Suplementary material.

Table S1. Characteristics of the tested Chinese fir populations. The mean survival rates of 195 provenances were estimated at age of 33 years.

Mean Population Forest Elevation Provenance Longitude Latitude Survival ID District (m a.s.l.) （%） 1 Nanzheng Shanxi 106.93 33.00 520 85.71 2 Liuba Shanxi 106.92 33.62 1343 85.71 3 Shangcheng Henan 115.40 31.80 88 85.71 4 Xinxian Henan 114.87 31.65 301 92.86 5 Jurong Jiangsu 119.16 31.95 18 92.86 6 Jingxian Anhui 118.41 30.69 50 85.71 7 Ningguo Anhui 118.98 30.64 62 50.00 8 Taiping Anhui 118.16 30.13 1265 78.57 9 Shexian Anhui 118.41 29.86 152 78.57 10 Yixian Anhui 117.93 29.93 218 78.57 11 Qimen Anhui 117.71 29.86 161 85.71 12 Xiuning Anhui 118.18 29.79 158 64.29 13 Dongzhi Anhui 117.02 30.10 49 71.43 14 Shitai Anhui 117.48 30.21 190 68.52 15 Taihu Anhui 116.29 30.46 124 57.14 17 Jinzhai Anhui 115.93 31.73 82 64.29 18 Suichang Zhejiang 119.27 28.60 274 71.43 19 Qingyuan Zhejiang 119.06 27.62 475 78.57 20 Longquan Zhejiang 119.14 28.08 258 71.43 21 Anji Zhejiang 119.68 30.64 19 57.14 22 Yunhe Zhejiang 119.57 28.12 164 50.00 23 Lishui Zhejiang 119.92 28.47 177 85.71 24 Kaihua Zhejiang 118.41 29.14 189 92.86 25 Jianan Zhejiang 119.28 29.48 146 92.86 26 Linan Zhejiang 119.72 30.24 52 92.86 27 Liancheng Fujian 116.75 25.71 383 92.86 28 Zhangping Fujian 117.41 25.29 277 92.86 29 Yongding Fujian 116.73 24.73 239 92.86 30 Wuping Fujian 116.10 25.10 292 78.57 31 Pucheng Fujian 118.54 27.92 248 78.57 32 Chongan Fujian 118.03 27.76 286 92.86 33 Guangze Fujian 117.33 27.54 274 85.71 34 Jianyang Fujian 118.12 27.33 174 85.71 35 Jianou Fujian 118.30 27.03 166 92.86 36 Shunchang Fujian 117.81 26.80 189 85.71 37 Nanping Fujian 118.12 27.33 174 78.57 38 Shaowu Fujian 117.49 27.34 220 71.43 39 Youxi Fujian 118.19 26.17 246 78.57 40 Datian Fujian 117.84 25.70 455 85.71 41 Sanming Fujian 117.63 26.27 269 71.43 42 Dehua Fujian 118.24 25.49 586 100.00 43 Yongtai Fujian 118.93 25.87 117 85.71 44 Yongan Fujian 117.36 25.94 233 85.71 45 Quanzhou Fujian 118.67 24.88 17 92.86

