The Adaptation of Artistic Heritage and Technology of the Nanai 10 11 People to Modern Conditions 12 13 14 Q1 Evgenia Petrova*, Alexey V

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1 ScienceDirect 2 3 4 Pacific Science Review xx (2014) 1e10 5 www.elsevier.com/locate/pscr 6 7 8 9 The adaptation of artistic heritage and technology of the Nanai 10 11 people to modern conditions 12 13 14 Q1 Evgenia Petrova*, Alexey V. Parnyakov 15 16 School of Arts, Culture and Sport, Far-Eastern Federal University, Russia 17 Available online ▪▪▪ 18 19 20 21 Abstract 22 23 The article describes the history of the Nanai people. My work describes the manufacturing technology of this population's 24 artistic handiwork. Having investigated the culture and way of life of the Nanai people, we identified three basic trends: fresco, 25 fancy-work and fish skin currying. The sacred national ornaments range widely in terms of subject, thereby adapting to modern 26 conditions. 27 Copyright © 2014, Far Eastern Federal University, Kangnam University, Dalian University of Technology, Kokushikan University. 28 29 Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 30 31 32 Keywords: Nanai culture; Handiwork; Ornament; Accessories 33 34 35 36 37 38 Introduction 39 40 Within the framework of a class project, each student in my group studied one of the indigenous groups of the 41 Russian Far-East. I would like to draw your attention to the unique Nanai people. The artistic aspects of these people 42 43 are well able to compete with modern prints, both in everyday things and in exclusive things. 44 45 General information 46 47 The name “Nanai” translates to “people of the land”, while “Golds” is the outdated name. In China, they are known 48 as hechzhe or Hezhen. Since the mid-17th century during Khabarov's campaign, pathfinders referred to the Nanai 49 people as “achany” and “Natci” (Fig 1). 50 51 52 53 54 Peer review under responsibility of Far Eastern Federal University, Kangnam University, Dalian University of Technology, Kokushikan 55 University. * Corresponding author. 56 E-mail addresses: [email protected] (E. Petrova), [email protected] (A.V. Parnyakov). 57 58 59 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscr.2014.08.024 1229-5450/Copyright © 2014, Far Eastern Federal University, Kangnam University, Dalian University of Technology, Kokushikan University. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: E. Petrova, A.V. Parnyakov, The adaptation of artistic heritage and technology of the Nanai people to modern conditions, Paciﬁc Science Review (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscr.2014.08.024 PSCR24_proof ■ 22 September 2014 ■ 2/10

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60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Fig. 1. Nanai. 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fig. 2. Scheme of a settlement of Nanai people.

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119 The Nanai village is located on the banks of the Amur River; Beijing's Treaty in 1860 divided the area of 120 habitation between Russia and China. The majority of the Russian Nanai live in Khabarovsky Krai (Fig 2). 121 122 Once, a significant number of Chinese and Koreans lived in this area but underwent resettlement in the late 123 1930s. The Nanai villages are located from Khabarovsk to Komsomolsk-on-Amur and in the Pozharsky district 124 of Primorsky Krai, which is a region in the Far East of Russia. A small subset of the Nanais, the hechzhe, live in 125 China. 126 The hechzhe are semi-nomadic people and lived in seasonal settlements. These people built dugouts, semi- 127 dugouts and ground-framed homes. They also built Russian log huts or «izbas» e large log houses with wooden 128 frames (Fig 3(a, b, c)) and gable roofs. Later, they chopped huts in the forest and made tents out of various 129 130 fishing materials. 131 Their main traditional occupations are fishing and hunting. In winter, they created fur (sable, squirrel, columns, 132 moose, musk deer, bear, red deer or maral). They caught fish using seines, nets and harpoons (great Siberian sturgeon, 133 Siberian salmon and pink salmon). The spawning of salmon was the main event in the life of the Nanai people. These 134 people gathered berries, nuts, and ginseng (man-plant), and they maintained sledge dogs. The Nanai moved by boat 135 (plank, hollowed, birch), skis, and sledge. 136 Constant contact with China had a strong influence on the Nanai culture. In exchange for furs and fish, they ob- 137 138 tained tobacco, millet, vodka, and various fabrics (e.g., silk and linen). Nanai smithing had developed under the 139 influence of these contacts. In the 17th century, Nanai armour, helmets and chain armour were highly appreciated in 140 China and Manchuria. 141 Men treated metal, wood and bone, while women sewed clothes and shoes from fabrics, fur of taiga animals 142 and fish skin. Women also embroidered/stitched for daily living needs and to sell; they also spun baskets 143 (Fig 4). 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 Fig. 3. Settlements of Nanai.

