E511 vol. 2 SEAFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2001

SOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT OF KARNATAKACOMMUNrTY- BASEDTANK IMPROVEMENTPROJECT

Public Disclosure Authorized CONTENTS

List of charts List of graphs List of Tables

1. Introduction 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Triggers for Decline 1.3 Administration of Tanks 1.4 Growing Financial Crunch 1.5 Existing Legal and Policy Framework

Public Disclosure Authorized 1.6 Scope of the Social and EnvironmentAssessment

2. Project Description 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Major Activities 2.2 Project Scope and Components

3. Methodologyand Consultation

4. Lessons from Projects and Studies,Previous and Ongoing 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Projects and studies: Environmentalconcerns 4.2 Lessons/Experiences Public Disclosure Authorized 4.3 Projects and Studies on collectiveaction and community participation 4.4 Formationof water user's cooperativesocieties

5. Status: Baseline, Stakeholdersand CommunityParticipation 5.0 Baseline information 5.1 Stakeholderanalysis 5.2 Collectiveaction and communityorganisation

6. Environmentaland Social Impactsand AlternativeAssessment 6.0 Analysisof alternatives

7. Implicationsfor Project Design and Implementation 7.0 Social and environmental issues and screening 7.1 Natural resource management Public Disclosure Authorized 7.2 Policy recommendations 7.3 Institutionalstructure, capacity buildingand training needs for IA. 7.4 Institutionalframework for ITDP FILECOPY SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-2

7.5 Monitoringand evaluationstrategy - environment 7.6 Social and economicmonitoring and evaluation

8. Gender Strategyand Action Plan 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Focus of the Project 8.2 Mainstreaminggender-strategy and action plan 8.3 Different levels of the projects and villages monitoring and learning systems 8.4 Capacitybuilding for different groups 8.5 Action plan - gender

9. EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) 9.1 Critical Issues 9.2 Mitigation/ EnhancementMeasures 9.3 Screeningof Tanks and Interventions 9.4 Special Studies Suggested 9.5 Cost Estimates

10 IntegratedRest Management 10.1 Pest managementstrategy 10.2 Policy, RegulatoryFramework and InstitutionalCapacity 10.3 InstitutionalFramework 10.4 Pesticide Management/ IPM in Project 10.5 Integrated Pest ManagementAction Plan 10.6 Monitoringand Evaluation (M&E) 10.7 Costs

11 ResettlementAction Plan (RAP) 11.1 About the Project 11.2 Need for a ResettlementAction Plan 11.3 Process of Social Assessment 11.4 Benefits from the Project 11.5 Project Impacts 11.6 IdentifyingProject Affected Area and MinimizingAdverse Inpacts 11.7 Profile of the Affected Community 11.8 Voluntary Surrenderof Land 11.9 Legal and Policy Provisions 11.10 R&R Policy 11.11 Consultationwith the affectedcommunity 11.12 Action plan 11.13 RAP ApprovalProcess 11.14 InstitutionalArrangements for Implementationof RAP 11.15 GrievanceRedressal Mechanism 11.16 Monitoringand Evaluation 11.17 Costs and Budgeting SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 1-3

12 Tribal Issues and IndigenousPeople's DevelopmentPlan 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Objectivesof Tribal DevelopmentPlan 12.3 Social AssessmentProcess 12.4 BaselineData: Status 12.5 EconomicProfile 12.6 Land Ownership 12.7 Livelihoodpursuits among STc and SCs 12.8 Welfare Schemes for STs, SCs and others in Karnataka 12.9 Legal and Policy Frarnework 12.10 A Few Key LegislationsSafeguarding STs and SCs 12.11 Consultationwith STs, SCs and Others 12.12 Issues ConcerningST and SC Communities 12.13 Tribal DevelopmentStrategy 12.14 Action Plan 12.15 Action Plans at the Tank Level 12.16 ApprovalProcess 12.17 InstitutionalSetup 12.18 Capacity Buildingto Handle TD Activities 12.19 GrievanceRedressal Mechanism 12.20 Monitoring and Evaluation 12.21 ImplementationSchedule 12.22 Costs and Budget for TDP

13 Tribal DevelopmentPlan

13.1 Tribal DevelopmentPlan 13.2 Baseline Data 13.3 Action Plan 13.4 Schedule of Implementation 13.5 Monitoring and Evaluation 13.6 Budget for TDP 13.7 InstitutionalArrangements

Annexures References SEAFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 1-4

Chapter1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction Governmentof Karnatakaintends to rehabilitate2000 traditional tanks through communitybased and demanddriven approach and handoverthe O&Mresponsibilities to the user groupsin a phasedmanner. The project developmentobjectives are to develop and improve rural livelihoodsand reduce poverty by developing and strengtheningcommunity-based approaches to managingselected tank systems.The proposedproject covers 34 talukasin 9 districts of the state. Tank restorationon a smallerscale was taken up in Rajasthansupported by SIDAand similar programme was funded by EuropeanCommission encouraging NGO's in various parts of Tamilnadu. DHANfoundation a reputedNGO has alsotaken up suchprogramme mainly in Madurai and RamanathapuramDistricts in Tamilnadu.Though the focus of these efforts has been on smaller tanks (below 40 ha. command area), these attempts helped governmentsand NGO's in understandingcomplexity and uniqueness of initiatingsimilar projectsin a limitedway. It is for the first time that the stateof Karnatakahas come out with a clear-cutapproach in taking up tank restorationon a larger scalewith upfront communityparticipation and activecollaboration of NGO's.

Experienceduring the past two decadesreveal that if the designand strategies are evolvedelsewhere through top-downapproach with little concernfor local needs and situations,people will not evince any interest in such projects and any such investmentswill not stand test of sustainability.Tank is a symbol of indigenous knowledgesystems, that enabledcommunities to participatein full vigortaking pride in activitiesconnected with restorationand rehabilitation.With centralizedstate structures takingover the responsibilityof tank maintenanceincluding rehabilitation, the organic link betweencommunities and tank graduallydisappeared. The other factorssuch as siltation,aging, lower allocations,changes in the tank hydrology,degradation of the catchment,unscientific land andwater managementpractices contributed to the further deteriorationof tank systems.

As part of the initiative,Govemment of Karnatakahas establisheda nodal agency calledJala Samvardhane Yojana Sangha (JSYS) as a specialpurpose vehicle and as an autonomous,registered society. JSYScan make decisionsfaster, function with professionalcompetency and ensure effective implementationof the World Bank projects'.JSYS through reputed NGOs has initiatedcommunity mobilization activities for integratedtank restorationas part of "learningwhile doing" exerciseby involvingtank user groups on a pilot basis,and launcheddifferent studiesto appraisethe current situationand to suggeststrategies. This study,one of the five studiessponsored by the

I Becauseof bad experiencein implementingthe World Bankfunded tank rehabilitabonprojects during 1989-1992in Kamataka. SEWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 1-5

JSYSand funded by the World Bank, has focused on social and environmental assessmentof the community-basedtank rehabilitationproject. 1.2. Background In the past, tanks had retaineda prime place in rural south India for their multipleuses, includingagriculture. It was also (and still it is) the cheapersource of irrigationcompared to other sourcesof surfaceirrigation. These tank systemswere favoredas they wereadaptable and dependable for the reasonsthat they: a) hadlower gestation period; b) took lesser capital and operationexpenses; c) were easy to constructand operate; and d) couldbe constructedin smalland topographicallydifficult areas(Thippaiah 1998). Over the centuries,they provedas insulationagainst droughts, helped rechargegroundwater, could provide crucial irrigationsfor crop production, helpedretain good environmentand for the villagecommunity as a sourceof multiple use (including drinking water for men and animals,washing, bathing, water for livestock,fishing, cultural festivals,and other local rituals). Owingto this unique featuresand as well as largerpublic good in mind,the Indiankings, Jagirdars, religious institutionsand philanthropists,had built large number of tanksall overthe country.

These rain water harvestingstructures in its various forms were known by different namesacross the country - e.g., kere in Karnataka,cheruvu in Andhra Pradesh,erie in TamilNadu, johad and bundin Rajasthan,ahar and pyne in Bihar.Over generationspeople have built bundedup the valleysand sub-valleysfacilitating the storageto servethe needsof the villageand groupof villages,particularly in southern andDeccan Plateau mostly comprising Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. This systemhas remainedeco-friendly and sustainablein practiceuntil 1960sin various statesand during the periodthe paddyoutput hasincreased all over the country.(Uan Oppenand Rao, 1987) After this period, there has been sluggishgrowth of tank- irrigatedarea both in the countryand in Karnataka.

Tanks are importantmeans to conserveprecious water resourcesin semi-arid areas.It is well knownthat tankstraditionally performed useful role in providingirrigation, waterfor domesticuse including water for livestockand for washingclothes, supporting livelihoodsof the poor,protecting local environment and sustaining water resources. Tank irrigationin southIndia, in general,and Karnataka, in particular,has a longhistory, and it can be traced to prehistorictimes. Historically,the constructionof the tank and its maintenancewere seen not only as an ingeniousmethod of conservationof water resources,but alsoas a strategyfor humansurvival. Communities, therefore, evolved tank managementpractices in sucha waythose incentives for the individualhousehold and the communitywere provided. 2

ThoughKarnataka is knownfor communitymanagement of tanks,the maintenance and managementpolicies practiced by the state over a periodof time underminedthe significanceof this aspect. CurrentJy,there is little or no communityparticipation in decision-makingor in the managementof tanks.The feelingthat tank is a common

2 Effortsto ensureadequate water In the tankto growone or two crops,for example,were an incentiveto the individual household.Similarly, to satisfythe needsof the communityat largeand to preservethe scarcewater resources for the progeny,informal arrangements relating to tankmanagement were sought to ensurecommunity partidpaton. SEA Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-6 propertyor resourcebelonging to society,by andlarge, gradually disappearing within the community.The generalperception is thatthe govemmentowns the tank,and hence, it is the responsibilityof the officialsto undertakeits management.The consequenceis that a largenumber of tanksin Karnatakatoday function at a low levelof efficiencyor in some casesdefunct, the areairrigated by tanksdeclined and the localEco-system deteriorated 3.

Tankshave been associated,as elsewhereand sincehistorical times, with the village'ssocio-religious and economicsystem in Karnataka.Water is beingtreated as a revereddivine gift. Constructionof tanks in particularwas traditionallyconsidered a noble and philanthropicwork for a public cause.It was the rich and affluent that undertookconstruction of tanks or their repairand rejuvenation.And they were named after their builders,who are rememberedas being synonymouswith the tanks they built'.

It was the generalpractice that templeswere built and annualfairs held to commemoratethe surplusflow of the tanks.The tank site wasa virtualshrine with idols of godsand goddessesinstalled, sacred trees and plantsgrown on the tank bed or nearby.Men and womenworshipped these symbolsof religiositywith devotionand dedication.Thus tanks were worshipped and preserved since they wereproviders of life. Further,almost every tank site has invariablya templesmall though,dedicated to a goddess,fiery type, nevertheless.While femalegoddesses in the templesinside the villageare identifiedwith certainother powers, the tank goddessesare oftenexclusively associatedwith suchpowers like destructionof evils and spirits,which may enter the villageand harmthe people.With the tanks locatedat the outer precinctsof the village, the tank goddessesare lookedupon as protectingthe villagefrom theseevil spirits.The latter are fearedfor their curse in the form of epidemicsand other health related problems,barrenness, health of livestock,productivity of landsand virtually the welfare of all livingbeings in the village.

The logic behindthe abovelink is understandablesince even in the oldendays villagerswere aware that one of the chiefcause of epidemicswas lack of water,which was neededto keep the villageand its surroundingsclean and free from pollution. Growthof vegetationwas dependenton the tank, and this in turn ensuredgood food, shelterand other basic needs to the residentsthere. Thus the tank site/bundformed the importantlocation for holdingfestivals to appeasegods and goddessesto ensuregood rains.Oil, curds,milk, ghee(clarified butter), pork, certain cereals and pulses- all these matteredmuch in daily food intakeof peopledepending on their cultural practicesof vegetarianismor not werealso offered to the presidinggod and goddessto coolhim or her. Moisturecontent of the earthwas ensuredfor a sustainablelivelihood base. Just as the villagersinsisted upon oil on one'shead to ensurea coolbio-psychological balance, water in plentyin the tank was believedto be ensuringa good oneyear's comfortable

3 To someextent, the declinehas been due to the newand emerging role of tanksin rechargingthe groundwaterand provideirrigation water throughborewells which have come up in large numberswithin (in the vidnity of) the tank commandarea.

We have tanknamed as 'Danayakanakere'meaning the onebuilt by the localruler. Likewise, the tanks'Shettykere', 'Kalaveerajanakere','Hosakerehalli' are identified by the personresponsible for their constructionor the villageobtaining its namefrom the tanklocated in it. SEA/Final/lSEC/17-09-01 i-7 life with health,security and peace.Just as drynessof the scalpbrought dandruff and other ailments,dry landwas not desiredfor its disadvantages.

The villagetank waslooked upon as the destroyerof all sinsand impurities.The bride-to-bebefore marriage worshipped water in the tank or well prayingfor prosperity and healthto her husbandand in her new marriedlife. The childrenloved to learn to swim in the tank while the girl childrenplayed in the shadowof its trees when their motherswashed and cleanedor bathed.In fact the tank was an extensionof their homesand living. The tank neverexisted isolated from the lifestyleof peoplewho used it the wholeday long for a varietyof purposes.Not a singleday passedwithout men andwomen passing through the tank bed,or usingits resources.It was part andparcel of their livelihood.And its locationand physical conditions were accordingly feasible.

Tank was meantnot onlyfor agriculture,but alsoserved as a resourcebase for manyother activitieslike collectionof fodder,fuel, makingof bricks,pots, baskets, etc with womenoffering their assistancein theseprocesses. The locationof the tank andits physicalconditions were a matterof muchsignificance to people,particularly women, to carryout their respectiveeconomic activities.

In other words,the tank and its surroundingsused to be the commonproperty of the villageand its people.Women were included in this, irrespectiveof caste,class and other differences.Despite the existenceof genderdifferences and discriminationin work and access to and control over tank-based resources,the community consciousnessin these villageshad kept the tank and other natural resourceswell balancedand maintainedfor their usageby all. While this was the direct benefitto women,with the maintenanceof naturalresources through a continuousprocess of use and conservation,the eco-balancewas maintained.This enabledthe availabilityof better subsistencefor peopleliving in thesevillages. Women's role in the conservation and maintenanceof natural resourceswas acknowledged.They could carry out their respectiveroles well within the given frame of societaltaboos that restrictedtheir participationin communitymatters.

As statedearlier, tanks have been viewed as a commonproperty resource of the community,and in principlethe entirepopulation of the villagecommunity (or, as often is the case,village communities) had a stakein them. Tankwas not merelya sourceof irrigationfor the farmersin the commandarea, but everyhousehold had a stakein it for its livelihood. The centralplace that tanks(or similarwater bodies) occupy in the lives of the peopleor villagesmay be assessedby the fact that the nameof the settlement often was usuallyderived from the tank, or its features5. Besidesthe farmersin the command,livelihood of severalothers engagedin hereditaryoccupations (crafts and services)revolved around the tank:the potters,washer men, rope makers, brick and tile makers,etc. The cattle in the village(and the neighboringvillages too) marchedpast the tank on their onwardor return journeyto the forests,or commongrazing lands beyondthe tank's water spread area that formed its catchment. The calendarof religiousevents invariably involved a day or two of festivitiescentering on the tank. In the Southernparts of Karnataka,though also elsewherein the state, membersof the

I The nameof a villagefor e.g.,Tavarekere is derivedfrom a tankwith lotus grown in it. Likewise,Kodipalli is derived from the factthat the settlementis locatedat the surplussluice of a tank. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-8

villagecommunity proceeded on a predeterminedday to clearthe feederchannels, or annuallyremoved the silt from the tank. Whenthe tank over flowed,the eventwas markedwith gaietyand festivities, often requiringthe sacrificeof an animalto please the deity presidingover the tank.

Two hereditaryvillage functionaries traditionally played a key role in mosttanks. The thoti, who was the village'servant', was a masterof knowledgeconcerning the physicalboundaries of the village, and the boundariesmarking private and common propertyin the village. Hethus knewwhat wasthe extentof land underthe submerged areaof the tank, of the tank bed,and thosein the command.He knewalso the paths and cart roads lying within the village. The secondimportant functionary was the Neeraganti,the hereditarywater overseer.6 He had the full knowledgeof the field details of the farmers in the command,and had also to maintainand operatethe physicalstructures of the tank: the sluice,main distributionchannels, and the field channels. He was also responsiblefor clearingthe feeder channels. The most importantof his taskswas to regulatethe flow of water out of the tank into different branchesof a distributioncanal and into the specificplots of landsowned by the farmers in the commandarea. Togetherwith thotl, he renderedhis customaryservices to the villageaccountant in collectingland tax, alsofrom the commandfarmers.

Womentoo had a key stake in the villagetanks. Beforethe adventof 'bore wells' andhand pumps as importantsources of waterfor domesticuse, it wastheir daily choreto proceedto the tank to fetchpots of water. A day beforethe specialpuja day in the household,they carriedthe clothesto the tank bundfor workingand purification. As the washedclothes were dried in the sun, manyof them bathedin the tank. So much was the concern for the communityneeds of the water in the tank that customarilythe farmersin the commanddid not drainthe tank duringsummer months. The sluicein the tank too was kept at a slightly higherlevel so as to retain a dead- storageof waterfor communityuse during dry months.

The integratednature of the tank in the livelihoodof a villagecommunity is also to be notedby the fact that in the past the villagefunctionaries received land grants (inam) in the tank's commandarea, in returnfor their services. While grantsof land wereconsidered to be moreprestigious, receipt of them alsoenabled a greatersense of ownershipamong the villagefunctionaries. Recipientsof land grants in this manner included the village headman(Patel or PatiJ, village accountant (Shanubhog, Kamik, or Kulkarnl),priest, blacksmith, barber and so on.

Several of the welfare-orientedlegislation after the Indian independence witnessedthe abolitionof Inamdarilandholdingpattern, hereditary village offices, while there werealso changes in the land usepattern affecting the catchmentof the tanks,all of whichled to the currentstate of degradationof tanksin the state. Gradualspread of alternative meansof irrigation (borewells,and use of oil or electric pumps) also contributedto the declineof communityinterest in maintainingand managing the tanks.

' Sincethe abolition of hereditaryvillage offices, Neerugantihas no legal status although several of them continue to function even to this day. The department of irrigation employs a person (also known as Chavdi,while people may refer to him as Neeruganti)to carry out the same duties. SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 1-9

1.3. Triggersfor Decline

The post-Independenceera witnessedthe declinein the tank-irrigatedarea owingto lowerimportance given to their upkeepand emphasis being laid to build major and mediumirrigation projects to meet growingfood requirements.It may be noted that in 1950-51the net irrigatedarea in the countrywas 36.15 lakh ha and it declinedto 32.42lakh ha by 1990-91. Similarly,in Karnatakathe total net irrigatedunder tanks, declinedto 2.48 lakh ha in 1994-95from 3.20 lakh ha in 1955-56.This had resultedin decline of 10.3 per cent and 22.4 per cent at the country and Kamatakalevels, respectively.The share of net irrigated area under tanks was also declinedin the countryfrom 17.3 per cent in 1950-51and to 6.8 per cent in 1990-91 (GoI 1994).In Karnataka,it was down to 11.3 per cent from a high of 45 per cent during the same period;further, it slumpedto 10.7 per cent by 1994-95. The declineof tank-irrigated areais commonthroughout the country.But the problemis moreserious in Karnataka as the per centage of net irrigatedarea is low comparedto Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,and Uttar Pradesh (GoI 1994). The declineof tank irrigatedarea is dueto:

* the abolitionof ownershiprights over private tanks and take overof Zamindaritanksby the government. * the decliningcapital expenditure and lower allocations for maintenanceand repairson tanksystem. - poormanagement of integratedtank system,including its structuresand distributionsystem. - involvementof multipleagencies and lackof coordinationamong them. - Increased access to altemative sources of water (both surface and groundwater)and method of extractionand government'ssupport on massivescale for groundwaterextraction. * politicalinterference laced with poortechnical capabilities in locationand constructionof newtanks and their size hampered the water regulationand capacityof centuriesold upstream/downstreamtanks in recentdecades. * growingconflicts between tank bedcultivators (including unauthorised) and commandfarmers. * increasedcontrol by the governmentagencies without accountability. * no accountabilityand controlby localcommunities, and * lackof governmentpolicy and programmesupport for traditionalwater managementinstitutions and their neglect.

Other reasonsfor the declinein the tank area and poor managementof its structuremay be broadlyclassified into socialand economic factors as follows:

Table No. Socialand economic factors responsible for the declinein the tank area

Social Economic * Though the tanks exist geographicallyin the village CChanged user expectations from the tanksowing vicinity, its control and administrationhas movedto a to emphasison increasedfood production,high distantplace. For those who control them from a distance, yieldssupported with major irrigationprojects the tank is merelya physicalobject and a sourceof and regular canal water supplies,and better revenue. controlledtubewell water use. . There is a shift of authority from the visible local . State'sshift in emphasis(in terms of finandal SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-10

communityto the invisiblegovernment. investmentsand agricultural production)on • Emergenceof livelihoodpatterns that are increasingly majorand minor irrigation. independentof tank-basedoccupations. . Heavysubsidies in power supplyfor irrigation . Siltatonand encroachmentof the tanks,and the neglect pumpsets, and discounted loans to install by localcommunities and by the authoritieslocated at a tubewells have nearly killed the community distance. initiatives, and indigenousknowledge, while . Commodificationof water has increased owing to lessand increasingfarmers' dependence on govemment difficultaccess to tankwater as commonproperty. Now support. individuals,who own water extractionmechanisms (like * Inadequatefinancial allocation for operationand tubewell,diesel engine) control water more. maintenanceof tankprojects. . Breakdownof the valuesattached to tankand tank water. * Decliningattention and investmenton tanks . Cumulatively,a dedine (if not disappearance)of the owingto littlescope for rent seeking. communityinterests in maintainingthe tanks. A tank with its associated catchment is characterised by the area it irrigates by gravity and the catchment area it drains. Responsibility for operating and maintaining tanks including ownership is based on the size of such tanks. The tank irrigation sector consists of a number of tanks located throughout the state, irrigating from 1 to 2,000 ha. Tank ownership varies, based on its size: a) irrigating less than 4 ha area owned by the Gram Panchayats; b) 4-40 ha by Zilla Panchayats; c) 40-2,000 ha by the Directorate of Minor Irrigation (DMI). The first two categories of tanks are managed under the overall supervision of the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Administration department.

Apparently, there is no coordination or common strategy to deal with issues related to all categories of tanks. Further, engineers with no background of environment, social, economic or other related disciplines dominate the organizational structure of Department Minor Irrigation(DMI). A top-down management system persists in tanks managed by the DMI without any formal involvement of the community in water management.

1.4 Administration of Tanks

Karnataka has 36,672 minor tanks 7 with a command area of around 690,000 ha in 27 districts. Ninety per cent of these tanks have a command of less than 40 ha. The actual irrigated area is estimated to be not more than 240,000 ha (35 per cent of the total potential). There has also been a decrease in the net irrigated area through tanks over the years in comparison to other sources of irrigation as shown in Table 1.1

Table 1.1. Source of irrigation during the last four decades (1960-61 to 1996-97)

.______.______('000 ha) Source of irrigation 1960-61 1980-81 11993-941996-97 Channels(from major and 236 547 934 918 medium projects) . . Openwells 133 364 487 466 Bore/tubewells - - 290 367 Tanks 344 304 273 240 Source:a) Brochureon irrigatonstatistics in Kamataka1980-81 to 1993-94,b) Directorate of Economicsand Statistics, 1995, c) Govemmentof Kamatakaand Statistical Outline of Kamataka(1991-97), d) Departmentof Economicsand Statistics (1999).

In Kamataka State, minor irrigation activities are handled by the Department of Minor Irrigation (DMI), which came into existence in April 1997. Till then, it was covered by

7 Tankswith an inigationcommand area of lessthan 2,000 ha. SEAWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 1-11 the Departmentof Majorand Mediumirrigation. The DMI is headedby a separateState Ministerand a seniorIAS officer with the rankof a Secretaryheads the administration.The Departmenthas two Zones- southand north. Eachzone is headedby a ChiefEngineer basedin Bangalorefor southzone and Bijapur for northzone.

Mono-disciplineand HierarchicalStaff Pattern:The administrativeperception of a tank seemsto be purelyin engineeringand technicalterms, while experitisefrom other fields(e.g., agronomy,hydrology, watershed, and the differentsocial sciences) is alsoa basicrequirement for a holisticmanagement of tanks.For administration,project execution,and monitoring,there are, at present,five levelsof technical-hierarchy:two zones- southand north (eachheaded by a chiefengineer); four circles(superintending engineereach); 17 divisions(executive engineer each); 45 sub-divisions(assistant executiveengineers each); each sub-division is assistedby 5 assistantengineers or and junior engineers.At eachlevel, there is innumerableadministrative supportive staff. The DMIstaff numbering,1700 persons, cover the two zones.The south zone has 750 and the north950 persons. At the statelevel, technical staff (mainlyengineers) is only300 (30 per cent vacant),and administrative staff is 1,400(10 per cent vacant). The ChiefEngineer feelsthat the DMI requiresadditional 50 engineers(besides filling up all vacantpositions) for propermaintenance of the existingminor irrigation structures in the state.

Mainlyconstruction and maintenanceoriented activities:The DMI looks after the areasof investigation,design, constructionand maintenanceof all minor irrigation(with commandarea of 40-2,000ha) structures:tanks, lift irrigationschemes, anicuts,pick-up weirs, bandharas,salt-water intrusion dams, and flood-controlworks. The DMI also hasto generatedemand estimates of water fees,which will be collected by the revenuedepartment. Irrigationstructures with lessthan 40 ha commandare in the careof the Zilla Panchayat,while those with above2,000 ha are with the medium andmajor irrigationdepartment.

Tank administration:The Departmentof Minor Irrigation, like major and mediumirrigation department, has a line of chiefengineer- executive engineer- assistant executiveengineer- assistant engineer- junior engineer. Ultimately, for functionalpurposes at the groundlevel, the junior engineeris heldresponsible. His responsibilities include: a) maintenanceof tanks in his jurisdiction.It involvesthree daysper weekto checkwith farmersat random,and Neeruganti (water distributor appointed by the DMI);b) if required Neerugantican be appointedon seasonalbasis; c) supervisethe workinspector's job which includesmaintaining sluice gates, physicalstructures. Generally, the sluice gates are designedfor onecusec and the designedduty is 64 acres/cusecfor semi-drycrops and 110 acres/cusecfor dry crops.However, it is difficultto get a realpositon in the absenceof any recordsin this regard.Gauge records are hardly maintained.

In recentmonths, Water Users Associations (WUAs) formation is takingplace. The sub-divisionoffice of the DMI takescare of the maintenanceof tanks,execution of works, operationof tank schemes.The field staff feel that even after the formationof WUA formationand transfer of managementresponsibilities, the work component(repairs and majorworks) are retainedby the DMI. Surely,many a fieldstaff haveconfirmed that the responsibilitiesof formingWUAs, their registrationare an addedburden to the field staff. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-12

Study team looked at one of the taluk to understand the present practice of tank administration.

Tank administration at the taluk level: To cite Malur Taluk in Kolardistrict as an example,it has 39 tanks under the minor irrigationdepartment and another 332 tanks under the ZP control. This includes small bunds, and diversion weirs. Annual allocated expenditurefor all these tanks is in the range of Rs 3-5 lakhs. During 1999-2000,Malur sub-divisiongot Rs 2.5 lakhs for maintenanceand repairs.Since this year got more rains, no work was carriedout till the end of January2001. In effect, all work had to be carried out after February2001. The main constraintsare: a) most of the tanks are centuriesold; b) the tank bed encroachments(for tile and brick factories) are commonover the last 15 years.

In most of the tank catchments, farmers have made trenches and planted eucalyptustrees. The rainwaterflow is arrested by these trenches and stored; this has reducedthe inflow into these tanks. Farmershave also constructedhorizontal bunds and a large number of pits to store rainwater.All this has reducedthe inflow up to 50 per cent, accordingto the local officials.As part of the solution, efforts are requiredto create good storagecapacity. Desiltation helps to rechargegroundwater.

In many places, each tank fill-up rechargeseven up to 400 feet deep tubewells, during the subsequent1-2 months. In 1999-2000,118 out of 332 tanks overflowed.This was also recordedin the surplus flow register in each sub-divisionof the minor irrigation department.That year, around 40 per cent tanks had surplusflow, 25 per cent were full and another 20 per cent were half-full. Most of the tanks helpedrecharge groundwater to a large extent. Accordingto the district statisticalhandbook, tank irrigated area (1998-99) was 1,007ha in Malurtaluk and 15,054ha in Kolardistrict.

Malur taluk has 8 WUAsformed in October2000 on the urgent guidelinessent by the state headquarters.Each WUA is meant for 500-750acres. These 8 WUAswith a total area of 6,509 acres, were formed under the Co-operativeSocieties Act. The ZP office maintainsthe following tank-relatedrecords: a) tank register; b) tanks with surplus flow (called as dischargedtanks list); c) tanks locatednext to railway line (this may be specific to some taluks); and d) repairsand maintenanceprogress report (for specifictanks only).

Water tax collections(Rs.28,055) were made for tanks listed under surplus flow. The collectionsconsist two parts: one, water tax, and another maintenanceexpenditure. During 1998-99 the collectionswere 100 per cent. These collectionswere based on demand raised by the minor irrigation department.The demand raised list will have the details of area survey number-wise and the amount to be collected. The revenue departmentthrough the village accountantmakes water tax collections.This is shown in Table 1.2. for the year 1998-99.

Table1.2. Watertax collectionsduring 1998-99 in MalurTaluk 8

Nameof the tank Area in I Water tax I Maintenance I Total Rs. I acres (Rs.) expenditure

8 Collectionswere made only for tankswhich had surplus flow. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-13

(Rs.) Aralakere 133.13 5,159.35 537.95 5 694.75 Huladenahallitank 143.38 7,057.65 575.85 7,633.50 Thimmanayakana 170.37 7,317.25 659.90 7,977.15 amanikere Krishnarajasagara 96.25 4,261.25 386.50 4,646.75 Gajapusagarakere 43.35 1,935.00 168.30 2,103.80 Total 586.48 25,730.50 ,2328.50 28,055.95 Source:Taluk Office, Malur, Kolar district.

1.5 GrowingFinancial Crunch

Oneof the major reasonsfor the declinein tanksis lowerbudgetary allocations- bothon capitalinvestment and maintenance and repairs. The data for publicinvestment on tanksis readilyavailable, from 1991-92which indicates declining trends: from 3.9 percent in 1991-92to 1.8 per centin 1995-96.Tanks share of investmentin minorirrigation sector alsodeclined from 64.6 per centto 25.6 per cent duringthe sameperiod. Nearly 63 per cent of this investmentwent to tankshaving a commandarea of above40 ha, whichare under the control of the Minor Irrigation Department,while this categoryof tanks constituteonly 9 percent of the totaltanks in the state9.

At the statelevel, the DMI got a budgetaryallocation of Rs.146crores (in 2000- 2001).It includedRs.16 crores for operationand maintenanceat the rate of Rs.140/ha; around60 per cent of it was incurredon establishmentcosts. Thereby, the actual requirementaccording to field staff was Rs350/ha.During 1999-2000, it was 119 crores (excluding0 & M grants).These budgetary allocations included both plan and non-plan expenditures.Planned expenditure covereds construction of new tanks,restoration of old tanks,desiltation and related works.

While the total potential(gross area includingmultiple croppings) created was 930,000ha in the commandarea of around690,000 ha till 2000-2001,the actualirrigated areawas only 240, 000 ha/year. On the otherhand, the revenue(water fee) collectionwas just 25-30per cent of the target. During1999-2000, the estimatedrevenue was Rs.6.3 million,while the actualcollection was Rs.15.8million, including arrears. Otherwise, if the wholearea gets irrigation,then the revenuedemand would have been Rs.20 million as per the existingwater fees. Effective from July2001, water rates have been increased by 2 to 3 times (see,Table 1.3). The revisedrates are samefor all major, mediumand minor irrigation schemes.Thereby, the antidpatedannual revenueis Rs.110million, but projectionsmade for 2001-2002is Rs.80million.

Water rates (of 1965) have been now raisedto 2.5 times the current level. However,the ratesstill fall shortof an estimatedoperation and maintenance requirement varyingfrom Rs500 to 600per ha to achievefull costrecovery. Collection of watercharges is as low as 30 per cent (thoughreported at 60 per cent).In the caseof minorirrigation tanks,the water ratesare only a fracton of thoselevied for major projects(one-half for the first one-thirdlength of the maincanal and one-fourth for the remainingtwo-thirds). Low cost recoverycontributes to the poor maintenanceand operationof the irrigation

9The restof the tanks:a) 4-40ha category 54 percent and b) lessthan 4 ha37 percent of the totaltanks. SEAFinal/ISECI17-09-01 1-14

systems,which, in turn, makesit evenmore difficult to collectthe watercharges currently levied.

Lowerperformance levels of minor irrigationstructures, according to the senior staff of DMI,are mainlyowing to: a) lowerrainfall in tank catchmentareas; b) nearly50 per cent of lift irrigationschemes are defunct; c) lower levelsof power supplyto lift irrigationschemes; d) machineefficiencies are low in lift irrigationschemes; and e) inadequatestaff for operationand maintenanceof minorirrigation structures. In the path of findingaltematives, DMI is convincedthat involvingusers is crucialin operationand maintenanceof thesestructures. Therefore, the DMI is thinkingto transfermanagement responsibilitiesof all minor irrigationstructures to water users'associations in a phased manner.Some of the initativestaken by the DMI in this directonare mentioned below:

Table 1.3. Water fee on crop-area basis

Si. Crops Earlier rates Revised rates No. (revised in July (effective from July 1985) 2001) Rs/ha Rs/acre Rs/ha Rs/acre 1 2 3a 3b 4a 4b 1 Sugarcane 555.75 225* 988.45 400 2 Paddy 86.45 35** 247.10 100 3 Cotton 98.80 40 148.25 60 4 Horticulturalcrops 98.80 40 148.25 60 5 Wheat 54.34 22 148.25 60 6 Groundnut 59.28 24 148.25 60 7 Sunflower - - 148.25 60 8 Jowar, Maize, Bajra, Ragi 49.40 20 86.50 35 andsemi-dry crops 9 Pulses 37.05 15 86.50 35 10 Tobacco 61.75 25 86.50 35 11 Foddercrops 19.76 8 37.05 15 12 Others - - 86.50 35 Note: * For12-18 months crop. For less than 12 months crop, Rsl5O. ** Forthe 1stcop. Forthe 2n'crop onwardsRs.40. Source: Departmentof MinorIrrigabon, Bangalore, 2001.

* Formationprocess of water users'association has been initiated. Till Jan 2001,some 250WUAs have been formed spread out in variousparts of the state. Accordingto the guidelines,one WUAis constitutedfor commandarea of 500 ha to 750 ha; it may covermore than one tank commandarea and geographicallymore than one village area.DMI fieldstaff with the helpof the fieldstaff of registrarof co-operativesocieties, in a singlesitting discusses and finalisesthe formationof WUA.Each member has to pay Rs.106(Rs.100 share fee and Rs.6membership fee). Paymentby 50 per cent of the memberscan ensure the beginningof the society.

* DMI is seekingthe helpof NGOsin a limitedway in WUAformation process in some areas(Sahayoga in Shimogadistrict for tanks,and maybe Preranain Raichurdistrict for lift irrigationschemes). However, in otherareas the fieldstaff of DMIis goingahead in formingWUAs. SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-15

* The NabonalBank for Agricultureand Rural Development (NABARD) is providingfunds up to Rs.110crores for the rehabilitationof 135tanks. Till Jan2001, 100 tank schemes havebeen completed and 35 areunder progress.

* Housingand UrbanDevelopment Corporation (HUDCO) is planningto fund Rs.200 croresto rejuvenatethe minorirrigation tank schemes.

* JSYShas been formed as a nodalagency to facilitateplanning and implementation of the proposedcommunity based tank improvementand managementproject to be supportedby World Bank to rehabilitate2,000 tanks during the next six years. Dependingon the successof theseefforts the interventionswill be up scaledto cover entirestate to existingtanks of all sizes)both under the controlof the ZillaPanchayat andthe DMI.

1.6. ExistingLegal and PolicyFramework

The proposedproject on tank restorationthrough community participation with a focuson povertyalleviation is a complexone. It involvesa numberof stakeholderswith conflicting interest. The interventionsenvisaged in the project demands multi- disciplinaryapproach. The successas well as sustainabilityof various interventions dependson well-definedpolicies and institutionalarrangement among the participating actors.Many a times governmentactions (populist in nature)go againstthe stated policy.For example,the distributionof fragile and poor land /grazingland to landless altersthe land use patternand givesrise to a numberof environmentalproblems. A brief review of some of the governmentpolicies / acts and their relevanceto the proposedproject has been provided below:

A. The EnvironmentProtection Act. 1986:The Environmental(Protection) Act, 1986 is the umbrellalegislation providing for the protectionof environmentin the country.

B. The Waterand Air (Preventionand Controlof Pollution)Acts: The passageof the Water(Prevention and Controlof Pollution)Act, 1974led to the establishmentof Centraland State PollutionControl Boards. State Pollution Control Board(SPCB) is a nodal agencyin the state for managingwater qualityand effluentstandards. SPCB is empoweredto set the air qualitystandard and can prosecutethe offenderswho violate the set normsunder the Air (Preventionand Control of Pollution)Act, 1981.

C. The Mysore Land ImprovementAct 1964: The Act providesfor the constitutionof Boardsfor the preparationof landimprovement schemes. The Boardmay directthe preparationof land improvementschemes for any area underits jurisdiction. The Act providesfor chargingcertain expenditure on the ConsolidatedFund of the State. This Act facilitatessustainable management of natural resourcesand to improvethe ecologicalbalance in the area.A schememay includethe followingaspects: a) Preservationand improvementof the soil b) Arrestingsoil erosion c) Conservationof waterresources d) Improvementin the methodsof cultivation SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-O1 1-16

e) Introductionof dry farmingmethods f) Reclamationof waste,saline and waterlogged lands or landsfrom the sea g) Prohibitionor controlof grazingor reservationof landfor pasture h) Planting,maintenance and control of tree growthby: i. Regulationor prohibitionof firing of vegetation ii. Cultivationof wasteor fallowland iii. Eradicationof weedswhich interfere with cultivation i) Constructionof earthand masonry works in fields,gullies and ravines j) Developmentof Kharlands. k) Othermatters consistent with the objectiveof the Act may be prescribed.

