Handbook of Religion Baker Academic, a Division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014
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H A N D B O O K O F RELIGION A Christian Engagement with Traditions, Teachings, and Practices TERRY C. MUCK, HAROLD A. NETLAND, AND GERALD R. McDERMOTT EDITORS K Terry C. Muck, Harold A. Netland and Gerald R. McDermott, eds., Handbook of Religion Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Muck_HandbookReligion_RH_kf.indd iii 9/12/14 10:47 AM © 2014 by Terry C. Muck, Harold A. Netland, and Gerald R. McDermott Published by Baker Academic a division of Baker Publishing Group P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287 www.bakeracademic.com Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washing- ton, DC. ISBN 978-0-8010-3776-4 Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from the Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Terry C. Muck, Harold A. Netland and Gerald R. McDermott, eds., Handbook of Religion Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Muck_HandbookReligion_RH_kf.indd iv 9/12/14 10:47 AM Contents Preface xi 9. Hinduism: Current Issues 69 Richard Fox Young Part 1 Introduction 1 10. Hinduism: Adherent Essay 76 1. The Christian Study of World Arvind Sharma Religion 3 11. Buddhism: History, Beliefs, Terry C. Muck Practices 81 2. The Study of Religion 11 Terry C. Muck Terry C. Muck 12. Buddhism: Christian Contacts 87 3. A Christian Theology of Terry C. Muck Religions 19 Harold A. Netland 13. Buddhism: Theological Exchanges 96 4. Christian Interaction with Other Terry C. Muck Religions 27 Paul Louis Metzger 14. Buddhism: Current Issues 104 Terry C. Muck Part 2 World Religions 41 15. Buddhism: Adherent Essay 111 5. World Religions Introduction 43 Rita M. Gross Terry C. Muck 16. Judaism: History, Beliefs, Practices 115 6. Hinduism: History, Beliefs, Richard Robinson Practices 49 Richard Fox Young 17. Judaism: Christian Contacts 123 Richard Robinson 7. Hinduism: Christian Contacts 56 18. Judaism: Theological Richard Fox Young Exchanges 130 Richard Robinson 8. Hinduism: Theological Exchanges 63 19. Judaism: Current Issues 137 Richard Fox Young Richard Robinson v Terry C. Muck, Harold A. Netland and Gerald R. McDermott, eds., Handbook of Religion Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Muck_HandbookReligion_RH_kf.indd v 9/12/14 10:47 AM vi Contents 20. Judaism: Adherent Essay 144 36. Southeast Asia: Christian Yaakov Ariel Contacts 248 Russell H. Bowers 21. Islam: History, Beliefs, Practices 151 37. Southeast Asia: Theological Larry Poston Exchanges 255 Russell H. Bowers 22. Islam: Christian Contacts 157 Larry Poston 38. Southeast Asia: Current Issues 262 23. Islam: Theological Russell H. Bowers Exchanges 165 Larry Poston 39. North Asia: History, Beliefs, Practices 269 24. Islam: Current Issues 171 Sebastian Kim Larry Poston 40. North Asia: Christian 25. Islam: Adherent Essay 177 Contacts 276 Sarmad Qutub and Musa Qutub Sebastian Kim 41. North Asia: Theological Part 3 Indigenous Religions 181 Exchanges 282 Sebastian Kim 26. Indigenous Religions Introduction 183 42. North Asia: Current Issues 289 Terry C. Muck Sebastian Kim 27. India: History, Beliefs, 43. Europe: History, Beliefs, Practices 187 Practices 295 Eloise Hiebert Meneses Richard Shaw 28. India: Christian Contacts 194 44. Europe: Christian Contacts 301 Eloise Hiebert Meneses Richard Shaw 29. India: Theological 45. Europe: Theological Exchanges 202 Exchanges 307 Richard Shaw Eloise Hiebert Meneses 46. Europe: Current Issues 313 30. India: Current Issues 209 Richard Shaw Eloise Hiebert Meneses 47. Middle East: History, Beliefs, 31. China: History, Beliefs, Practices 320 Practices 216 J. Andrew Dearman Jonathan Seitz 48. Middle East: Christian 32. China: Christian Contacts 222 Contacts 327 Jonathan Seitz J. Andrew Dearman 33. China: Theological 49. Middle East: Theological Exchanges 228 Exchanges 332 Jonathan Seitz J. Andrew Dearman 34. China: Current Issues 235 50. Middle East: Current Issues 338 Jonathan Seitz J. Andrew Dearman 35. Southeast Asia: History, Beliefs, 51. Africa: History, Beliefs, Practices 240 Practices 343 Russell H. Bowers Irving Hexham Terry C. Muck, Harold A. Netland and Gerald R. McDermott, eds., Handbook of Religion Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Muck_HandbookReligion_RH_kf.indd vi 9/12/14 10:47 AM Contents vii 52. Africa: Christian Contacts 352 Part 4 New Religious Irving Hexham Movements 455 53. Africa: Theological 67. New Religious Movements Exchanges 359 (NRM) Introduction 457 Irving Hexham Terry C. Muck 54. Africa: Current Issues 367 68. NRM: Christian Derivatives Irving Hexham Introduction 461 55. Oceania: History, Beliefs, Terry C. Muck Practices 374 69. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Charles Farhadian Day Saints: History, Beliefs, Practices 463 56. Oceania: Christian Contacts 382 Craig Blomberg Charles Farhadian 70. Church of Jesus Christ of 57. Oceania: Theological Latter-Day Saints: Theological Exchanges 389 Exchanges, Current Issues 468 Charles Farhadian Craig Blomberg 58. Oceania: Current Issues 395 71. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Charles Farhadian Day Saints: Adherent Essay 472 59. North America: History, Beliefs, Robert L. Millet Practices 401 72. Jehovah’s Witnesses: History, Christopher Vecsey Beliefs, Practices 476 George Chryssides 60. North America: Christian Contacts 408 73. Jehovah’s Witnesses: Theological Christopher Vecsey Exchanges, Current Issues 481 George Chryssides 61. North America: Theological Exchanges 414 74. Jehovah’s Witnesses: Adherent Christopher Vecsey Essay 485 Rolf Furulli 62. North America: Current Issues 420 75. Church of Christ, Scientist: History, Beliefs, Practices 489 Christopher Vecsey John K. Simmons 63. Meso- and South America: 76. Church of Christ, Scientist: History, Beliefs, Practices 426 Adherent Essay 494 William Svelmoe Shirley Paulson 64. Meso- and South America: 77. NRM: World Religion Derivatives Christian Contacts 434 Introduction 498 William Svelmoe Terry C. Muck 65. Meso- and South America: 78. Nation of Islam: History, Beliefs, Theological Exchanges 441 Practices 500 William Svelmoe Steven Tsoukalas 66. Meso- and South America: 79. Nation of Islam: Theological Current Issues 448 Exchanges, Current Issues 505 William Svelmoe Steven Tsoukalas Terry C. Muck, Harold A. Netland and Gerald R. McDermott, eds., Handbook of Religion Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Muck_HandbookReligion_RH_kf.indd vii 9/12/14 10:47 AM viii Contents 80. Transcendental Meditation: 94. Cults: History, Beliefs, History, Beliefs, Practices 510 Practices 568 Geo! Gilpin Suzanne Newcombe 81. Transcendental Meditation: 95. Cults: Theological Exchanges, Theological Exchanges, Current Current Issues 573 Issues 515 Sarah Harvey Geo! Gilpin 96. Satanism: History, Beliefs, 82. Soka Gakkai: History, Beliefs, Practices 578 Practices 520 Kennet Granholm Guy McCloskey 97. Satanism: Theological Exchanges, 83. Soka Gakkai: Theological Current Issues 583 Exchanges, Current Issues 525 Kennet Granholm William Aiken 98. Satanism: Adherent Essay 588 84. Soka Gakkai: Adherent Don Webb Essay 529 99. Atheism: History, Beliefs, Virginia Benson Practices 592 85. NRM: Nature Religions James A. Beverley Introduction 533 100. Atheism: Theological Exchanges, Terry C. Muck Current Issues 597 86. Paganism and Neopaganism: James A. Beverley History, Beliefs, Practices 535 101. Atheism: Adherent Essay 602 John Morehead Ed Buckner 87. Paganism and Neopaganism: 102. NRM: Psychological Religions Theological Exchanges, Current Introduction 606 Issues 539 Terry C. Muck John Morehead 103. Scientology: History, Beliefs, 88. Paganism and Neopaganism: Practices 608 Adherent Essay 543 Douglas Cowan Gus diZerega 104. Scientology: Theological 89. Gnosticism: History, Beliefs, Exchanges, Current Issues 615 Practices 547 Douglas Cowan Carl Raschke 105. Transpersonal Psychology: 90. Gnosticism: Theological History, Beliefs, Practices 620 Exchanges, Current Issues 552 Frances S. Adeney Carl Raschke 106. Transpersonal Psychology: 91. Environmentalism: History, Theological Exchanges, Current Beliefs, Practices 557 Issues 625 Calvin DeWitt Frances S. Adeney 92. Environmentalism: Adherent 107. New Age: History, Beliefs, Essay 562 Practices 629 Roger S. Gottlieb J. Gordon Melton 93. NRM: A-Religions 108. New Age: Theological Exchanges, Introduction 566 Current Issues 635 Terry C. Muck J. Gordon Melton Terry C. Muck, Harold A. Netland and Gerald R. McDermott, eds., Handbook of Religion Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Muck_HandbookReligion_RH_kf.indd