,000 X SOLAR ) They are a source of They live in the center of

WHAT ARE THEY? WOAH. THATS A LOT OF MASS!

but how big are they? _

For their mass, they’re Schwarzschild () is rather big.

Dividing the mass by the volume defined by the , the of most supermassive black holes is less than that of ! Schwarzschild radius is the radius at which itself cannot escape from the gravitational pull of the . The surface this covers in three dimensional space surrounding a black hole is known as its event horizon.

The true density of any black hole is unknown, since it is impossible to visually see what happens beyond the event horizon.

General relativity describes that there is a gravitational singularity at the center of the black hole.

But then again, says a lot of things that no one seems to know why.

Hippies say that they are to extradimensional . black holes bend space-time A normal only curves space-time by a small amount;

But a black hole bends it to an asymptote. Black Holes & Light Bending

Since black holes bend space-time, light bends around black holes sphere at the center of note the light bending occurring here More examples of light bending Proposed by Albert Einstein when coming up with general The “Einstein relativity.

Ring” Happens when a bright object is directly behind massive object. SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES

& FORMATION Supermassive black holes are found in active galactic nuclei (AGN).

AGN is a compact center which emits high intensity light of many wavelengths ranging from radio to x-ray.

Quasars are a class of AGN species; quasars have supermassive black holes at their center and are surrounded by disks, relativistic jets spew from one or either poles orthogonal to the disk plane. Active galactic nucleus (AGN)

Ejected matter The rotating speed of supermassive black holes and the rotating speed of the AGN are the same. This leads to the mature formation of galactic centers in host galaxies to supermassive black holes.

The presence of a supermassive black hole influences the galaxy to take on a spheroidal shape (elliptical and spiral galaxies), as well as condenses the galaxy. Influences galaxies to merge creating a spiral. formation could also be explained by the presence of supermassive black holes.

The supermassive black hole in the (shown above) is measured to be 1 billion times the mass of the , making it one of the largest known black holes! How do we know this?

Black holes eject charged particles in jets as they accrete which we can spot.

When we inspect the nucleus of galaxies, such as m87, and there are these jets, this implies there could be a supermassive black hole there.

Stars in the AGN seem to be orbiting some unseen massive object, this could inferred to be a supermassive black hole. More material being ejected from a . Notice the around the center. Supermassive Black Holes & Light Emission

Supermassive black holes can be found because of the large amount of strong radio waves they emit because of the matter heating up in the accretion disk.

As the matter enters the black hole, x-rays are produced; another way researchers have to detect supermassive black holes. * in the There is a supermassive black hole in the central bulge of the Milky Way, located it the Sagittarius .

The supermassive black hole is called Sagittarius A* or Sgr A* SGR A*

- is 40 million times more massive than our own sun

- has a radius of 6.7 light hours

- was first discovered in 1973 because of its large amount of radio emissions

- is orbited by multiple star systems in orbit of Sagittarius A* Hurdling G2 Dust Cloud into Supermassive black hole at Galactic

Center A dust cloud around 3 times the mass of the is hurdling at extremely high velocities towards Sgr A* Dust-Cloud Ripped Apart by Milky Way’s SMBH What would it be like to fall in one?

Most likely very unpleasant. You’re probably cool

Risky: one wrong move and you plunge into the heart of a black hole

Done for: energy input is required to keep you from falling in

No escape: be prepared to fall into an infinite abyss

You collapse into nothing Spagettification

In a normal black hole, tidal forces are strong and cause elongation (spagettification) because of the difference in between your feet and your head Visualizing the Gravitational Vector Field oh no!

The bright side: at least you look trim In a supermassive black hole, however, the tidal forces are weaker since gravitational pull falls off at an inverse square; you would be within the event horizon before being pulled apart.

You never see the singularity, as the light falls into it and never comes out. BYE-BYE And hello !

The light pouring in from the universe collapses into one bright point as you fall into the singularity and are obliterated from history, forever. PURELY THEORETICAL NO BASIS IN REALITY end Work Cited

1. Philip F. Hopkins et al. 2006 , “A Unified, Merger-driven Model of the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes, and Galaxy ,” Philip F. Hopkins et al. 2006 ApJS 163 1. Web, accessed 12 May 2014.

1. Marta Volonteri et al. (2003), “The Assembly and Merging History of Supermassive Black Holes in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation.” ApJ, 583-599. Web, accessed 12 May 2014.

1. Haehnelt, M. G. and Kauffmann, G. (2000), “The correlation between black hole mass and bulge in hierarchical galaxy formation models.” Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society. 318: L35-L38. Web, accessed 12 May 2014.

1. Jarrett L.Johnson et al. (2013), “Supermassive Seeds for Supermassive Black Holes.” The Astrophysical Journal, 771. Web, accessed 12 May 2014.

5. Ander Hamilton. http://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/insidebh/ Journey to the Schwarzschild Black Hole, 2014.Web, accessed 12 May14

6. http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/active/smblack.html