D. WatershedDevelopment Policies (WDPs): Watersheddevelopment projects (WDP) are being implementedin the country since last three decades.The main objectiveof the programmeis to promotethe economicdevelopment of the village communitythrough scientificand sustainableuse of natural resources.WDPs are implementedunder a variety of programmesand schemeslike DPAP,DDP, IWDP, NWDPRA,etc. WDPsare also being implementedwith the financialassistance from bilateral/multilateraldonor agencies.A committee,under the chairmanshipof Prof. HanumanthaRao, examinedthe implementationand impact of the WDPs and recommendedthat the governmentshould evolve a common set of operational guidelines,strategies and expenditurenorms for the implementationof WDP. The guidelinessuggested by the Ministryof RuralDevelopment include, among other things, the following: * The programmeshould be developedfor the treatmentof the entire area in the watershedirrespective of its land use. * The developmentof watershedshould help for in-situmoisture conservation, water harvesting,groundwater recharge, and developmentof biomassand for enhancing of agriculturalproduction.

The guidelinesalso mention that the Village Panchayatshould pass the resolutionindicating its willingnessto takeover,operate and maintainthe assets,and sharingthe benefitsof the assetscreated (under the programme)with the weaker sectionsof the society.

E. CommonPropertv Resources: Common Property Resources (CPR) consist of wastelands, culturable waste, permanentpastures, and othergrazing lands. These are ownedand managedby the Staterevenue department and PanchayatRaj Institutions (PRIs).As per sections58, 145 and 184of the KarnatakaPanchayat Raj Act, 1993,the responsibilityof developmentand maintenanceof these CPRslies with the Gram Panchayat/Taluks Panchayatand Zilla Panchayat.PRIs have the privilegeto take necessarysteps to developthese lands for commonbenefits.

CPRserved as a sourceof fodderand fuel to the villagecommunity. Community had the senseof ownershipof theselands and formedtheir own rulesand regulations for the sustainableuse and maintenanceof theseCPRs. Poor used to dependon these CPRsto earn their living or augmentfamily income.However, increasing population pressure,weak enforcement of regulatorymeasures by the Panchayatand indifference by the very usershave led to depletionand deterioration of CPRs. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-17

F. KarnatakaPanchayat Raj Act. 1993:The Act envisagesdecentralization of administrationand delegationof powersto grass-rootbodies. The Act providesfor greaterparticipation of the peoplein administration,planning and implementationof developmentprogrammes. It providesfor a three-tier democraticset up - Gram Panchayatat the villagelevel, Taluka Panchayat at the taluklevel, and Zilla Panchayatat the district level with clearly defined powers, roles and responsibilities.All these institutionsare empoweredto raise the resourcesthat are necessaryfor financing developmentprogrammes. Moreover, as muchas 33 per cent of the plan grantsfrom the state budget are transferredto the grass-rootorganizations to implementthe developmentplans. On an average,a typicalGram Panchayat receives roughly Ps 6 to 7 lakh from the state governmentevery year. The Zilla Panchayatlooks after the developmentworks in the districtand haswide-ranging powers. It enjoyscontrol over severaldepartments like education, forest, minor education, agriculture, etc.

G. Policyon InteciratedPest Manaciement (IPM): Realizingthe negativeimpact of insecticide/pesticideuse on environmentand health,the Governmentof Karnataka hasformulated policies with requiredbudgetary provisions to popularize1PM practices. The programmeenvisages the demonstrationof 1PMfor agriculturaland horticultural crops,training, and supply of parasites,bio-pesticides, etc. A note on IPM in Karnataka is appendedin AnnexureIII.

H. Other Procarammesand Schemes:There are quite a few subsidieslinked to the programmes/schemeseither to enhanceadoption of the newtechnology or inputs. The State governmentis implementingschemes like Integrated Plant Protection Programme,Popularization of Bio-fertilizersby providingsubsidized bio-fertilizers, Plant ProtectionProgramme to popularizethe use of Bio-pesticide(plant origin like Neem pesticides),incentive to quality compostpreparation, natural farming/organic farming, etc.

I. The Proposed Karnataka Community-basedIntegrated Tank System ManagementAct (KCITSMA):The Governmentof Karnatakahas appointeda three membercommittee (in June 2001) to formulate KCITSMA.The Act appliesto all irrigation and multi-purposetanks includingall existing and future tanks of all sizes locatedin any part of the state. Duringthe last five decades,Karnataka has lost considerablearea under tank irrigationsystems owing to variousreasons. Tanks play a crucialrole in alleviatingrural povertyand help increaseagricultural production levels. Thereis urgentneed to rejuvenatethe tank systemsand restoreits multipleuses. In differentparts of the state, effortsof localtank users,non-governmental organisations, and largenumber of researchand evaluationstudies have indicated that tank systems can be better developed,maintained and managedby community-basedassociations (formal or informal)with minimalintervention by the governmentor outsideagencies. Therefore, a legal frameworkto promote community-basedmanagement of tank systemsis necessary.The proposedAct is to providefor tank users' participationin overallmanagement of the tank systemand all related matters.The Act providesan effectiverole for tank-basedcommunities to control, manageand maintainthe tank systemwith all stakeholders'participation. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 1-18

1.7. Scopeof the Socialand EnvironmentAssesment

The study is intendedto developa frameworkto assessthe potentialsocial and environmentalimpacts of the proposedproject; develop measures to mitigatenegative impactsand enhancepositive impacts; consult with a varietyof stakeholders;examine the legal, policyand institutionalaspects to ensureadequate and effectivestakeholder group formation,management, and functioningthat is centralto the community-based approachin the project. Outputs of the assessmentinclude a frameworkfor environmentallyand socially-sustainableintegrated tank developmentwhich include inter alia: (i) participationand consultationstrategy; (ii) baselineinformation and a monitoringstrategy, (ii) resettlementaction plan, (iii) tribal developmentplan, (iv) environmentalmanagement plan includingaspects related to culturalheritage and tank safety, (v) pestmanagement, and (vi) a genderstrategy. SEAWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2-1

Chapter2

PROJECTDESCRIPTION

The JSYShas sponsored the studyon Socialand EnvironmentalAssessment of someselected 50 tanks.This reportis the outcomeof the study,and presentsthe field observations,findings, issuesand strategiesfor the effectiveimplementation of the proposedproject. The report has four areas - social and gender, institutional, environmentaland resettlement and rehabilitation.

KarnatakaCommunity-based Tank Improvement and ManagementProject has a key developmentobjective of contributingto the reduction in rural poverty, by developingand strengtheningcommunity-based approaches to water and land resourcesmanagement in the selectedtank systems. A sub-setof 2,000 tanks from about 37,000minor irrigationtanks in the state of Karnatakais to be coveredin the proposedproject. The communityparticipation approach of tank improvementand managementon a pilot basisis in a way takingthe clockback in time for, historically, the tank and irrigationsystems were maintained and managed by the communityin this manner. Over the years, owing to several exogenousand local factors, village communitieshave drifted awayfrom participatoryprocesses of local naturalresources. The proposedproject is, therefore,a well-meaningattempt to bring the communityback into the processof managementof an importantresource - tanks.

Generally,a tank desiltationproject does not include sufficient catchment treatment and managementmeasures to arrest these processesof progressive degradationdirectly affecting the tank.It wouldnot restorethe catchmentecosystem to a healthy,sustainable condition and would not havesustainable benefits. Where tanks are clusteredwithin a catchmentor watershed,an integratedapproach encompassing the entire catchmentor watershedwill provide economiesof scalesto this sub- component,increasing the sustainabilityand overall performance of the tank system.It is, therefore,essential that a multi-disciplinaryproject implementationteam and the tank usersgroups should jointly walk-throughthe catchment,identify problem areas and issues,trace causes,and preparean agreedcatchment component of integratedtank developmentproject and phased, and time-boundaction programme.Similarly, investmentsto ensurethat increasedand more reliablewater availabilitytranslate into concreteimprovements in rural livelihoodsare necessaryif the projectis to achieveits developmentobjective.

2.1. Objectives

1) Identifyingkey stakeholders, evolve strategies for sustainedstakeholder participation process.

2) Evolvingbaseline information for key environmentaland social parameters as part of projectimplementation. SEA Final/ISEC/17-09-01 2-2

3) Identificationof the detailedpositive and negative social and environmentalimpacts of the proposedproject activities and suggestmeasures to enhancethe positive impacts

4) Identificationof vulnerablegroups and the role of womenin the proposedproject and suggeststrategies for mainstreamingtheir participationin tank management processes.

5) Developingsocial and environmentalscreening framework.

6) Identifyinginstitutional issues and suggestionsfor skill-mix,staffing, and capacity- buildingneeds.

7) Evolveinstitutional framework for projectimplementation.

8) Policyand legal environment relating to the ITDPand suggestions for improvement.

9) Developinga frameworkfor monitoringand learningto enhanceproject design, decision-making,stakeholder participation and evaluation.

10) Evolve: i) Genderstrategy and action plan ii) Environmentalmanagement plan iii) Integratedpest management plan iv) Resettlementaction plan framework and R&Rpolicy and v) Indigenouspeople development plan

11)Identificationof any other studiesthat need to be carriedout as part of project preparationand implementation

12) Developtank profilesto illustrateenvironmental and social issues.

The proposedstudy will preparethe content structureand processesto be followed to develop an environmentallyand socially sustainableintegrated tank developmentplan. This will take into accountall the key environmentaland social issues and be a guidelinefor the processesto be followedduring project implementation. The study would addressmechanisms to includeall relevant stakeholdersof the tank, includingtank usessuch as irrigation,fisheries, drinking water, washing, bathing, other communityuse, and beneficiaries of groundwaterrecharge and establish mechanisms to interactwith the largerset of stakeholders,including the catchmentarea.

The JSYShas selected50 representativetanks in the state from differentriver basinsspread over 8 of the 10 agro-climaticzones to make socialand environmental assessment(Table 2.1) which will serveas pilot tanks for study.The recommendations from the study will serveas the guidelinesfor taking of the tanks for rehabilitation dependingon the communitycommitment and willingness to managethe tanks. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 2-3

Table 2.1. Tanks by agro--climatic zones

Agro-climaticzones Numberof Tanks l <4ha 4hato40ha >40ha Total NorthEastern Transitional Zone 2 2 NorthEastern Dry Zone 1 1 2 NorthDry Zone 3 3 6 CentralDry Zone 4 9 5 18 EasternDry Zone 2 5 1 8 SouthernDry Zone 1 1 2 SouthernTransitional Zone 2 6 8 NorthTransitional Zone 1 3 4 Total 10 30 10 50

2.2. Major Activities

Rehabilitation of the tank system with community participation is focused on poverty alleviation. The project components and activities related to the project intervention would be designedin consultationwith the stakeholdersin the project area. The rehabilitation of tanks aims at sustainablemanagement of the tank system by the community which inter-alia requires capacity building for the management of tank system. The intervention would lead to improvement in the operational capacity of the selected tanks through physical interventions identified and implemented by the local users. The interventionsare expectedto improve the quality of life of the peoplein the project area. The improvement in productive potential of the tank system is envisaged through complementaryinvestment in agricultureand horticulture, catchment treatment activities, etc. This also includes among other things, land and water management, removal of silt from the tank bed, repair of tank structure, improvement in crop yields, diversification, increase in the employment opportunities, recharge of groundwater, improved and better accessesto drinking water and health. The important activities of the project are presentedTable in 2.2.

2.2.1. Anticipated output

The project is expected to help alleviate poverty and hence, is focused on the geographical regions having higher incidence of poverty in the state. The project is envisagedto make considerable impact on the lives of stakeholders and reduce the incidenceof poverty. The success,or otherwise, of the project, will be defined by the following indicators.

* A community-basedtank managementinstitution in place and functioning. + Active participationby the traditionally marginalizedstakeholders. * Increasedhousehold income of the population in the project area. * Increasedagricultural productionin the tank command. * Treatment of the catchment area and reduction in the rate of siltation of the tank. * Improved sourcesfor safe drinking water. SEWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2-4

* PRI and state department officials responsive to community-basedtank management.

Table2.2. Major interventions envisagedin the project

Area Intervention/Treatment Activities Catchment Soiland water conservation Erosion control using appropriate eco-engineering and foreshore measuresfor both arableand non-arablelands area Cleaningof naturaldrains and feederchannels carrying run-offwater to the tank. Constructionof checkdams, silt trapsand filters. Forestry Afforestation,silvi-pasture, pasture and grazing land development. Support services - agriculture Land use planning, conservation measures using live and horticulture field boundaries,dry land horticulture,Agro forestry. Tank bed & Removalof silt Removalof accumulatedsilt from the tank bed and tank structure properdisposal. De-weedingof tank beds Removal of weeds from the tank beds, cleaning wild growth from tank bunds/dams. Tanksafety Repairof sluices,surplus weirs, strengtheningof the dam structure, turfing and stonepitching. Command Mainand field channels Repair/relayingof mainand fieldchannels. area Liningof mainchannels. Watermanagement Consumptiveuse of waterand equitable distribution. Demonstrationand guidance about improved crop Supportservices - agricultural& varieties,cultivation practices, IPM, post harvest care horticulturalservices andprocessing, marketing, etc.

Not onlyhas there been a declineof communityinterests in maintainingand managing the tanks,farmers' dependence on themfor irrigationtoo hasdeclined. Thus, in about 12 villagesof the study,there hadbeen no dependenceon tank for irrigation,while in nearlyhalf the numberof villagesthe dependencewas to the extentof lessthan 10 per cent of the areairrigated (See Graphs 2.1 and2.2). SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 2-5

Graph 2.1:Percentttanklriitd area.Taluks areasstudyviib. ag

Lessthan 2.5i- 2.51to50 5.0 to 1.0. *1.1to2.0: Per nt -

(Source:Primary Census Abstracts 1991)

Graph 22: Per cent Wnk rriaed area:t lages

, ' .! ,u,,_...... _, = " ' . '&, e¢ 't %,'. A.' :'5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

A! X

(Source:Primary Census Abstracts 1991) SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 2-6

KARNATAKACOMMUNITYBASED TANK IMPROVEMENT&MANAGEMENT PROJECT 50 Tanks Identifiedfor Studies

+, < ^\ ~~~~~LEGEND > ¢p >, _ _ q _ ~~~~TaluksIdntifed ), 1 # _r_yS>*S~~~~~Stae oundary ) Q v >? _ < ~~~~~~~~Taluk Bouncdary SEWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2-7

2.3 ProjectScope and Components

As part of Phase-Ithe projecthas proposed to cover2000 tanks in 34taluks in 9 districtsspanning 6 agro-ecologicalzones with an aggregatedcommand area of 67,500 ha (1600PRI tanks covering an areaof 20,500ha and400 MI tanks coveringan areaof 47,000ha). The WorldBank Mission and the JSYShave agreed on the followingbroad projectcomponent descriptions.

ProjectComponent Description ProjectComponentA; Enabling Environment- a. Objectiveand Scope

The overallobjective of the componentis to establisha conduciveenvironment in which the project objectivescan be fulfilled. This entails:(i) establishinga solid legal and institutionalbasis for community-basedtank managementapplicable to the entiretank sector;(ii) providingeffective project coordination and management;and (iii) providing fundsfor the detailedpreparation of a possib/efollow-on project. b. Sub-Components

The componentobjectives would be realisedthrough activities undertaken under two sub-components:

(i) policy,planning, and legal environment and (ii) projectmanagement.

Sub-ComponentAl:Policy, Planning, and Legal Environment:

This sub-componentwould finance technical assistance, consultancies, consultationsand workshops, etc. for:

(a) developmentof a decisionsupport system for planning,operabon and managementof waterresources on sub-basin/watershedbasis; (b) preparationof the proposedCommunity-Based Tank Management Act (which would address issues related to tank ownership,water rights, O&M responsibilities)and providea moresolid legal basis for the transferof tank- relatedrights and responsibilities to localstakeholders; (c) institutionalreform study and long-term strategy development for JSYSand its linkagesto PRIsand other GoK line departments; and (d) preparationof a possiblefollow-on project.

Sub-ComponentA2: ProjectManagement:

Thissub-component would finance:

(a) developmentof a GIS-basedinformation system for boththe projectarea and acrossthe state; SEWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2-8

(b) a monitoringand learningsystem including the cost of an independentM&L supportagency in eachyear of the project; (c) consultanciesfor two mid-termreviews (MTRs); (d) technicalsupport services and studies; (e) investmentcosts (e.g. vehicles,equipment, and furniture) and operatng expenditures(e.g. vehicle rentals, travel expenses, electricity, printing, etc.) for the stateand district offices; and (f) incrementalstaff at the state and district levels and small provisionsfor procuringsupport from line departments,PRIs, and expert resourcegroups. The projectwould finance JSYS staff at a decliningrate of cost-sharingending at 25%in year3. The projectproposes two MTRs- onebefore the completion of the secondyear of implementationand the secondbefore the fourthyear.

ProjectComponent B: CommunityDevelopment - a. Objectiveand Scope

The project seeks to improve rural livelihoodsand reduce poverty through community-basedtank management.This requires investment in the localpeople andinstitutions necessary for the longterm operationand maintenance of the asset created.Without this, returnswill decreaseover time and remainingbenefit flows be divertedto morepowerful stakeholders. Component B of the projecttherefore seeksto equip stakeholderswith the skills neededto ensure that the local insbttutionsdeveloped under this projectfunction effectively and equitably. This will entail:

(i) developinghuman resources and formingor strengtheningexisting, local institutions; (ii) developingmechanisms through which the needsof traditionallyvulnerable stakeholderscan be addressedwith sustainability;and (iii) institutionalizingprocesses for sustainablemanagement of tanks and derivedbenefits, which can be replicatedacross tank developmentsites withinand outside of the project.

b. Sub-Components

Efforts in strengtheningcommunity institutions will comprise three sub- components:

(i) humanand institutional resource development; (ii) (inclusionof vulnerablegroups; and (iii) planningand management support to TUGs.

Sub-componentB1: Human and Institutional Resource Development.

This sub-componentwould finance activitiesassociated with institutionaland humancapacity building. Costs include those related to: (a) implementingagents (AnchorNGOs and CFTs). Five ANGOs,providing logistical and professional supportto JSYSand CFrs,would be operationalby the end of PY2 and would SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 2-9

continueto work untilthe endof the projectperiod. Twentyfive CFTs,would be operationalby the endof PY1, forty by the endof PY2 andsixty betweenthe end of Pys3 and 5. This numberwould be reducedto thirty five CFTsin PY6. Each CFTwould support a total of 40 TUGsfor an averageof three yearsover the projectperiod. Training would focus on behavioralchange, building knowledge and use of commonprinciples, rules and processes;(b) communityorganizations (TankUser Groups, Tank User Committees). A formalTUG, comprising a general bodyand usercommittee, will be associatedwith eachtank developedunder the project. At least2,000 TUGs would be independentlyoperating by the endof PY6. TUG training will includevision building, developmentof commonrules for informationsharing and accountability, and collective use of information.Exposure visits to other tank user groups are also covered;(c) capadty buildingfor operationalskil/s associated with humanand institutionalresource development.. This targetsJSYS staff, CFTs,ANGOs and TUCs. It will includeorientation to the processesof a communitydriven project, group operationand management, inclusionof vulnerablepeople, ITDP implementation and monitoring and evaluation skills.TUC training will covergroup managementskills, information analysis and use,legal issues and conflict resolution; and (d) capacitybuilding for technicalski/ls assodatedwith humanand institutionalresource development. This targetsJSYS staff at the districtlevel and CFTs. This includes technical aspects of tankoperation and maintenance,tank related micro-enterpriseand agriculturaldevelopment. Costsassociated with peoplefrom the Stateand DistrictLevel resource groups providingspecialist inputs would also be covered.

Sub-ComponentB2: Incdusion of VulnerableGroups.

Sub-component2 would finance the preparationand implementation of:

(a) ScheduledCaste and TribalDevelopment Plans (SC&TDPs). Scheduled Tribes (STs)constitute about 4% of the statepopulation. While the SocialAssessment indicatedlittle differencebetween the culturalpractices, integration into civil societyor accessto civicamenities and common properties between Scheduled Tribes (STs) and the generalpopulation, STs remaintechnically classified, accordingto safeguardsdefinitions, as a vulnerablegroup. ScheduledCastes (SCs)comprise over 16%of the populationand are characterizedby poverty, illiteracy,social discrimination, low asset-ownership,and poor accessto civic amenitiesand commonproperties. The interestsof both groupswill be protectedby the preparationof an SC&TDPfor eachtank developedunder the project;

(b) ResettlementAction Plans (RAPs). The only physicaldisplacement under the projectwill concernencroached land. TankUsers Group will thereforeprepare RAPsfor individualtanks in whichencroachers are vulnerable to lossof financial or materialassets;

(c) Women'sStrategy and Action Plan. While every effort will be made to mainstreamgender concerns,the project recognizesthat women are a particularlydisadvantaged group of stakeholders.Hence, funds will be available SEWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2- 10

to ensure that project staff are gender sensitized,women meaningfully participateas TUGand TUC members, women are givenaccess to tank related incomegenerating opportunities, and all projectinformation is genderdis- aggregated.

Sub-Component63: P/anningand Management Support to TUGs.

ITDPsprovide the coreframework for tank developmentat the communitylevel. Costsassociated with ITDPpre-planning and planning activities are covered by CFTand DPU budgets. This componentwill thereforefinance:

(a) activitiesincurring costs for tank usersas part of the environmental managementplan such as workshops,training, study tours and exposure visits; and (b) TUG/TUCadministrative and management costs, on a decreasingbasis over threeyears.

ProjectComponent C: TankSystem Improvements

Overthe last decadethere has beena declinein productivity,a shift in cropping pattem and a decreasein value of productionin the tank-basedagricultural system in Karnataka.The mainreasons for thesechanges are siltationand reductionof tank storage capacity, weakening and deteriorationof tank bunds, outlets and waterways, encroachmentof impoundingareas, improper management of the catchmentarea, lack of knowledgeof communitiesof moresuitable cropping patterns and croptechnologies, soil acidity,a generaldecline in soil fertilityand weaknessesin extensionsystems. However, thereis considerablescope to reversethese trends and conditions and increaseagricultural productivityand family incomesof the tank communitiesthrough minor watershed treatment, rehabilitationof tank systems, skills and knowledge-buildingof tank communitiesand farmers and promotion of moreefficient water management technologies and practicesand improvedcrop technologiesand cropping patterns and exploit opportunitiesfor othersources of incomegeneration (fisheries, livestock, forestry, etc.).

a. Objectiveand Scope

The overall objectivesof this componentare to (i) improvethe physicaland operationalperformance of selectedtanks through a range of interventions identifiedand executedby localtank users,including any necessarytreatment of the feeder drainagechannels above the tank reservoir,(ii) improveon-farm water management,cropping patterns, technology adoption and crop cultural practicesto improveagricultural and horticultureproduction and incomes,(iii) establishother income generating activities associated with the tank system,and (iv) identifyand prototypeother opportunitiesto optimisethe productivityand incomegeneration from tank systems.

A pre-planningreview and analysisof some 3,000candidate tanks within the nine districtsand 34 taluksof the project,among which some 2,000 tanks would be selectedfor treatment,would determinethe scopeof the component.The SWAFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2- 11

scope of work for tank improvement and the supporting activities to improve agricultural and other income generating activities associated with each tank would be determined on the basis of detailed Integrated Tank Development Plans (ITDP) preparedthrough a participatory consultation and decision process with community and tank users groups. The actual activities selected for inclusion in an individual ITDP would be chosen from a menu of possible candidate physical works and specific supporting activities for improving agricultural production and incomes and other income generating activities for each tank.

b. Sub-Components

The componentobjectves would be realisedthrough activities undertakenunder four sub-components:

(i) tank civil works improvement, (ii) agriculturaland hortculture development, (iii) technicalassistance for other incomegeneration, and (iv) technologydevelopment.

Sub-ComponentCl: Tank CivilWorks Improvement

The objectivesof this sub-componentwould be to improvetank storage capacity, to rehabilitatetank physicalstructure and infrastructure,as necessary,to reduce siltation by stabilisingdrainage lines to the tank, and to improvewater distribution and irrigation systemsin the tank commandarea. This would be achievedthrough the implementationof physicalworks, as determinedin the ITDP for each tank, including (i) feeder channelimprovement, (ii) tank bed de-siltation, (iii) repairs of breachesto bunds, (iv) repair or replacementof sluices, (v) repairs of surplus weirs, (vi) essentialconstruction/repairs to structuresin canal and drainagesystems (such as de-silting of field channels,construction of outlets, division boxes and water measuringstructures) and (vi) constructionof water measuringflumes, as indicatedbelow.

Component :Menu Items of tank Presentcondition CrankDevelopment Assodatonselects) .system Feeder carryingcapacity reduced due to siltationand Cleaning,re-alignment of inflowchannel, provision channel encroachmentbyaopping/vegetation. of benchmarkpillars and model section at 500m interval,and construction of looseboulder and masonrychecks. Tankbed Storagecapadty reduced by about30% because of Removalof silt (quantityto beremoved will range siltation.Low reservoir operating levels to avoid between20 to 30%). bund failure/collapse. Tankbund Scouringand erosion of the bunds;top width Bundcross-section rehabilitation and improvement reducedto aboutlm; revetmentdamaged/ missing; (increasethe topwidth to 2.5m),vegetative growth seepagethrough the bunds;trees and vegetative removaland repair or provisionof revetment. I growth(access blocked for O&Mand localuse) Tanksluices Inoperableor damaged,lack water controlling Repairof structure,provision of watercontrol arrangement;excessive seepage or blockage from devicesand silt removal. siltation; Surplusweir Majordamages - causing scouring, fbundation Repairto the structureand outlet sections failures and aprondamage SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 2- 12

Main Maincanal length not sufficent;seepage loss; no Extensionof maincanals and selective lining; distribution outletsand water control structures no tertiary provisionof outdets/tumouts,water control and systemand network;ineffectve water distributon and over measunngstrucbjres; provision of on-farmwater OFDworks irrigationat upperreach; no irrigation at tailend; managementworks, and drains and cross drainage pooron-farm water management; water logging structureswhere needed. Training to improveon- andno drainage structures (canals) farmwater management practices.

Sub-ComponentC2: Agriculture and HorticultureDevelopment

The objectves of this sub-componentwould be to increaseagricultural and horticultureproduction and family incomes in the communitieswho are partiallyor completelydependent on tank systems.This would be achievedthrough (i) increasingfarmer knowledge, based on location-specific,on-farm demonstrations of improvedon-farm water managementpractices and improvedcropping systems andcrop practices and (ii) a rangeof technicaltraining for farmersand tank water users.The determinationof the specificactivities to be undertakenat eachtank wouldbe basedon actvitiesidentified and included in the ITDPprepared for each tank.

i. On-farmDemonstrations

On-farmdemonstrations would be establishedin a clusterof about20-30 local tanks,with 80 tank clustersdefined for the 2,000tanks to be includedin the project. A total of five demonstrationscovering improved on-farm water managementand field and horticulturecrop productionimprovement would be conductedin bothkharif and rabi/summer seasons over a two-yearperiod following completionof tank rehabilitationworks in eachlocal tank cluster.Demonstrations would be designedand supervisedby staff from the Universityof Agriculture Sciences(UAS) and Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVKs) in project districts and implementedby farmers.Demonstrations would promotethe followingmajor technologicalimprovements:

ii. On-farmwater management

Demonstrationswould aim to highlightimproved water scheduling (both timing and quantity)and water-use efficiency practices for a rangeof alternatvecrops, as well as landformation and leveling (if appropriate).

iii. Cropimprovement

Demonstrationswould aim to improvethe productionof fieldand horticultural crops in the commandarea of tanksthrough the promotionof betteradapted and more productivecrop varieties, improved crop cultural practices (balanced fertilizer use, appropriateplanting arrangementand timing, weeding and IPM, etc.) and alternativecropping patterns.

Trainingactivites would be aimedat increasingthe technicalknowledge and skills of districtand taluk JSYSand CFT staff andfarmers in tank commandareas. This would includeboth classroomand on-farmtraining. Resource persons from the agriculturaluniversities (both UAS Bangaloreand UAS Dharwad)and relevant SEAFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 2- 13

governmentline departments(agriculture, horticulture, minor irrigation and WARMI)would provide the trainingfor JSYSand CFT staff as well as for selected progressivefarmers from local tank communities.Special technical training for women would also be undertakenon topics that are specificallyrelated to agriculturalactivities in whichthey are involvedor opportunitiesfor themto expand their incomegeneration. General level training, using the farmer field school training approach,would be conductedin associationwith the demonstration program.Selected farmers would also receiveadditional training throughstudy tours to view and discusstechnologies promoted and usedin other taluks and districts.

Sub-ComponentC3: TechnicalAssistancefor Other Income Generation

The objectiveof this sub-componentwould be to promoteother income generating activitiesfor membersof local tank communitieswho havelittle or no accessto land in tank commandareas. Specific technical assistance is proposedto develop the followingopportunities in thosetanks that aresuited to suchdevelopments.

i. Fisheries

Fisheriesenterprises would be promotedin about600 tanks (30%). The program wouldcomprise:

a tank rentalagreements for landlessand poor beneficiaries groups, provision of inputsrequired for production(fingerlings) and harvesting equipment; b training coursesto reach4,800 persons(men and women) involvedin fish productionor marketing,including training materialsand visits to production and rearingsites; c rehabilitation/constructionof two oneha rearingponds; d technicalsupport for tank userfishing groups and monitoringof productionby districtand taluk fisherydepartment staff; and e recruitmentof a technicalofficer to ensurethe coordinationbetween the projectunit and the line department.Arrangements would be formalisedwith the FisheriesDepartment to provide structured support and travel and subsistencefunds would be providedto facilitatetheir involvement.

ii. Livestock

Small-scaleintensive forage and milk productionenterprises would be promoted in about 200 tanks (10%). Forageproduction enterprises would be established on one hectareof tank commandarea to producehigh quality fresh forage throughout the year to be sold to milk producingenterprises in the tank community. Small-scale,intensive dairy production enterpriseswould be establishedin the same tank communities.It is proposedthat five such enterprisesbe establishedwith one milch cow per enterprise.Establishment costswould be providedby the projectand the ownersof the enterpriseswould be expectedto return 50% of the establishmentcosts. Forageand livestock specialistsrecruited by the projectwould promote,set up and provideadvice to SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 2- 14

the enterprises.In addition,in associationwith the UASand line departments, they would providetechnical training to improvethe knowledgeand skills of enterpriseowners in principlesand practicesin improvedforage production and in improvedfeeding, health and livestock husbandry.

iii. Forestry

Small-scaleforestry enterprises would be establishedin about400 tanks (20%). Mixedforestry enterprises would be establishedon five hectaresof land in the tank foreshorearea of selectedtanks, wherethe communitieshave agreedto such an incomegenerating enterprise. Ownership of the enterprisewould be investedin selectedpersons from the tank communitywho havelimited income- earningpossibilities. A rangeof suitabletree specieshas been identifiedthat providemulti-purpose use and income generating opportunities. Small-scale tree seedlingnurseries would be establishedin the same tanks selectedfor the foreshoreplanting. A strong demandfor tree seedlingsis anticipatedfor farm plantings,watershed area plantingsand for homegardens in the generallocal vicinity of tanks. A single nurseryenterprise is proposedfor one tank, to be owned,operated and managedby a smallgroup of womenwho wouldprovide their part-timelabour. The enterprisewould aim to profitablyproduce 10,000 tree seedlingsannually. Technical Assistance would be providedby forestry specialistsrecruited by the project,in associationwith the UASs,who wouldalso providetechnical training to improvethe knowledgeand skillsof participantsin principlesand practicesin improvedtree husbandry,forestry and nursery managementand production.

Sub-ComponentC4: TechnologyDevelopment

The objectiveof this sub-componentwould be developnew technologies suited to the generalconditions found in tanks and their dependentcommunities and undertakestudies (conjunctive water use and reservoirsiltation and de-siltation techniques)and install equipmentto improvewater control, monitoringand managementin tanks. TA would also be provided.To foster agricultural diversification,it is proposedto pilottest and to developlow pressure,drip and pipe irrigationsystems over a two-yearperiod, for example,growing grapes and lemons. The Governmentis also promotingthe developmentof cropsthat havespedfic comparativeadvantages in beinggrown in Kamataka,for which newtechnologies couldbe piloted.Uncommitted funding would be providedfor this purpose. SEAFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 3-1

Chapter3

METHODOLOGYAND CONSULTATIONS

A seriesof methodologicaldiscussions were held with the Representativesof the World Bank,JSYS and membersof the faculty within ISEC. A list of 50 tanks to be studiedby differentteams was preparedby the JSYS,which becamethe basisfor the selectionof tanks. Thesesample tanks are spreadout in 17 taluks shared by 12 districtsand coveredby 8 agro-climaticzones of Karnatakastate. The selectionof the taluksby the JSYShas been made based on the followingconsiderations as indicators:

* Percent of populationbelow poverty line * Percent of femaleliteracy * Percent of landlessand marginal farmers * Percent of ScheduledCastes and Scheduled Tribes * Densityof tanks

Two importantconsiderations guided the teamin selectingthe tankswithin these taluksfor the study: a) sizevariation and regionalvariations; and b) list of tanksgiven by the JSYSas shownin table3.1.

Further,the selectedtanks are sensitive to someof the followingfactors: * Variationin the natureof communitycontrol or usepattern of the tank (singlevillage or multiplevillage communities as stakeholdersat the collectivelevel). * Villageswith substantialproportion of familiesbelonging to vulnerablesections of societysuch as the SCs,STs and similar other groups. * Dependenceof the differentoccupational groups in the villagecommunity upon the tanks (those engaged in animal husbandry,brick making, pottery and other traditionaloccupations associated with castecommunities and being influencedby marketforces). * Tanks in which indigenousmethods and patternsof managementare presentor thosein whichthey havebegun to disappearin the recentpast.

Out of the given 50 sampletanks, more than 40 per cent of the tanksare locatedat a distanceof less than 10 kilometersto an administrativeheadquarter (town, or Gram Panchayat).About 44 per cent are actuallylocated in the villagethat is eithera GPor revenueHobli Headquarters.

It had beenindicated that the socialand environmentalassessment of all the 50 tanks shouldbe carriedout quickly,and therefore,the choicesof methodsand tools of data collectionwere accordinglylimited. Issuesinvolving gathering of quantifiabledata were addressedby hiringadditional research personnel.

Severalrounds of discussionswere held with officialsof the WorldBank and JSYS on the natureand objectivesof the study,clarifying the tasks,and refiningthe scopeof the study. Basedon suchdiscussions and reviews,a detailedchecklist was preparedfor eachsection of the study. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 3-2

The teamvisited the selectedvillages for detailedstudy. The teamchose to visit these villageson its own after havingidentified and locatedthe specificvillages. Makinguse of the Censusmaps preceded the processof identificationof the samplevillages.

The followingsummarises the methodologyfollowed in the SEA:

* Selectionof tanks: A list of 50 tankswith detailsof namesof the tank, the location, area underthe tank and basiswas providedby JSYS.In all, 50 tanks were visited by the team in 49 villages as there is more than one tank in one of the villages. In most of the cases,the villagesvisited were the oneswhere the tank is locatedor in whichtank water for irrigationwas mainlyprovided. * ParticipatoryTransect Walks: Uponarrival in a village,members of the SEAteam together with a cross-sectionof the community(men and women), Neeruganti (traditionalwater overseers)and the villagefunctionaries undertook a transectwalk throughthe villageand to the tank, andthen throughthe village. The purposewas to map social groups in relation to land ownership, agricultural infrastructure, representationin the gram Panchayats,and the other localorganisations such as Self- Help Groups(SHGs), temple committees, milk and credit cooperatives. Specialistsin environmental,and R and R issueswent on a further transectwalk to coverthe tank bed, water-spreadarea, tank bund,sluices and distributionchannels, catchment area, etc. Specialistsin community organisationand mobilisationvisited the milk- cooperatives,gram Panchayats and SHGs.Transect walks of this naturepermitted a first hand encounterwith the physicalconditions of the tanksand their surroundings,aided by on-the-spotdiscussions with the membersof the community. As and when issues cameto be identified,they werenoted down in additionto the checklistthat had been preparedfor elaborateconsultations with the membersof the community. * PRAsand FocusGroup Discussions:After the transectwalk, the SEAteam broke up into smallerunits with specificfocuses (Social, Gender, Environmental and R and R). In many instances,prior to breakingup thus, the SEATeam carriedout PRAexercises involvingthe preparationof a timeline of evolutionof organisingpractices surrounding the tank, social mapping,seasonality mapping, household division of labour, tank relatedresource mapping, etc. Unlikethe regularPRAs, these sessions were of short durationand with key focusthemes. PRAswere fairly easyin smallervillages or villages involvingsmaller tanks. In a majority of the field situations,focus group discussions were held by way of consultations.The focus groupswere identifiedon the basisof social mappingconducted in the each of the villages.What is notablein both these exercisesis that a range of stakeholderscould be identifiedand consultedto elicit informationfrom them pertainingto the useand managementpatterns of the tank,the factorsleading to the degradedconditions of the tank or its presentcondition, peoples' perceptionof what could be doneto rehabilitatethe tank, etc. One of the focusesof the consultationswas to elicit people'sperception of what their own rolecould be in the sustainablemanagement of the tank and the ways in which they perceivedtheir own role in the implementationof the project. Consultationswere also held to elicit their prioritiesand probable strategies in regardto tank rehabilitation. v Giventhe ability of the team to establisha functionalrapport with the membersof the communitywithin a short spanof time, it waspossible to involvemen and women from SEAWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 3-3

differentsections of the village. Generally,there was an open and frank discussionof the issuesoften involvingpeople from differentpolitical factions. Thesemeetings took place usuallyat a communitycentre or a place where membersof all castescould participate.With the latter in view,temple as a meetingplace was avoided.

V The specialistconcerned with gender issuesusually took a group of women for a separate-transectwalk to observe and identify issues concerning the women. Discussionsinvolving women were also held in separatesessions, often separatelyfor membersof the SCsand STs.