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46 Nanjing Fujian 117.35 24.52 57 78.57 47 Shaxian Fujian 117.79 26.40 150 92.86 48 Jiangle Fujian 117.47 26.73 220 78.57 49 Shanghang Fujian 116.42 25.05 203 100.00 50 Xianyou Fujian 118.69 25.37 63 85.71 51 Jingdezhen Jiangxi 117.17 29.27 63 100.00 52 Anfu Jiangxi 114.61 27.40 106 85.71 53 Wuning Jiangxi 115.10 29.26 65 71.43 54 Suichuan Jiangxi 114.52 26.32 111 100.00 55 Quannan Jiangxi 114.53 24.75 303 64.29 56 Chongyi Jiangxi 114.30 25.68 390 85.71 57 Yichun Jiangxi 114.41 27.82 104 78.57 58 Qianshan Jiangxi 117.70 28.32 65 78.57 59 Yushan Jiangxi 118.24 28.69 107 71.43 60 Ruijin Jiangxi 116.02 25.89 214 71.43 61 Lichuan Jiangxi 116.90 27.29 127 78.57 62 Wuyuan Jiangxi 117.86 29.25 101 92.86 63 Lean Jiangxi 115.83 27.43 208 57.14 64 Xiushui Jiangxi 114.54 29.03 150 100.00 65 Tonggu Jiangxi 114.37 28.52 276 78.57 66 Chongyang Hubei 114.03 29.56 100 85.71 67 Tongshan Hubei 114.48 29.61 96 92.86 68 Zhushan Hubei 110.22 32.23 336 78.57 69 Hefeng Hubei 110.03 29.89 738 85.71 70 Lichuan Hubei 108.93 30.29 1179 92.86 71 Wufeng Hubei 110.67 30.20 974 71.43 72 Luotian Hubei 115.39 30.79 105 85.71 73 Yangxin Hubei 115.21 29.83 19 64.29 74 Macheng Hubei 115.00 31.18 59 85.71 75 Tongcheng Hubei 113.81 29.25 164 78.57 76 Laifeng Hubei 109.40 29.50 470 64.29 77 Jianshi Hubei 109.72 30.60 632 85.71 78 Gucheng Hubei 111.65 32.27 84 85.71 79 Yichang Hubei 111.28 30.69 72 85.71 80 Tongpengshui Hubei 109.81 30.43 678 100.00 81 Yongshun Hunan 109.84 29.01 384 85.71 82 Xinhuan Hunan 109.17 27.36 375 92.86 83 Qianyang Hunan 109.81 27.19 235 85.71 84 Huitong Hunan 109.73 26.89 326 78.57 85 Jingxian Hunan 117.37 24.51 57 85.71 86 Suining Hunan 110.15 26.59 399 92.86 87 Tongdao Hunan 109.78 26.16 428 92.86 89 Xinning Hunan 110.85 26.44 343 78.57 90 Rucheng Hunan 113.68 25.55 629 71.43 91 Jiangyong Hunan 111.34 25.28 260 85.71 92 Jianghua Hunan 111.57 25.19 233 92.86 93 Guiyang Hunan 112.73 25.76 290 92.86 94 Youxian Hunan 113.34 27.00 86 71.43 95 Yuanling Hunan 110.39 28.46 133 100.00 96 Anhua Hunan 111.21 28.38 257 85.71 97 Xinhua Hunan 111.32 27.73 184 78.57 98 Qiyang Hunan 111.83 26.58 101 85.71

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99 Xupu Hunan 110.59 27.91 166 78.57 100 Zhijiang Hunan 109.68 27.45 259 85.71 101 Lanshan Hunan 112.19 25.37 336 71.43 102 Shuangpai Hunan 111.66 25.97 282 64.29 103 Zixing Hunan 113.23 25.98 151 85.71 104 Chenxi Hunan 110.18 28.01 192 64.29 105 Fenghuang Hunan 109.59 27.95 380 78.57 106 Lechang Guangdong 113.34 25.13 115 100.00 107 Xinyi Guangdong 110.94 22.36 100 64.29 108 Heyuan Guangdong 114.70 23.75 42 71.43 109 Jiaoling Guangdong 116.17 24.66 109 71.43 110 Shixing Guangdong 114.06 24.96 106 71.43 111 Lianshan Guangdong 112.09 24.57 385 92.86 112 Pingyuan Guangdong 115.89 24.57 185 85.71 113 Huaiji Guangdong 112.18 23.91 85 92.86 114 Guangning Guangdong 112.44 23.64 74 85.71 115 Yunan Guangdong 111.53 23.24 37 85.71 116 Zijin Guangdong 115.18 23.64 211 71.43 117 Lianlan Guangdong 112.28 24.73 288 100.00 118 Sanjiang Guangxi 109.60 25.79 205 100.00 119 Jinxiu Guangxi 110.18 24.13 955 100.00 120 Luocheng Guangxi 108.90 24.78 350 85.71 121 Huanjiang Guangxi 108.25 24.83 335 78.57 122 Hexian Guangxi 111.56 24.41 112 92.86 123 Zhaoping Guangxi 110.81 24.17 125 85.71 124 Mengshan Guangxi 110.52 24.20 165 92.86 125 Cangwu Guangxi 111.54 23.85 74 71.43 126 Rongxian Guangxi 110.55 22.86 88 92.86 127 Guiping Guangxi 110.07 23.40 129 78.57 128 Beiliu Guangxi 110.35 22.71 110 100.00 129 Bobai Guangxi 109.97 22.28 67 100.00 130 Pubei Guangxi 109.55 22.27 119 78.57 131 Binyang Guangxi 108.81 23.22 116 92.86 132 Pingnan Guangxi 110.39 23.54 32 100.00 133 Ziyuan Guangxi 110.65 26.05 466 85.71 134 Xingan Guangxi 110.67 25.61 222 78.57 135 Gongcheng Guangxi 110.82 24.83 178 92.86 136 Longsheng Guangxi 110.01 25.80 455 64.29 137 Lingchuan Guangxi 110.32 25.41 169 78.57 138 Yongfu Guangxi 109.98 24.98 172 57.14 139 Sirong Guangxi 109.20 25.22 211 100.00 140 Baiyuan Guangxi 109.27 25.52 297 100.00 141 Rongshui Guangxi 109.39 25.23 121 71.43 142 Longlin Guangxi 105.34 24.77 689 100.00 143 Napo Guangxi 105.83 23.39 954 85.71 144 Debao Guangxi 106.61 23.33 714 92.86 145 Quanzhou Guangxi 111.07 25.93 202 78.57 146 Guanyang Guangxi 111.16 25.49 278 92.86 147 Congjiang Guizhou 108.90 25.76 353 85.71 148 Rongjiang Guizhou 108.52 25.94 326 100.00 149 Liping Guizhou 109.13 26.23 667 100.00 150 Jinping Guizhou 109.20 26.68 393 92.86