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178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 Fig. 4. Household items. 218 219 220 221 222 223 Traditional costume features all-Amur compliance and consists of a wide kimono robe with a belt tied to the right 224 side. Hunters wore small hats with plumes of squirrel tail with fabric helmets underneath. Fishermen wore skirts or 225 cover-sluts made of fish skin or fabric over clothing. Women wore long bibs under their robes from their neck to their 226 knees, which were decorated with beads and metal pendants. 227 228 229 Practical part 230 231 232 Manufacturing technology of artistic handiwork 233 234 Having investigated the culture and way of life of the Nanai People, we have identified three basic trends: fresco, 235 fancy-work and fish skin currying. The sacred national ornaments range widely in terms of subject, thus adapting to 236 modern conditions.

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237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 Fig. 5. Ornaments and small printers. 292 293 294 295

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296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 Fig. 6. Ornamental collar. 337 338 339 340 341 (Fig 5(a, b)) Ornaments help us determine a set of colours, plants, animals, etc., and it goes without saying that 342 each ornament has a special force. (The Nanai people were brought to Orthodoxy in the latter half of the 19th 343 century; however, they retained their traditional beliefs that faith in spirits is the prevailing point). The usage of 344 ornaments in small printing arts can give rise to a large project aimed at people's learning about Far-Eastern 345 indigenous people. 346 347 (Fig 6(a, b)) Ornamental collar. Material: beads. This element of accessories for women is very popular today. 348 The handiwork, bright colours, and ethnic ornamentation make it more attractive than collars made of modern 349 materials. 350 (Fig 7(a, b)) A leather handbag with a floral print and natural set of colours. In addition, there is a bracelet with 351 earrings made of leather and shells as well as a purse with a picture of a bear sewed on. 352 (Fig 8(a, b)) Earrings. Material: wood. Talisman badges in the form of animals, birds and fish are included in the 353 pattern. For example, kissing fish is a talisman of motherhood, and different animals and butterflies stand for talismans 354 of domestic harmony.

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355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 Fig. 7. Handbag. 397 398 399 400 401 402 (Fig 9(a, b)) Matryoshkas are visual images of humans in different costumes depending on the type of activity. 403 Matryoshka is a prototype of seven (an intelligent spirit, very active but an aerial creature with subtle power). «Sewen» 404 is a figure with human features where a shaman settles a spirit. It is made of metal, wood, bone, elm, straw or pictured 405 on fabric or paper. «Sewens» represent an abstract figure of humans, wild animals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. 406 « » e 407 Sevens are spirits healers, idol spirits, hosts of localities, water and taiga. 408 (Fig 10(a, b)) According to mass-media materials investigation, interest in production involving materials of fish 409 and leather continues to grow. There are many new enterprises and designers that create clothing, footwear and ac- 410 cessories from fish skin, which may be used in the same way as any other skin. I had ray at my disposal, and its skin is 411 notably thorny. One should decorticate, turn the skin upside down and scrape out the meat and oil odds. It is then 412 necessary to soak the skin in water with sodium bicarbonate, salt and vinegar before allowing it to dry. Finally, the skin 413 can be mashed and employed as an original fabric.

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414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 Fig. 8. Earrings. 468 469 470 471 472

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473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 Fig. 9. Matryoshkas. 528 529 530 531

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532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 Fig. 10. Fish skin. Ray. 580 581 582 References 583 584 ¼ 585 [1] Figures presented in this article were obtained from the following source: http://www.archaeology.nsc.ru/Lists/List27/DispForm.aspx?ID 49, ¼ 586 http://identity2010.ru/?page_id 2103.