The specialiston communityorganization held separate consultations with the landless, artisans,pastoral tenants and sharecroppersregarding their presentand perceivedrole in the project,and to incorporateissues into the projectdesign so as to safeguardtheir interests. Separatefocus group discussionswere also held with membersof community-basedorganisations (temple committees, SHG, milk and creditcooperatives) to understandthe historyof organisingpractices in the village. Specialemphasis was laid on learningfrom the past experiencesof the peoplein managingcommunity organisations,conflict resolution process, and representationfor the differentsection of the population.The themespertaining to "non-negotiables"(see, Section7.3) emerged from suchdiscussions.

/ In all the grouplevel consultation, a specialfocus was givenon the perceivedproblems and prospectsof formationof the tank users'association. Key concernsin suchissue were the questionsof communitycontribution, linkages with other local organisation, poverty alleviationpotentials of the project, and people'srole in monitoringand evaluation.

/ Thespecialists concerned with environmental,and R and R issuesusually proceeded on a secondround of transectwalk accompaniedby the wateroverseer or a few well- informedpersons. During such visits, it waspossible to visit spotswhere encroachment may havetaken place, or unauthorisedlifting of waterwas occurring,etc.

• Separate group discussionswere held with members of the community-based institutions,Mahila Mandals to identifythe rangeof stake-holdersin the tank, village andgovernance.

Questionnairecanvassing: Focusing on the themesof environmental,and R and R concerns,a team of trained researchassistants canvassed two sets of simple questionnaire,translated into the local languageKannada. The respondentswere a sample of farmers identified by the communityas having encroachedthe lands belongingto the tank or its catchment,besides a sampleof farmersin the command area. The data gatheredthrough this tool coveredinformation pertaining to socialand economicbackground of the farmers,size of landholding,cropping pattern, alternative sourcesof irrigation,etc. (See,Appendix 5.1). Data were coded and electronically processedfor the purposesof analysis.

With a view to gaining further and greater in-depth informationfrom the people concemingthe tank on R and R issues,another sample of six tanks was chosenfor a SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 3-4

detailedstudy. A slightly modifiedquestionnaire was canvassedfor this purpose, besidescombining other participatory techniques for datagathering.

In carryingout environmentalassessment, two typesof questionnaireswere canvassed to gather detailedinformation on variousfacets of tank's environment. The data encompassesboth base-lineinformation and cover other objectivesof the study.The generalquestionnaire was usedto gatherinformation from villageofficials as well as elderlyand knowledgeablepeople in the villageabout the tank on variousaspects like the year of construction,catchment area, tank bed, and commandarea, soils, number of open and borewells,details of repairscarried-out in the past, usesof tank water, crops grown in the catchmentand commandareas, soil and water conservation measurestaken up, croppingsystem, crop rotation, etc. (Annexure5.2)

The other schedulewas canvassed among the Atchkatdars(Total 327 sample farmers in the commandarea of the selectedtanks). This was aimed at collectinginformation regardingpresent cropping pattern, accessto tank water, number and frequencyof irrigation,input usewith emphasison type of cultivars(HYV or Local),organic manure, chemicalfertilizers and pesticides,details about salinity and water logging,present practiceto maintainsoil health,etc., perceptionsof the farmersabout rehabilitationof the tank,disposal of silt, repairsof mainand field canals, etc. (Annexure5.3)

In additionto the above,we also tried to get feedbackon how to minimizenegative externalitiesand maximizepositive externalities and conflictresolution among different users. We collecteddata on important parameters,which can be monitoredand comparedduring and after the implementationof the project.The importantparameters consideredwere relatedto the catchment,tank bed and commandand other areas. Data gatheredfrom the field were supplementedfrom the work of other studiesfrom GIS-basedInformation and Knowledgebase and Hydrogeologystudy team.The data collectedfrom field coveredimportant aspects of catchment,tank and the command areas.

* Consultationswith SC and ST membersof the community: With a view to preparingan IndigenousPeoples' Plan, special consultations were held with membersof the SC and ST populationin the village communities. Leadingmembers of the communitywere also invited to join such consultationsso as to be sensitiveto the perceptionsof other sectionsof the communityconcerning the interests of the marginalisedand vulnerable sections of the society.

* Consultationswith the officialsof variousline-departments: Officials at various levels (state,district, taluk and revenuesubdivision, and gram Panchayatlevels) were consultedabout the presentstatus of tanks,their operation,irrigation, taxation policies, recoveryprocess and financialallocations, etc. In particular,the discussionswith the officialsof the Departmentof Minor Irrigation at the Districtlevel provedto be very insightful. Consultationswere also held with the VillageAccountant and Revenue officers. Duringthe secondround of data gatheringfrom a sub-sampleof six tanks, theseofficials, along with a few engineersfrom Irrigationdepartment accompanied the team especiallyto assessthe situation concerningencroachment of tank property. Whereverwater users'cooperative societies or tank userassociations had beenformed SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 3-5

by the local NGOs,and/or DMI/ JSYS,consultations were held to learn from the experienceof formationprocess and the lessonsthat couldbe learntin the designingof project'sTank Users groups.

* Otherconsultations: In additionto the consultationsat the villagelevels, as part of the SEAstudies, discussions were held with representativesof PRIinstitutions at the villagelevel. Likewise,there hadbeen consultations with the localand regionalNGOs workingwith the peopleat grassrootslevels and they wereconsulted from the pointof view of the workingof community-basedinstitutions and potential participatory issues in regardto the Tank Users'Groups.

* PRAswith communityleaders: PRAs and FGDswere carriedout to assessthe role and problemsof a rangeof stakeholders,group formation processes and potentialsfor collectiveaction. Participationof communityleaders accompanied by the local people provedto bevery meaningfuland informative.

* Internal and consultativeexternal reviews: Duringthe courseof carryingout the SEA,the team membersheld open, frank andcritical review meetings at the frequency of a weekor a fortnightboth with a view to learningfrom eachother's experience and insightsto informone's own work, andto sensitiseeach other of the inter-relatednessof issuescentering around the tank, community,environment, agricultural practices, etc. Membersof the teamalso participated in the weeklymeetings conducted by JSYSto reviewthe progressmade by differentstudies. Proceedings of suchmeetings were foundto be helpfulin identifyinga wide rangeof inter-relatedissues, as for instancethe linkagesbetween institutional studies with thoseof SEA.

. Exposurevisits: With a view to identifyingthe best practiceselsewhere a few membersundertook visits to the participatoryprojects of watersheddevelopment (PIDOWin Gulbarga,UP Water Resources project, Gram Vikas, etc.)

* Feedbackworkshop: With a view to validatethe findings,and to identifygaps if any, an one-dayworkshop was held at the ISEC. Participantsincluded a cross-sectionof NGOfunctionaries, leading experts in water and irrigationsector, officials of the World Bank and the state departmentsof irrigation,JSYS, and more importantly,a few membersof the villagecommunities that had beencovered in the study. For the benefit of those not familiar with englishlanguage, translations were made available. The feedbackreceived was very useful,and in someinstances, re-visits to the villages/tanks weremade to fill the gapsor to gatheradditional data. SEA/FinallISEC117-09-O1 3-6

Annex. 3.2 ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT OF TANKS IN KARNATAKA (GENERAL)

Nameof the Tank Village Taluka Nameof the Investigator Date

I catchmentarea

Areaof catchment(acres): Soils Slope Averagerainy days Run-offPattern Floodingperiods/months Typeof Vegetation(different directions)

1) Typeof soils 2) Landuse in catchment(Area in %) a) forest b) grazing c) annualcrops d) plantations 3) If landis usedfor grazing,the averagenumber of animalsgrazing daily 4a) Numberof openwells Areairrigated (acres) 4b) Numberof borewells Areairrigated (in acres) 5) Cropsgrown in the catchmentarea Kharif Rabi Summer 6) Soiland waterconservation measures 7) Specifyother importantactivities in the catchmentarea affecting the tank if any 8) Is thereany community/Govt. forest in the catchmentarea? a) Areaunder forest (Acres) b) Whatis the presentcondition of this forest? (1) Thickforest (2) Thinforest with few trees c) Whatare the importanttree species grown in the forest?

II Reservoir/Tank Area 1) Yearof constructionof the tank. 2) Waterspread area of the tank in acres 3) Whatis the maximumdepth of the tank in feet? 4) Usesof tank

5) For howmany months water is availablein the tank? 6) Importantsources of water to the tank a) Run-offfrom catchment b) Naturalstreams c) Excesswater from Chain/system tanks 7) Conditionof the bund a) Damagedand weak b) Strong c) Needsstrengthening SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 3-7

d) Are therecracks/breaches in the bund?If yesnumber and size e) Wasthe tank bundbreached any time in the past? f) Damagecaused to crops,livestock, houses and any other propertydue to breaching g) Whetherthe tank bundwas repaired any time in the past(if yes,when) h) Conditionof the wasteweir I) Numberof sluicegates j) Conditionof sluices 8) Levelof siltation 9) Dothe peopleuse tank bedfor cultivationof crops? 10)Who authorizes them and whichcrops they grow? 11)Type of vegetationon the off shorearea of the tank 12)Type of plantsand weeds in the tank bed 13) Proportionof areacovered by vegetation 14)Type of fish speciespresent in the tank 15)Average fish yield(quantity and value) 16)What are the importantorganic waste flowing into the tank? 17) Disposalof dirt andother effluentin the tank 18)Any disease reported to human,livestock, trees or fishesdue to the useof tank water 19)When was the tank wasde-silted? 20) Howwas the silt disposed-off? 21) Howdoes desiltation affected groundwater level? 22) Environmentaleffect related to desiltation? CommandArea 1)Whatis the total commandarea of the tank in acres? 2) No.of villagesunder the tank command 3a) Totalnumber of farmersin the command 3b) Proportionof i) Small& Margtnalfarmers ii) Semi-mediumfarmers iii) Mediumfarmers iv) Largefarmers 4) No.of openwells with & withoutwater Areairrigated No.of borewellswith & withoutwater Areairrigated No.of ponds Areairrigated 5) Soils 6) Landuse pattern in the commandarea 7) Typeof vegetationin the commandarea 8) Conditionof fieldchannels i) damaged ii) encroached iii) Fullof weeds iv) No fieldcanals 9) Areawater logged 10)Salinity affected area SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 3-8

Annex 3.3

ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT OF TANKS IN KARNATAKA

Name of the Farmer Village Taluka Name of the Tank: Name of the Investigator Date

B. Farmer Specific 1. Landholdingof the farmer a) Owned (b) Leasedin/out (c) Total operated (d) current fallow (e) Waste land (f) Net sown

2a. Area irrigated through tank 2b. No. of open wells in the commandarea Area irrigated 2c. No. of borewellsin the commandarea Area irrigated 3a. No. of open wells outsidethe commandarea Areairrigated 3b. No. of Borewellsoutside the commandarea Area irrigated 4. Whetherwells are used to supplementtank irrigation 5. Area under rain-fed crops 6. Area irrigated through other sources(specify)

7a. Present cropping pattern Season Crops Area Rainfed/I Sourceof No. of Frequencyof Any other rrigat-ed irrigation Irrigation Irrigation

*HYV or Local

7b. Present Use of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizer

Season Crop Area Organicmanure Chem.fertilizer Plant Protection Production l Qty. in Value Qty. in Value Qty. in Value Qty. in VIalue quintals in Rs kgs in Rs litres/kgs in Rs quintals in Rs SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 3-9

8. Doyou change cropping pattern when the availabilityof waterfrom the tank is not definite? 9. Doyou apply less quantity of manureand fertilizers when availability of waterfrom the tank is not definite? 10. Willyou use higher dose of fertilizerif enoughwater is availableand vlce-versa? 11. Wouldyou changethe croppingpattern after the rehabilitationof tank?Yes/ No 12. Anticipatedcropping pattern and input useafter the rehabilitationof the tank

Season Crops* Areain Rainfedor Irrigated Organicmanure Fertilizeruse Others acres Qty. Qty. Qty.

* HYVor Local

13. Doyou followcrop rotation? 14. Do youexperience water-logging/ salinity problem? i5. Howdo youtreat water logging and Salinity? 16. Tax andcess paid for irrigationwater from the tank 17. Do youexperience higher incidence of diseasesand pestswhen crops are irrigatedfrom the tank (as comparedto borewell)? 18. Whatare the commonpests affecting the crops? 19. Controlmeasures followed for diseaseand pests 20. WhichPlant Protection Chemicals do you use? 21. Do youuse green leaf manure/compost? 22. Haveyou heard /used bio-pesticides / insecticides? 23. Listthe perceivedbenefits from the rehabilitationof tanks SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 3-10

Table 3.1. Featuresof the tanks studied

Area (in ha) Ownership As per cent of per cent No. of Tanks total tanks in Sample Selected Karnataka size 0.1 to 4 GP 37 30 17 4 to 40 ZP 54 55 26 > 40 DMI1 9 15 7 SEN Fhnal/ISEC/17-09-01 4-1

Chapter4

LESSONSFROM PREVIOUS AND ONGOINGPROJECTS AND STUDIES

4.1. Introduction

Attentionin particularis drawn to the visits madeto a few projectsites where there waseither an ongoingproject or there had beenimplementation of a community participation-orientedproject pertainingto natural resourcemanagement, such as watersheddevelopment, canal irrigation,etc. Visitsto the field sites where the SDC funded ParticipatoryIntegrated Development of Watershed(PIDOW) project had been implementedproved to be extremelyhelpful in making stakeholderanalysis, and in identifyingthreats to sustainabilityof projectresults.

4.2. Projectsand Studies:Environmental Concerns

Increasingpopulation pressure and shrinkingland frontiersdemand increased productionfrom the limited land resources.In India, almosttwo third of the cropped area dependson erratic monsoonrains. In this situation the key for increased productionof food grainsand other agriculturalcommodities lie in the developmentof irrigation.The net areairrigated increased from 14.86lakh ha in 1982-83to 23.25lakh ha in 1996-97.The percentagegross and net areairrigated increased from 16 and 14 per cent in 1982-83to 29 and 24 per cent in 1997-98in that order respectively.Major sourcesof irrigationare canal,open and borewells,tanks and others.The production from rain-fedagriculture is fraught with risk and uncertainty.Farmers generally follow traditionalcultivation practices, low level of input use (risk averse)and harvestpoor yield.The smalland marginal farmers cannot afford to investin developmentof private sourceof irrigation(groundwater exploitation). The tank,which is a traditionalsource of irrigationprovides opportunities to a numberof small and marginalfarmers to utilize tank water for irrigation. However,changes in the managementsystem, people's indifferenceand inadequate allocation of the fundsfor maintenanceworsened the state of tank irrigationin Karnataka.

Karnataka'sdevelopment priorities have been influenced by the pressingneed to utilize its shareof river water vis-a-visthe other co-basinstates. This has resultedin larger investmentsin the creation of storage capacitieswithout commensurate investmentin the developmentof distributionsystems. At the same time, resource crunch is being experiencedfor the managementof existing irrigation systems. Spreadingresources thinly over a numberof schemeshas led to significanttime and costoverruns.

The proposedproject is related to the rehabilitationof the tank systemin Karnatakawith active participationof the stakeholdercommunities. Here, an attempt has been madeto draw lessonsfrom the past and ongoingprojects financed by the Bankor the bi-lateraldonors in Karnatakaor in India. The followingare someof the SEN Fnal/lSEC/17-09-01 4-2

projectsrelated to agricultureand rural developmentenvisaging community participation (Table4.1).

Mostof the projectslisted abovehave the major goal of alleviationof poverty and are designedto promoteeco-restoration and improvethe naturalresource base of the areawith activeparticipation of the localcommunity. The usefullessons learnt from the previousand on-goingwater supply,irrigation and watershedprojects have been summarizedbelow.

4.3. Lessons/Experiences

* The stakeholdersin the projector thosebeing affected by the implementationof the projectmust be activelyinvolved at the projectdesign stage. * The process-orientedparticipatory approach adopted by the earlier projectshas resultedin the successparticularly where NGO'sinvolvement was envisagedin the projectdesign. * The coordinationbetween the departmentwas weakand workswere too scattered and thinly spreadover largeareas with low communityparticipation producing little impact. * Thereshould be effectivecoordination between the line departmentsat all levelsof decision-making.Active participationof the stakeholders/beneficiariesis crucial for the successof the project. * Empoweringcommunity-based institutions for the identification,planning and implementationand operationand maintenanceof naturalresource interventions is criticalfor ensuringlong-term sustainability of the project. + There is a strong need for capacity building of the staff involved in the implementationand monitoringof the project. They must be trained both in technicalskills and institutional development. * Regularmeetings, interactions, sharing of experiences,conflict resolutions,and organizationof orientation, training camps and study tours promote active communityparticipation in the project. * Cost sharing by the stakeholders/beneficiariesin soil conservation,horticulture, water resourcesdevelopment has improved the sustainability. * The demanddriven strategy for prioritization,design, and executionmust be strengthenedso that the beneficiariesset the agendafor development. * Involve local NGOsin the project as facilitatorand trainers in the planningand implementationof the project. * The needfor morepreparation work on establishingthe staffingcapacities prior to projectstart-up to avoiddelays * Finally,technical feasibility does not necessarilyensure economicsuccess (Bank financedKarnataka tank irrigationproject).

4.4. Projectsand Studieson CollectiveAction and CommunityParticipation

* Homogeneityis not the solemotivating factor for collectiveaction and community organisation.Collective action is possiblein heterogeneoussituations provided there is goodleadership, etc. SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 4-3

* Anothermotivating factor for collectiveaction is the natureand use of the tank.The choicesamong different actors either to co- operatefor bettermanagement or defect for personalgains play an importantrole in so far as providingmotivation for collective action. Silted tank, defectivestructures, reduced water-bearingcapacity and widespreadencroachment de-motivate the direct and indirectusers to participatein management.Defecting for personalgain would be strongif resourceusers develop altemativessuch as borewellsin the commandarea of a tank.

* The capacityof the communityfor collectiveaction will be enhancedby organising practicesrelating to bothCPRs and other aspects of villagelife. The sizeand density of social networks and institutions,and the nature of interpersonalinteractions, significantlyaffect the efficiencyand sustainability of developmentprogrammes. This is beingreferred to as 'social capital'in the literature.There is a substantialbody of literatureon howsocial capital influences the outcomesof developmentprojects.

* There is a substantialbody of literature on the issuesrelating to formation, functioningand sustainabilityof institutionsformed for the specificpurpose of the project.

* In the user groupscreated as a part of the WorldBank projects,inclusion of the poor, vulnerablegroups and women in needs assessment,project formulation, decision-makingetc., haveremained as outstandingissues.

* The usergroups in the externallyfunded projects became inactive and defunctonce the projectwas over andfunds were withdrawn as the purposeof thesegroups was seenin narrowterms of achievingshort-run project objectives rather than ensuring the sustainableflow of benefitsto the intendedtarget groups.

* The user groupsin the externallyfunded projects tended to functionbetter where the inclusionof the vulnerableand equityconcerns was given emphasisright from the designphase. The co-processesinitiated for the landless(such as savingsand credit activity,providing an opportunityto undertakeincome generating activities, linking them with the existing governmentprogrammes which aim at poverty alleviation)ensured the successof institutionseven in the programmessuch as watershedprimarily meant for the landedhouseholds.

* Need basedand timely capacitybuilding measuresare importantto ensurethe successof institutionscreated to achievethe projectobjectives.

* Monitoringand evaluationplays a crucialrole in the successof communitybased programmes.In additionto externalmonitoring and evaluation,self-monitoring by the communitywith the help of simpleindicators becomes important. The process of monitoringby the externalagency as well as by the communityis importantfor the success.

* The patternis mixedamong programmes that aimedto mobilisecommunity share to rehabilitatethe natural resourcesin Karnatakastate. The experienceof a few organisationsin northern part of Karnatakashows that it is indeedpossible to SEAWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 4-4

mobilisethe resourcesfrom the community. ThoseNGOs, which have adopteda slow and qualitativeprocess in the formationand consolidationof groups,have, in general,had success in mobilisingthe resourcesfrom the community.On the other hand,some of the NGOs,which did not facilitatethe formationof qualitativegroups, havehad difficulties in mobilisingthe resourcesfrom the community,and such NGOs resortedto the practiceof inflatingthe budgetsto coverthe costsof 'participation' by the community.The governmentagencies have also had difficulties in mobilising the resourcesfrom the community. PRIsare finding it difficult to mobilisethe communityshare to implementprojects relating to water supply and sanitation (under RajivGandhi Drinking Water Programme) due to capacityrelated problems. The lessonthat couldbe learntin this regardis that carefuland qualitative formation of institutionsand capacity to mobilisethe communityshare are two crucialvariables in this regard.

4.5. Formationof Water UsersCooperative Societies The draft water policy of the Karnatakastate in which communitybased tank rehabilitationis a part,has given emphasis to formand empower Water Users'Cooperatve Societiesand Federationsof participatoryirriqation management. The choice of cooperativehas mainlycome up to providethe legalbasis and legitimacy for tank user group. Basedon this,the DMI hasgone ahead with the formationof WUCs.In general, the processin manytanks beganwith the engineeror a politicalleader identifying the Presidentand entrustingthe responsibilityof constitutingan associationby collecting membershipfees from the commandfarmers. In doing this, politicalinterests were weighed(decisions are madeat the behestof politcalbosses). This was followed by the membershipdrive, and targets were fixed. Asa result,a majorityof the commandfarmers in the villagedid not evenknow that a WUCSwas formed. The limitedawareness at the villagelevel, and the absenceof enablingprocess (awareness, consultation and broad- based participation),was evident in villageswhere WUCswere formed. Further,as prominentleaders promoted WUCs and membership was basedon politicalaffiliation, the inclusionprocess was selective. The process was also affected because of lackof follow-up and guidelineson the entire processincluding the financialone. This affectedthe trust buildingneeded to furtherthe process.At present,there is reluctanceon the part of the people,irrespective of their politicalaffiliation, to make contributions.Not surprisingly, therefore,the processwas hasty,informal and lackedany directiontowards building community-basedinstitutions.

To conclude,the processadopted in the formationof WUCsseems to havefailed to translateideas incorporated in the policydocument such as publicawareness, stakeholder mobilisabton,membership enrolment, formation and training into practicedue to the followingreasons: (1) The target-orientedapproach followed by officials;(2) Lackof orientationto groundlevel functionaries. (3) The concernsin the communitymobilisation were essentiallyconfined to the principlesoutlined in the water policy rather than addressingthe sustainablecommunity participation; and (4) The formationof WUCswas consideredas necessaryevil to obtainresources earmarked for the tank rehabilitation.

Thisdiscussion shows that the formationprocess was essentially confined to target chasing,membership enrolment based on politicalpatronage, neglect of processesto SEA/FinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 4-5

provide awareness,organising consultations,etc., to involve all social groups who had direct and indirect stakes in the tanks. The formaton process,thus, were against the objectivesoutlined in the water policy, namely,public awareness,stakeholder mobilisation, etc. Further,the policyenvisages forming and empoweringmulti-level user associationsto developand managewater resourcesadopting integrated approach for a hydrologicalunit. This objective requireda processof formation where people'sorganisation at the village level was first formed and consolidatedbefore any attempt was made to federatethem at higher levels. The hastyformation processbelied all scopefor such a process.

In the absenceof proper orientationto line departmentsand massawareness on the objectivesof forming such associations,the processresulted in a negative tendency among people. In most of the places,associations have been only just formed and such groups have beensurviving more on expectations(of getting resources)raised by officials. The formation processhas also ignoredthe importanceof physicaland socialconditions in so far as participationof peopleand communitymobilisation. The factors such as water abundanceor scarcity,land ownershippattems, size of commandarea and farmers and alternatve water sourcesaffecting accessto water, and decision-makingwere not taken into consideration. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-0t 4-6

Table4.1 Projectsrelated to Agriculture& RuralDevelopment

Sector Project Bank financed l Waterresource and irrigationmanagement KarnatakaTank Irrigation Project KarnatakaIrrigation Project UPWater Sector restructuring (planned) RajasthanWater Sector Restructuring (planned) Andhra Pradesh Economic RestructuringProject - Irrigationcomponent HydrologyProject, Karnataka OrissaWater Resources Consolidation Project HaryanaWater Resources Consolidation Project KarnatakaWater Supplyand EnvironmentalSanitation Project UPRural Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Other DevelopmentAgencies FrenchTechnical Cooperation India WaterClub: River Basin Planning, Water Supply and Sanitation UKDFID (ODA) Various water supply and sanitation projects in AP, Gujaratand Karnataka Netherlands,KfW, UNICEF, WFP Kerala,Maharashtra and UP EEC DoonValley Project (UP) Denmark(DANIDA) KarnatakaWatershed Development Project SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 4-7

List of Abbreviations

SDC SwissAgency for Development& Cooperation PIDOW Participatory& Integrated Developmentof Watersheds NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizations CPRs CommonProperty Resources PRIs PanchayatiRaj Institutions UP Uttar Pradesh DFID ODA OverseasDevelopment Agency KfW UNICEF United Nations WFP EEC DANIDA DanishDevelopment Agency SEA/FINAIJISEC/170901 5-1

Chapter 5 STATUS:BASELINE, STAKEHOLDERS AND COMMUNITYPARTICIPATION

This chapter presentsthe baselinestatus of natural environmentof the project areaas characterizedby land, water, biologicaland socialenvironmental conditions. The baselineinformation for the project has been collectedfrom both primary as well as secondarysources. The data on importantenvironmental parameters collected through primarysurvey is presentedunder three heads,viz., catchmentarea, tank structureand the commandarea. The data havebeen presented by Agro-climaticzones and by the size of the tank. The broad features of the Agro-climaticzones have been given in Annexureure5.1. The informationon regional setting (macro level) is provided in Annexureure5.2.

5.1. BaselineInformation 5.1.1. The Surroundingof Tanks

A. Catchment: Catchmentis the most important part of the tank system.Part of precipitationreceived in the catchmentarea percolatesinto the soil, part is lost through evaporation,and the excessflows as run-off drains into tanks in the lower reach.The catchmentarea differs from tank to tank. Generally,the commandarea (capacityof the tank) is positivelyassociated with the catchmentarea (Table5.1). However,area under catchment is influencedby the agro-climaticconditions, i.e., rainfall and topographic conditionsof the region.The averagesize of catchmentfor differentcategories of tanksis smallerin NorthTransitional and SouthTransitional zones when compared to otherzones in the state.There are chainof tanks(cascade), which have both independentand intercepted catchments.Tanks in the down streamof a cascadereceive surplus water from the up streamtanks of the cascadeand also run off from independentcatchments.

Table 5.1. Averagecatchment area by sizeof tank and agro--climaticzones

Agro-climaticzones Areain Sq.km Small Medium Large North Eastern Transitional Zone (NETZ) 1.74

North Eastern Dry Zone (NETZ) _ 11.00 7.00 NorthDry Zone(NETZ) 6.96 12.77 CentralDry Zone(NETZ) 3.50 3.48 18.61 EasternDry Zone(NETZ) 3.11 16.17 SouthernDry Zone(NETZ) 12.63 SouthemTransitional Zone (NETZ) 0.91 5.10 NorthTransitional Zone (NETZ) 0.50 2.00 1.57 All 2.00 3.23 13.37

B. Land Use Pattern: The data on land use in the catchmentarea were collectedfrom the knowledgeablepersons in the village.The land use in the catchmentvaries drastically acrossthe agro-dimaticregions. The area underforest variesfrom 2 per cent in NDZand SDZto roughly11 per cent of the total catchmentarea in CDZ(Table 5.2). In most of the cases, the forest merely indicatesland owned by the forest department like hillocks bereft of vegetationor areawith scrub forest and areaplanted under the Sodal Forestry Programme.The proportionof areaunder grazing land (Gomala)was the highestin NDZ and the leastin NTZ.The averagearea underfield crops was around64 per cent of the catchmentas against 12 per cent area under plantationcrops. Plantationcrops here includethe coconut/ arecanutgardens, mango orchards, eucalyptus plantation, etc. The SENFINALIISEC/170901 5-2 land use pattern and proportionatearea devotedto different activitiesis presentedin Annexure5.3. The catchmentareas of Kudri Mothi, Shivapuraand Holginakattetanks compriseof 80 or more than 80 per cent of the area under cultivation. On the other hand, tanksat Obatti, C.N.Halli, DoddaHosalli and Kannasandrahave morethan 40 per cent of their catchmentunder plantation crops likeeucalyptus, coconut, etc.

Table 5.2. Land use pattern in the catchmentarea by Agro-climatic zones (Area in Percentages) Agro-climatic zones Forest Grazing Cultivation Plantation* Total area land North Eastern Transitional Zone 12.12 21.21 48.48 18.18 100 North Eastern Dry Zone 5.54 24.64 48.50 21.32 100 North Dry Zone 1.85 20.69 69.31 8.15 100 Central Dry Zone 9.44 16.03 61.62 12.91 100 Eastern Dry Zone 6.58 8.38 53.43 31.61 100 Southern Dry Zone 2.17 27.17 68.48 2.17 100 Southem Transitional Zone 9.07 9.95 74.45 6.53 100 North Transitional Zone 1.47 3.53 79.72 15.26 100 Total 7.03 14.39 63.96 14.62 100 * Plantation includes area under agro-forestry and farm forestry in addition to horticultural crops.

C. Feeder Channels:The rain water or run-off from the catchmentor excesswater from the tank in the upperreach is carriedto tankseither throughnatural drainage lines or man made channels.However, over the years, farmers in the adjoiningareas of natural or artificial drains/ feederchannels have encroachedupon the feeder lines. At many places the feeder channelshave been diverted to harvest water. The feeder channelsare not cleanedfor yearstogether and are coveredwith weedsand chokedby silt. The feederchannels in almostall the tanksare either damagedor encroached.

D. Animal Grazing: The grazingland or pasture,locally known as Gomalais a common propertyresource of the village.The grazinglands are mostly locatedat the foreshore areasof the tank and forms catchmentfor the tank. Generally,a coupleof herdsmen usedto grazethe cattle from the wholevillage. However, reduction in the areaof grazing lands due to encroachment,distribution of grazing land to landless by the state government,and planting of trees of commerdal importance under social forestry programmeshave impingedon the practiceof collectivegrazing. The grazinglands in most of the cases are poor degraded soils. Grazing continues without allowing regenerationprocess. The indiscriminategrazing not only reducesthe productivityof the grazingland but also adds to the soil erosion.Being the commonproperty resourceof the village,nobody bothers to maintainits productivity.Data about the numberof cattle grazingon these pastureswere collectedfrom the villagers.The averagenumber of cattle grazingon commonpasture lands are presentedin Table5.3. The data may not be accuratebut indicativeof the numberof animalsgrazing on CPR/ villagepasture.

The numberof cattle,which graze daily, variesfrom 10 in SDZto 55 in NEDZ.The averagenumber of cattle grazingon commonvillage pasture is lower in southernparts of the state when comparedto the northern parts of Karnataka.The proportionof cross- bred cowsin the total livestockis higherin the south and these are mostlystall-fed. This partially explainsthe low pressureon grazing lands in the southern Kamataka.The numberof animalsgrazing in the catchmentof the studytank is shownin Annexure5.4. SEA/FINALIISEC/170901 5-3

Table 5.3. Average numberof cattle grazing in the catchmentarea of the tank by Agro-climatic zones

Agro climatic zones No of animals grazing in catchment area NorthEastern Transitional Zone 25.00 North Eastern Dry Zone 55.00 NorthDry Zone 43.33Z Central Dry Zone 24.67 Eastern Dry Zone 18.75- Southern Dry Zone 10.00- Southern Transitional Zone 16.50 North Transitional Zone 10.75- Total 23.73

E. Soil Conservation: In most of the cases, soils are poor and fragile particularly if the catchment encompasses hillocks and barren lands. These lands are best suited for tree crops but farmers grow seasonal crops like cereals and pulses. The tillage and other agricultural operations make the soil loose and enhance erosion of topsoil through run- off. Arable as well as non-arable lands in most of the catchment areas are untreated leading to heavy soil erosion and silting of feeder channels and tank bed (Table 5.1.4). The catchment area of a few tanks has been treated. The land treatments include trenches dug by the forest department for social forestry, or few feeder channels having draft structures like pickups or check dams to arrest silt. We also find boarder bunds for cultivated plots in some of the areas. The catchment having received some land treatment is provided in Annexure 5.4.

Table 5.1. 4 Numberof tanks without soil conservationmeasures in the catchmentarea by size of tank and agro--climaticzones

Agro-climatic zones Number of Tanks Small Medium Larqe North Eastern Transitional 2

Zone ______North Eastern Dry Zone . 1 1 North Dry Zone 2 2 (2) Central Dry Zone 2 8 5 (3) Eastern Dry Zone . 4 (2) 1 (1) Southern Dry Zone. 2 Southern Transitional Zone 5 (1) 2 North Transitional Zone . 1* 1 (1) All 2(l) 23 (3) 14 (7) * Figuresin the parenthesesrepresent tanks having catchment with someland treatment

F. Vegetation: In most of the tank catchments vegetation is very sparse. The vegetation consists of acada arabica, neem, pongamia, tamarind, mango and some nondescript trees. In addition to this, coconut and arecanut trees (garden) have been observed in the catchment of tanks from Central and Southem parts of the state. The forest department has been implementing the sodal forestry programmes for a decade or SENFINALI/ISEC/170901 54 so. The barrenlands, grazing lands, plains near the hillocks,etc., are plantedmainly with eucalyptus.A few farmers have also grown eucalyptus under the farm forestry programmes.The tanks with modestlevel of vegetationin the catchmentare presented in Table 5.5 The vegetationconsidered here refers to social/farmforestry, orchards, coconut gardens,vegetation along the feeder channels,etc. The list of tanks having modestvegetation in the catchementis providedin Annexure5.4. The vegetationin the catchmentminimizes soil degradationby arresting loss of fertile top soil and nutrients through run-off.

Table 5.1.5. Number of tanks having modest vegetation in the catchment by agro--climatic zones

Agro-climaticzones Numberof tankcatchments With vegetation Without Total vegetation North Eastern Transitional Zone 2 2 NorthEastern Dry Zone 1 1 2 NorthDry Zone 2 4 6 CentralDry Zone 11 7 18 EasternDry Zone 7 1 8 SouthernDry Zone 1 1 2 SouthernTransitional Zone 5 3 8 NorthTransitional Zone 1 3 4 Total 30 20 50

G. Status of Groundwaterdevelopment in the catchment

Hydrologicalstudy carried out as a part of the presentproject has estimated the groundwaterpotential for the catchmentareas of the selectedtanks by consideringthe dynamicrecharge and currentdraft. The rangeof groundwaterextraction is provided below (Table5.1.6.).

Table 5.1. 6 Status of Groundwaterdevelopment in the catchment

Class % rangeof GW No of tank Nameof the tank utilization catchment A 0 97 Kotagikere,Uramundinkere (obatti), Bendikatti, Momannahallitank, Hosahallitank, Oldtank of Hunsegere, Maliyurkere, Thattikere, Ravandur Tank B 0 to 25 12 Doddakere(Malur), Humankatte,Doddakere (Nandipura), Uramundinkere(Magadi), Krishnambudikere, Lebigera tank, Benkaltank, Metikurkitank, Old tankof Baroor C 25 to 50 7 KudriMothi tank, Chowdikatte,Somadevikere, Amanikere, Byrapurakatte, shettikere, Hirehegadal tank. D 50 to 75 8 Uramundinkere(K. Hosalili),Madankere, anjeneyaswamykere,Nitrorahalli tank, Soramankere, Bylya doddakere, Urmundinkere (Halkurki), B.D. Pura tank E 75to 100 4 Kalaveerajanakere,Amannikerekatte, Sappedevenkere, Goviyamanakere F > 100 10 Kerehallitank, Shivapuratank, Doddagowdanakatte, Doddahosali tank, Badamghatti, SEWFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-5 H. Erosionrate for selectedtanks

The simulationexerdse carried out by Hydrologicalstudy team usingrainfall, soils and host of otherfactors has indicatedthat as manyas 80 per cent of the study tankshad very poor erosionrate in the catchment.The simulationexerdse indicated only oneof the 50 studytanks falling underheavy erosion and 3 under mediumcategory of soil erosion.

Table 5.1.7. Erosion rate for selected tanks

Range of Category No. of tank Tanks erosion rate catchments

(tonnes/ha) _ < 5 Very low 40 Kotagikere, Uramundinkere (obatti), Bendikatti, Bomannahalli tank, Hosahalli tank, Old tank of Hunsegere, Maliyurkere, RavandurTank,. Doddakere (Malur), Humankatte, Doddakere (Nandipura), Uramundinkere (Magadi), Krishnambudikere, Benkal tank, Metikurk tank, Kudri Mothi tank, Chowdikatte, Somadevikere, Amanikere, Byrapura katte, Uramundinkere (K. Hosailli), Anjeneyaswamykere, Nitrorahalli tank, Soramankere, Bylya doddakere, Urmundinkere (Halkurki), B.D. Pura tank, Kalaveerajjanakere, Amannikerekatte, Sappedevenkere,Badamghatti, Doddagowdanakatte, Doddahosali ______tank. 5 to 15 Low 6 Old tank of Baroor, Madankere, Thattikere, Shettikere, Goviyamanakere, Holginakatte. 15 to 40 Medium 3 Lebigera tank, Kerehalli tank, Shivapura tank. > 40 Very high 1 Hirehegadaltank

5.1.2. Tank structure / Tank bed

A. Water-spread area: As expected,the size of the tank and the water-spreadarea are closelyrelated. The water-spreadarea of the tanks has been greatly reducedover the yearsdue to encroachmentby the farmersowning landsin the foreshorearea of the tank. Many of them have constructedbunds to savecrops from submergence.This has resultedin reducingthe water-spreadarea of the tanks.The water-spreadarea of small tanks rangedbetween 2 acresin NTZto 6 acresin CDZ(Table 5.13). The averagewater- spreadarea of mediumtanks in the study area was 24.4 acres and it varied between6 acres in NTZand 50 acresin NDZ.In the caseof largetanks, average water-spread area is morethan 90 acres.

Table 5.1.8. Average water-spread area of tanks in different agro--dimatic zones (Area in acres) Agro-climatic zones Size of tank Small Medium Large North Eastern Transitional Zone 35.00 North Eastern Dry Zone 40.00 101.00 North Dry Zone 50.00 83.25 Central Dry Zone 6.00 27.10 121.69 Eastem Dry Zone 19.00 76.00 Southern Dry Zone 51.50 Southern Transitional Zone 12.67 155.50 North Transitional Zone 2.00 6.00 10.50 Total 4.00 24.01 94.98 SENtFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-6 It was observedthat the water-spreadarea of tankswas generallylarger in the northern dry regionsthan in the Southernand Malnadregions. The water-spreadarea of the individualtank is presentedin Annexure5.5.