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151 Jianhe Guizhou 108.44 26.73 648 78.57 152 Xingren Guizhou 105.18 25.44 1351 92.31 153 Cengong Guizhou 108.81 27.18 421 57.14 154 Wuchuan Guizhou 107.89 28.57 662 85.71 155 Daozhen Guizhou 107.61 28.87 836 50.00 156 Xishui Guizhou 106.19 28.33 1263 71.43 157 Qianxi Guizhou 106.03 27.01 1244 78.57 158 Ziyun Guizhou 106.08 25.75 1203 92.86 159 Majiang Guizhou 107.59 26.49 1017 92.86 160 Pingba Guizhou 106.25 26.41 1296 78.57 161 Sinan Guizhou 108.25 27.94 580 92.86 163 Sandu Guizhou 107.87 25.99 455 78.69 164 Yuqing Guizhou 107.88 27.23 593 100.00 165 Liuzhi Guizhou 105.44 26.24 1450 85.71 166 Jiangkou Guizhou 108.84 27.70 469 85.71 167 Maguan Yunnan 104.39 23.02 1333 78.57 168 Luoping Yunnan 104.31 24.89 1499 83.33 173 Pinbian Yunnan 103.69 22.99 1489 92.86 174 Huize Yunnan 103.30 26.42 2121 71.43 176 Zhenxiong Yunnan 104.87 27.45 1728 96.43 178 Yanjin Yunnan 104.23 28.11 740 64.29 179 Fuyuan Yunnan 104.25 25.68 1886 92.86 180 Xichou Yunnan 104.67 23.44 1550 64.29 181 Mashupo Yunnan 104.70 23.13 1211 92.86 184 Hejiang Sichuan 105.83 28.81 279 100.00 185 Jiangjin Chongqing 106.26 29.29 294 78.57 186 Nanjiang Sichuan 107.91 29.84 621 64.29 187 Wanyuan Sichuan 108.03 32.08 923 71.43 188 Linshui Sichuan 106.93 30.34 397 100.00 189 Xiushan Chongqing 109.00 28.45 409 71.43 191 Tianquan Sichuan 102.76 30.07 829 78.57 192 Youyang Sichuan 108.76 28.83 777 64.29 193 Xuyong Sichuan 105.44 28.16 494 100.00 194 Junlian Sichuan 104.51 28.17 578 71.43 195 Gulin Sichuan 105.81 28.04 694 92.86 196 Xuanhan Sichuan 107.72 31.36 431 85.71 197 Yongchuan Sichuan 104.09 30.65 494 92.86 198 Hongya Sichuan 103.37 29.91 478 92.86 199 Yingjing Sichuan 102.85 29.80 893 78.57 200 Lushan Sichuan 102.93 30.15 771 78.57 201 Pengxian Sichuan 103.93 30.97 596 100.00 202 Qionglai Sichuan 103.46 30.41 504 100.00 203 Wenchuan Sichuan 103.59 31.48 1690 71.43 204 Pingshan Sichuan 104.15 28.66 453 78.57 205 Shifang Sichuan 104.16 31.13 538 92.86 206 Beichuan Sichuan 104.31 31.89 1114 50.00 207 Pingwu Sichuan 104.53 32.41 1089 92.86

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