B. Depth of the Tank Bed: Unlikethe water-spreadarea, the averagedepth of tanks from different categorieswas more or less uniform. The averagedepth of small and mediumtanks was around 11 feet whereasit was 13 feet in the caseof large tanks (Table 5.14). There are variationswithin the group across Agro-climaticzones. For example,the averagedepth of mediumtanks rangedbetween 8 feet in NTZto 17 feet in NDZ.The averagedepth of the tank varied between5 feet and 14feet (Annexure5.5). Table 5.1.9. Averagedepth of tank-bed in different agro--climaticzones (Depthin feet) Agro-climabc zones Size of tank Small Medium Large North Eastem Transitional Zone 12.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone 9.00 10.00 NorthDry Zone 13.00 10.00 CentralDry Zone 12.00 9.22 11.63 EasternDry Zone 9.33 12.50 Southern Dry Zone 9.00 Southern Transitional Zone _10.00 13.00 NorthTransitional Zone 10.00 8.00 10.50 Total 11.00 9.85 11.10

C. Siltation of tank beds:Almost all the tanks have accumulatedsilt in the bed. The accumulationof silt is either nearthe tank bund/damor the mouth of feeder channels. The siltationreduces storage capacity of the tank (Table 5.1.10).Though, siltation is a natural process,its paceis very high. The untreatedarable and non-arablelands donate fine and fertile topsoil to the tank along with run-off water. Secondly,the cultivationin the foreshorearea of the tank extendsup to tank bed (of courseon encroachedland). These landsare not protectedby any soil onservationmeasures.

table 5.15. Averagelevel of silt in the tank-bed in different agro--climaticzones (Depthin feet Agro-climaticzones Sizeof tank . ______Small Medium Large North Eastern Transitional Zone _ 6.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone 8.00 6.00 North Dry Zone 5.50 3.50 CentralDry Zone 5.00 3.78 5.00 Easter DryZone 5.50 6.00 SouthernDry Zone 3.50 Southern Transitional Zone 4.50 5.00 NorthTransitional Zone 5.00 6.00 3.50 Total 5.00 4.85 4.55

Third, in many cases,the govemmenthas distributedland to landlesshouseholds on the foreshoreof the tank beds, or nearbygrazing lands. The cultivationof these landsalso adds silt to the tank everyyear. In someof the tanks, silt accumulationis up to the level of surplus-weir.Some of the tankslike Kalaveerajanakerein Arasikere village in Pavagada taluk, Kudrimothitank in Koppalor Chettanhallitank in Koratgereare full of silt and the presenceof dam (tank bund) only remindsus that there would have beena tankin the past.The levelsof accumulationof silt in individualtanks are shownin Annexure5.5. SEANFINAL/ISEC/17O901 5-7 D. Number of months water is stored: First, most of the tanks do not receive sufficientrun-off from the catchmentdue to manmadeobstructions in the catchmentlike diversionof flow, siltationof feederchannels, etc. Similarly,surplus water flowing from the upstreamchain tank also do not reachthe downstreamtank due to encroachment on these water ways by neighboringfarmers, or reducedinflow in the chaintank in the upperreach. However, most of the tanksretain water till march/ April only (Table5.16). Many of the tanks we visited were dry even during Januaryand early February.On an average,large tanks seemto retain somewater for a longerduration. The tanks in the drought prone areas like Pavagadaand Koratgereexperience heavy percolationlosses and the tanksin theseareas retain water for a shorterduration (Annexure 5.5).

Table 5.1.11. Average duration for retention of water in the tank-bed in different agro--climatic zones (Number of months from January onwards) Agro-climaticzones Sizeof tank Small Medium Large NorthEastern Transitional Zone 3.50 NorthEastern Dry Zone 4.00 6.00 NorthDry Zone 4.00 4.00 CentralDry Zone 3.00 3.80 4.00 EasternDry Zone 3.67 5.00 SouthernDry Zone 5.00 SouthemTransitional Zone 3.50 4.00 NorthTransitional Zone 3.00 3.00 3.50 Total 3.00 3.59 4.24

E. AquaticWeeds and Other Vegetation: Manytank bedsare infestedwith aquatic weedsand other plants. The commonweeds found in the tank bedsare Ipomiacamica jacq fiocally known as GaneshanKaddi/Neerpudi), Sachrum spontinum (Jondu grass) and Prosapisjuliflora (Bellayljai). Infestabonby ipomiaorprosapis is very acutein someof the tanks while othersare relativelyfree from infestation.For example,a study tank in EDZ (Maniganahallivillage,Magadi taluk) is full of ipomia sp. or Yeradakattetank in CDZ (Yeradakattevillage, Hiriyur taluk) is badlyinfested with Prosapisju/iflora(Bellary jall). On the other hand a few tanks as the one in NDZ(Hire Hegadalvillage, in Kudligitaluk) or other in NETZ(Hunsegere village, Humanabad taluk) is without any aquatic weedsor vegetationin the tank bed.The proportionof water-spreadarea covered by the weedsis presentedin Table5.1.12. (Annexure 5.6).

The tanks infestedwith aquaticweeds and other vegetationare presentedin AnnexureVII. The forestdepartment planted Prosapis juliflora (Bellary pa/i) at the mouthof main feederchannels to filter run-offand checksiltation of the tank bed. However,it has spreadto the tank bedand other areas near the tank and hasbecome a problem.The tank beds of YeradaKatte,Doddahosahalli, Byalya, Kudrimothi tank, etc., are infestedwith Prosapisjuliflora. The farmersat a few placescomplained that the leavesand beansof Bellaryjali (Prosapisjuliflora)spoil the water quality.Similarly, Ipomia camica jacq planted as a filter and checksfor soilerosion spreads to otherareas and create nuisance. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-8 Table 5.1.12. Average number of tanks Infested with aquatic weds and other vegetation in Agro-climaticzones

Agro-climatic zones Size of Tank Small Medium Large North Eastern Transitional 2 (10)* Zone North Eastern Dry Zone 1_(20) 1(02) North Dry Zone 1 (0.5) 3(12) Central Dry Zone 0.00 7 (02) 6(07)

Eastern Dry Zone _____ 5 (03) 1(01) Southern Dry Zone X_X_____ 2(11) Southern Transitional Zone _ 4 (04) 2(12) North Transitional Zone 0.00 1(02) 1(01) Total 0.00 21(04) 16(07) * Proportionof Tank-bedCovered by AquaticWeeds and Other Vegetation in the tanks.

F. Dam Structure: Mostof the tank bundsor the dam structuresare either damaged or weak. The visualappearance indicates that quite a few dams (we studied)may not be able to hold / store augmentedwater after desiltingof tanks or may not withstandthe pressureof water. As manyas 17 of the 50 tanks studiedhave damaged/weak dams and 22 have modestdams which need to be strengthened(Table 5.18). In CDZ,only 5 of the 16 tanks are having strong dams whereas 11 tanks have weak and damagedbunds. Similarly, half of the tanks studied in STZ have weak dams and one-fourth needs strengthening.The tanks having damagedor weak dams or dams with cracks are presentedin Annexure5.6.

Table 5.1.13. Conditionof the tank bund /dam structure

Agro-climaticzones Damaged/ Modest Strong Total Weak ______North Eastern Transitional Zone 2 2 North Eastern Dry Zone 2 2 NorthDry Zone 2 3 1 6 CentralDry Zone 8 5 5 18 EasternDry Zone 3 4 1 8 Southern Dry Zone 2 2 Southern Transitional Zone 4 2 2 8 North Transitional Zone 4 4 Total 17 22 11 50

The bunds/ dams are also damagedas the stone pitchingof the upstreamslop has given way. The wild weed growth of Prosapisjuliflora (Bellaryjal/), wild lantana, thorny bushes,etc, on the tank bund hasweakened the structure.The dam structurehas developedcracks at varying length and depths.The numberof tanks with breachesor cracksis shownin Table 5.19. At many places,farmers have breachedthe damto make way for bullock-cartswhile others have breachedit to siphon water from the dead storageof the tank. SEAIFINAL/ISECI17O901 5-9 Table5.1.14. Number of tanksbunds with andwithout damage/cracks by agro-climatic zones

Agro-climaticzones Without With Total breaches breaches NorthEastern Transitional 2 2 Zone NorthEastern Dry Zone 2 2 NorthDry Zone 6 6 CentralDry Zone 15 3 18 EasternDry Zone 7 1 8 SouthernDry Zone 2 2 SouthernTransitional Zone 8 8 NorthTransitional Zone 1 3 4 Total 43 7 50

G. Sluiceand Surplus/Waste-weirs:The flow of waterfrom the tank for irrigationis controlledthrough sluice. Most of the tanks havetraditional sluices and the flow of water is controlled using a log of wood or wooden pole. A few tanks are equippedwith improvedsluice valves made of steel. The sluice valves at almost all the tanks are damagedand water leaksout from the sluice.The waste-weirsor surplus-weirsat many placesare damaged.The accumulatedsilt in the tank-bedhas reachedthe surpluslevel and farmers have suggestedraising the height of the surplus-weirto augment the storagecapadty of the tank.

H. Pollution:The non-pointcontamination of tank water is commonin almost all the tanks. The rainwaterdrains from the grazingland as well as from the villagearea and carries all the dirt, human and animal waste into the tank. This spoilsthe quality of water. In somecases, FYM pits are dug on the foreshorearea of the tank. This servesas a sourceof non-point contamination/pollutionof water. Tank water is not used for drinkingpurpose in any of the studyvillages. Most of the villageseither havepiped water supply or are endowed with borewellsfor drinking water purposes.However, the contaminationof groundwatermay posehealth hazard.

5.2. CommandArea

A. Tank AtchkatlCommandArea: The averagearea under the tank commandis 5, 48 and 264 acresfor small, mediumand largetanks respectively(Table 5.20). The average commandarea undermedium tanks rangedfrom a minimumof 15 acres in NTZto 82 acres in NDZ. Similarly,the averagecommand area under large tanks varied between 140 acres in NTZ and 405 in NDZ.The small tanks generallyserve peoplefrom one village whereas,in the case of mediumtanks, the commandarea spreadsover one or two villages.The largetanks serve farmers from morethan 2 villages.The largetanks in NTZserved farmers from a singlevillage whereas atchkatof largetanks in STZconsisted of farmersfrom more than sevenvillages. The commandarea varied from tank to tank basedon the storagecapacity of the tank. The commandof the tank rangedbetween a few acres in Madankere,Hunsegere or Doddagowdanakatteto morethan 100 ha under Ravanduror Hirehegadaltanks (Annexure 5.7). SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-10 table 5.1.15. Averagearea in tank atchkatand numberof villagesserved by agro-climatic zones* (Areain Acres) Agro-climaticzones Sizeof tank Small Medium Large North EasternTransitional Zone 47 (1) North EasternDry Zone 50 (1) 150(2) North Dry Zone 82 (2) 405 (2) CentralDry Zone 8 (1) 59(1) 239(4) EasternDry Zone 40 (2) 144(3) SouthernDry Zone 260(4) SouthernTransitional Zone 38(2) 325(7) NorthTransitional Zone 2(l) 15 (1) 140(1) Total 5() 49 (4 258(3) * The area under atchkatpresented here is based on the data collected from the villages. Figures in parenthesesrepresent average number of villages.

B. Main and Field Channels:In most of the cases,actual atchkat area of the tank exceedsthe potentialcreated (official atchkat).The main channelsoriginating from the sluice or distributionchambers are earthenchannels and have been encroachedby the farmers (Table 5.1.16). A few tanks have lined (cement concrete/ stone slab) main channels.Lot of preciouswater is lost through percolationand seepagefrom unlined earthenchannels. It is the samewith field channels.

Table 5.16. Numberof tanks with damagedfield channelsby agro-climaticzones

(Number of tanks' Agro-climaticzones Conditionof field channels Totaltanks Damaged Encroached Not bad NorthEastem Transitional Zone 2 2 NorthEastern Dry Zone 2 2 NorthDry Zone 5 1 6 CentralDry Zone 10 6 2 18 EasternDry Zone 4 4 8 SouthemDry Zone 2 2 Southem Transitional Zone 7 1 8 North Transitional Zone 1 3 4 Total 31 6 13 50

At many places field channelsdo not exist as farmers irrigate their crops by flooding, wherein, the farmers near the main channelsdraw water by breakingthe channelsmaking water flow from one plot to another through gravity. The grazingof animalsafter the harvestof crop alsodamages the field channels.The non-availabilityof irrigationwater from the tank (due to disrepair)for a long time resultedin the removalof field channelsby the commandfarmers. The detailsabout the conditionof main andfield channelsfor the studytanks havebeen presented in Annexure5.8.

In the caseof shortageof water in the tank-bed,farmers from head-reachbreach the main channelsto irrigatetheir plotsand the farmersin the lower reachor tail-endare deprivedof their due share. Field channelsin commandareas of tanks, which are not being usedfor irrigationfor the last3-4 years,have disappeared over the years.

C. Compositionof Farms in the Command Area: Smalland marginalfarmers are numericallydominant and accountfor morethan 50 per cent of the total farmersin the tank SEWFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-11 command(Table 5.22). Semi-medium farmers share almost one fourthof the total farmsin the command,the large farmersaccounting for less than four per cent of the total commandfarms

Table 5.1.17. Distributionof farms in the commandarea by size of holdings

.______( Farms in percentages) Agro-climatic zones Farm size category Small& Semi- Medium Large Total Marginal medium NorthEastern Transitional Zone 34.52 42.86 22.62 0.00 100.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone 37.94 44.61 16.65 0.80 100.00 NorthDry Zone 45.06 36.37 11.38 7.19 100.00 CentralDry Zone 59.16 22.31 11.80 6.73 100.00 EasternDry Zone 58.72 24.48 15.24 1.56 100.00 SouthernDry Zone 60.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 100.00 SouthernTransitional Zone 61.14 13.52 25.34 0.00 100.00 NorthTransitional Zone 54.19 31.47 10.63 3.71 100.00 Total 55.36 25.42 15.47 3.75 100.00 and the rest are mediumfarmers. The compositionof the farmersin the commandvanes from tank to tank and areato area.The proportionof smallfarms is higherin Hirehegadal, Somadevi,Holginkatte, Kotagikatte tanks whereas large farms share more than 10 per cent of the total commandfarms in Maniganhalli,Kudr Mothi,Benkal tanks (Annexure 5.9).

E. Water Distribution Mechanism: Most of the villages have a traditional water overseer(neerugunthl) to regulateand managethe tank water. However,over the years, the hold of neerugunthisoverthe tank and commandfarmers has eroded. In someof the study tanks, farmersthemselves regulate and managethe water with mutual consent and convenience.However, in the processthe farmersin the lower reachor at the tail- end are deprivedof water whenit is neededmost (when the crop is at maturitystage).

F. Number of Open and Borewells:To minimizethe risk and dependenceon the tank a few farmers in the tank atchkat have developedindependent source of water by diggingwells in the commandarea. Mostof the open wellsdug in the past have become defunctdue to loweringof water table in the area. With the advancementof technology and easyaccess, open wells are being replacedby borewells.The numberof borewells (density) has increasedmore rapidly during the last decade due to dedine in the dependencyon tanks for irrigation.Very few farmershave developedfarm ponds and they use stored water for providinglife savingirrigation to standingcrops. The average numberof open/borewellsas well as farm ponds in the tank commandis presentedin Table 5.1.18.There are, on an average,one open and two borewellsin the command area of a small tank. Similarly,there are 6 open and 9 borewellsin the atchkat of mediumtanks followedby 8 open wells and more than 15 borewellsin the command areaof a largetank.

Almosthalf the openwells are without water and have becomedefunct. Most of the open wells in the commandarea depend on'tank for groundwaterrecharge and go dry whenthe tank is empty.The numberof failedborewells is quite high.The proportion of failed borewellsis conspicuouslyhigh in NETZ, NEDZ,NDZ, CDZ and EDZ. The indiscriminatedrilling of borewellswithin dose proximity, as well as higher rate of extraction than the groundwaterrecharge might be the main causefor the failure of borewells.Indiscriminate drilling of wells leadsto loweringof water table year by year. This has implicationsfor the quality of groundwaterused for drinking purposes.Recent SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-12 studiesin Bagepallitaluka of Kolardistrict have indicatedthat water drawn from a higher depth had higherfluoride content than the shallowwells.

Table 5.1.18. Average number of open and borewellsand farm ponds in the tank commandby sizeof tank and agro-climaticzones

Agro-dimaticzones Openwells | Openwells 1Borewells | Borewells Farm with water without water with without ponds l water water Small Tanks CentralDry Zone 0.00 0.00 1.001 0.00 0.00 NorthTransitional Zone 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Total 0.00 1.00 1.50 0.50 0.00 MediumTanks North EasternTransitional Zone 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.50 2.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone 2.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 NorthDry Zone 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.00 CentralDry Zone 6.75 10.50 10.38 4.88 1.00 EasternDry Zone 1.83 2.17 7.83 2.00 1.83 SouthernTransitional Zone 0.50 0.33 2.50 0.67 0.17 NorthTransitional Zone 1.00 2.00 8.00 2.00 2.00 Total 2.92 4.15 6.23 2.69 1.08 ______Large Tanks NorthEastern Dry Zone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NorthDry Zone 1.50 1.50 9.50 2.50 1.50 CentralDry Zone 9.71 7.71 10.14 19.71 1.14 EasternDry Zone 1.50 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.50 SouthernDry Zone 5.00 2.50 4.00 1.00 0.00 SouthernTransitional Zone 1.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 NorthTransitional Zone 0.00 2.00 4.50 6.00 0.00 Total 4.45 3.75 7.00 8.50 0.95

A few farmersin the tank commandhave ponds in their plots.Tank water storedin the pondsis used for raisingnurseries or recydedduring emergency to providelife saving irrigationto the standingcrop. In somecases, tank water stored in the pondsis usedto irrigate landsoutside the commandarea or elevatedarea within the commandby lifting water.

F. Irrigation by source: Since dependency on tanks for irrigation has declined, farmersin the commandstarted developing private source of irrigationthrough open and borewells.The proportionof commandarea (average)irrigated by thesesources is quite significant.The area irrigatedby borewellsin the commandof smalltanks is around72 per cent of the catchment,whereas, it shared34 and 12 per cent of the commandarea of mediumand largetanks respectively(Table 5.1.19). The openwells irrigatedroughly 8 per cent and 3 per cent of the commandarea under medium and large tanks respectively.

Watermarkets are activein the studyvillages. Farmers who do not own borewell buy waterfrom the ownerof the borewelland sharesone fourth or onethird of the produce as the costof water. In most of the cases,the farmersin lowerreach of the commanddo not get water from the tank dueto reducedstorage and grow rain-fedcrops. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-13 Table5.1.19. Averagecommand area irrigated by differentsources (Areain percentages) Agro-climaticzones Openwells I Borewells Farmponds Small tanks CentralDry Zone 0.00 62.50 0.00 NorthTransitional Zone 0.00 82.00 0.00 Total 0.00 72.25 0.00 MediumTanks NorthEastern Trans. Zone 4.32 17.27 4.32 NorthEastern Dry Zone 4.00 36.00 4.00 NorthDry Zone 0.83 1.94 0.00 CentralDry Zone 15.50 51.70 1.30 EasternDry Zone 6.80 26.96 5.25 SouthernTransitional Zone 1.43 30.80 0.24 NorthTransitional Zone 13.33 50.00 13.33 Total 7.73 34.02 2.67 LargeTanks NorthEastern Dry Zone 0.00 0.00 0.00 North Dry Zone 0.56 14.97 0.51 CentralDry Zone 7.25 18.13 1.28 EasternDry Zone 1.26 5.54 3.62 SouthernDry Zone 3.00 5.00 0.00 SouthernTransitional Zone 0.40 7.38 0.40 NorthTransitional Zone 0.00 9.03 0.00 Total 3.12 12.03 0.95

G. Numberand frequency of irrigation:Farmers in thecommand area in almostall the tanksacross the Agro-climaticzones grow paddy during late rabiseason and hence, the numberand frequency of irrigationpresented here pertains to paddycrop grown using tank watersupplemented by other source of irrigation.Average number of irrigationprovided by usingtank water ranged between 6 in NETZand 20 in STZand NTZ (Table 5.1.20). The intervalbetween two irrigationswas 5 to 7 days.The average number of irrigationthrough borewellwas higher in EDZ,STZ, and NTZ indicating complete dependence on borewellfor growingthe crop.On the otherhand, farmers in NETZand NDZ were using borewell water assupplementary or life saving irrigation.

Table5.1.20. Averagenumber and frquency of irrigationfrom different sources in the commandarea of the tank by agro-climaticzones Sourceof Agro-climaticzones Numberof Frequencyof irrigation inrigations irrigation(days) Tank NorthEastern Transitional Zone 6.00 7.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone 14.25 7.00 NorthDry Zone 5.78 7.00 CentralDry Zone 16.46 5.32 EasternDry Zone 18.39 5.59 SouthernDry Zone 18.89 7.00 SouthernTransitional Zone 20.08 5.94 NorthTransitional Zone 20.35 7.00 Total 17.96 6.09 Borewell NorthEastern Transitional Zone 10.00 7.00 SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-14 NorthDry Zone 1.25 7.00 CentralDry Zone 11.38 5.50 EasternDry Zone 20.00 6.00 SouthernTransitional Zone 26.00 4.00 NorthTransitional Zone 25.00 4.00 Total 11.94 5.71

5.1.4 Cropping pattern:

The crops grown in the command area of the tanks are sugarcane (31%), ragi (27%) and paddy (24%). Sorghum and groundnut shared 2 and one per cent of the gross cropped area respectively whereas coconut and arecanut were grown on less than one per cent of the gross cropped area (Table 5.1.21). The farmers' aversion to risk has influenced the area under ragi. The shortage of water in the tank does not support paddy crop and hence, farmers shift to ragi cultivation.

As expected, there are large variations in the crop plan across the Agro-climatic zones. The area under paddy ranged from 15 per cent in NEDZ to nearly 60 per cent in SDZ. Groundnut and sorghum are preferred in NDZ. Sugarcane is grown in almost all the Agro-climatic zones. However, area under sugarcane shared more than 50 per cent of the command area in NEDZ and NTZ.

Farmers in the command area of almost all the tanks (except in Benkal, Koppal district) follow mono-cropping. However, the crop variety used by the farmer differs depending on the economic status of the household. The poor generally use home produced seed and grow local improved varieties whereas better-off farmers in the command grow HYV cultivators.

Table 5.1.21. Averagearea underdifferent cropsin the commandarea of the tank by agro- climaticzones (Percentage to grosscropped area) Agro- Paddy Ground- Sorgh- Ragi Cocon-ut Arecan- Sugarc- Gross climatic nut um ut ane cropped zones area NETZ 37 00 50 00 00 00 13 100 NEDZ 18 22 6 00 00 00 54 100 NDZ 15 36 29 00 00 00 20 100 CDZ 18 18 8 35 01 01 19 100 EDZ 25 01 00 41 00 00 33 100 SDZ 59 00 00 15 00 00 26 100 STZ 32 01 04 26 00 00 37 100 NTZ 30 01 02 00 00 00 67 100 ALL 24 10 07 27 01* 01* 31 100 * Proportionatearea less than one (0.29 per cent)

Though, water-logging and salinity problems are common in irrigated agriculture, we have not come across any such problem. However, almost all the land in the tank command in Benkal village in Yelburga taluk of Koppal district has saline soils and the farmers do not grow paddy at all there and are happy with the cultivation of groundnut and cowpea.

5.1.5. Input use

The farmers in the command area use, on an average, 2.5 quintals of organic manure (FYM) per acre along with 49 kgs of chemical fertilizers (Table 5.27). Per acre use of SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-15 organicmanure ranged from almostnegligible (0.17 quintal) to 7.12 quintalsper acre in NDZ.The usageof chemicalfertilizers was the highest(154 kg/acre)in NETZand least (NTZ)in NTZ.The farmersprefer the use liquidinsecticide/ pestiddes. Average quantity of plant protectionchemicals (PPC) used was lessthan quarterlitre per acre.The useof PPC wasthe highestin NDZand wasused mostly to protectgroundnut crop from insect/pests.

Table 5.1.22. Averagequantity of input per acre of land by agro-climaticzones

Agro-climaticzones Organic Chemicalfertilizer Plantprotection manure(in (in Kgs) chemicals* (litres) quintals) NorthEastern Transitional Zone 6.74 154 0.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone 3.16 84 0.21 NorthDry Zone 7.12 91 0.43 CentralDry Zone 2.23 49 0.26 EasternDry Zone 0.48 43 0.17 SouthernDry Zone 0,17 43 0.05 SouthernTransitional Zone 2.91 34 0.16 NorthTransitional Zone 4.43 30 0.18 ALL 2.48 49 0.21 * Useof chemicaldust was very negligible

5.2 StakeholderAnalysis

5.2.1. Introductory Remarks There is a tendencyto associatea tank with a village. For a full and clear stakeholderanalysis, it is necessaryto distinguishbetween:

* the tanks that are in these revenuejurisdiction of a villageand the commandsare exclusiveto it; * the tank and the commandfor revenuerecord purposes are locatedin one village, while the farmers from other villageshave come to own/leaseor sharecropin the command. * the commandarea spreadsacross the revenuejurisdiction of more than one village (see,Table 5.2.1). * the villagehas morethan onetank, and * finally, althoughthere can be many more variationsand combinationsof the above types, a tank may be locatedin a villagewhile the commandis in anothervillage.

Table 5.2.1: Tanksshared by villages(averages) in different agro-climaticzones

Agro-climatczones Numberof villagesunder tankcommand area NorthEastern Transitional Zone (Bidar, Humnabad) 1.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone (Yadgir) 1.50

NorthDry Zone (Yelburga,Koppal, Kudligi) 1.83 CentralDry Zone(Pavagada, Hiriyur, Koratagere, Madhugiri, Tiptur) 2.31 EasternDry Zone(Magadi, Malur) 2.25 SouthernDry Zone(T. Narasipur) 3.50 SouthemTransitional Zone (Piriyapatna, Shikaripur) 3.00 NorthTransitional Zone (Hanagal) 1.00 SEA/FINAL/ISEC170901 5-16 Total 2.21

It appearsthat the inddenceof severalvillage communities sharing a singletank is greater in the southernparts of Karnataka.Only about 50 per cent of the tanksselected have a singlevillage within whoserevenue boundaries the tank's commandareas lie. It doesnot, however,mean that farmersfrom other revenuevillages do not own land in the commandarea of suchtanks. Suchfarmers generally tend to cultivatethe landas absentee landowners.

Basedon the socialassessment carried out, it becomesclear that each of these typesof tankshas distincttypes of controland use of the tanks. People'sparticipation in the project, the role of different stakeholders,formation of Tank Users'Association (henceforth,TUA), etc., will all be influencedby these features of tank and villages. Sustainabilityof the impacts is influencedby the different patterns listed above,and therefore,the projectis to be sensitiveto these differences.A uniformset of normsand regulationsis unlikelyto addressthe consequencesof suchdifferences.

The following are to be bome in mind while further or detailed studiesare to be undertakenfor indusion in the Community-BasedTank ManagementProject (CBTMP), beyondthe 50 tanksalready identified.

* How accountablewill the communitybe for the tank whenit has exdusivejurisdiction over the tank in sucha way that stakeholdersof all typeswill alsoreceive the benefits arisingout of the projectimplementation? * Evolve mechanismsfor ensuring responsibleparticipation by a cross-sectionof stakeholdersfrom among people owning land in the commandarea though from different villages,at par with the other stakeholderswithin the village in which the tank is located.(See Section 7.1 for recommendations')

Table 5.2.2: Stakeholding villages

Tank commandshared by No. of tanks Singlevillage 24 Singlevillage, many tanks 6 Two villages 4 Fourvillages 6 Multiplevillages 10 Total 50

5.2.2. Narrowing down of stakeholders

Generally,the stakeholdersare widerand tend to be moredependent if the tank is locatedcloser to the villagesettlement. When it is far from the village,say at a distanceof a kilometeror more, the stakeholdershiptends to be confinedto the farmers in the commandarea. Nearlyhalf the numberof tanksstudied is locatedat a distanceof at least a kilometerfrom the main settlementof the village. Indeed, sucha distancealso often encouragesthe processof encroachmentof the tank bedarea, damages to the structures and utilitiesand therefore,a generalneglect of the tank by a majorityin the community.

'Recommendedstrategies and policy suggestions to the issuesthat are raised in thissection are listed in Section7.1. SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-17 Fromtime immemorialthe tank was consideredas a propertyof the community, but it graduallylost such a meaning. In almostevery single village level consultations that were held, the tank is seen essentiallyas somethingthat concemsthose owning land in the command. This kind of a narrowingdown of stakeholdershipis even more prominentwhen the tank hasfallen into disrepairand disuse. For,the other stakeholders in an ideal sensehave either given up their dependenceon the tank or have found alternativesources for their livelihood.Just to illustratethe idealand the narrowed-down senseof stakeholdership,we may list the following:

The cattleherders in the past consideredtank as a communityasset. For, it was at the tank bund or the foreshorearea that the village cattle were assembledin the moming,from where they would be led to the wastelandsor the forest beyondthe tank for purposesof grazing. The cattle herderhad a customaryright to colled the droppings and sell them thrice or four times a year to the highest bidderin the village. The tank servedas the commonmost water point for all animalsbound out of or into the village. Customarily,the tank had to maintaina deadstorage of water to cater to the needsof the animals. Likewise,the potter, washerman,and severalother artisansin the village communitydepended upon the tank for their livelihood.

While the above was an ideal notion of stakeholdershipand somethingthat prevailedin the past, the presentscenario depicts dearly the oppositepicture. In most villages,the communitycattle herder as an institutionhas almostdisappeared. Where they exist, the tank is not necessarilythe meetingpoint. The wastelandsthat formed the commongrazing yard (and an importantelement of the catchmentfor the tank) have all beenprivatised or encroachedupon if not broughtunder sodal forestry and fenced.2 If the lossof grazingland was one reasonfor the tank to looseits meetingpoint status,the other is the disturbanceof the deadstorage in the tank. The farmersowning land adjoiningto it too haveblocked the passagefor animalsbecause of the gradualencroachment of the tank bedarea.

The above illustration has been given with a view to demonstratinghow, for instance,cattle ownersin the village have graduallywithdrawn from the concernsfor tank. Sucha withdrawal,as pointedout earlier,is even moreaccentuated when the tank has fallen underdisrepair and disuse. Cattleowners, therefore, have tended to either minimisethe numberof animalsthey rear or have found alternativesources of fodder and water. Someof them includedstall-feeding and water troughs in their fields with tubewellsor dependingon otherswith suchalternative sources of water.

Thus, the withdrawalof stakeholdershiphas occurredamong others as well: the washermen,fishermen, potter and other artisans(rope and coir makers).

It is, therefore, but natural that in almost all the villages visited, membersof the communityviewed the tank as somethincthat concernsthose ownina lands in the command Oftenthe conceptionof a tank got further narroweddown in termsof *: those with alternativesources of irrigationand thosewithout; *: those in the head,mid or the tail-endregion; *: thoseowning landsin the high lyingor low lying areasof the command; *: those who are originallycommand area farmers as againstthose who haveconverted their landsto haveaccess to the tank irrigation;

2 Almostat the interval of a decade,the state has pursueda policyof regularisinglands encroached in rural wastelands (See,Karanth 1992; and Nadkamiand Karanth1990). SEWFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-18 *: farmerswith varyingextent of land in the command(see, Table 2.3); or *: thosewho havelands adjoining the commandand therebyan expandedholding.

5.2.3. Stakeholderassessment and socialanalysis: There seemsto be somerelationship between the extent of commandarea of a tank on the one hand, and the pattern of distributionof the commandland on the other (extent per household),influendng the natureand extent of willingnessto and potential participationin the managementof the tank. Thus, there is an importantdifference even among the stakeholdersof a tank's commandarea. In a majority of the tanks, the averagesize of holdingis about 0.10 to 0.15 acre, whilethe largerholdings could be as big as 3 to 5 acresor more. There is a threat that small and marginalfarmers may find contributionto the rehabilitationof tank not as beneficialto them as comparedto that which may occurto the biggerfarmers, even if the latter are small in numbers(e.g., H. Byrapura,Chikkanayakanahalli, Meti Kurki,Yeradakatte, etc.).

To the list of stakeholders,we may also add those otherswho may own landsin the commandareas of more than one tank. As against these stakeholders,there is an emerging new class of stakeholders,whose interests are not always necessarily condudvefor the project goals. These are peopleowning lands in the catchmentarea and who have either encroachedwater ways/command lands that constitutecatchment of anothertank, or have madechanges in the land use pattem affectingthe catchment. In systemtanks such stakeholdersare tailendersof the commandin an upstreamtank. As suchthey wouldlike to havethe tank in the upstreamfunctioning well so as to receive enough water for cultivation,and would prefer tank's downstreamto have problemsof seepage,sluice damage, surplus-weir broken, etc. The latter set of problemsfree them from the problemsof water-loggingwhile the former enablenormal cultivationbesides good grcundwaterrecharge.

To recapitulate,we have the problems of narrowing of ideal stakeholdership on the onehand and emergenceof new stakeholderswho are not necessarily proactive to further the goals of the project. Such a scenario of multiple- stakeholdershipgets further compoundedwhen a given tank has morethan one village communityor partsthere-of as stakeholders. In the caseof Maniganahalli,for instance, the tank and the bund are locatedin the village, while the entire head-reachof the commandarea is owned by farmersbelonging to one of its hamlets. Peoplefrom other villagesown a major portion of the rest of the commandarea. Similaris the situationin severalother villages(e.g., Ravandur,Bommaladevi Pura). Maniganahallifarmers have their landsin the tail-endof the commandarea. The maindistribution channels extended by huge metallic pipe to irrigate this tail-end has broken down. The pipe has been stolen. The farmers in the head reach have it in their interest to damagethe sluice and/or use oil enginesto lift the water from the dead storage. No amountof community persuasionhas succeededin preventingthe misuse of the tank by those in the command'shead-reach.

Table 5.2.3. Proportionof different categoriesof farmers in the commandarea by agro-climatic zone

Smalland Semi Medium Large Total Agro-climaticzones marginal medium farmers farmers farmers farmers 1 -2 3 4 5 6 SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-19 NorthEastern Transitional Zone 34.52 42.86 22.62 .00 100.00 (Bidar,Humnabad) NorthEastern Dry Zone 37.94 44.61 16.65 0.80 100.00 (Yadgir) NorthDry Zone 45.06 36.37 11.38 7.19 100.00 (Yelburga,Koppal, Kudligi) 1 2 3 4 5 6 CentralDry Zone 59.16 22.31 11.80 6.73 100.00 (Pavagada,Hiriyur, Koratagere, Madhugiri, Tiptur) EasternDry Zone 58.72 24.48 15.24 1.56 100.00 (Magadi, Malur) SouthernDry Zone 60.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 100.00 (T. Narasipur) SouthernTransitional Zone 61.14 13.52 25.34 0.00 100.00 (Piriyapatna, Shikaripur) NorthTransitional Zone 54.19 31.47 10.63 3.71 100.00 (Hanagal) _ Total 55.36 25.42 15.47 3.75 100.00 (Source:From the studyvillages - PRAsand GroupConsultations)

Finally, it is necessary to indicate the people's conception of the stakes, as far as women are concemed. In almost all villages, the stakes that women have in the tanks are residually recognised to be those concerned with washing vessels or clothes. Even this is viewed gradually to be delinked from the tank since in most of these villages there are hand pumps or fountains connected by mini-water supply scheme. So much so, there is also a tendency to consider such a residually recognised women's needs as being independent of the tank. In other words, there are sources other than the tank to meet these requirements. This seems to be the emerging perception.

5.2.4. Women as farmers and stakeholders

From the prepared list of farmers owning land in the command, we could identify many landowners who are women. The tendency has been to take them for granted even while enrolling of members for the proposed water users' assodation wherever initiative has begun. There are quite a few villages in which self-help groups (SHGs) have been organized with the initiative of either a NGO or a person with prior knowledge and experience in organising such groups. The process of formation of CBOs centered on the tanks has uniformly ignored such women's groups as though they cannot play any role in the collective action involving the tank. What is even more disappointing is that with the exception of one or two tanks/villages visited, in almost all none of the groups seem to take recognition of the positive contribution of the tanks that can make to lessen the burden of women in carrying out their household activities. This is in terms of its actual or potential capabilities to recharge the groundwater so as to enhance the water availability in the local wells and ponds or borewells. Such a potential is seen as principally oriented to be beneficial for agricultural purposes rather than easing the drinking water situation in the village.

Given the extremely narrow conception of the tank and its stakeholders as prevalent, it is little surprising that socially vulnerable groups are viewed only with a marginal concern. Thus, the role of landless is viewed merely in terms of making use of all the opportunities for agricultural labour rather than a means of enhandng their ability to cope up with an autonomous livelihood needs (cattle rearing, collection of grass and SEAFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-20 firewood,edible plants and tubers from the tank-bed,sources of incomeand sustenance by way of catchof fish andcrabs, etc.).

A: CommandArea farmers: Stakeholderanalysis thus revealsto us at least two categoriesof peoplefrom the point of view of the peoplethemselves. First group of stakeholdersconsists of those who own land in the commandarea. Over a periodof time they have becomeor viewedas the exclusivestakeholders.

In a majority of the tanks' context, membersof the village communitiesfelt that the responsibilityof rejuvenatingthe tank and contributionstowards it was vestedwith the farmersin the command. Sucha senseof stakeholdershipis madefurther difficultwhen membersof more than one villagecommunity or settlementshare the commandarea of a tank. The scenariois evenmore dismalwhen we find that the tank catchmentand the dam are within the jurisdictionof one villagewhile the commandarea is in another. Such village basedseparation in stakeholdershipoften gives rise to conflictingstakes in the resourceand even physicaldamages. We find good examplesof suchconflicts involving the tank on the one hand,and the settlementson the other villagesof Shivapura,Kudri Moti, Chattenahalliand Maniganahalli.

The issues,therefore, in this kindof stakeholdersare:

' Establishinginstitutional norms that would prevent tampering of the physical structures (dams, sluices, distributionchannels, surplus-weir, field channels,etc.) during and after the project implementation.The critical times are when the tank receivesless water from the catchmentin a poormonsoon year. > How to preventflouting normsand conventionsgoverning the distributionof water, or introducethem wherethey do not existat present.

Thereis a further sodaldimension of commandarea farmers that needsto be taken into account. This pertainsto the socialand culturalidentities of the farmersthat playan importantrole in the everydaylife of a villagecommunity. A majorfeature of this identityis that it is definedor attributedto one'scaste. With the exceptionof aboutfour or five tank- villages,in a majorityof the villagesthere existed a multi-castesocial structure. A typical multi-castevillage consisted in the past severalservice rendering castes (with or without ownershipof land) centeringaround one or two castesthat held a major portionof the landsin the village. Suchlandowning castes may be definedas dominantcastes (Srinivas 1959 and 1995) which status they gain by virtue of their numericalpreponderance, comparativelyhigher ritual statusand economicand politicalpower. Eventhough such castestoo are dividedon politicalparty affiliationand interpersonalrivalry, their dominance marginalisedthe othercastes in the village. The lowerthe socialand economicposition of suchlatter castes, the greatertheir vulnerability,social exclusion and a tendencyto betaken for grantedin collectiveaction efforts. Effortson their part to asserttheir rightfulplace in societyand economy,often resultsin intra-villageconflicts and not infrequentlyassociated with violence.

Efforts to provideopportunities for better living conditionsand empowermentby way of free housing,education, political representation,affirmative action in regard to educationand employment,etc., to membersof suchvulnerable caste communities have only nowbegun to give riseto welcomechanges. Yet, the routeto successin this regard is not without the sponsorshipand patronageby the dominantcastes. SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-21 In the contextof landownershippattern in the tank commandarea, we noticethat it is usuallythe membersof the dominantcaste who own a major portionof the land (SeeTable 5.2.5). SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-22 Table 5.2.4. A typologyof stakeholders,and implications

Stakeholdersin the community Levelof dependence/stakes Current lPost-implementation Processrequired 1 2a 2b 3 1. Commandfarmers (CF) 1.1.CF + encroachers 1.2.CF encroachers in foreshore area Water-logging/Ground Riskto physicalstructure Survey,and social fencing water recharge andfeeder channel 1.3.CF encroachers in command area Blockfield channels Affectwater distribution Reclaim,and revetment 2. CF+ Locationof landowned 2.1.1.Head-reach Several Fieldchannels, revetment, regulateddistribution 2.1.2.Mid-reach Several Fieldchannels, revetment, regulateddistribution 2.1.3.Tail-enders Several Fieldchannels, revetment, regulateddistribution 2.1.4.Combinations Several Fieldchannels, revetment, regulateddistribution 2.2.CF from other villages Riskto structures,not Subjectto norms,member Enrollas member of TUA subjectto norms of TUA 3. CF+ alternativesources of water Exclusiveor Subjectto norms,member (Well, pond,tubewell) supplementing of TUA 3.1.Own cultivation Highdependence, Continueddependence, Regulateddistribution, searchfor alternative minimisedneed for commitmentto norms sources,or keepland alternatives fallow/ drycultivation 3.2.Sale of water Additionalsource of Reducedsale Levyuser tax on sale income,rent seeking l 3.3.Buying of water(75 to 100per cent) Additionalsource of Reducedsale Levyuser tax on sale l______income,rent seeking 3.4.Tenants and Sharecroppers Additionalsource of Subjectto norms,members income,rent seeking of TUA 4.Tank bed cultivators (Instituionalised / without) A) Patta(title deeds given) Permanentstructures, Membersof TUA, Involvein TUAas stakeholders affectinflow of water, commitmentto CTMPand fromthe catchment silting,and damages to watershedactivities. tankstructures B) Seasonal Permanentstructures, Normsgoverning allocating Only during dry months,eco- affectinflow of water, rights,transparent, friendly,and on competitive silting,and damages to additionalsource of incomebidding. Vulnerable groups tank structures to TUA preferred. C)Without Patta Permanentstructures, Normsgoverning allocating Only during dry months,eco- affectinflow of water, rights,transparent, friendly,and on competitive silting,and damages to additionalsource of incomebidding. Vulnerable groups tankstructures to TUA preferred. S.Water-spread encroachers 5.1.With adjoining lands Permanentstructures, Tankarea surveyed, Determinecut-off point of time. affectinflow of water, evictionby social pressure, Land survey, boundary silting,and damages to compensationwhere demarcation,determine tankstructures necessar compensation. 5.2.Without adjoining lands Permanentstructures, Tankarea surveyed, Determinecut-off point of time. affectinflow of water, evictionby social pressure, Landsurvey, boundary silting,and damages to compensationwhere demarcation,determine tankstructures _necessary compensation. 6. Tank+ water:other users: 6.1.Women Notconsulted, rights Activemembers and Determinewomen's issues; ignored decision-makers involvementfrom different sectionsof thecommunity

Contd... SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-23

1 2a 2b 3 6.2. Livestock Deadstorage not Pathwayscleared or made, Sluicerepairs, norms maintained.Roads and normson deadstorage. established,recovery of roads, pathways blocked. or making ways. 6.3. Fish Rightsauctioned, non- Transparentterms, Promotecooperatives by transparent,conflict of preferenceto local vulnerablegroups. Training interestwith command members,safeguard given. farmers interestsof all stakeholders. 6.4.Tank andsilt: brickmakers Indiscriminate, As part of desiltingplan Nominalroyalty to TUAwhen unsystematic non-commercial 6.5. Sandlifting Unplanned,without As part of desiltingplan Royaltyto TUA concern for tank ._ 6.6. Pottery 7. Landless Nostakes except Membersof TUA,new Formationof self-helpgroups, opportunityfor labour stakes(fishing, grazing, cooperatives.Royalty to TUA seasonaltank bed cultivation, etc.) 8. Non-commandfarmers with wells Unacknowledged Membersof TUA,levy on Involvementin TUA process recharge, water market groundwater recharge 9. Non-commandfarmers without wells. Lackof concern Membersof TUA,new Grazingmade easier, roads stakes(fishing, grazing, restored. Encouragesilt seasonaltank bed application. cultivation,etc.) _ 10. Farmersin the catchment 10.1.From within the village Watershed,recharge of Membersof TUA Watersheddevelopment groundwater,soil and activities,tree plantation, silt erosioninto the tank diversionchannels, etc. 10.2.From outside the village Watershed,recharge of Informalconsultations. Watersheddevelopment groundwater, soil and activities,tree plantation, silt erosioninto the tank diversionchannels, etc.

Table 5.2.5. Casteand pattern of commandarea ownership

Commandarea ownershippattern No. of tanks Mainlyowned by the localdominant caste (DC) 24 Mainlyowned by two dominantcastes 9 Minorityhigh caste owning 90 per centof the commandland 9 DC (50 percent andabove) and SC (50 per centor less) 7 SCin a majority,own mostcommand land 1 Total 50

Althoughself-explanatory, Table 5.2.5 needssome supplementarycomments. It is evidentthat 52 per cent of the tanks havedominant castes as the major landownersin the command.This is true as a patternalso of the landsoutside the command. Indeed, a few individualfarmers who come from the dominantcastes own a major shareof the lands in the command. In about 9 villageswe have more than one dominantcaste havinga major portionof the commandunder their ownership.

A significantfeature of a castedominant in a region is that it tends to enjoy the privilegesof the dominanceeven when it is not numericallydominant in a givenlocal or village setting. We found nine suchcastes that are regionallydominant but a numerical minority in the villagesowning nearly 90 per cent or more of the landsin the command area of the tanks (e.g., Tumkunte,Byrapura, Choulihalli and Halukurke). In one caseit wasjust threefamilies that ownedthe entire areaof the commandof a tank. The fourth SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-24 type of caste- commandarea ownershippattern is when a dominantcaste owns more than half of the extent of land in the commandarea, while the remainingis ownedby the membersof ScheduledCastes. Examples of this type are to be found in Hulaginakoppa (Shimoga District), Bommaladevipura,Chettenahalli, Doddahosahalli, Arasikere, and Karekyatanahalliin TumkurDistrict. In suchsituations, especially, there occursconflict of casteinterests in mattersof collectiveaction. This is becausein the latter there is a need for a sense of equality, while caste superiorityor otherwisemay come in the way of successfulcollective action. The last type is a rare phenomenon,in whichthe members of ScheduledCastes own the greater part of a commandarea in a tank. This example comesfrom Maliyurtank.

It was earlier pointedout that a majority of those owning landsin the command areaare smalland marginalfarmers (See, Table 5.3). Three or four farmersamong the dominantcastes in most tanks own a major portion of the landsin the commandarea. The rest among them tend to have smallerholdings like the non-dominantcastes. But the small and marginalfarmers of the dominantcastes have the advantageof social capital arising from their caste identity with the bigger landowners. The vulnerable groupsusually lack this.

B. Commandfarmers with multiplestakes: The secondgroup of stakeholdersconsists of thosewho havelands both in the commandarea of the tank andeither in the adjoining areasof the commandor in the foreshoreparts of the water-spreadarea. In the latter, thereis a tendencyfor farmersto graduallyencroach the foreshoreor tank bedand the rate at whichthis occursis not onlygradual but alsorapid when there is a prolongeddryness in the tank. Often this is fadlitated by the processof siltation of the tank while this phenomenawas proved in almost all the tanks visited by the team (see Sectionon Encroachment,R & R in this report),some notable examples are to be foundin Chikkamale, Obatti, Ravandur,Shivapura, Kalarajjanahalli, Kerehalli or Chattenahalli.The extent of encroachmentrange from as little as .25 hectaresto 5 or 10 hectares.The tendencyfor such encroachmentis greater when the catchmentis made up of agriculturallands or natural flow through channelsbounded by agriculturalfields. The consequencesof such encroachmentvary basedon the currentconditions of the tanks. For instance,if the tank is completelysilted up and water collectedis hardly retainedfor purposesof irrigatingthe commandarea, the interest of this categoryof stakeholdersis to prevent desilting, strengtheningthe bundand the sluiceand the surplus-weir.For, these may resultin water- loggingof their fields. Shouldthere be a continuationof suchphysical conditions, there is alsoa likelihoodof suchforeshore area farmersto investin sinkingborewells and making considerableimprovement in their land holdingincluding those that havebeen encroached. The more the permanentinvestment made, the greater the intensity with which they contributeto the physicaldamages to the tank structure(e.g., Chikkamale,Chowdikatte, Obatti,Yeradakatte and Metikurki).

In the caseof thoseowning landsin the adjoiningareas to the command,at least two processesare to befound in operation. B.1. The Processof Normalessness:First is the tendencyfor them to flout norms of distributionand yet makingphysical changes in the commandsuch that those holding land below them are affected. We find an exampleof this in Kalarajjarahalli, Chattenahalli,Shivapura, Chowdikatte, Kurna Hosahalli,Huldenahalli and many others. In almost all these villageswe find an alternativesource of water being createdeither within the commandarea or outside. As such, lackof exclusivityin their dependenceon the tank or the normsgoveming the distributionresults in: (a) lackof concernfor the tank'smaintenance; SENFINALIISEC/170901 5-25 (b) unwillingnessto participate;and (c) lackof concernfor the effectson those moredependent on the tank.

Theseproblems are further compoundedwhen farmersin suchholdings begin to converttheir holdingin the commandarea for raising crop other than the purposefor whichthe rest in the commandarea use their holdings. For example,in Kuma Hosahalli, Huldenahalli,Chowdikatte, Cheeluru, etc., we find farmersconverting a part or whole of their land in the commandarea into mulberry,coconut or arecanutgardens while the rest usethe land for raisingpaddy. A few farmersin Chikkamaleand Chattenahalliwho have landsin the foreshorearea (extended by encroachment)also have landsin the mid-reach and tailend of the commandarea. They have convertedtheir holdingsin the command areaas either coconutgardens or a plot to raise eucalyptus. As long as the systemof water distributionworks well, i.e., releaseof water to the scaleof landholdingirrespective of the crops grown,this does not affect the rest in the commandarea. However,with a view to preventingwater-logging in their area of the command,farmers have raisedthe level of the fields by filling soil from elsewhere. They often use oil engineor a motor- pump or an electric-pumpto lift water from the field channelsto supply water to the crops in their field. But pumpingis not restrictedto the time that they are entitled to, and therefore,results in violatingthe normsof equitabledistribution. This becomeseven more criticalwhen there exists no normativesystem of water distributionor when such stakeholdershold the land towardsthe head or the mid-reachof the tank. In some cases, the farmers have even created small water bodies in the commandarea by tappingthe main distributionchannels or the supplementaryor field channels.

In situationswhere no physicalalteration of the plots in the commandarea is effected, we find people reporting that the commandarea has expandedfrom the original size (e.g., Kerehalli,Chowdikatte, Chattenahalli or Kudri Moti). In some cases, over the past 20-30years new distributionchannels or diversionsto the existingones have beenmade, thereby bringing more land underthe commandarea. In Bommaladevi Pura this was done by mergingtwo tanks but without substantialmodification to the distributionchannels. In Lebagera,this was done by extendingthe distributionchannel to a high lying areathat do not get adequatewater for even a singlecrop. The sameis true of KudriMoti.

The issueshere are: > how to bring about a uniform pattem of land use in the commandarea such that there is equitableaccess to farmersdepending on the tanks for raisingother crops? Shouldthe TUA prescribewhat cropsshould be grown in a commandand shouldsuch dedsionsbe taken basedon the location of the plots in the commandor the total receiptof water in the tank duringdifferent crop seasons? > should the farmers using water resourcesfrom the tank commandto the non- commandareas be taxedadditionally? > what kind of regulationsshould be there to prevent lifting of water from the tank sourcesby floutingthe normsof water distribution?

B.2. Dependenceon altemative Sources:The secondprocess in operationinvolving those owning landsin the adjoiningcommand area is to graduallydepend on altemative and independentsource of water, treatingthe land in the commandas just an extension of the dry or semi-drycharacter of the land outsideit. Their orientationis more towards dry farming and making use of the land in the commandmore or less in the same manner. In any case, there has been a gradual withdrawal from interest in tank SENFINALIISEC/170901 5-26 accentuatedby the failure of all normsconcerning the use and managementof the tank by the rest of the stakeholders.Such a withdrawalbecomes even more pronouncedif they have an independentaltemative source of water such as a borewell. Indeed, in almostall the villages- espedallywhere the tankshave lost the capacityto irrigatethe commandarea - there have beenborewells thus sunk.

The issues for participation and community managementarising out of such a stakeholdershipare:

> the initialdifficulties in mobilisingtheir supportand partidpationin the CBTMP;and > how to regulatethe water market created by such farmers indulgingin the sale of water by whichthere is a reductionin the senseof stakesin the tank by otherfarmers in the command?

C. Tank BedCultivators: A third categoryof stakeholdersis thosewho have been,with or without formalrights, cultivatingthe tank bed area.

As mentionedabove, when tanksbegin to have prolongeddryness, such farmers beginto havepermanent interest over the dry tank bed. In quitea few villages,the farmers even daim to have had temporaryor even permanenttitles (Pattas)for suchcultivation practice. In a few others,farmers claim that whenthe tank was constructedor repaireda few yearsago, their landswere notifiedand takenover by the authoritiesconcemed without compensationhaving been paid. Thus,they claim rightsover the land as in the past. In some cases(e.g., Cheelur,Manigana halli, Chowdikatte,BD Puraetc.) there havebeen a few dalit landownerswho had forfeitedtheir claimsto the land in the legalsense by not payingthe land revenuesome 30-40years ago. The law permitsreconfirmation of their titles to the land if they pay a penaltyand the arrears,which is only a meagersum as compared to what is being paid as compensationif the land is now acquiredfor submergence.There is, here,a sourceof conflictwhere the affectedfarmers may even be willing to settle the old arrearsand claimfor new compensation.In a few villagesit was reportedthat the dry tank bedswere "informallyleased out" to other farmersin the village or entrepreneursfrom elsewhereto raise horticulturalcrops such as Watermelon,Pumpkin or Cucumberetc. Conventionallythe dry tank bed was meantto be usedby farmersfrom within the villagefor grazingtheir animals. Poorerhouseholds found their "famine food" such as Spinachand Tubersof differentvarieties. Leasingout of lands thus by more influentialpersons in the villagedeprived livelihood survival strategies of the poor.

The issuesarising out of thisset of stakeholdersare:

> whatwould be the State'spolicy in regardto the issueof temporaryor permanenttitles to encroachlands, espedally the tank-bed? > howshould the compensationsbe determinedfor landsthat are on paper,no longerthe propertyof a personto whomit wasallotted decades ago? > what wouldbe the optionsbefore such affected households when suchlands are taken awayfrom them?and > how to prevent misuseof the seasonalproductivity of the dry tank bed over which poor in the villagecommunity had a stakein the past.

The stakeholdersdiscussed thus far pertain particularlyto two categories,those within the commandand those outsideit either in the foreshoreor in the command adjoiningareas. The third broadcategory of stakeholderspertains to those who are part of the conventionalor ideal stakeholders.These are the membersof the communityat SEANFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-27 large, not necessarilywith land in the commandarea. A vast majority of them consistof those with lands,with or without an independentsource of irrigation. Passageof time has graduallylost the dry land cultivatorsas stakeholdersof a tank who in the past dependedon it for variouspurposes. For example,the tank was a sourceof water for cattle, constructionwork, brick making,sand lifting, etc. Manyamong them also used the silt from the tank. There are severalways by which the transformationfrom stakeholdersto the absenceof it has occurred. Chiefamong them is the disappearance of the footpath or the cart-roadleading to the tank. In a few others, especially,in the districts of Tumkur, Bellary and Koppaldistricts, this has been augmentedby slight growthof weedsand thorny bushes. Issuesarising out of sucha situationare:

> how to re-createstakeholdership among the farmers not owning any lands in the commandarea of a tank? > whatshould be their rolein the decision-makingprocess in the TUA?

The stakesin the tank for the farmersis found to be varyingalso in terms of the locationof their holdingin a tank, and in relationto the physicalconditions of the tank.

Givensuch a multiplicityand often conflictridden stakeholder situation, facilitation of a participativeprocess becomes a major challengeto developmentpractitioners. In part, agenciesvested with the responsibilitiesof initiating the processof participationhave taken an easyand a short-cutapproach by moreor lessoverlooking the secondcategory of stakeholdersas identifiedabove. Whetherit is the CommunityDevelopment Officer at the Taluk level or the officialsconcemed with Minor Irrigation Department,who have taken a lead in preparing the members of the community to form Water Users' Association,only the landownersin the commandhave been approached. Evenin this regard,the disseminationof informationis not alwaystargeted to every single household in the village. Those opposedto a political faction are left out, whether or not they owned land in the command. Secondly,in some villagesattempts have been madeto form an associationat the tank levelwhile elsewhere it is at the Panchayatlevel. Thirdly, in many placesthe keypromoters are alsothose who have had in the past a majorstake as civil contractorsrather than tank users. Fourth, while identifying members or prospectivemembers, only the headsof a lineageor the former joint family who had titles are identified,thereby neglectingthe actual owner-cultivatorof the land in the command. All these factors cumulatively have resulted in the identificationand mobilisationof a highly biasedstakeholder, which is likely to put the project under a great risk.

It is for this reason that the project managementhas to identify and motivate voluntaryinstitutions (NGOs) to facdlitatethe processof initiation of the membersof the community to own up stakeholdership,and disseminationof information, and participationby all segmentsof the community.The relianceon a NGOfor this purpose is even more necessarywhen we take note of the limited capacity with the state- representedinstitutions or agendesto interactwith peoplefor a participationprogramme planningand implementation.The efforts so far seemto be restrictedmerely to raisethe necessarymembership fee from among the membersof the communitytowards the formationof Water Users'Association, without impartingthe full details of the purposes and responsibilitiesof suchassocdations. Further, the ability to harnessthe humanand social capital supplied by the Community Based Organisations in these village communitiesseem to be limited in the caseof formal state machinerywhether it is the CommunityDevelopment Office or the MinorIrrigation Department. SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-28 Beforeconcluding this sectionon stakeholderassessment, it is necessaryto highlight a major pitfall arisingout of a blind faith on the NGOs. While NGOspresent in the statewideoperations may have personnelwho may be sodally identifiablein the local context (i.e., peopleof local origins), their actions are determinedby decisionstaken consultativelyat higher levels. There is comparativelylittle scopefor the interventions influencedby their local identities(caste, class, kinship, political affiliations and financial transactions).There are suchbig NGOsbut they are not presenteverywhere, particularly in each of the villageswhere the projectmay initiate its programme.As opposedto such large NGOswe have also comeacross several small and mediumsized NGOs,and many which are localised. Many such NGOshave not been completelysuccessful in being neutral to the vested interest of their functionariesat local levels. Consequently, sectionsof the community,particularly the vulnerablegroups, have tended to express their skepticismover the genuineconcems of the NGOs,which are at presentfacilitating groupprocesses for projectobjectives.

Here then lies a major challengeto JSYS:to evolveconsultatively, mutuallyagreed upon strategies to achievethe goalsof the project In particular, it is necessaryto eliminate dangers arising out of misinterpretationof the project objectivesand strategies. For, the project needsa facilitatingrole to be playedby the NGO,but at the sametime cannotafford to haveill-informed stakeholders.

5.3. CollectiveAction and CommunityOrganisation

5.3.1. IntroductoryRemarks

The proposedreform process seeks to bestowconsiderable importance to collective actionaround the tank, and incorporateprocesses to facilitatecommunity management in this regard. Collectiveaction with referenceto tank indudesactivities on the part of the communityrelating to water acquisition,water distribution,maintenance and repairsof tank structuresand field channels, and resolutionof disputes.

Collectiveaction around a CommonProperty Resource (CPR) like an irrigationtank would take place subjectto factors motivating and building the capacityof the resourceusers. Homogeneityis consideredto be an importantmotivating factor (Olson 1965) for collectiveacion. However,this has been challengedby others (Balandand Platteau 1996; Vedeld 2000). Vedeld (2000:108)identifies five different sourcesof heterogeneity)1) politicalheterogeneity (little agreementon the legitimacyof leaders);2) heterogeneityin endowment(unequal access to land and CPR);3) heterogeneityin wealth or.entitlement (large differencesin crop productionincome and wealth of cattle); 4) heterogeneityin economicinterests (diversity in the type of use of CPRs);and 5) cultural heterogeneityin termsof caste,etc.

Balnad and Platteau (1996) and Wade (1988) note that heterogeneityin endowments does not affect collective action. For Vedeld (2000:125), politcal heterogeneityis crucialfor colleciveaction. He notesthat "A heterogeneouscommunity is capableof finding solutionsto collectiveaction dilemmas as long as there is a reasonable degreeof homogeneityamong the leadershipgroups. Heterogeneitydoes not generally hinder collectiveaction". Thus, these is no agreementon what sourceof heterogeneity affectscollecive action. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-29 Anothermotivating factor for collectiveaction is the natureand useof the tank. The choicesamong different actors either to co-operatefor better managementor defectfor personalgains play an importantrole in so far as providingmotivation for collectiveaction. Silted tank, defective structures, reduced water-bearing capacity and widespread encroachmentde-motivate the direct and indirect users to participatein management. Defectingfor personalgain would be strong if resourceusers develop alternatives such as borewellsin the commandarea of a tank. The capadtyof the communityfor collectiveaction will be enhancedby organising practicesrelating to both CPRsand otheraspects of villagelife. The sizeand densityof socialnetworks and institubons,and the natureof interpersonalinteractions, significantly affect the efficiencyand sustainabilityof developmentprogrammes. This is beingreferred to as 'socialcapital' in the literature.There is a substantialbody of literatureon how social capitalinfluences the outcomesof developmentprojects. Thus, sodalset-up, physical conditions of the tanksand organisingpractices in the villages would have a bearing on collectiveaction and communityparticipation. The approachadopted in this Section is to traverse through the present status of tank managementby the community,fears and concernsof the peopletowards collective action and their perceivedsolutions. In doingso it will locatethe basein three areas(social set up, physicalconditions and institutionalprocesses) to finallycome up with implicationsfor participation,enabling processes required and Policyrecommendations (Ref. Chapter7.1) and designthe frame for institutionalprocess with referenceto tank rehabilitation(Ref. Chapter7.2).

Chart 5.3.1. Approachadopted to addressthe central question

TUA ......

SOCIALsEr-uP DESIGN IMPLICATION PHYSICALCONDirIONS FORPARTICPATION ANDCOLLECTIVE ACTION CAPACITY ORGANISINGPRACTICES BUILDING MONITORIN _ ... Mt...... N 1{)1 ...... lf .. =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......

5.3.1. Socialset up and physicalconditions of tanks - implicationsfor collective action The total sampleis 50 tanksin 49 villageswhere the tanksare locatedor the villages in which tank water for irrigationmainly provided. However,information presented in Chapter5.3 relatesto 46 villagesas the informationfor the remainingthree villages is not available. Further,the informationon ownershipof commandarea by castesand size classesof landholdingspresented in this sectionis only for 23 villagesas the team could collectthis informationonly for thesevillages. A. Homogeneityin caste The traditional notion that homogeneityis an important motivatingfactor for collectiveaction has been contested by others. The detailedinformation on socialset up for 23 villages(Table 5.3.1) showsthat villagessuch as VoddaraKoppa of Maliyurvillage, SEWFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-30 Hosapalyaand Hanumanalacan be treatedas homogenousbecause one particularcaste group accountsfor a large proportion of the households. The other villages are heterogeneousin onesense or the other. What kindof impactdoes these differences have on collectiveaction? The Bhoviis the largestcaste in VaddaraKoppa hamlet of Maliyurvillage, and its traditionaloccupation of the communityis masonryand stonechiselling. About 80 per cent of the male workerscommute daily to nearbytowns and villagesto partidpatein these activities.They leaveearly in the momingand come backlate in the night. Mostof the householdsin the village dependon the tank; but, only to meet the annualhousehold requirementof food grains. In view of their livelihoodcoming mainly from constructionand stonework, the Bhovihouseholds find it difficultto sparetime for collectiveaction around the tank despitethis beinghomogeneous. In contrast, collectiveaction takes place in Hanumanalavillage which is almost entirely inhabitedby Vokkaligas.The two castegroups in the village are Vokkaligaand SCs. The Vokkaligasare the dominantcaste in the villageaccounting for 85 per cent of the households,75 per cent of the commandarea and 82 per cent of the total land in the village. Yet, the interestsof the two groups seem to be converging.The tank in the villageobtains water from VisveswarayaChannels (VC) of KRSproject only for one crop during the kharif season.Villagers somehow manage to obtain water for the secondcrop by stating that non-releasewould have adverseeffect on livestockand womenwho do not have any other meansto wash the clothes. At times, it also becomesessential to incur 'expenses'in securingthe releaseof water by convincingthe local officialsand farmersalong the way. For all this, the farmersbelonging to the two castesjoin together to pool the money,to undertakevisits to the officesand in securingwater. The heterogeneityin ChikkaMale did not deter the villagersto come togetherto solve the problemsrelating to the tank. Vokkaligais the dominantcaste in so far as ownershipof commandland is concemed. SCsare numericallydominant accounting for over 60 per cent of the householdsand own about one-third of the total land underthe tank. The two communitiestogether manage the tank throughan informalcommittee, and Neenuganti. Thus,homogeneity or heterogeneityalone is not a suffidentcondition for collective action;and that the possibilityfor collectiveaction may be assodatedwith othervariables or societalsituations. B. Heterogeneityin endowment(unequal access to land and tank) The distributionof commandarea by caste groups in the sampletanks shows interestingvariations across the villages(Table 5.3.1). The castegroups of Ungayatsand Vokkaligasstand out as distinctcategories as the proportionof commandland ownedby these two castesis higher than their share in the total householdsin the village.The householdsbelonging to Kuruba,a middlecaste, are presentin 13out of 21 villages.In five villages,they do not own any commandland and in anotherfive, the proportionof land ownedis higherthan their sharein the total numberof households.In threevillages, the proportionof land is less than their share in the total households. The households belongingto Uppara,a lowermiddle caste, are presentin eight villages,and own command land in six villages. In most of these villages,the proportionof commandarea ownedis largerthan their sharein the total households.Muslims have their presencein 12 villages, but do not own commandland in as manyas 8 villages.SC households have their presence in 20 out of 21 villages;but, do not own commandland in as many as 10 villages. In six villageswhere they own commandland, they accountfor lowershare of commandarea in comparisonto their share in the total households. The householdsbelonging to the ScheduledTribe category of Nayakhave presence in only 10 villages,and own command SE4FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-31 land in eight of them. In a majorityof thesevillages, the proportionof land ownedunder the commandis largerthan their sharein the total households.This information,thus, showsunequal access of differentcaste groups to commandarea of the sampletanks. C. Dominantcaste groups Beforewe examinethe impactof unequalaccess of castegroups to the command area,it is necessaryto examinethe castegroups that are importantin ownershipof land both within and outsidethe commandarea, and their other characteristics.The dominant castegroup is identifiedon the basisof the combinedcriteria of numericalstrength in the village,and land ownershipwithin and outsidethe commandarea, ownership of borewells and representationin gram panchayats.Table 5.3.2, which providesinformation, shows that Lingayatsare dominantin 9 villages,while Vokkaligasin four villages. The caste groupssuch as Uppara,Kuruba, Nayak and SCare dominantin the other villages. The other characteristicsof the dominantcaste are that they own a larger proportionof borewellsin the village,and also haverepresentation in gram panchayats.What influence do dominantcastes have on collectiveaction? Table 5.3.1. Caste-wisedistribution ( er cent) of householdsand total commandarea owned. Other Other Villages Ungayat Vokkaliga Kuruba Nayak SC Uppara Muslims upper castes Total castes I Kareketanahalli 0.0 56.0 0.0 12.0 25.6 0.0 0.0 2.8 3.6 100 (2.510) 0.0 77.3 0.0 17.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 100 ,98) Kalarajanahalli 0.0 38.1 0.0 14.3 9.5 23.8 1.9 0.0 12.4 100(135) 0.0 50.0 0.0 15.6 12.5 9.4 6.3 0.0 6.3 100 32) Tumkunte 17.1 17.1 0.0 13.7 13.7 34.2 0.0 4.1 0.0 100(146) 15.4 23.7 0.0 5.3 3.6 35.5 0.0 16.6 0.0 100 (16t Puravara 4.8 0.0 0.0 54.3 25.6 6.4 1.6 2.9 4.5 100(31.3) 2.3 0.0 0.0 42.3 28.2 7.0 7.0 1.9 11.3 100 (2 T3 Doddahosahalli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 34.0 34.9 0.5 26.5 3.3 100(573) 0.0______90.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 1.8 100 (55) Byalya 0.0 8.0 5.0 8.0 45.8 0.0 4.0 5.3 4.0 100(502) 0.0 12.5 31.3 21.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.4 5.0 100 (159) H. Byrapura 4.9 0.0 1.6 9.8 32.8 41.0 1.6 0.0 8.2 100(161) 40.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 46.7 0.0 0.0 9.3 100() Halkurike 55.4 0.0 1.4 11.1 14.4 3.5 0.0 4.0 10.2 100(722) 66.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 21.6 2.1 100 (241) Balekoppa 21.7 0.0 4.3 0.0 10.9 4.3 4.3 37.0 17.4 100(46) 44.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 100 (26) Choulihalli 18.7 0.0 32.1 8.6 22.5 0.0 0.5 12.3 5.3 100(187) 60.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 100 50 Hulaginakatte 7.0 0.0 14.1 0.0 49.3 0.0 0.0 14.1 15.5 100(71) 15.7 0.0 11.8 0.0 23.5 0.0 0.0 35.3 13.7 100 (5jJ. Gogga 27.4 0.0 27.4 0.0 11.4 0.0 0.0 8.8 25.2 100(457) 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100(2 Hosur 6.9 0.0 1.7 0.0 45.1 0.0 1.4 1.4 43.4 100(288) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100(12) Talakerikoppa 21.7 0.0 21.7 0.0 3.3 0.0 21.7 22.6 9.1 100(461) 29.4 0.0 29.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 5.9 29.4 100 (.t Bommanahalli 24.3 0.0 12.2 0.0 7.5 0.0 36.5 12.2 7.4 100(823) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 13) Yeliwala 27.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 0.0 13.9 27.7 16.9 100(722) 59.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 21.8 10.0 100 (1t0) Yellur 41.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 11.8 0.0 41.2 100(425) 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 8.3 25.0 100 (6Q Maliyur 15.6 0.2 1.9 0.0 78.1 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.2 100(640) 43.8_ 0.0 0.0 0.0 56.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100(16) Hanumanala 0.0 84.9 1.7 0.7 8.5 0.3 0.0 3.2 0.7 100(589) 74.6 0.0 4.0 0.0 16.1 1.2 0.0 2.0 2.0 100 (248) Chikkamale 0.0 19.0 0.0 0.0 61.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.0 100 (42) 0.0 59.4 0.0 0.0 33.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 100 (32 5 Hosapalya 2.4 0.0 71.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.2 100 (42) 0.0 0.0 58.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Q0. 0.0 41.5 100 (32 5 Sarathvalli Informatio not available Noitronahalli Information not available SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-32 Note:1) Figuresin italicsare percentages of commandarea owned 2) Figuresin parenthesesare actual number of householdsand total area in acres,in that order. SEA/FINALIISEC/170901 5-33 Table 5.3.2. Characteristicsof the dominantcastes in someof the selectedvillages. Dominantcaste percent per centof per centof percent of Numberof in thevillage of HHs command outsideland borewells persons Village belonging areaowned ownedby ownedby electedto to by dominant dominant dominant gram dominant casteto total casteto total castesto total pancha,at casteto commandof outsideland borewellsin from total HHs the tank in the village the village dominant in the caste village Kareketanahalli Vokkaliga 56.00 61.80 77.88 66.67 1 Kalarajanahalli Vokkaliga 38.09 50.00 39.89 33.33 Tumkunte Uppar 34.24 35.50 0.00 5.00 Puravara Nayak (ST) 54.31 42.25 76.92 NA Doddahosahalli Vokkaliga 26.17 90.90 51.02 71.42 3 Byalya Kuruba 4.98 31.25 19.55 36.67 1 H. Byrapura Uppar 40.98 43.89 69.27 55.50 1 Halkurike Ungayat 55.40 66.39 47.84 52.08 3 Balekoppa Lingayat 21.73 21.53 14.81 20.00 Choulihalli Lingayat 18.71 60.00 34.24 38.70 Hulaginakatte Lambani(SC) 42.25 23.52 25.0 17.64 Gogga Lingayat 27.35 100.00 43.17 50.00 1 Hosur Ungayat 6.94 70.58 38.61 34.48 Talakerikoppa Jain 21.69 31.64 28.39 38.09 Bommanahalli Lingayat 24.30 31.81 11.76 28.84 3 Yeliwala Ungayat 28.08 38.61 31.94 69.56 1 Yellur Lingayat 41.17 47.90 58.82 57.69 1 Maliyur Madiga(SC) 78.12 58.00 55.55 NA 2 Hanumanala Vokkaliga 84.88 74.00 82.08 33.30 5 Chikkamale Informationnot available Hosapalya Informationnot available Sarathvalli Lingayat l 34.12 61.22 41.67 66.03 l Nitronahalli Vokkaliga I 15.00 90.90 38.46 NA |

The interestsof dominantcastes often affect collectiveaction as is the case in Karekethanahalliin Pavgadataluk. The householdsin the villageare dividedalong political lines. The dominantcaste is Vokkaliga,followed by SCand Nayakcastes. Two of the Vokkaligahouseholds in the village head two power centres3, representtwo important politicalparties in the state, encourageinterlinkages of factor marketsby providingcredit facilitiesto the poor and participatingin groundnuttrade, and indulgingin rent seeking activities.The rivalrybetween the two groupsis alsointense in obtainingcontracts for public works.This has had considerablenegative impact on tank and its management.The field channelof one of the sampletanks in the villagewas encroachedby a farmer with the support of one of the factions, thus causing problemsfor tail-end farmers from a neighbouringvillage. A few farmersbelonging to one of the groupshave encroachedthe foreshorearea of the secondsample tank in this villageand do not allow the command farmersto dose the sluice. Whilethe better-offamong the commandfarmers still manage to grow a crop with borewells,the marginalfarmers in the commandarea are adversely affected. In matters relatingto tank, the resourcepoor householdsbelonging to the landlessand SCcategories are exduded.

If a castegroup owns the entire commandland, this does not mean that there would be collectiveaction. For instance,the traditional leadersin Doddahosahalliare referredto as 'Gankaru'and belong to Vokkaligacaste. They usedto managethe tank with

3 They havecome to occupyimportant political positions. While the head of onefaction is the presidentof gram panchayat,the wife of headof anotherfaction is a memberof ZP. SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-34 the helpof a Nee,vganti Now,Vokkaligas own 90 per cent of the commandarea and most of them are smalland marginalfarmers. Yet, a few of the farmershaving large extent of land underthe tank illegallytake water to irrigatea largeextent of their own land next to the command4. Interestingly,two suchfarmers held importantpositions in the traditional water managementcommittee. Accordingto the marginalfarmers, who form over 50 per cent of the total commandfarmers, they have misusedtheir positionsin the traditional managementcommittee to servetheir own interests. As a result of this, the traditional managementsystem came to a standstill. The marginalfarmers have several complaints againstthese influential farmers, belonging to their caste,and even representedtheir case to the administration. In spite of repeatedcomplaints and pleas, the administration, accordingto the marginalfarmers, did not act. Hence,they lostinterest in the management of the tank, and havenot beenpartidpating in any collectiveaction relating to the tank now for severalyears.

The encroachmentof Settikerein Balekoppavillage of Shikaripurataluk provides yet anotherexample to lack of voice for the small farmers. A few farmers belongingto Maratha,the seconddominant caste in the village,have illegallybeen cultivatingthe tank bedarea, and one of them evenlevelled the tank embankment5. This personcould do this becauseof his belongingto the seconddominant caste in the village,and connectionswith the officials. On the otherhand, the farmersin the commandarea own only lessthan three acres,and most of them belongto Lambani(SC) caste. Therewas intenseconflict between the encroacherand the smallfarmers in the commandarea as the latter often complained to the higherofficials on the former. In spiteof this, the encroachercould dominate the proceedingsnot only becauseof his officialconnections but also becausehe is part of tank managementcommittee of anothertank in the villagewhich provides him localpower base to counterthese complaints.

The discussionon heterogeneityin endowmentcomes up with the followingissues, whichhave implications for participation. > Unequalaccess of differentcaste groups to commandarea implies that certaindominant castesare presentin the villages.Dominant castes are numericallystrong in the village, own most of the land within and outsidethe commandarea, account for ownershipof mostof the borewellsin the villageand have representation in grampanchayats. > Dominantcaste groups undertakethose actions, which serve their own interests indudingin the mattersrelating to tank. Theycontrol informal arrangements to manage the tank, if any; dominatethe decision-makingprocess; exdude the smalland marginal landholderswithin the commandarea in tank related managementand dedsion- making;use water illegallyto servetheir own interests;and, with theirstatus and offidal connections,have encroached tank lands. > The smalland marginal farmers in the commandarea are adverselyaffected in equitable distributionof water, decision-makingrelating to the tank, and have been,in general, keptout of water management. > This is the caseeven if the smalland marginalfarmers belong to the so-calleddominant castein the village.

D. Heterogeneityin Wealth The informationon size-dass-wisedistribution of commandfarmers in 18 villages showsthat most of these tanks are small with the total number of commandfarmers

4 Oneof the farmersin thisvillage has 40 acres.While Only about five acres are underthe command,he drawstank water to irrigateabout 25 acresof otherland situated adjacent to thecommand.

Onedoes not getthe impressionthat thereexisted a tankunless one has had prior knowledgeof its pastexistence. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-35 varyingfrom as low as threeto as highas 92. In general,a groupof householdsbelonging to the samelineage comprise of commandfarmers in the caseof smallesttanks. Further, marginalfarmers with lessthan one-acreform a largeproportion of farmersin mostof the tanks, exceptin two tankswhere the largefarmers are in a majority (Table5.3.3). The proportionof landowned by marginalfarmers is lessthan their sharein the total command farmers.On the other hand,the proportionof landowned by largefarmers has been higher than their sharein the total numberof commandfarmers. This is further corroboratedby the averagesize of land,which is 0.2 to one acre in the caseof marginalfarmers, 1.5 to 2.54 acresfor smallfarmers, 3.91 to 4.5 acresfor mediumfarmers and 6.33to 11.5acres for largefarmers.

Table 5.3.3.Distribution of commandfarmers by sizeof land holding n the selectedvillages Distribution( per cent)of command Villages farmersby sizeclass of command per centof land ownedby size Averageland in acres holdino(acres) classof landholdina(acres) <1 1 to 3 3 to 5 Above 5 Tot <1 1to3 3to5 Above Total < 1to 3 3to 5 Abov Total al 5 (acre e 5 _~~~~- s) _. Kareketanahalli 17.86 42.86 3.57 35.71 28 4.08 24.89 3.26 67.75 80 1 2.54 4 8.3 2.'3____

Kalarajanahalli 72.22 27.78 0.00 0.00 18 45.83 54.16 0 0 32 0.84 2.6 0 0 1.8_ _ Tumkunte 34.78 50.00 13.04 2.17 92 13.63 48.31 25.37 12.41 169 0.78 1.94 3.91 11.5 1.1. Puravara Informationnot available

Doddahosahalli 85.71 14.291 0.00 0.00135 55.11 44.891 0 0 55 0.45 2.2 0 0 1._: _ Byalya 27.94 50.0017.65 4.41 68 9.85 44.91 31.66 4.52 160 0.8 2.04 4.08 7 2. H. Byrapura 95.24 4.76 0.00 0.00 21 58.15 41.841 0 0o 7.29 0.2 3 °0 0 J- 3 Halkurike Informationnot available Balekoppa 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 11 0 100 0 0o 26 0 12.4 0 0 12.4 Choulihalli 45.45 22.73 0.00 31.82 22 4.62 8.49 0 36.5 50 0.73 2.7 0 8.29 2-3 3- Hulaginakatte 0.00 13.33 33.33 53.33 30 0 5.15 22.92 71.91 51 0 2.25 4 7.84 1 1.'- Gogga 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 3 0 0 0 100 28 0 0 0 9.33 9 3 Hosur 0.00 33.33 66.67 0.00 3 0 25 75 0 12 0 3 4.5 0 4.0 Talakerikoppa 0.00 36.36 36.36 27.27111| 0119.1434.04 46.8 51 0 2.25 4 7.33 4.( ,- Bommanahalli 66.67 33.33 0.00 0.00 3 57.14 42.851 0 0l 311 11.5 0 0 U1_ _ Yeliwala 0.00 58.06 25.81 16.13 31 0 38.81 29.22 31.96 110 0 2.36 14 7 13.'.i- Yellur 10.00 50.00 20.00 20.00 30 2.97133.661 25.74 37.621 60 1 12.26 14.33 16.33 2.( i- Maliyur Informationnot available Hanumanala Informationnot available Chikkamale Informationnot available Hosapalya Informationnot available Sarathvalli 63.64 27.27 3.031 6.06133 25.51 39.061 7.441 27.91 52.510.6512.33 14 7.15 |1.

Nitronahalli Informationnot available

Thus,most of the commandfarmers are marginaland smallfarmers, their sharein the commandland is less than their share in total farmers and cultivatevery small landholdings.One might suggestthat with resourcepoor situationin the commandarea, these farmersface impedimentsto partidpatein tank rehabilitation.This would be all the more if they belongto depressedcastes. However,in the caseof most of the tanks,the marginaland small farmers belong to eitherdominant castes or to otherupper castes in the village. It is often suggestedthat if small and marginalfarmers belong to dominantor upper castes,they do not face many impedimentsto partidpate in dedsion-making. However,the casesof Doddahosahalliand Karikethanahallisuggest that the diversityin economicinterests can divide the resourceusers, and result in attemptson the part of SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-36 dominantgroups to force the other resourceusers to subordinatetheir interests. If economicinterests intertwinewith caste or leadershipinterests, it is more likely to underminethe collectiveaction.

On the other hand,the caseof ChikkaMale shows that most of the farmersunder the tank belongto two importantcastes in the village,namely, Vokkaliga and SC.Yet, both the castesactively participate in collectiveaction surroundingthe tank. This is because most of the farmersbelonging to both the communitiesare small and marginal,and they perceivethat their economicinterests would be met if there is sufficientwater in the tank, and whenthis is judiciouslydistributed. Hence, they showinterest in collectiveaction. This suggeststhat wherethe economicinterests have been more or lessidentical, there is still a possibilityfor a collectiveaction despite the castedivisions in the village.

The fact that householdsbelonging to depressedcastes and lowermiddle castes do not own muchof the commandland in mostof the tanks(Table 5.3.1) brings another issue relatingto the likelihoodof their partidpationin tank rehabilitation.However, they figurein the tank-relatedaffairs, as someof them leasein tank landto eke out livelihood.In these tanks,a few of the commandfarmers have land, but, settledelsewhere in nearbytowns, etc6. This raisesthe issueof securingtheir partidpationespecially when they have large landholdings,and grow lesslabour intensive crops such as coconutand arecanut. In such cases,their dependenceon local small and marginalfarmers for tenancyarrangement seemsto be marginal,as the discussionswith the villagerssuggest. The presenceof more absenteelandlords can act as disincentiveto the participationof localcommand farmers in the rehabilitation.This will also have seriousimplication on the community-basedtank management.

The heterogeneityin wealth,thus, raisesthe followingissues. > The smalland marginalholders among commandfarmers in a majority of the tanks belongto upperand middlecastes. This, however,does not leadto their indusionin collectivemanagement. The diversityin economicinterests can divide the resource users,and result in attemptson the part of the dominantgroups to force the other resourceusers to subordinatetheir interests.If economicinterests intertwine with caste or leadershipinterests, it is morelikely to underminethe collectiveaction. > Smalland marginalfarmers from outsidethe commandarea figure in so far as tenancy marketis concerned. > The absenteelandowners are presentin only a few tanks. They cultivateplantation cropswith the help of borewellsas they havesettled elsewhere. In suchcases, their dependenceon localfarmers for leasingout their land is marginal. Thosewith small landholdings(and without borewells) would depend on tenants;but, preferyear-to-year contractswith tenants. Morethe presenceof absenteelandowners less is the likelihood for widercommunity participation. > Landlessand smallfarmers engage in tenancyas livelihoodstrategy.

E. Political Heterogeneity The literatureon collectiveaction suggeststhat a crudal factor determiningthe collectiveaction is politicalheterogeneity. This issueis examinedwith the help of sample

6 In Choulihaliof Tipturtaluk, there are differenteconomic interests in the use of the tank.Of the 150acres of landunder the tankayacut, the farmersfrom Choulihalliown only 50 acresnow. Historically, the farmersfrom ChoulihalUvillage owned most of the landunder the tank. However,at present,farmers who have settled in Tipturtown ownthe bulkof the land.The discussions revealedthat nearlyseven farmers from Tipturtown owntwo-thirds of thetotal ayacut land. Thisshift in ownershipof landhas beenthe resultof gradualhistorical process of landalienation. A majorityof thecommand farmers from Choulihalli village own lessthan one acre of landeach. SE/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-37 tanks. In Karekethanahalli,the political heterogeneityhas had an adverseimpact on collectiveaction notwithstanding that the villageis homogenous.The samewas the casein VaddaruKoppa of Maliyurvillage. On the other hand, the collectiveaction is becoming possiblein the case of Hanumanaland ChikkaMale due to convergenceof economic interestsas well as due to politicalhomogeneity. Thus, one can suggestthat political homogeneityis importantin collectiveaction. A direct implicationof this is that responsive leadershipis neededfor successfultank rehabilitation.

5.3.3. Relationbetween extent of commandarea and the village size What roles does the size of the commandarea and farmersplay in enablingthe peopleto participate?Table 5.3.4. showsthat the proportionof commandfarmers to total householdsvaries from as low as 0.7 per cent in Goggato 83.3 per cent in ChikkaMale, and the proportionbeing lessthan 20 per cent in most of the cases.Of the 457 householdsin Goggavillage, only three haveland in the commandarea of the sampletank. Thattoo, all of them belongto singlelineage and caste, namely,Lingayat, which is dominantin the village. Further,the tank is locatedabout 2 kms away from the village,and hence,the dependenceof the communityfor accessingwater for domesticuse and livestockis also less. The villagersperceive that the collectiveaction in the caseof sampletank is difficultas the rehabilitationwould benefitonly three householdsrather than the entire community. On the otherhand, collective action is evidentin ChikkaMale where most of the households have land in the commandarea. Thus, larger the proportion,better would be the participation.

The proportionof commandarea of sampletank to the total area in the villages rangesfrom as low as 0.3 in Bommanahallivillage to as high as 58.1 per cent in Maliyur village,and in general,the proportionis lessthan 20 per cent in most of the cases. This doesnot seemto be an importantvariable, for thereis no collectiveaction in VaddaKoppa of Maliyurand Kareketanahalli,where the proportionis the largest.

The proportionof commandarea of the sampletank to the total areairrigated by all the tanksin a villageis 0.3 per cent in Bommanahallito 100 per cent in severalvillages. This proportionis lessthan ten per cent in four villagesand hundredper cent in 16 villages (Table5.3.4.). In Hosur,there are four tanks.The entire commandof the sampletank is ownedby threefarmers belonging to Kurubacaste, which accounts for only 1.7 per cent of 288 householdsin the village. The feederchannels of the sampletank are blocked,and the tank is not in muchuse. The householdsbelonging to Lingayatcaste constitute 6.9 percent of total householdsin the village,and accountfor 70.6 per cent of the total land in the commandarea of the other three tanks. Similarly,there are five tanks in Bommanahalli village. Here,the sampletank irrigatesonly three acres against the total areaof 880acres underall the tanks in the village. Hence,wider communityparticipation is unlikelyin the caseof sampletanks in thesevillages.

On the otherhand, all the castegroups in Yeliwalavillage have land in the commandarea of two tanksin the village,though not in equalproporticn to their share in the total households.In addition,the sizeof all the tanksin the villageis suitablefor the purposeof rehabilitationand wider communitypartidpation.

To condudethis sub-section,the diversityin the size of the tank (commandarea and users)in relationto villageland and householdswould have the followingimplications:

> The sizeof the tank and the numberof householdshaving command land to the total householdshave a direct bearing on participationof people,and collectiveaction SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-38 relatingto tank. Largerthe size of the tank and proportionof householdshaving commandland, largerwill be participationin the tank rehabilitation. > In caseswhere the householdsof singlelineage own the entirecommand, this comes in the way of collectiveaction. > In casethere is morethan onetank in a village,selection becomes a tricky issueas only that tankwhich serves the largercommunity would ensure wider partidpation. > The villagescan be groupedinto four categorieson the basisof size.Villages with a singleirrigation tank, villageswith morethan one tank, tanksirigating commandof one village,and tanksirrigating command of morethan one village. This typologybecomes importantin the contextof communityorganisation and collectiveaction. The natureof collectiveaction is directlyrelated to the proportionof direct usersto the sizeof village. Whileit is true that the appropriatesize of commandfarmers is contextual,this should be taken as an indicatorof effectivelocal organisation and better economiesof scalein the maintenance. > The inter-connectivityof onetank to anotherand the relatedaspects such as the source of water and the natureof catchmentwould also influence collective action. The study team cameacross channels fed tanks rain-fedtanks (which couldagain be sub-divided on the basisof rainfall,streams or feederchannels, run-off, etc.) and chainof tanks. The collectiveaction in the downstreamtank dependson the practicesin that of upper one (as the caseof Hanumanalaand Maliyur). Wherea tank is linkedto a chain,the farmersin one tank may be unwillingto partidpateif the tank rehabilitationis confined to onlytheir tank.

Table 5.3.4. Size of the commandarea andfarers in some of the selectedvillages Villages Total no. of Total no. of Total land Total commandTotal area(acres) Percent of Percent of Percent householdsin command (acres) in the area(acres) of irrigatedby all 3to 2 5to4 of 5to 6 the village farmersfrom the village the selected Tanksin the selectedtank tank village 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kareketanahalli 250 28 214I 80 110 11.2 37.4 72.7 Kalarajanahalli 1051 18 408 32 32 17.1 7.8 100 Tumkunte 146 92 169 169 169 63 100 Puravara Informationnot available Doddahosahalli 573 35 349 55 55 6.1 15.8 100 Byalya 502 67 569 160 160 13.3 28.1 100 H.Byrapura 61 21 179.29 7.29 7.29 34.4 4.1 100 Halkurike 722 136 1286 241 241 18.8 18.7 100 Balekoppa 46 11 187 26 52 23.9 13.9 50 Choulihalli 187 25 342 50 50 13.4 14.6 100 Hulaginakatte 71 30 251 51 51 42.3 20.3 100 Gogga 457 3 607 28 28 0.7 4.6 100 Hosur 288 3 1032 12 255 1 1.7 4.7 Talakerikoppa 461 11 1046 51 553 2.4 4.9 9.2 Bommanahalli 823 3 1135 3 880 0.4 0.3 0.3 Yeliwala 712 31 792 110 360 4.4 13.9 30.6 Yellur 425 30 1175 60 835 7.1 5.1 7.2 Maliyur 640 NA 86 50 50 NA 58.1 100 Hanumanala 589 NA 516 248 648 NA 48.1 38.3 Chickkamale 42 35 109.25 32.5 32.5 83.3 29.7 100 Hosapalya 42 22 32.5 32.5 32.5 52.4 . 100 Sarathvalli Informationnot available Nitronahalli Infomiationnot available NA:Not applicable SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-39

5.3.4. Diversity in economic interestsand the pattern in tank use The physicaloDnditions of tanks can motivateor de-motivatethe tank users. Hence,an overview7 on the conditionsof catchment,water-spread area, tank embankment,sluices and waste-weirs,and commandarea is providedin this sectionmainly to identifythe issues relatingto participation.

A: Conditionof the CatchmentArea Duringthe courseof a consultationmeeting in Thogarighattavillage, a marginal farmer noted that the participabonof the communityis conditionalon rectifyingthe problemsassodated with the catchment. Accordingto the villagers,the tank has not got filled for over 10 yearsalthough the area has beenreceiving very good rainfall. The non- filling of tank is attributedto encroachmentin the catchmentarea, diversion of water by a few farmersin the catchmentfor the cultivationof horticulturaland plantationcrops and tamperingof catchmentto divertwater into anotherirrigation source in the upstream.The farmers noted that the partidpabonof the communitywould not be possibleif tank rehabilitationis essentiallyconfined to tank de-siltng. This discussionis significantin so far as broad-basedparticipation is concernedas mostof the tankshave someproblem or the otherwith regardto catchmentarea.

B: Conditionof Water-spreadArea In the field severalproblems have been noticed with referenceto water-spreadarea; the most importantof them are encroachment,siltation and growth of weeds. These problemshave debilitating impact on collectiveaction. The examplefor this is Shettikerein Balekoppavillage of Shikaripurataluk. Becausethe tank bed areais completelyencroached by influentialpersons in the village, the farmers in the commandarea have stopped undertakingany collectiveaction. Accordingto them,collective action is possibleonly when the encroachersare completelyevicted. Similarly,encroachment of water-spreadarea in the case of Doddagowdanakattein Karikethanahalliresulted in a conflict betweenthe commandfarmers and encroachersof tank bedarea with the latter completelydestroying the sluiceto preventwater remainingin the tank. The conflictprolonged and oontinues even today in the absenceof any acceptableconflict resolution mechanism. Consequently, the betteroff amongthe commandfarmers have gone in for borewellsand still manageto obtain meaningfulproduction from their lands. On the otherhand, the marginalfarmers in the commandarea are compelledto cultivateonly dry crops, and this has resultedin reducedincome for them. The net resultis lackof any oollectiveaction.

The embankmentof Goviyannanakerein Hulaginakattewas raisedin 1995by the Departmentof MinorIrrigation (DMI) after agreeing to providecompensation to the affected farmers. The conflicton suitablecompensation amount and inabilityto demarcatethe new water-spreadarea resulted in a kindof stalemateto the work undertakenby the DMI.

C: Conditionof Tank Embankment,Sluices and Waste-Weirs The farmersin Hosapalyavillage compared the tank to a poroustray. Accordingto them, dueto weaktank embankment,water accumulated in the tank wouldstay hardlyfor two weekseven when all the sluicesare closed. This has been happeningfor almost 10 years now. As a result, the utility of the tank to irrigate the commandarea with water control mechanismsgreatly declinedand hence,they cultivatethe land with the help of seepagewater. This makesthem particularlyvulnerable. To reducevulnerability, most of

7For a detailedempirical description of theseproblems, see chapter no.9 in this report. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-40 them have gone in for borewells,which, however, do not containwater due to reduced rechargeof groundwateron accountnon-filling of the tank. A directconsequence was that the farmerswere forced to dismantlethe traditionalwater managementpractices in the villagesby removingthe Neerugantifrom the service. For over a decadenow, they have not participatedin any collectiveaction relating to the tank. Giventhat manyof the tanks have problemsof weak embankment,the importanceof strengtheningof the same for widercommunity partidpation is dear.

There are also examplesof sluices being permanentlydamaged to serve the interestsof the dominantgroup in the catchmentarea as in the caseof Maniganahalliin Magaditaluk. The collectiveaction in this villagebecame impossible because of this and other problems.Similarly, the farmers cultivating land under a tank located in the downstreamof Maliyurtank in T. Narsipurhave damaged the wasteweir of Maliyurtank so that there would be adequatewater flow into their tank. In severalvillages, the persons awardedwith fishingcontract operate the sluicein such a way that there is permanent damageand their own interestsare served.All thesehave had adverseimpact on collective actionrelating to the tank espedallywhen the peopleresortng to violationhappen to be from dominantcastes and interests.

D: Conditionof the CommandArea Important problemsrelating to the commandarea are encroachmentof field channels,altering the commandarea to suit the cultivationof a particulartype of crop, diggingof borewells,selling of water and illegallifting of water from the commandto non- commandland. Eachof theseproblems is presentin somedegree or the other in mostof the tanks. A commonphenomenon is that the farmersresorting to these practicesare mostlydominant groups in the village. As Table2 showsmost of the borewellsare owned by the dominantcastes within the village. The distributionof borewellsby size dass of landholdingin the commandarea shows that betteroff amongcommand farmers account for mostof the borewells.As the caseof Doddahosahallishows two better-offfarmers who were alsopart of the traditionalwater managementsystem in the villageillegally cultivate a largeproportion of their dry landby liftingthe water. The combinationof dominancewithin the villageand influencein officialcircles makes their positionvery strong,and the small and marginalfarmers are left eitherto cultivatedry crops,or paddywith seepagewater or by purchasingwater from the water lords. In all these situations,the welfareloss takes placeand their participationin the collectiveaction becomes doubtful as the widespread perceptionis that suchan actionwould benefit the betteroff in the village.

The farmers resortingto alterationof commandarea to effect changesin the croppingpattem in favour of plantationand horticulturalcrops are also betteroff farmers. Across22 villagesfor whichinformation is available,it appearsthat the largefarmers within the commandarea cultivatepaddy, coconut, sugarcane, etc. On the other hand, the dominantcropping pattem in the caseof smallfarmers is paddyand other coarsecereals. Onlyin somecases, sugarcane is grown. This is understandablebecause the smallfarmers do not have accessto credit or capitalto alter the commandarea to cultivatehorticultural crops. They alsodo not have accessto resourcesto dig a borewellor to investon the cultivationof high valuecrops.

The encroachment,which is observedin almostall the tanks,per se, is not a major hindranceto communitymobilisation and collectiveaction. The social and economic backgroundof the encroachersbecomes an importantvariable. If the encroachersare more dominantand locallypowerful it is less likely to be voluntary participationof the resourcepoor households. Here, the extemalsupport becomes crudal. If they belongto SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-41 landlessand disadvantaged,the implicationsof partidpationare different.The natureand extent of encroachmentis alsoimportant. It variesfrom tank to tank. In addition,farmers installingborewells in tank bed or foreshorefor water marketsand illegalwater liftersfrom the tank alsowould influence the communityparticipation.

The net impactof alteredcondition of commandarea is that the smalland marginal farmerswould be willingto partidpatein the collectiveaction only whentheir own interests are met. Theseare providinga spacein the decision-makingprocess relating to water distribution,supply of adequatewater to cultivatetheir lands(induding of thoseat the tail- end) to derive meaningfullivelihood and incorporatingdisincentives for the command farmershaving borewells and those who havealtered the commandarea.

To condude,the followinghave implications in so far as partidpationis concemed:

> The big landholdersamong commandfarmers have altered the commandarea, and grow lesslabour intensive crops. Thesetrends considerably influence their willingness to partidpatein tank rehabilitation. > The smalland marginallandholders among command farmers do not havealtemative irrigationsources of irrigation.Very often they dependon seepagewater, andcultivate food crops. The insecurityassodated with tank irrigationmake them prefer migration as comparedto cultivabonunder tank. All these would affect their partidpationin tank rehabilitationunless they are providedwith confidencethat their interestswould be takencare of. > The defunctstatus or reducedutility of tanks have affectedthe tail-endersthe most. They, consequently,depend on rain-fed crops. The tail-endfarmers with alternative sourcesof irrigationare betterplaced; but, they mostlybelong to uppercastes. Viewed from thesetwo angles,their partidpationwould be a problemunless the designof TUA takescare of their interests. > The defunctand reducedutility of the tank are the principalde-motivabtng factor in widercommunity participation.

These imply that the tank rehabilitationprocess and TUA design should have provisionsto take careof interestsof the affectedcommand farmers.

E: Landlesshouseholds Historically,tanks have played an importantrole in providingemployment to landless in the village.They also played an importantrole in providingwater to the livestock.Across the samplevillages, there is variabonin caste categoriesto which landlesshouseholds belong. In northemKamataka, the landlesshouseholds mostly belong to SCcommunities (Table5.3.5). In the northemtransition zone, southemdry zone and southemtransition zone,the landlesshouseholds also belong to middleand even uppercastes. The proportion of landlesshouseholds to total householdsvaries across the Agro-dimaticzones and even amongvillages within an agro-dimaticzone. Hence,the data on maximumand minimum proportionof landlesshouseholds is presentedfor each of the Agro-climaticzones. This showsthat the inddenceof landlessnessis high in the prosperouszones while it is low in the bacward areaof northernKamataka. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-42 Table 5.3.5.Size of landlesscommunities, important livelihood opportunities and wage rates

Percent of Rangeof dailywage Agro-dimatic Importantlandless landless rates(in Rs.) zones communities householdsto Uvelihoodopportunities total households Men Women Min Max Min Max Min Max Southern SC,Kuruba, Kumbara, 1.8 30.63 Wagework in agriculture 25 40 20 40 Transitionzone Lambani,Muslims, (includingcoffee Koracha plantationand non-farm activitessuch as basket making,pot making,etc.) Northern Muslims,Kuruba, 22.41 43.96 Wagework in agriculture 40 50 25 30 TransitonZone Lingayat,Gangemath, andnon-agriculture Vaddar,Maratha, SC (constructionand quarrying) SouthernDry Vokkaliga,SC, 22.41 25.27 Wagework in agriculture 50 50 25 30 Zone Lingayat,Kuruba, andnon-agriculture Achari, Brahmins EasternDry Zone SC 6.25 13.3 Wagework in agriculture 20 50 10 35 andfactories located in nearbytown, quarrying, selfemployed in sericulture CentralDry Zone SC,Vokkaliga, Bhovi, 6.20 60.00 Wagework in agriculture 20 60 20 50 ST,Kumbar, Kuruba andnon agriculture (factorieslocated in the vicinityand self- employmentin mat making) NorthernDry SC,ST, Kuruba 8.33 25.00 Wagework in agriculture 15 30 10 20 Zone andself-employment in non-farmsector, Imigration NorthEastern Dry SC 13.33 15.00 Wagework in agriculture 25 30 15 20 Zone and migration NorthEastern SC 2.85 25.00 Wagework in agriculture 30 40 20 30 TransitionZone and migration

The livelihoodopportunities available to landlesshouseholds and copingstrategies adoptedby themare presentedin Table53.5. The informationshows that whilewage work in agricultureis commonto all the villages,different livelihoodopportunities such as wage work in non-agriculturalactMties and self-employmentin non-farmsector are accessedand different coping strategiessuch as migrationare adopted. Further,the discussions revealedthat, while men seek non-farmemployment opportunities within or outsidethe village, it is womenwho are primarilydependent on agriculturefor employment. The discussionsalso revealedthat the dependenceof the landlesshouseholds on tanks has comedown due to a varietyof factors.

First,the tanksare not gettingfilled due to reducedinflow of water from the catchment on accountof encroachmentof feederchannels, diversion of water, etc. In a fewof the tanks,the water bearingcapacity of the tankshas come down due to siltationand poor conditionof tank embankmentand sluices. Becauseof these reasons,the command areahas virtuallybeen used as dry land in a few villages. This has graduallyreduced the dependenceof the landlesson the tank for obtaininglivelihood and also those householdswho dependedon tank to obtaindrinking water for the livestock. SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-43 * Second,the predominanceof smalland marginalfarmers in the commandarea raises the issuerelating to availabilityof employmentfor the landless.Given that the tendency to use householdlabour by smalland marginalfarmers is high, the landlessmay not have much gain in terms of enhancedemployment opportunities when the tank is rehabilitated.

• Third,a few of the villageswitnessed far-reaching changes in the croppingpattern from paddy to plantationand horticulturalcrops. The mechanisationprocesses adopted in the villageshave had selectiveimpact of redudngemployment opportunities for male agriculturallabourers. With machinesdispladng the labour,the landlesshouseholds do not any moreown ploughingbullocks, and consequently,their dependenceon tanksto obtainwater for livestockhas declined.

* Fourth, becauseof the reduceddependability on tank for obtainingemployment, the landlesshouseholds and even marginalfarmers in the samplevillages have developed the copingmechanisms to find altemativeemployment (Table 5.3.5). There are reasons to believethat the samplevillages are favourablyplaced in so far as availabilityof non- farm employmentwithin the villageand the nearbytowns. The datashows that over44 per cent of tanksare locatedeither in hoblior grampanchayat headquarters. These are normallylarge villages with opportunitiesto start non-farmactivities. This is further corroboratedby distributionof villagesby the numberof households.Over 26 per oent of the villageshave more than 500 households,while 32.6 per cent of the villageshave between200 and 500 households(Table 5.3.6).

The availabilityof non-agriculturalopportunities is also due to locationof tanks. Over43 per cent of the samplevillages are locatedclose to towns. In fact, in one of the villages,almost all the menbelonging to the landlesshouseholds sought employment in the nearbytown as the availabilityof employmentdwindled due to defunctnature of the tank, changesin croppingpattern in the tank commandarea and outsideand mechanisation.In fact, the wagerates tend to be higherin thosevillages and zoneswhere the availabilityof non-farmemployment is better.

All thesetrends have implicationsas far as participationof the landlesshouseholds in tank relatedaffairs. The focusgroup discussions in most of the villagesreveal that the landlesshouseholds do not attachmuch importance to tank and that their own partidpation in tank rehabilitabonwould be marginal.The participationof the landless,therefore, can be ensuredonly when the design of tank users' assodationprovides incentives for their participab'on. Further,the possibilityof enhancedemployment should also be clear. Rehabilitabonof smalltanks may not provideany meaningfuladditional employment to the landlesshouseholds. Hence, the size of the commandarea in relationto the numberof agriculturallabour householdsbecomes a crudal variablein motivatingthe landlessto participatein collectiveaction. The choiceof technologybecomes a crudal issuebecause JCPswere usedin recentworks by the govemment,and theseinfluenced the percepb'onof the landlesstowards rehabilitation. Since a largenumber of tanks havebecome defunct in Karnataka,efforts to rehabilitatethem will have benefidalimpact on landlessand others both in terms of employmentopportunities (particularly of tanks locatedaway from towns and rural roads)and meetingtheir domestic needs. SEANFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-44 Table5.3.6. Location,distance to the nearesttown and size of the samplevillages

Locabonof tanks Distributonof villagesby distance Distributionof villagesby numberof households to nearesttown Zones Hobli GP Small Total Less Betwee Above Total Less 100- 200- 500- Total head headq villages than n 3 & 10 km than 200 500 1000 quart uarters /hamle 3 km 10 kms 100 ers ts from town

5outhern 1 2 5 8 4 4 8 3 1 3 1 8 Transiton zone

Northern 1 2 1 4 - 4 - 4 -2 2 4 Transition Zone Southem 2 2 2 2 2 2 DryZone

Eastemn - 1 6 7 3 4 7 5 2 7 DryZone Central 9 7 16 4 11 15 2 3 7 3 15 DryZone Northem 1 2 3 6 2 4 6 1 2 3 6 Dry Zone North 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 2 Eastem DryZone North 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 Eastem Transibon Zone Total 3 18 26 47 2 18 26 46 10 9 15 12 46 (6.4) (38.3) (55.3) (100) (4.3) (39.1) (56.6) (100) (21.7) (19.6) (32.6) (26.1) (100) Note: Figuresin parenthesisindicate the percentageof the total

In conclusion,the followingcould be highlightedas issuesfor partidpationof the landlessin tank rehabilitation.

> The landlessmostly belongto the depressedcastes, and wages acrossthe Agro- climatic zonesare less than minimumwages prescribedby the state. In addition, there is wagedisparity between men and women. > Womendepend on local agriculturallabour market while men rely on nearesttowns for non-agriculturalemployment. Villagesnearer to towns depend much more on non-agriculturalemployment than others. Tank-based options are increasingly becominginsecure with yearto year uncertainty.This adverselyaffects women. > Direct implicationof the aboveis that the relativeimportance of tank to providewage employmentis on the dedine, especiallyin the case of tanks with irregularwater flow. > The say in dedsion-makingwith regard to choice of technology and desilting operationsfor the landlessbecomes crucial to securetheir participation.

F: Participationof Women Traditionalnotion is that womentend to dependon tanks to obtain water for domestic purposes. Historically,the tanks provideda placefor households(including washerman castes)to wash the dothes,and take water for other domesticpurposes. This does not SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-45 seemto be the typicalcase any more. The womenin mostof the villagesnoted that their dependenceon tank hascome down due to the followingfactors.

> Non-fillingof tanks has forced womento dependon other sourcesof water. The governmentintervention to providemini-water supply in over 52 per cent of the villages (Table 5.3.7) helpedthem to have somewhatsecure source of water for domestic purposes.This reducedtheir dependenceon tanks.

Table 5.3.7. Distributionof villagesby the existenceof mini-water supply.

DoesMini water supply exist Distanceof tankfrom the mainvillage Agro-climaticzones in the selectedvillages Yes No Total Lessthan Oneto Above2 Total l______one_ km two km km SouthernTransition zone 7 1 8 4 4 0 8 NorthernTransition Zone 4 0 4 0 3 1 4

SouthemDry Zone 1 1 2 O 2 0 2 EasternDry Zone 3 4 7 6 1 0 7 CentralDryZone 6 9 15 10 6 0 16 NorthernDryZone 2 4 6 1 5 0 6

NorthEastern Dry Zone 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 NorthEastem Transition Zone 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 Total 24 22 46 23 23 1 47 ______(52.2) (47.8) .0 (48.9) (48.9) A241(100.0) Note: Figuresin parenthesisindicate the percentageof the total

> Over50 per cent of the sampletanks are locatedaway from the villages. The distance betweenthe villageand tank is over one km in the caseof 51 per cent of the tanks, whileit is lessthan one km in the caseof the remainingtanks (Table5.3.7). Lackof approachroads and non-maintenanceof washingplaces have reducedthe accessof womento tanksfurther.

The discussionsalso revealedthat women like the tanks to be revivedto have accessto tank water, and somecontrol over the decisionsrelating to deadstorage. This is because,during the summerseason and when there is considerablepressure on mini-water supply,they have to dependon borewellowners to obtain water for domesticpurposes. This increasesthe workloadon womenand also resultsin loss of dignity as they haveto dependon whimsand fandesof borewellowners. Further,the dependenceof womenon pollutedwater pondsto washdothes and even for bathingmay have adverse implications in so far as their healthis concemed.

Womenalso depend on tanksfor employmentopportunities much morethan men. Becauseof feminisationof agriculturallabour market in the samplevillages, the tank rehabilitationwould have positive impact on poverty alleviation. The focus group discussionswith SHGmembers reveales that the womenwelcome tank rehabilitationas this would havebeneficial impact on employmentavailability, water availabilityfor domesticuse, etc. In Yeradukatte,the tank is managedby an informalcommittee of commandfarmers. Duringthe last year, the committeedecided to releaseall the water from the tank as the standingcrops neededto be irrigated. The womenfrom the villageprotested, and even went to the tank embankmentto preventthe releaseof water. This impliesthat women's SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-46 participationin tank rehabilitationand collective action can be ensuredwhen they havebeen given spaceto determinethe dead storage,and TUA incorporatesprovisions for poverty alleviation.

Basedon the discussionon participationof women,the followingmay be highlighted as issues:

> The feminisationof agricultural labour market is taking place, and hence, they dependon tank muchmore than maleagricultural labourers. > In those villages,where women depend on tank for domesticwater, they face a number of problemsas the tanks have becomedefunct or their utility has come down. Further,they cannotinfluence the dedsion-makingprocess on deadstorage. In othervillages, for a numberof reasons,their dependenceon tank hasdeclined.

Theseimply that their participationmay be possibleif they are assuredthat the tank rehabilitationwould providethem employment, and that they havea sayin dedsion-making on deadstorage.

5.3.5. Organisingpractices in the samplevillages The organisingpractices in the villagesindude those relating to the traditionalwater managementpractices, recent efforts by the governmentto form WaterUsers' Assodations and organisingpractices relating to the other sectorssuch as credit, milk, etc., and village festivals. The main purposeof discussingthese three types of organisingpractices is as follows. A discussionon traditionalwater managementpractices aims to have baseline informationon these practicesand to identify the best practicesadopted by these institutions. This would enableto incorporatethe best practicesinto designand also to safeguardthese institutions.The discussionon the processof formationof WUAsby the govemmentaims to draw lessonsand incorporatethe same into the design. Finally,the discussionon other organisingpractices aims to understandthe socialcapital available in the villagesand issuesinvolved in utilisingthis capitalfor the designand developmentof TUAsin the selectedtanks.

A:,Present TankManagement Practices The villagecommunities in the past evolvedinformal arrangements to managethe tanks. Thesearrangements are: 1. havinga village levelcommittee to discussthe issuesrelating to tank and taking decisions; 2. holding village level meetingsto discuss and take dedsions on the water management,and for conflictresolution; 3. organisingvillage level festivals to markthe commencementof operationsrelating to the tank andas mechanismsto bringthe communitytogether; 4. mobilisingthe communitythrough the abovefor desiltingand maintenanceof field channelsetc. The purposeof mobilisingthe communityis alsoto ensurethat it has controlover the tank, and managementof water distribution. A system(called as kudi marammatin some parts of south India) was evolvedto ensurethat the communityshared the responsibilityin the maintenanceof tanksincluding channels, sluices,etc; and 5. appointmentof Neerugant (an overseerof the tank) to implementthe dedsions takenby the committeerelating to maintenance,water regulation,etc.

The informationon thesevariables is presentedin Table5.3.10. In the caseof about 21 per cent of the tanks,an informalvillage level committee is functioningto overseethe SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-47 matters relatingto the tank. There is no such committeein two of the zones,while relativelylarger proportion of the tanks have these informalcommittees in north eastem transitionzone, southem transition zone, northemtransition zone and northemdry zone. This couldbe becauseof somewhatassured inflow of water into the tanksin these zones. On the whole, one obtainsa mixed picturewith some villagesstill having very good functioningcommittee, while the otherscollapsing because of someproblem or the other8.

Mechanismsto bringthe communitytogether by way of performingrituals are found in 21 per cent of the villages. In these villages,the peopleare still performingrituals or poojaon spedficoccasions in relationto tank. However,such practices have come down in general.At present,people are unableto seethe rolefor ritualsin communityaction.

In about 34 per cent of the villages,the tank users meet at the beginningof the agriculturalseason, as in ChikkaMalai and Balekoppa,to take decisionson howto utilisethe tank or to take dedsionson whetherto grow secondcrop or not. This practicewas quite useful,as stated by oneof the farmers,to decideon differentcrops and croppingpractices in relationto rainfalland availabilityof waterin the tank.This practiceseems to bedeclining as no suchmeetings are takingplace in as manyas 66 per cent of the villages.The practice of undertakingminor repairslocally (i.e., field channels)has also declineddue to lack of ownership. The general perceptionis that tank is owned and maintainedby the government.The stateof affairs is suchthat the farmerslook up to the governmentfor everythingincluding conflict resolving.

Table 5.3.8: Traditional water management practices in the selected villages

Percent of Savadi Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Agro-climatic villages villages villages villages villages villages zones having wherethe wherethe wherevillage wherevillage where Neenrganti community community meetings level festivals supportis is involved relatedto committee relatng providedto in water tankare held relatingto to tank Neenxwanbtregulaton tankis set up are held SouthemTransition Zone 25.0 25.0 12.5 12.5 50.0 25.0 50.I NorthemTransition Zone 50.0 25.0 50.0 75.5 25.0 25.0 0.1 SouthemDry Zone 50.0 0.00 50.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.) EasternDry Zone 85.7 0.00 71.4 57.1 0.0 14.3 57.1

CentralDry Zone 56.3 18.8 56.3 50.0 25.0 18.8 0.0 NorthemDry Zone 33.3 0.0 50.0 33.3 50.0 33.3 33.1 NorthEastern Dry Zone 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.1) NorthEastem Transition 0.00 0.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 50.0 0.i zone Total 23 6 22 22 16 10 1i (48.9) (12.8) (46.8) (46.8) (34.0) (21.3) (21.3_ Note: Figuresin parenthesisindicate the percentageof thetotal

Neerugant?, a supportivestructure in tank management,was abolishedalong with other village hereditaryposts. The governmentappointed Savadi in the place of a For example, in Balekoppa village of Shikaripura Taluk, a local committee has been funcUioningfor the past 20 years. This was formed to overcomethe conflicts among users in sharng the water. On the other hand, in Doddahosalliof Madhugiritaluk, the traditional arrangement has collapsed with the misuse of the power by traditional managers for their personal benefit. 9 Neerugantiis an overseerof the tank. Very often,the village committeesspedfy his responsibilites. He implementsthe dedsionsof the villagecommittee. The functonsinclude water release and regulation,clearing the bushesin thefield channels, SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-48 Neeruganti to undertakethe roles and responsibilitiesof the latter especiallyin those tanks underDMI. Yet, the Neerugantiexistsin nearly49 per cent of the villages,and the communityprovides support to Neerugantiin nearly 47 per cent of the villages(Table 5.3.10). This discussionsuggests that while the samplevillages do not have informal arrangementsto maintainthe tanks and regulatethe water, they still persistwith the systemof Neeruganti primarilydue to communityinterest and local necessity. However, Savadi is foundto be in operationonly in 13 per cent of the villages. Hefunctions under the directionof MID offidals and independentof the community.Importantly, Savadi receiveskind support from the communityin four of the villagesin additionto what he is entitledfor from the MID'0.

The presenceof Neeruganti and communitysupport are key variablesin the existenceof traditionalwater managementpractices. To a large extent,the presenceof Neeruganti, his role and communitysupport to him are determinedby the irrigation status of the tank (Table5.3.11). Neerugantiis presentmostly in the caseof thosetanks where water supplyis regular". In these tanksthe role of Neerugantiis also major. On the other hand, with problemssuch as tank not getting filled for severalyears, water seepagedue to defectsin embankmentsand encroachmentof the tank, the command farmersdo not perceivethe needfor the Neeruganti. Further,it doesnot becomeviable to havea Neeruganti in smallertanks, and wherethe potentialof tank to provideirrigation to the originalcommand area has considerably declined.

Table 5.3.9. The presence and role of Neerugantiby irrigation status of the tank

Nee.ugantfSavadi Role of Neeruganti Under whose supervision does Irrigation Neeruganti work? Status of Yes No Total Major Minor None NA Total Community DMI NA Total the tank Defunct 4 4 8 1 1 2 4 8 2 0 2 4 Reduced 8 9 17 6 2 0 9 17 4 2 2 8 supply__ Defective 3 3 6 1 0 2 3 6 0 0 3 3 structures _ Regular 14 5 19 12 0 2 5 19 3 6 5 14 flow ______Total 29 21 50 20 3 6 21 50 9 8 12 29 The water distributionsystems are alsopresent in those tankswhich regularlyget filled. Fromamong the tanksfor which informationis available,water distributiontakes placeduring the day time and from head to tail. In some cases,the Neerugantiensures that water is equitably distributed. However, in those cases where the informal managementof the tank is in the hands of the village elite and if their interestsare and providingfeedback to thecommittee. One may note that this is an arrangementto reduceconflicts between users, and an importantlink in thechain of tankmanagement.

10To what extent there is a desireon the part of farmersto maintainthe traditionalsystem or whetherthis is a payment' to satisfythe overseerwho has becomepowerful at the villagelevel with accountabilityonly to the MID is not dear. When askedfor reasonsfor payment,the villagersfrom Hanumanalnoted that the kind support to Savadiwas providedas a token of appredationof his services. But othersin the villagewere not very muchconvinced about the appreciatonpart, and notedthat in order to get regular supplyof water, he shouldbe madesatisfied. Where there is no kind supportand some bit of control by the villagecommittee, the Savadi operatesindependent of the communityand/ or users. In such cases,Savadi's role in the water managementis limited. " In Balekoppa,a committeehas beenmanaging a tank that has a regularfilling, while there is no committeefor the other tank in the samevillage is totally encroached.This showshow utility and economicinterests influence local actions. In Doddahosalli,non-partidpabon of smalland marginalfamiers is rootedin the way in whichthe traditionalleaders have been misusingtheir roles. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-49 combinedwith management,the tail-endersdo not obtainsuffident water. In suchcases, the crops simplywither away or they have to purchasewater from borewellowners by payingone-fourth of their produceas water fees.

Normally,the organisingpractices or collectiveaction in relationto the tank is relatedto water acquisition,water distribution,maintenance of field channels,etc., and resolvingthe disputes.The practicesrelating to eachof theseare discussedhere.

1. The organisingpractices relating to water acquisitionare not that evidentacross the samplevillages. In only one village,the commandfarmers of a channelsfed tank organisethemselves to securewater for the secondcrop. Sincethe releaseof waterfor the secondcrop is illegal,they do not haveany right over the water. Hence,they get together to pleasethe concernedofficials, apply pressureon them through a local politicalleader, and incur 'expenses'in the process.In the other tanks,the organising practicesrelating to water acquisitiondo not take placeprobably because of lack of darity on water rights. In one of the villages,command farmers stated that they were aware of encroachmentin the commandarea as the prindpalreason for not getting adequatewater into the tank. Yet, they had not undertakenany collectiveaction to removethe encroachmentbecause the govemmenthad legalised the encroachmentand secondly,they were not certainwhat constitutedthe catchmentof their tank and their rightsover this.

2. In several villages, organisingpractices relating to water distribution have been reported. The most importantamong them are to assessthe quantumof water in the tank afterthe rains,taking dedsions relating to timingof releaseand croppingpattem. There is alsosome dispute resolving mechanism to handleconflicts arising out of water distribution.The decision-makingis fadlitatedby the villagelevel committee in an open meetingof commandfarmers. The Neerugantiwould implementthe dedsionsarrived at by the committee. The most frequentlyreported disputes relate to taikendersnot gettingsuffident water whenwater level in the tank is declining,diversion of water by non-commandfarmers, conflicts between fishing contractors/womenand farmerson deadstorage, etc. Theredisputes are locallysettled, and somevillagers proudly stated that they would not approachthe policeand judidary, and thus implyingthat the level of acceptancefor informal resolutionmechanisms is very high. But, the level of acceptancedepended on the past relationswithin the villages,and the fact that someof the farmersmade complaints to higherauthorities implies resolution mechanisms are not uniformlyaccepted.

3. The organisingpractices relating to maintenanceof fieldchannels take two forms. First, a day is fixed for the commandfarmers to eithercontribute or hire labourto desiltthe channels,clear the bushes,fill rat holes,etc. Secondly,the Neerugantiundertakes this task; andthe commandfarmers pay him for this service.

4. The disputeresolving mechanism in mostof the well functioningtanks is the villagelevel informalcommittee. Wherethis committeeis not functioning,the membersof gram panchayatsand villageelders are ropedinto resolvethe disputes.Only in rareinddents do they go to a policestation or court.

It is importantto note that water managementis found to be better wherever Neerugnab exists. Further,community arrangement to controlSavadi with a kind support has positiveimpact on waterdistribution. Savadisystem has increasingly become irrelevant whereverthis personis not accountableto the community.For Neerugantis,the livelihood SEWFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-50 has becomeof late insecuredue to seasonalnature of the livelihoodand insuffident remunerationfor their work. Mostof the Neerugants notedthat the farmers'response to their requestsfor higherremuneration has been lukewarm.

To condude,the importanttraditional water managementpractices in the selected villagesare fast disappearingfor a numberof reasons,the most importantamong them beingdefunct and reducedutility of the tanks. The presentstatus of water management practicesand the implicationsfor partidpationare summarisedin Chart5.3.2.

Chart5.3.2: The presentwater managementpractices and their implicationsfor participation

Organizing Purposeor the roles Limitations How it affectsthe practices participation? Village > Takesdecisions on > Dominatedby big > No spacefor participation committees normsrelating to farmerswith vested of indirectstakeholders water distribution interestand/or rent dueto excessivecontrol > Undertakesrepairs seekers anddomination by leaders with the helpof local > No representationfor > Inabilityto dealwith support(very rarely) womenand encroachment,etc. or supportfrom MID. disadvantaged > Inability to ensurerights > Resolveswater > Haveless concern for to both directand indirect distributionrelated democraticpractices stakeholders conflicts > No rotationof leadership Village > Involvesall command > Indirect stakeholders > Hasbecome a mere meetings farmers are not involved formality > Assessesthe quantum > Traditionalusers are > Inability to channelthe of waterand plans not consulted time and effortsof the waterdistribution entire community. > Mechanismto arriveat sometype of consensusamong the command farmers Festivals > A mechanismto bring > Hasbecome just a > Lostthe real spirit the peopletogether for religiouspractice. collectiveaction. Neeruganb > Responsiblefor water > Underthe controlof > With distributivejustice distribution dominantinterests and waterdistribution > Repairsof field > With the abolitionof beingaffected, and wider channel hereditaryposts, role participationis unlikely > Carriesout the delineationis lacking decisionsof village > Irregularfilling of committee,if any. tanksmakes his role I redundant

B: Formationof Tank Users' Group/Association (TUG/UA) The draftstate waterpolicy envisages to plan,develop and managewater resources adoptingintegrated approach for a hydrologicalunit suchas river basinas a wholeor for a sub basin,multi-sectorally, oonjectively for both surfaceand groundwater.

In view of the policy,all individualdevelopment projects and investmentproposals will, henceforth,be consideredwithin the frameworkof a river basinor sub-basinplan. The policy visualisesto enlist peoples'participation in dedsion-makingand devolutionof responsibilityas meansto achievethe ends such as povertyalleviation, equity, reduced vulnerabilityto naturaland economic risks and shocks,increasing incomes and productivity. SEANFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-51 As per the strategyand actionplan proposedin the policydocument, the following would becomeimportant. First, mobilisingthe communityand ensuring stakeholder participation.Second, creating public awareness. Third, forming and empoweringWater Users'Co-operative Sodeties (WUCSs) and their federationsfor participatoryirrigation management.Fourth area is to providetraining and technicalsupport to WUCSsand their federations.

The proposedplan for participatoryirrigation management indudes the formationof multi-leveluser assodations. These are Water user Apex-levelFederation, Water user DistributorLevel Federations and ProjectLevel Federation. As per the policy,from nowon the irrigationwork is entrustedto water users' society'2, insteadto irrigationconsultative committee.The project level federationsfor major, mediumand minor'3 irrigationare different.

The formationof WUCSsat the gram panchayatlevel beganin June 2000 in the Kamatakastate. In general,the processin many tanks began with the Engineeror a politicalleader identifying the Presidentand entrustingthe responsibilityof constitutingan assodationby collectingmembership fees from the commandfarmers. In doing this, politicalinterests were weighed(decisions are madeat the behestof politicalbosses). This was followedby the membershipdrive, and targets were fixed. In order to enrol the requirednumber of members,the followingmethods were used: (1) the membersfor the co-operativewere enrolledin the villagemeeting organised by the Engineerhimself; (2) the prominentleaders directly enrolled the members.In oneof the villages,a prominentleader paid membershipfees on behalfof 20 odd members,and only subsequentlytold them that they were enrolledas members;and (3) memberswere enrolledby a groupof villagerson the adviseof the Engineer. As a result,a majorityof the commandfarmers in the village did not even knowthat a WUCSwas formed. In one of the villages,the commandfarmers notedthat this was a 'secret committee'. The limitedawareness at the villagelevel, and the absenceof enablingprocess (awareness, consultation and broad-basedparticipation) was evidentin villageswhere WUCSs were formed.Further, as prominentleaders promoted WUCSand membershipwas basedon politicalaffiliation, the inclusionprocess was selective.

The processwas alsoaffected because of lack of follow-upand guidelineson the entire processincluding the financialone. In severalvillages, there was no follow-upafter the formationof WUSC.In oneof the villages,members who paidmembership fees to one of the farmerswho subsequentlyfell ill, did not know where the amount collectedwas deposited.In this case,the moneywas deposited in the personalaccount of the concemed person,and this raisesthe issueof lack of proceduraldarity, accountabilityand lack of accompanyingprocess by the promotingagency. This has affectedthe trust buildingneeded to further the process.At present,there is reluctanceon the part of the people,irrespective of their politicalaffiliation, to makecontributions.

12 Entrustcontrol, maintainenace and monitoring either wholly or in parL

13 In the caseof minorirrigation or lift irrigationworks, a federationof waterusers' societes in relabonto suchminor irrigation vor lift oigation workshave to be registeredunder the KamatakaCooperative Societies Act 1959,the membersof whichconsist of not lessthan 51 per centof waterusers' societies within such area as maybe notifiedby the stategovernment

A water Users'cooperative societies have been registeredunder the KamatakaCo-operative Societies Act 1959 (KamatakaAct II of 1959), the membersof whichconsist of not lessthan 60 per cent of waterusers for thecultvation of land or a majorityof membersof the consistingof Waterusers for the cultivationof landand owingnot lessthan 51 percent of the land. In the bye-laws,it is statedthat eachcooperative will havethe membershipfrom five villages. Memberswill include commandfarmers and other water users from the respectivevillages. SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-52 Not surprisingly,therefore, the processwas hasty,informal and lackedany direction towards buildingcommunity based institutions. This is further corroboratedby Table 5.3.11. Only in the caseof 35 per cent of the sampletanks was there someprocess of formationof WUCSs.Most of thesesodeties were formedonly recently,did not meetvery often and did not maintainthe minutes,even if the meetingshad taken place (Table 5.3.11). Table 5.3.10. Details of WUCSsformed in the selectedvillages

AC zones/ ACZ1 ACZ2 ACZ3 ACZ4 ACZS ACZ6 ACZ7 ACZS Total Detailsof WUCSs WhetherTUA was Yes 1 1 1 3 8 2 0 0 16 formed No 7 3 1 4 7 4 2 2 30 Total Whenit wasformed 2 - .5 months 1 1 0 3 8 2 0 0 15

Above5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 _ months

Total ___ No.of meetingsheld Once 1 1 1 NA 3 0 0 0 6 so far Morethan 0 0 0 NA 0 2 0 0 2 Two times None 0 0 0 NA 5 0 0 0 5 Total Whetherminutes of Yes 0 0 0 NA 2 NA 0 0 2 the meetingsare No 1 1 1 NA 6 NA 0 0 9 maintained? Total

* NA: Not Available

Somesemblance of processwas evidentin the caseof thosevillages where NGOs playeda key rolein the formation. This, however,happened only in a handfulof cases.In such cases,the meetingswere held and the minuteswere also maintained. The groups tendedto be qualitativelybetter in those villageswhere NGOsplayed an active role in the formationprocess. They havebeen posing questions relating to the forrnation,institutional designand functioningof WUCSs,which were not answeredas none had a claritydue to lackof well-designedprinciples and procedures.

To conclude,the processadopted in the formationof WUCSsseems to havefailed to translateideas incorporated in the policydocument such as publicawareness, stakeholder mobilisation,membership enrolment, formation and training into practice due to the following reasons:(1) The target-orientedapproach followed by offidals; (2) Lack of orientationto groundlevel functionaries; (3) The concemsin the communitymobilisation were essentiallyconfined to the prindples outlined in the water policy rather than addressingthe sustainablecommunity partidpation; and (4) The formationof WUCSwas consideredas necessaryevil to obtainresources earmarked for the tank rehabilitation.

C: Other OrganisingPractices 6

Thereis needto lookinto organisingpractices relating to areasother than tanksto assessthe extent to whichsodal capital exisits across the villages,and to what extentthis couldbe utilisedin collectiveaction surrounding tanks.

In aboutone-fourth of the villages,there are co-operatives-milk and credit,though the proportionvaries across the villages(Table 5.3.12). In someof the villages,these co- operativeswere parffcularlysuccessful. In Thogarighattavillage, a milk co-operativesociety SEAFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-53 has beenfunctioning for someyears now, and this has providedan opportunityto several householdsto undertakedairying, market the milk, earnsupplementary income and reduce vulnerability.During the consultationmeeting, the villagerswere remarkablyclear on self- managementwithin an institution. When askedhow come they had clear-cutviews on what contributesto the successof people'sorganisation, they noted that years of participatingin the milk co-operativemade them realisethis. This exampleindicates that the villagers do realise that their participationis ensuring good governanceand accountabilityand thus wouldhelp them secureeconomic interests.

Creditcooperatives are alsofound to be strongin a fewvillages. Forexample, in Doddahosalli,a credit co-operativecame into existenceto protect the farmers from harassingbankers for non-repaymentof dues. After formation, the villagersevolved mechanisms,after consultations,for dealingwith defaultersin the village. Today, any bankerwho wantsto deal with the bad repaymentshould proceed through the collective. This casedemonstrates the inherentpotential to organise,provided people realise that a commonfelt-need can be metthrough such an organisation.

Table 5.3.11. Otherorganising practices in the selectedvillages

Percent of Percent of Percent Percent of Percent of villages Percent of Percent of villageshaving villageshaving of villages villageshaving havingStree Sakthi villages villageshaving credit milk having SHGs havingyouth templec Agro-climaticzones cooperatives cooperatives NGOs clubs committee Average Average no.of numberof Groups groupsper per village Yes Yes Yes lYes village Yes Yes Yes SouthemTransiton zone 37.5 25.0 37.5 52.5 3 37.5 1.3 62.5 50.0

NorthemTransiton Zone 25.0 25.0 0 0 0 75.0 4 25.0 0 SouthemDry Zone 50.0 100.0 0 0 0 50.0 1.2 100.0 50.0 EastemDry Zone 0 14.3 57.1 85.7 1.7 71.4 1.2 28.6 28.6 CentralDry Zone 28.6 21.4 35.7 64.3 5.7 35.7 2.4 21.4 14.3 NorthernDry Zone 16.7 50.0 33.3 83.3 2.4 83.3 1 83.3 50.0 NorthEastem Dry Zone 0 0 0 50.0 3 100.0 2 50.0 50.0 NorthEastem Transition 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 5 100.0 1.5 0 50.0 Zone Total 11 13 15 27 (3.55) 26 51 19 14 (24.4) (28.8) (33.3) (60.0) (57.7) (2.0) (42.2) (31.1) Note: Figures in parenthesisindicate the percentageof the total

Similarly,in morethan half-of-thevillages, there are SHGsand StreeSakthi groups (Table5.3.12). SHGshave been typicallyformed by NGOs(and hence,one seesa high degreeof correlationbetween the proportionof villagescovered by NGOsand proportionof villageshaving NGOs), and existedfor a longerperiod. Thesegroups are mostlyformed of womenbelonging to all the sodo-economicstrata. Womencontribute savings every week or month,and the accumulatedamount of savingsis in the rangeof severalthousands of rupeesin thesevillages. The most interestingaspect is that they have beenrevoMng their savingsto consumptioncredit requirements and have obtained finandal help from the banks to undertakeincome-generating activities. These activities are beingcarried largely on their own with somefadlitation from the local NGOs.In contrast,Stree Sakthi groups were only recently formed, and the quality of these groups is comparativelylow mainly as the SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-54 govemmentstaff playeda key role in their formation. The lessonsthat emerge,in this regard,are that peopledo contributemoney if they are assuredthat sucha contributionwill benefit them. Secondly,the formation of groups by the govemmentstaff without orientation,commitment and target-orientationwould adverselyaffect the quality of groups.

There are other informalgroups in the villages. About 42 per cent of the villages have youth clubs,while one-thirdof them have templecommittees (Table 5.3.12). The latter playsan importantrole in organisingthe communityto mobilisefinancial contributions to celebratevillage festivals and constructtemples in the village. Interestingly,the participationin temple and festival related activiffes is much more broad based and voluntarycompared to any otherorganising practices in the villages.

It is evidentthat potentialsocial in the villagesexits and can this be usedto form and strengthenTUAs? What problemsare likelyto be there?At least,a coupleof issuesare worth mentioning.First, most of the SHGsconsist of womenand a significantproportion of them belongto depressedcastes. Althoughthey have developedexpertise in self- management(such as attendingmeetings, maintaining accounts, taking decisionsrelating to savingsand credit operations),is it possibleto translatethis into formationof TUAs?Do socialand culturalfactors come in the way? What needsto be done to ensurethat this knowledgeis usedto ensurethe partidpationof womenin TUA? Second,collective action is feasibleand possiblewhen the stakesare individual. For instance,in SHGswomen come togetherto saveand borrowas theseactivities maximise household welfare more directly. Canthis happenin the caseof TUAas the tank is commonproperty with sodalset up often not congenialfor colleciveaction and deriving individual benefits? SENFINALOISEC/170901 5-55 Annexureure5.1. RegionalEnvironmental Setting

Agro-climaticzones of Karnataka:

NationalAgricultural Research Project (NARP), has delineatedKarnataka state into ten homogeneousagricultural zones. The delineationof Agro-climaticzones is basedon commonalityof factorslike physiography,rainfall, temperature, soil and water resources. Administrativearea of Agro-climaticzones extends up to taluka level. The important characteristicsof the Agro-climaticzones in termsof averageannual rainfall and the major cropsgrown in thesezones are presentedbelow.

North-EastemTransition Zone (NETZ l: Thiszone consists of the entiredistrict of Bidarand two taluks(Aland and Chicholi) of Gulbargadistrict and has 7 taluks.The total geographical area of the zone is 8.74 lakh ha of which5.65 lakh ha are undercultivation. The annual averagerainfall ranges from 830 mm to 900mm.More than 60 per cent of the rainfallis receivedduring the south-westmonsoon. It is predominantly,a Kharifzone. The elevation rangesbetween 800-900 meters in majorareas and 450-800meters in partsof six taluks. The soils are medium black in most of the region. Bidar, Bhalki, Humanabadand Basavakalyantaluks have red and lateriticsoils along with mediumblack soils. Rainfed crops like sorghum,pearl millet, pulses,oilseeds, and cotton dominatethe croppingpattem. Sugarcaneis grownin inigatedlands.

NorthEaster DryZone (NEDZ) This zonecomprises of 11 talukswhich include all taluks of Gulbargadistrict except Alandand Chicholitaluks, three taluks (Devdurg,Manvi and Raichur)of Raichurdistrict. The annualrainfall ranges from 633 mm to 807 mmand about 55 per cent of the total predpitationis receivedduring the monthsfrom Septemberto December.The elevationranges from 300 to 450 metersin all the taluks.Most of the area in the zoneis endowedwith deepto very deepblack day soilswith a few pocketsof shallow to mediumblack soils. Channels and tanksare the mainsources of irrigation.It is basicallya rabi tract, growingcrops on residualmoisture in post monsoonseason. The major crops grownin the zoneare rabisorghum, pearl millet, pulses, oilseeds and cotton.

Norther Dry Zone(NDZ): This is the largestzone in the state and encompasses35 taluks. This zone consistsof the entire districtsof Bijapur,Bagalkot, Bellary, Koppal and partsof Raichur,Gadag, Dharwar and Belgaumdistricts. The annualrainfall rangesbetween 464 mm and 786 mm. Morethan 50 per centof the annualrainfall is receivedduring September to December.The elevationranges between 450 and 800 metersin 26 taluksand it varies from 800-900metres in the remainingnine taluks. Mostpart of the zone is endowedwith deepblack soil and croppingpattern is dominatedby rabicrops. The prindpalcrops grown are sorghum,maize, pearl millet, wheat, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane and tobacco.

CentralDry Zone(CDZ): This zonecomprises of 17 taluksdrawn from 4 adjoiningdistricts. These indude the entire district of Chitradurgaand parts of Davangere,Hassan, Chickmaglurand Tumkur districts. The annualrainfall ranges from 454 mmto 719 mm.And morethan 55 per cent of the annualpredpitation is receivedduring the pre-monsoonand monsoonmonths. Kharif crops dominate the croppingpattem of the zone.The elevation rangesbetween 800 and900 metersin majorareas and 450 and 800 metersin someof the taluks.A major part of the zone has red sandyloam soil whereasa part of it is endowed with shallowto deep blacksoil. Channelsand tanksare the major sourcesof irrigation. Kharifcrops dominatethe croppingpattem. Importantcrops grown in this zone are ragi, rice,sorghum, pulses and oilseeds. SEANFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-56 EastemDry Zone(EDZ): This zoneconsists of the entire districtsof Bangalore(rural and urban)Kolar and partsof Tumkurdistrict and encompassesa total of 24 taluks.The annual rainfallvaries between 679 mm and 889mm. A majorpart of the rainfallis receivedduring pre-monsoonand monsoonseason (May and September).The elevationis 800-900meters in most partsof the zone.However, some parts of the zone has an elevationof 900-1500 meters.The soilsare red loamyin most of the areaswith someareas with lateriticsoil. It is predominantlya kharif zone.The major crops grown in the zone are ragi, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds,mulberry and sugarcane.Tanks and wells are the major sourcesof irrigation.

SouthernDry Zone (SDZ): This zone consistsof 18 taluks which form parts of Mysore, Tumkur,seven taluks of Mandyaand one taluk of Hassandistrict and entireChamrajnagar district.Annual predpitation ranges from 671mm to 889 mm and morethan 50 per centof the rainfallis receivedduring the kharif season.The elevationis 800-900meters in major areasand 450-800 in the remainingareas. The soilsare red sandyloam and blacksoil in the pocketsof the remainingareas. Channels are the major sourceof irrigation.Kharif crops dominatethe croppingpattem. Rice, ragi, pulses,other millets and sugarcane are the major cropsof the zone.

SouthemTransition Zone (STZ): This zone comprisesparts of Hassan,Chickmaglur, Shimoga,Mysore districts and a smallportion of Tumkurdistrict. There are 14 taluksin this zone.The annualpredpitation ranges from 612 mm to 1,054mm and morethan 60 per cent of this is receivedduring pre-monsoon and monsoonseasons. The elevationin most part of the zoneis 800-900meters while some areas are locatedat 900-1,500 metersand othersat 450-800 meterselevation. The zone haspredominantly red sandysoil and some partsof the zoneare endowedwith red loamysoil. The prindpalcrops of this regionare rice,ragi, pulses,sorghum and tobacco.

North TransitionZone (NTZ): This zone consistsof 14 taluks encompassingparts of Belgaumand Haveri,Gadag and Dharwardistricts. The annualrainfall ranges between 619 mm and 1,303mm and morethan 60 per cent of this is receivedduring pre-monsoonand monsoonperiods. The elevationis 800-900meters at most of the placesand 450-800 metersin the remainingareas. Shallow to mediumblack clay and red sandyloam soilsare found in equal proportionin this zone. The major sourcesof irrigationare tanks and channels.Rice, sorghum, groundnut, pulses, sugarcane and tobacco are the importantcrops of this zone.

Hilly Zone (HZ) This zone consistsof 22 taluks which are parts of Uttara Kannada, Belgaum,Shimoga, Chickmaglur, Haveri, Kodagu and one taluk of Hassandistricts. The annualrainfall received ranges between 904 mm to 3,695 mm and morethan threefourth of the annualrainfall is receivedthrough south west monsoon.The elevationin mostparts of the zone is 800-900meters and in a few areas450-800 meters. Red day loam soil is predominantin the zone.The prindpalcrops grown in this zone are rice, pulses,coffee, spicesand arecanut. SEANFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-57 CoastalZone (CZ): This zone has parts of Uttara Kannada,entire Udupiand Dakshina Kannadadistricts encompassing altogether 13 taluks. The annualpredpitation ranges from 3,010mm to 4,694mm and morethan 80 per cent is receivedduring the monsoonseason. The elevationis less than 300 meters in major areas and 450 to 800 meters in the remainingareas. The soilsare red lateriticand coastalalluvial. The majorcrops grown are rice,pulses and sugarcane.

A summaryof the geographicalarea, net/grosscropped area, net/grossarea irrigated and percentageof net/grossarea irrigated to net/grosscropped area for 1996- 97 havebeen presented in annxuretable below. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-58

Annexureure Table 5.1. Total geographical, net/gross cropped and net/gross cropped area by agro-climatic zones (1996-97)

Area in lakh hectares Area in percentage SI. No. Zone@ Geographical Net cropped Grosscropped Net irrigated GrossIrrigated NIA to GIA to (NCA) (GCA) (NIA) (GIA) NCA GCA (NIA/NCA)(GIA/GCA) 1 NETZ 8.71 (4.57)* 6.27 (5.91) 7.62 (6.17) 0.48 (2.08) 0.51 (1.76) 7.71 6.67 2 NEDZ 17.63 (9.25) 12.50 (11.79) 14.88 (12.05) 1.94 (8.35) 2.60 (9.02) 15.51 17.46 3 NDZ 47.84 (25.11) 34.85 (32.85) 40.40 (32.71) 9.14 (39.33) 11.38 (39.50) 26.23 28.16 4 CDZ 19.44 (10.20) 11.28 (10.63) 12.93(10.47) 1.79 (7.71) 2.51 (8.72) 15.91 19.43 5 EDZ 18.08 (9.49) 8.94 (8.42) 9.62 (7.79) 1.69 (7.28) 2.26 (7.83) 18.92 23.46 6 SDZ 17.39 (9.13) 8.19 (7.72) 9.54 (7.73) 2.70 (11.62) 3.23 (11.20) 23.99 33.80 7 STZ 12.18 (6.39) 6.12 (5.77) 7.29 (5.90) 1.80 (7.76) 2.29 (7.96) 29.44 31.45 8 NTZ 11.95 (6.27) 8.92 (8.41) 11.15 (9.02) 1.36 (5.87) 1.55 (5.37) 15.30 13.87 9 HZ 25.61 (13.44) 6.42 (6.06) 6.73 (5.44) 1.27 (5.45) 1.36 (4.71) 19.71 20.17 10 CZ 11.67 (6.13) 2.60 (2.45) 3.36 (2.72) 1.06 (4.56) 1.13 (3.93) 40.83 33.69 11 All 190.50 (100) 106.09 (100)1 123.53 (100) 23.24 (100) 28.81 (100) 21.91 23.32

Note: * FiguresIn the parenthesesindicate percentage to total Abbreviabionsused for Zones. @NETZ-North Eastern Transitional Zone, NEDZ- North Eastem Dry Zone NDZ-NorthDry Zone,CDZ- Central Dry Zone,EDZ- Eastern Dry Zone SDZ-SouthemDry Zone, STZ- Southem Transitional Zone NTZ-NorthTransitional Zone, HZ-Hilly Zone and CZ-Coastal Zone Source:Kamataka Agriculture- A Profile,Kamataka State Dept of Agriculture,GOK, Bangalore, April 2000 SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-59 Annexureure5.2 Macro EnvironmentalSetting in Karnataka

We summarizethe importantenvironmental parameters about land, soil,water and forest resourcesin Kamatakain the followingparagraphs.

1 LandEnvironment

Land resource has been grouped under 5 classes based on inherent soil characteristics,external land featuresand environmentalfactors that limit the use of land for agriculture,pasture and other useson sustainablebasis. This classificationis known as land capabilityclassification and is interpretativein nature.As per the classification, about 83 per cent of the areais suitablefor agricultureand the remaining17 per cent for forestry, pasture,silvi-pastoral system, mining, quarrying and wild life and recreation.Of the landssuitable for agriculture,about 19 per cent are good cultivablelands (classII) with minor limitationsof soil texture, drainage,salinity and erosion.About 41 per cent are moderatelygood cultivablelands (Class III) with problemsof erosion,slope, gravel content,surface crust formationand drainage.Twenty-three per cent of the lands,which are fairly good cultivablelands, come under ClassIV, with problemsof soil texture, shallow rooting depth, gravelliness,erosion, drainage and climate. Little more than 14 per cent of the landshaving severe erosion, topography and soil problem(Class VI) are well suited for grazing,forestry, and about 2.5 per cent of the land is suitableonly for wildlife, recreationand quarrying (ClassVIII). The remaining0.6 per cent land is of miscellaneouscategory and is underwater bodiesand urbanareas.

(a) SoilErosion and LandDegradation

The rate of soil loss is imperceptible(1 mm of soil loss in a storm amountsto 15 tonne per hectare)and significantlyexceeds its floor renewalrate (2.5 cm/500years and at best 1 tonne per hectareper year (Swaminathan1991). The soil erosiontakes place through wind and rains. The soil erosiondepends on the type of soil, parent material, slope, intensity of rainfall, wind velocity, etc. The soil erosion is associatedwith the erosionof top, fertile soil resultingin the loss of nutrientsand thus declinein the soil fertility. The unscientificland use, deforestationand wrong agriculturalpractices enhance the soil erosionand this has chainreaction, which impingeon the ecosystem.

Soil erosion Soil erosioncan be classifiedinto four categoriesdepending on its severity.

* Slight erosion:Loss of 10-15per cent of the top soil. Thesesoils are very deep and the landslope is lessthan 5 per cent. * Moderateerosion: Soil profile lossesabout 50-75 per cent of the surfacehorizon. The soilsare deepto moderatelydeep with 5-10 per cent slope. * Severeerosion: Soil looses the entire surface horizon. It is moderatelydeep to shallowand has steepergradient of 10-15per cent. * Very severeerosion: The entire surfacehorizon and more than 50 per cent of the sub-surfacehorizon are lost. This is commonin hilly areaswhere land slopeis more than 15 per centand soilsare poorand shallow.

Landdegradation

Lossof soil through erosionleads to depletionof nutrients.One tonne of good agriculturalsoil contains4 kg of nitrogen,1 kg of phosphorous,20 kg of potassiumand 2 SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-60 kg of calcium.The loss of topsoilthrough soil erosionresults in loss of organicmatter, which facilitatesand improveswater infiltration, retention, soil aeration, structureand cation exchangecapacity of the soil. Thus, erosion leads to reduction in fertility /productivecapadty of the soil leadingto degradationof the soil. The organicmatter and soil micro-floraand micro-faunaare inter-dependentin maintainingthe soil quality and in promotingand recyclingnutrients. It is estimatedthat Karnatakahas about 91.65lakh ha of degradedland of which71.22 lakh ha is non-forestand 20.43lakh ha is forest land. In Karnatakaland degradationtook placebasically by two factors.(1) Extendingcultivation on marginaland fragile landsfor subsistence,and (2) excessiveirrigaton or improper managementleading to water-logging,salinity and alkalinityproblems.

(b) SoilFertility and Productivity:Soil fertility is reflectedthrough productivityof soil.The nutrient content of the soil and other physicalcharacteristics are largely inheritedfrom the parent rock. However,fertility of soil is decliningover the years and productivity levelsare maintainedthrough application of increasingdoses of chemicalfertilizers year after year. Stagnation in agricultural production had threatened the Karnataka Governmentand led to the constitutionof a committeein 1991 to study the causesfor stagnationin productivityand to suggestremedial measures (Satishchandran Committee, 1992).

(c) Forestand Pasture/GrazingLands: Forestis a very important natural resource.It servesmankind in many ways.It providestimber, firewood,medicinal plants and other forest products. Forest helps and sustainsthe livelihood system of numeroustribals dependenton forest for their livelihood.It is a sourceof bio-diversityand preservesflora and fauna. Forestalso protectsland degradation,reduces impact of droughtsand floods and checkssoil erosionin additionto improvingthe environment.

The NationalForest Policy envisages that the countryas a whole shouldhave one third of its land under forest. The forest in Karnatakawhich is about 36,342 sq.km includesevergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous,dry deciduous,scrub and thomy and unwooded.In terms of area coverageunwooded forest occupiesthe first placewith an area of 9,312 sq.km, followed by scrub and thorny with an area of about 8,180 sq.kms.The dry dedduousforest covers7,270 sq.kmand moist deciduousforest covers 5,780sq.kms. The evergreenand semi-evergreencomprises the rest of the forest areaof about 5,800sq.km.

The area under forest was about 15.26per cent of the geographicalarea in the state in 1970-71and has steadilyincreased to 16.1 per cent of the geographicalarea in mid 90s. However,one third of the forest area is degradeddue to heavybiotic pressure like grazing,removal of fire wood,illegal felling of trees, and fire. The forest department is implementingsodal and agro-forestryprogrammes in the state since more than a decadeby plantingtrees on forest land, Governmentland, public and village common land. The Western Ghats Forestryand EnvironmentProject, with the assistanceof overseasDevelopment Administration (ODA) of United Kingdom,was lunchedin 1992 with the objective of managing the forest to achieve ecological balance and environmentalstability of the WesternGhats. Different projectsare being implemented for the protectionand managementof wild life.

2 Water Environment

(a) Hydrolocy SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-61 Almostall the important rivers in the southern Deccanplateau drain Kamataka. The major river basinsof the state are Krishna,Cauvery, Pennar , Bheemaand their tributaries like Tungabhadra,Kabini, Vedavathi, Jayamangali, Varada, Kumudvathi, etc. The projectarea is locatedin the basinof of the abovemajor rivers.

Traditionally,tanks were the importantsource of irrigation.These water bodies/ storagestructures were createdby arrestingand collectingexcess run-off water from the vast catchmentareas in the upperreach.

(b) WaterResources The State receivesabout 1,150mm of rain and 80 per cent of it is receivedin 3-4 month period.A major part of precipitationis throughSouth West monsoon. Some parts of the state also receivesrains through North East monsoon.The averagerainfall for differentAgro-climatic zones is shownbelow in Annexure5.1.2.

(c) SurfaceRun-off

As indicatedabove, the State receivesa major part of precipitationfrom June through October. However,the monthsassociated with heavy rains differ acrossthe Agro-climaticzones. The quantum of rainfall also varies from less than 600 mm in Northem Dry Zone (NDZ) to more than 3,000 mm in the coastal zone. The run-off is conditionedby a variety of factors suchas intensityof rains, soil characteristics,slope, moisturesaturation level, vegetation,etc. The analysisof rainfall and probablerun-off from the catchmentareas of the study tanks for Hydrologicalstudies has indicatedthat run-off occursonly for a few days.The climaticconditions in the state vary from harsh dry climate in the northern parts to moderatein the South and humid in the coastal areas.

Table 5.2.1 Averageannual rainfalls by agro-climaticzones SI.No. Zone@ Rainfallin mm Duration Majormonths 1 NETZ 889 Juneto October July,September 2 NEDZ 935 Juneto October July,September 3 NDZ 576 Mayto November September,October 4 CDZ 607 Mayto November September,October 5 EDZ 768 Mayto November May,Aug-October 6 SDZ 730 Mayto November May,Sept, Octo 7 STZ 864 Mayto November May,July,Aug, Octo 8 NTZ 751 Mayto October Juneto October 9 HZ 2172 Mayto October June,July, August 10 CZ 3765 Mayto October June,July, August Note: @Abbreviations for Zonesas shownin AnnexureTable 5.1.1.

(d) Irrigation

Channelsis the main sourceof irrigationfollowed by open wells, borewellsand tanks in that order. Tanks were the important sourceof irrigationin the early sixties, irrigatingabout 3.44 lakh ha of the total 7.13 lakh ha area. However,importance of tank as a major source of irrigation declinedgradually and its position is taken over by channelsirrigation during the 1980sas shownin Table5.2.2 below. SEAIFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-62 Table5.2.2 Sourcesof irrigationand area covered (Areain lakhha) Sourceof Irrigation Years 1960-61 1980-81 1993-94 1996-97 Channels 2.36 5.47 9.34 9.18 Openwells 1.33 3.64 4.87 4.66 Bore/Tubewells -- negligible 2.90 3.67 Tanks 3.44 3.04 2.73 2.40

(e) GroundwaterAvailability and Extraction

Groundwateris treatedas the commonproperty resource. However, we do not have any properregulatory system and laws governingextraction and use of groundwaterand hence,indiscriminate exploitation of groundwateris beingdone by a few. Groundwater is replenishedor rechargethrough rainfall,seepage through the surfacewater bodieslike tanks/dams, etc., and throughpercolation of irrigationwater. The part of the groundwater which is added every year through above said dynamicscan be extractedand used for irrigation, drinking and other purposes.However, excess extraction than the annual replenishmentdisturbs and inflictsdamage to the groundwatersystem.

Over-extractionof groundwaterthan the rechargerate has soundedwarning bells. The water table in most part of the state is decliningyear after year. The State governmenthas classifiedthe state into white, gray and black areasdepending on the natural rate of groundwaterrecharge and the extraction of groundwater.The areas where extraction of groundwateris much higher than the natural rechargelevels are classifiedas Blackareas, the areas having modestlyhigher rate of extractionthan the natural rechargeare grouped into grey areas. The white areas indicate potentialfor extractionof groundwaterwithout disturbingthe groundwaterbalance. The Govemment has restrictedfurther groundwaterexploitation by denying accessto institutionalcredit for drilling borewellsin the black areasof the state. EDZ has the highestproportion (16 per cent) of taluks classifiedas blackfollowed by CDZ(6 per cent) and NDZ(3 per cent). Greytaluks are found in NDZ (3 per cent), EDZ(12 per cent) and NTZ(7 per cent).

3 BiologicalEnvironment

Bio-diversity- Flora and Fauna

Kamatakais endowedwith a rich bio-diversityand a sizeablepercentage of endemic flora and fauna. This is mainly due to the immensevariety of dimatic and altitudinal conditionscoupled with varied ecologicalhabitats. In an ecosystem,there existsdifferent landforms, each of whichsupports different and specificvegetation. Ecosystem diversity is difficultto measuresince the boundaResof the communities,which constitute the various sub ecosystems,are elusive.It couldbest be understoodif one studiesthe communitiesin variousecological niches within the given ecosystem;each communityis associatedwith definitespedes complexes. These complexes are relatedto the oompositionand structure of bio-diversity.

Biologicaldiversity means the variabilityamong living organismsfrom all sources indudinginter-alia, marineand otheraquatic ecosystems and ecologicalcomplexes of which they are part. Biodiversityprovides the basicbiotic resourcethat sustainshuman race. The term biodiversityindudes three differentaspects which are dosely relatedto each other. Theseare geneticdiversity, species diversity and ecosystemdiversity. The geneticdiversity SENFINALIISEC/170901 5-63 refersto the variationof geneswithin the species.This constitutesdistinct population of the same speciesor geneticvariation within populationor varietieswithin spedes. Species diversityrefers to the varietyof specieswithin a region.Such diversity could be measured on the basisof the numberof speciesin a region.

The agriculturalbiological diversity is cDmmonlyreferred to as agro-biodiversity.It has beenspecifically recognized to differentiatebetween concem for ecosystemsversus agro-ecosystems,wild forest flora and fauna versusagriculture related plants, reptiles, insects,avian and microbes.

With respectto the biodiversityin the tank area we tried to elidt the local knowledgeregarding these from the farmers.None of the farmersreported that the tank area consistsof rare medicinalplants or habitat of wild flora or fauna includingthe migratory birds. The dominantplant speciesfound in the area was that of Prosapis juliflora (Bellar4jalt),Acacla arabica, Ipomia carnica jacq (GaneshanKaddi/Neergidl), and Sacchrumspontinum (Jondu grass).

4. LivestockResources

Most of the landholdinghouseholds maintain one or two cattle like bullocksfor agriculturaloperations, cows and buffaloesfor milk production,goats and sheepfor milk and meat. Manylandless labourer households also maintain cows or smallruminants like goats and sheep.The livestockhelps in augmentingthe farm incomein caseof farmers and wageincome of the labourfamilies.

(a) GrazinaPractices

All the villageshave commonland earmarkedfor grazingcattle from the village. In most of the cases, these landsform foreshoreor catchmentarea of the tank. At places,the hillocksbereft of any vegetation,also form grazing land. These are most degradedand fragile lands. [The forest departmenthas developedsocial forestries on someof the grazinglands (mostly eucalyptus and AustralianBabul)]. Opengrazing in the already degradedgrazing lands or sometimesin the nearby forest is the common practice. However, crossbred cows are stall-fed partially. The increased livestock pressure, indiscriminategrazing and lack of management have induced further degradationof grazingas well as forest lands. SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-64 Annexure 5,3. Landuse patternin the catchmentby tank (Areain perce tges) Si. Name of the tank Forest Grazin Croppe Planta no. area g land d area tion 1 Doddahosahalli tank 4.26 10.64 42.55 42.55 2 Mettikurkitank 50.00 12.50 25.00 12.50 3 Doddegowdanakatte .00 28.57 57.14 14.29 4 AnjaneyaSwamy kere 9.52 14.29 71.43 4.76 5 Nitrorahallitank 15.38 15.38 61.54 7.69 6 Kalaveerajanakere .00 12.50 75.00 12.50 7 Yaradakattetank 15.78 26.31 52.63 5.26 8 Byalyatank 19.61 29.41 31.37 19.61 9 Somadevikere 3.39 33.90 50.85 11.86 10 Bandahallitank 7.69 15.38 46.15 30.77 11 Old tank of Baroor 6.06 18.18 60.61 15.15 12 KudriMothi tank .00 13.33 80.00 6.67 13 Shivapuratank 3.70 3.70 92.59 0.00 14 Kerehallitank 3.28 16.39 72.13 8.20 15 Hire Hegadaltank 4.11 20.55 68.49 6.85 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) .00 3.23 80.65 16.13 17 BendiKatti (Yalival) .00 .00 75.00 25.00 18 Goravinakatte .00 5.00 75.00 20.00 (Bommana ha lli) 19 Goviyamnnakere 3.64 27.27 64.09 5.00 (Huluginakoppa) 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) .00 3.45 96.55 0.00 21 Thattikere(Gogga) 29.41 5.88 58.82 5.88 22 SettiKere (Balekoppa) .00 15.63 78.13 6.25 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) .00 .00 85.71 14.29 24 ByrapuraKatte .00 8.33 83.33 8.33 25 Choulihallitank .00 14.29 71.43 14.29 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) 3.85 .00 38.46 57.69 28 DoddaKere (Huludenahalli) 3.85 .00 57.69 38.46 29 Uramundinakere 1.32 32.89 59.21 6.58 Kooranahosahalli 30 MadanKere I (C.N.Halli) 69.00 11.00 20.00 0.00 31 Kodagikere (Chikkamale) 4.26 10.64 42.55 42.55 32 Uramundinakere 27.27 9.09 36.36 27.27 (Maniganahalli) 33 Krishnambudikere 3.03 6.06 60.61 30.30 (Cheeluru) 34 Lebigeratank .00 33.33 50.00 16.67 35 Benkaltank .00 36.84 52.63 10.53 36 Amanikerekatte .00 8.33 41.67 50.00 SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-65 (Kannasandra) 37 Sappedevarakere (Puruvara) .00 14.29 71.43 14.29 38 Hunsegaretank 18.18 24.24 36.36 21.21 39 Ravandurtank .00 10.00 80.00 10.00 40 Chowdikattetank 39.47 .00 52.63 7.89 (Dwarakare) 41 Hatti Kere(Thalakerikoppa) 5.88 5.88 88.24 0.00 42 Mullakere(Arenahalli) .00 6.25 93.75 .00 43 Hanumanalkatte 4.35 4.35 86.96 4.35 44 Maliyur kere 5.00 15.00 70.00 10.00 45 HosapalyaKatte 6.67 6.67 73.33 13.33 46 Chettenahallitank 7.69 7.69 76.92 7.69 47 Bommaladevipuratank 6.90 17.24 68.97 6.90 48 Thogarigatta tank 9.00 10.00 66.00 15.00 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) .00 11.11 66.67 22.22 50 Sorammanakere .00 9.09 81.82 9.09 SEANFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-66 Annexure 5.4. Numberof animalsgrazing in the catchmentarea, tanks with soil conservationmeasures andwith modestvegetation in the catchment Si. Nameof the tank No of Soil Modest no. animals conservat vegetationin grazingin ion the catchment measures catchment Area 1 Doddahosahalli tank 20 * 2 Mettikurki tank 20 3 Doddegowdana katte 0 4 AnjaneyaSwamy kere 25 * * 5 Nitrorahalli tank 25 * 6 Kalaveerajanakere 25 7 Yaradakatte tank 2 8 Byalyatank 30 * * 9 Somadevi kere 60 10 Bandahalli tank 50 11 Oldtank of Baroor 20 * 12 Kudri Mothitank 10 13 Shivapuratank 60 * 14 Kerehallitank 50 * * 15 Hire Hegadaltank 20 * 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) 8 * 17 BendiKatti (Yalival) 0 18 Goravinakatte 5 * (Bommanahalli) 19 Goviyamnnakere 60 * (Huluginakoppa) . 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) 5 21 Thattikere(Gogga) 2 * 22 Settikere (Balekoppa) 0 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) 0 * 24 Byrapura katte 15 25 Choulihallitank 0 * 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) 2 * 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) 0 * 28 Doddakere (Huludenahalli) 15 * 29 Uramundinakere 25 * Kooranahosahalli 30 Madankere I (C.N.Halli) 0 * 31 Kodagikere (Chikkamale) 20 * 32 Uramundinakere 15 * * (Maniganahalli) 33 Krishnambudikere (Cheeluru) 60 * * 34 Lebigera tank 60 35 Benkal tank 60 SWFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-67 36 Amanikerekatte 15 (Kannasandra) 37 Sappedevarakere (Puruvara) 30 * 38 Hunsegaretank 30 * 39 Ravandurtank 60 40 Chowdikattetank 0 * (Dwarakare) 41 Hatti kere (Thalakerikoppa) 30 * 42 Mullakere(Arenahalli) 5 * * 43 Hanumanalkatte 0 44 Maliyur kere 20 * 45 Hosapalyakatte 60 * 46 Chettenahallitank 50 * 47 Bommaladevipuratank 40 * 48 Thogarigattatank 60 * 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) 0 * 50 Sorammanakere 40 SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-68 Annexure 5.5.

Water-spread area, depth of the tank, water availabilityin months,and accumulationof silt in the tank bed SI. Nameof the tank Water- Depth Availability Silt in No. spread of the of water feet Area in tank in acre feet 1 DoddaHosahalli tank 40 10 3 6 2 Mettikurki Tank 50 12 5 5 3 Doddegowdanakatte 5 5 5 3 4 AnjaneyaSwamy Kere 80 13 3 6 5 Nitrorahallitank 30 5 2 2 6 Kalaveerajanakere 22 12 3 3 7 Yaradakattetank 40 10 4 6 8 Byalyatank 117 12 4 5 9 SomadeviKere 40 9 4 8 10 Bandahallitank 101 10 6 6 11 Old tank of Baroor 30 12 3 6 12 Kudri Mothi tank 20 14 4 5 13 Shivapuratank 80 8 4 6 14 Kerehallitank 40 12 3 5 15 Hire Heqadaltank 150 10 6 3 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) 11 12 3 4 17 Bendi Katti (Yalival) 10 9 4 3 18 Goravinakatte 2 10 3 5 (Bommanahalli) 19 GoviyamnnaKere 61 12 3 5 (Huluginakoppa) 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) 3 10 2 4 21 Thattikere (Gogga) 5 10 3 3 22 Setti Kere (Balekoppa) 2 8 0 5 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) 325 14 9 6 24 ByrapuraKatte 6 12 3 5 25 Choulihallitank 50 12 5 5 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) 50 10 3 4 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) 22 5 1 5 28 Dodda Kere(Huludenahalli) 122 12 4 6 29 Uramundinakere 27 8 6 6 Kooranahosahalli 30 MadanKere I (C.N. Halli) 5 10 3 5 31 KodagiKere (Chikkamale) 22 12 3 7 32 Uramundinakere 30 13 6 6 (Maniganahalli) 33 KrishnambudiKere 35 8 4 5 (Cheeluru) _ 34 Lebigeratank 80 12 4 6 SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-69 35 Benkaltank 63 10 3 2 36 AmanikereKatte 3 13 5 5 (Kannasandra) 37 SappedevaraKere 350 10 3 4 (Puruvara) 38 Hunsegaretank 40 12 4 6 39 Ravandurtank 250 14 5 5 40 Chowdikattetank 33 12 6 5 (Dwarakare) 41 Hatti Kere(Thalakerikoppa) 6 8 3 6 42 Mullakere(Arenahalli) 18 10 6 5 43 HanumanalKatte 90 10 7 4 44 MaliyurKere 13 10 3 3 45 HosapalyaKatte 7 8 5 2 46 Chettenahallitank 25 8 3 4 47 Bommaladevipuratank 10 10 3 3 48 Thogarigattatank 2 12 1 5 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) 15 10 4 5 50 Sorammanakere 15 13 3 5 SEWFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-68 Annexure 5.5.

Water-spreadarea, depth of the tank, water availability in months, and accumulationof silt in the tank bed Si. Nameof the tank Water- Depth Availability Siltin No. spread of the of water feet Areain tank in acre feet 1 DoddaHosahalli tank 40 10 3 6 2 MettikurkiTank 50 12 5 5 3 Doddegowdanakatte 5 5 5 3 4 AnjaneyaSwamy Kere 80 13 3 6 5 Nitrorahallitank 30 5 2 2 6 Kalaveerajanakere 22 12 3 3 7 Yaradakattetank 40 10 4 6 8 Byalyatank 117 12 4 5 9 SomadeviKere 40 9 4 8 10 Bandahallitank 101 10 6 6 11 Oldtank of Baroor 30 12 3 6 12 KudriMothi tank 20 14 4 5 13 Shivapuratank 80 8 4 6 14 Kerehallitank 40 12 3 5 15 HireHegadal tank 150 10 6 3 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) 11 12 3 4 17 BendiKatti (Yalival) 10 9 4 3 18 Goravinakatte 2 10 3 5 (Bommanahalli) 19 GoviyamnnaKere 61 12 3 5 (Huluginakoppa) 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) 3 10 2 4 21 Thattikere(Gogga) 5 10 3 3 22 SettiKere (Balekoppa) 2 8 0 5 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) 325 14 9 6 24 ByrapuraKatte 6 12 3 5 25 Choulihallitank 50 12 5 5 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) 50 10 3 4 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) 22 5 1 5 28 DoddaKere (Huludenahalli) 122 12 4 6 29 Uramundinakere 27 8 6 6 Kooranahosahalli 30 MadanKere I (C.N.Halli) 5 10 3 5 31 KodagiKere (Chikkamale) 22 12 3 7 32 Uramundinakere 30 13 6 6 (Maniganahalli) 33 KrishnambudiKere 35 8 4 5 (Cheeluru) 34 Lebigeratank 80 12 4 6 35 Benkaltank 63 10 3 2 SEA/FINALIISEC/170901 5-69 (Puruvara) 38 Hunsegaretank 40 12 4 6 39 Ravandurtank 250 14 5 5 40 Chowdikattetank 33 12 6 5 (Dwarakare) 41 Hatti Kere (Thalakerikoppa) 6 8 3 6 42 Mullakere(Arenahalli) 18 10 6 5 43 HanumanalKatte 90 10 7 4 44 Maliyur Kere 13 10 3 3 45 HosapalyaKatte 7 8 5 2 46 Chettenahallitank 25 8 3 4 47 Bommaladevipuratank 10 10 3 3 48 Thogarigattatank 2 12 1 5 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) 15 10 4 5 50 Sorammanakere 15 13 3 5 SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-70 Annexure 5.6. Details about the condition of the tank SI.No Conditionof the Tankbund with Tankswith weedsand Nameof the tank tank bund cracks othervegetation I DoddaHosahalli tank S* 2 MettikurkiTank S* 3 Doddegowdanakatte W 4 AnjaneyaSwamy Kere M* 5 Nitrorahallitank W * 6 Kalaveerajanakere M 7 Yaradakattetank S 8 Byalyatank W * * 9 SomadeviKere M * 10 Bandahallitank M 11 Oldtank of Baroor M 12 KudriMothi tank M * 13 Shivapuratank W * 14 Kerehallitank M 15 HireHegadal tank S . * 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) M * * 17 BendiKatti (Yalival) M * 18 Goravinakatte(Bommanahalli) M 19 GoviyamnnaKere (Huluginakoppa) W * 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) W 21 Thattikere(Gogga) M * 22 SettiKere (Balekoppa) W * 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) S __s__ 24 ByrapuraKatte w * 25 Choulihallitank W 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) W 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) M 28 DoddaKere (Huludenahalli) S 29 UramundinakereKooranahosahalli W 30 MadanKere I (C.N.Halli) W 31 Kodagikere (Chikkamale) W 32 Uramundinakere(Maniganahalli) M 33 Krishnambudikere (Cheeluru) M 34 Lebigeratank M 35 Benkaltank W 36 AmanikereKatte (Kannasandra) M 37 SappedevaraKere (Puruvara) M 38 Hunsegaretank M 39 Ravandurtank S 40 Chowdikattetank (Dwarakare) S 41 HattiKere (Thalakerikoppa) M 42 Mullakere(Arenahalli) M 43 HanumanalKatte S 44 MaliyurKere S 45 HosapalvaKatte S 46 Chettenahallitank W 47 Bommaladevipuratank M 48 Thogarigattatank M 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) W 50 Sorammanakere W Note:@ W = Weak,S= Strong,and M = modest SEA/FINAL/ISEC/170901 5-71 Annexure 5.7. Details about the command area of the tank and field channels SLNO Nameof the Tank Commandarea in acres Conditionof field channels @ 1 DoddaHosahalli tank 80 D 2 MettikurkiTank 400 D 3 Doddegowdanakatte 35 E 4 AnjaneyaSwamy Kere 120 D 5 Nitrorahallitank 90 D 6 Kalaveerajanakere 25 G 7 Yaradakattetank 120 D

8 .Byalya tank 140. D 9 SomadeviKere 50 D 10 Bandahallitank 150 D 11 Old tank of Baroor 40 D 12 Kudri Mothi tank 90 D 13 Shivapuratank 150 D 14 Kerehallitank 620 D 15 Hire Hegadaltank 500 G 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) 150 G 17 BendiKatti (Yalival) 130 G 18 Goravinakatte(Bommanahalli) 2 G 19 GoviyamnnaKere (Huluginakoppa) 250 D 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) 15 G 21 Thattikere (Gogga) 25 D 22 Setti Kere (Balekoppa) 15 D 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) 300 D 24 ByrapuraKatte 8 D 25 Choulihallitank 60 G 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) 80 D 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) 32 D 28 Dodda Kere(Huludenahalli) 138 G 29 UramundinakereKooranahosahalli 48 G 30 MadanKere I (C.N. Halli) 25 D 31 Kodagi kere (Chikkamale) 27 G 32 Uramundinakere(Maniganahalli) 150 D 33 Krishnambudikere (Cheeluru) 60 G 34 Lebigeratank 73 D 35 Benkaltank 350 D 36 AmanikereKatte (Kannasandra) 50 D 37 SappedevaraKere (Puruvara) 600 E 38 Hunsegaretank 55 D 39 Ravandurtank 400 D 40 Chowdikattetank (Dwarakare) 70 D 41 Hatti Kere(Thalakerikoppa) 15 D 42 Mullakere(Arenahalli) 60 D 43 HanumanalKatte 300 G 44 Maliyur Kere 220 G 45 HosapalyaKatte 50 E 46 Chettenahallitank 35 E 47 Bommaladevipuratank 120 E 48 Thogarigattatank 117 E 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) 45 D 50 Sorammanakere 80 D SEA/FINALIISEC/170901 5-71 Annexure 5.7, Detailsabout the commandarea of the tank and field channels SLNO Nameof the Tank Commandarea in acres Conditionof field channels@ 1 DoddaHosahalli tank 80 D 2 MettikurkiTank 400 D 3 Doddegowdanakatte 35 E 4 AnjaneyaSwamy Kere 120 D 5 Nitrorahallitank 90 D 6 Kalaveerajanakere 25 G 7 Yaradakattetank 120 D

8 ____ Byalyatank 140 D 9 SomadeviKere 50 D 10 Bandahallitank 150 D 11 Old tank of Baroor 40 D 12 KudriMothi tank 90 D 13 Shivapuratank 150 D 14 Kerehallitank 620 D 15 HireHegadal tank 500 G 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) 150 G 17 BendiKatti (Yalival) 130 G 18 Goravinakatte(Bommanahalli) 2 G 19 GoviyamnnaKere (Huluginakoppa) 250 D 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) 15 G 21 Thattikere(Gogga) 25 D 22 SettiKere (Balekoppa) 15 D 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) 300 D 24 ByrapuraKatte 8 D 25 Choulihallitank 60 G 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) 80 D 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) 32 D 28 DoddaKere (Huludenahalli) 138 G 29 UramundinakereKooranahosahalli 48 G 30 MadanKere I (C.N.Halli) 25 D 31 Kodagikere (Chikkamale) 27 G 32 Uramundinakere(Maniganahalli) 150 D 33 Krishnambudikere (Cheeluru) 60 G 34 Lebigeratank 73 D 35 Benkal tank 350 D 36 Amanikere Katte (Kannasandra) 5( D

37 Sappedevara Kere (Puruvara) _ _600 __ E 38 Hunsegaretank 5D 39 Ravandur tank 400 D 40 Chowdikatte tank (Dwarakare) 7(0_ D 41 HattiKere (Thalakerikoppa) 15 D 42 Mullakere (Arenahalli) 60 D 43 HanumanalKatte 300 G 44 MalivurKere 220 G 45 HosapalyaKatte 50 E 46 Chettenahallitank 35 E 47 Bommaladevipuratank 120 E 48 Thogarigattatank 117 E 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) 451 D 50 Sorammanakere 801 D Note:Condition of the FieldChannels: D = damaged,E= encroached,G good SENFINAL/ISEC/170901 5-72 Annexure VIII. Distributionof farms in the commandarea by size of holding (in percentages) SLNO Nameof the Village Small& Semimedium Medium Large Total

Marginal ____ 1 DoddaHosahalli tank 27.47 60.44 6.59 5.49 100.00 2 MettikurkiTank 61.54 7.69 15.38 15.38 100.00 3 Doddegowdanakatte 50.00 .00 37.50 12.50 100.00 4 AnjaneyaSwamy Kere 66.67 11.11 16.67 5.56 100.00 5 Nitrorahallitank 51.55 20.62 17.53 10.31 100.1)0 6 Kalaveerajanakere 50.00 25.00 25.00 .00 100.00 7 Yaradakattetank 51.14 35.71 7.14 6.00 100.100 8 Byalyatank 50.00 30.00 15.00 5.00 100.00 9 SomadeviKere 33.33 46.67 20.00 .00 100.00 10 Bandahallitank 42.55 42.55 13.30 1.60 100.00 11 Oldtank of Baroor 33.33 50.00 16.67 .00 100.00 12 Kudri Mothi tank 55.56 22.22 11.11 11.11 100.00 13 Shivapuratank 33.33 50.00 16.67 .00 100.00 14 Kerehallitank 25.00 60.00 15.00 .00 100.00 15 HireHegadal tank 62.50 25.00 12.50 .00 100.00 16 Badaraghattitank (Yellur) 28.57 57.14 7.14 7.14 100.00 17 BendiKatti (Yalival) 61.54 15.38 15.38 7.69 100.00 18 Goravinakatte(Bommanahalli) 66.67 33.33 .00 .00 100.10 19 GoviyamnnaKere (Huluginakoppa) 9.09 18.18 72.73 .00 100.00 20 Holaginakatte(Hosur) 100.00 .00 .00 .00 100.00 21 Thattikere(Gogga) .00 .00 100.00 .00 100.10 22 SettiKere (Balekoppa) 100.00 .00 .00 .00 100.00 23 Uramundinkere(Halkurke) 40.00 46.67 6.67 6.67 100.00 24 ByrapuraKatte 60.00 20.00 20.00 .00 100.00 25 Choulihallitank 89.11 6.93 3.96 .00 100.0o 26 Amanikere(Sarthavalli) 73.91 8.70 8.70 8.70 100.00 27 Uramundinakere(Obatti) 80.00 15.00 5.00 .00 100.00 28 DoddaKere (Huludenahalli) 22.22 33.33 44.44 .00 100.00 29 UramundinakereKooranahosahalli 40.00 40.00 20.00 .00 100.00 30 MadanKere I (C.N.Halli) 85.00 10.00 5.00 .00 100.)0 31 Kodagikere (Chikkamale) 80.00 10.00 10.00 .00 100.00 32 Uramundinakere(Maniganahalli) 37.50 37.50 12.50 12.50 100.(0 33 Krishnambudikere (Cheeluru) 75.00 25.00 .00 .00 100.00 34 Lebigeratank 45.00 35.00 6.00 14.00 100.00 35 Benkaltank 49.00 26.00 7.00 18.00 100.(0 36 AmanikereKatte (Kannasandra) 50.00 25.00 25.00 .00 100.()0 37 SappedevaraKere (Puruvara) 72.73 9.09 13.64 4.55 100.(0 38 Hunsegaretank 35.71 35.71 28.57 .00 100.(0 39 Ravandurtank 80.00 10.00 10.00 .00 100.00 40 Chowdikattetank (Dwarakare) 60.00 20.00 20.00 .00 100.0o 41 Hatti Kere(Thalakerikoppa) 60.00 20.00 20.00 .00 100.(0 42 Mullakere(Arenahalli) 60.00 40.00 .00 .00 100.(0 43 HanumanalKatte 50.00 20.00 30.00 .00 100.00 44 MaliyurKere 70.00 20.00 10.00 .00 100.00 45 HosapalyaKatte 58.82 41.18 .00 .00 100.00 46 Chettenahallitank 40.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 100.0o 47 Bommaladevipuratank 47.62 23.81 .00 28.57 100.00 48 Thogarigattatank 100.00 .00 .00 .00 100.00 49 Doddakere(Nandipura) 80.00 20.00 .00 .00 100.00 50 Sorammanakere 30.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 100.0O SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-1

Chapter6 ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND ALTERNATIVEASSESSMENT

In this Chapteran attempthas beenmade to presentthe potentialpositive and negativeimpacts of the proposedproject interventionson the key environmental components.This would help in identifyingand prioritizingthe interventions,which would help in alleviatingpoverty, and improve the well-beingof the stakeholder community.The assessmentof impactsof eachof the proposedproject activities would serveas an additionalguideline for modifyingor strengtheningthe activity to enhance positiveimpacts and to minimizenegative environmental impacts. The projectactivities / interventionswould be definedfor eachtank basedon consultativeprocess as well as their techno-economicfeasibility in the tank rehabilitationplan.

The rehabilitationof tanks with communityparticipation is expectedto have positiveimpact on the environment.The rehabilitationof tanks resultin the augmented supply of irrigationwater, better rechargeof groundwater,better quality of drinking water,increased productivity, enhanced employment opportunities and betterwell-being of the stakeholdercommunities. Moreover, project interventions or activitieswould help in better managementof naturalresources and improvethe overall environmentand localecology.

6.1. Analysisof Alternatives

Analysisof alternativesdefines the issuesand a clearbasis for choiceamong the altemativesfor the decision-makers.As stated earlier, deterioration of tanksbegan after the declinein the role of communityin the managementof tanks and taking over the responsibilityby the State.The major problemsfaced by the tank systemare: siltation of tank resultingin reductionin the storagecapacity, encroachment on naturaland other water ways and feederchannels in the catchmentarea, extensionof cultivation and encroachmentin the foreshorearea, damage to the dam, surplus-weirs,main and field channels.There are differentalternatives to rehabilitatethe tank systemwith short- term and long-termperspectives. The analysisof probableenvironmental impacts of majorinterventions is presentedbelow.

(I) Desiltationof tank: The interventionaimed at desiltingof tankswithout integrating the treatmentof catchmentarea may not be usefulin the long run. The ecosystemin the catchmenthas a direct bearingon harvestingrainwater and filling of tanks. A degradedecosystem in catchmentleads to increasedrun-off and reduces in situ moisture conservation. Moreover,soils and channelsare erodedand fertile topsoil is transportedto low lying areasand finally gets depositedin the tank. Thus,only desiltingof tanks cannotbe a solutionfor sustainableuse of tanks.The desiltingexercise will haveto be repeatedat shortintervals now andthen and maynot be feasible.Most of the time,accumulated silt removedfrom the tank bedis disposedoff nearthe tank which is graduallyshifted back to tank bed during monsoon. Moreover,improper disposal of silt may create environmentalproblems in the area.Hence, removal of silt alonecannot be the solution or strategy. SEA/FinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 6-2

(II) Increase in the level of surplus-weirs: The storagecapacity of mostof the tankshas been reduced due to accumulation of silt. In many a tanks, the accumulatedsilt have reachedto the level of waste /surplus-weirs.The increasein the heightof waste-weirscan createadditional storage potentialbut will leadto submergenceof cropsand water-logging in the foreshorearea. This may lead to conflict betweenthe commandarea farmers and farmers in the foreshorearea. Moreover,the height of the dam/bundstructure will haveto increase which may add to additionalexpenditure. The restorationof storagecapacity will not improvethe groundwaterrecharge due to low permeabilityof silt. Fishingactivity also may be hampereddue to the presenceof silt in the tank. Hence,raising of waste-or- surplusweir to augmentstorage capacity may not be a feasiblealternative.

(III) All other interventionsexcept desilting: The interventionmeasures excluding desilting operation in the processof rehabilitatingtanks may not pay dividendsas the storagecapacity of manytanks has been reducedmore than half of the original potential. The catchmenttreatment, cleaningof feederchannels as well as repairand layingof mainand filed channelswill help in the efficient use of stored water. However,reduced storage (due to silt accumulation)may not be enoughto satisfythe water needsof the commandfarmers. The accumulatedsilt may not allow percolationand rechargeof groundwateraquifers. Similarly,accumulated silt may poseproblems to animalswhen they enterinto the tank for drinkingwater.

(IV) Integrationof tank projectwith watersheddevelopment: Watersheddevelopment and implementationare beingcarried out in the state sincemid 80s. The major emphasisof watersheddevelopment has been on soil and water conservationthough it aims at sustainablemanagement of natural resources aimed at improvingthe welfareof all the rural communities.The integrationof tank projectwith watersheddevelopment may retardthe paceof reformsbeing introduced in the watersector. Hence, it mayyield better resultsif boththe projectsare implemented separatelybut maintaina synergybetween the two.

Finally,we providean analysishere with and without project scenario(Table 6.1). The anticipatedbenefits emanating from the project are comparedwith those withoutthe projectand the concernsabout the presentstate of affairs.It can be seen that the situationwithout the projectwill be awesome. The most importantnatural resource,i.e., land is left to degradeand if stepsare not taken to controldegradation the damagecaused will be irreversible.Water resources are alsonot managedproperly. The rehabilitationof tankwill not onlyincrease agricultural production through increased irrigationbut also increasethe incomelevels of labour householdsdue to increased opportunitiesfor gainfulemployment. Improved recharge of groundwateraquifers will augmentthe supplyof drinkingwater for the community.Not only that but it alsosaves the communityfrom the curse of using fluoridecontaminated water drawn from a higher depth.Stored water in the tank will meet the drinkingwater needsof animals. The rehabilitationof tank thus will have many positive socio-economicas well as environmentalimpact whereas non-implementation will impingeon the environmentand will havenegative socio-economic impacts. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-3

Table6.1. Analysesof alternatives

Concern Withoutproject With project

Catchmentarea Depletionof landresources will continue Treatmentof arable and non-arableland will Soil erosion,loss of fertile top soil and arrest soil erosion and loss of nutrientsalong nutrients with fertilesoil Feederchannels and natural waterways Treatmentof naturaldrainage channels, cleaning blockedand diverted by encroachers of feederchannels Unsustainableland use Scientificland useplaning Fragileand poor landsused for cultivation Cropsas perthe landcapability of crops Treecrops/ dry landhorticulture Sparse vegetation, scarcity of organic Increasedtree cover, higher bio-mass production manure Unsustainableuse of chemicalfertilizers, Increasedsupply of organicmanure, better soil depletionof soil fertility health Degradedpastures and grazinglands Rejuvenationof pastures and grazing lands throughsilvi-pastoral system Denudationof forestcover and shortageof Higher production of fuel and fodder, less fodderand fuel dependenceon forest Siltationof tank bed due to soil erosionin catchmentand foreshore areas Land treatment using eco-engineering techniquesarresting soil erosionand reductionin Ecologicalimbalance the rateof siltaccumulation in the tank bed Better environment (1) (2) (3) Tank bed/off- Soilerosion due to lackof soil conservation Application of appropriate soil conservation shorearea measuresand faulty cultivationpractices measuresand adoption of suitablecultivation Lot of encroachmentand impedimentsfor practices freeflow of rain waterinto the tank Removalof encroachmentsand allowingfree flow of water with the provisionof silt traps, Most of the tanks have accumulatedsilt filter points,etc. and reducedstorage capacity by morethan Desiltingof tanks will augment the storage halfof the potentialstorage capacityof tanks Tanksare infestedwith differentkinds of weeds and thorny bushes (prosaphis Tankswill be cleanedand madefree of weeds jul/iflora, Ipomia camica jacq, Zondu grass, during desilting operation etc.) No vegetativebarriers/silt traps of filters in Plantingof bamboo and other trees in the foreshorearea foreshorewill serveas filters and alsobe usedby the pooras raw materialfor handicrafts. The sluice and surplus-weirare under Sluice,waste-weir and operatingsystem will be disrepair repaired At many places tank bunds/damshave Tankdam/bunds will be strengthenedby using developedcracks/ stone pitching has given excavatedsilt / other material. Pitching of way and are weakand carryan elementof interior wall with stone will be carried out security/safetyrisks. wherevernecessary

Command and A sizablearea underthe tank commandis Productivelands can be brought back under adjoiningarea left fallow due to shortageof irrigation cultivationafter the rehabilitationof tanks waterfrom the tank. Main and field channels are either Main as well as field channelswill be realigned damaged,encroached or disappeareddue for properirrigation to lack of interest or non-availabilityof irrigationwater from the tank for a long time Tank users'association will be responsiblefor Most of the farmers located at the tail-end equitable distribution of water amongthe SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-4

; 2 3

of the commanddo not get enoughand commandfarmers. Decideabout the schedule timely water supply.Suffer lossesdue to for releaseof water shortage of water during crucial crop There is good possibilityof increasingcropping growthstage. intensityonce the accumulatedsilt is remcved Only singlecrop is grown in most of the from the tanks commandareas The main and branchchannels (field channels) will be usedto conserveand minimizewastage Currently,flood systemof irrigationis used of irrigationwater. whereinwater from main/sub-channels is released in the field at the higher elevationsand is allowedto flow into the lower parts of the command area by gravitation. This leads to wastage of preciouswater, loss of nutrientsand helps Main channelsmay be lined whereverpossible the transmissionof diseasesand pests andnecessary to arrestseepage from oneplot to another. Improvedrecharge of groundwateraquifers will Lot of water is lost throughseepage from arrestlowering of watertable level. mainchannels Adequatewater in the tank and vegetation Depletinggroundwater and lowering of around keeps the local atmospherecool and watertable humid,reduced requirement of irrigation Lackof waterand vegetation increases the temperatureand desiccationeffect in the surroundingarea. This also results in higher frequency of irrigation (1) (2) (3) Others Shortageof drinkingwater for animalsdue Rehabilitationwill augmentstorage capacity of to inadequatestorage the tank structureand providedrinking water to Drying up of tanks and silt accumulation animals discouragesfishing activity Availabilityof water in the tank for a fairly long Non-availabilityof water discouragestime providesopportunities for fish culture. aquaticflora and faunaand alsodoes not Healthywater bodiesattract water lovingbirds attractbirds and bees and insects.Many of theseare predatorsof crop Non-availabilityof water forceswomen to pests while others like honeybees help wash clothes near the borewell,which pollination. suppliesdrinking water. The washingof Availabilityof water in the tanks for washing clothesnear the borewellcreates cesspool clothesand to meet other domesticneeds vill and breeding place for mosquitoes. keepthe environmentclean and neat.The flora Moreover,seepage of water pollutesthe and fauna present in the tank has a great undergroundaquifers with detergentsand capacityto degradethe hazardouschemicals and otherchemicals thus keepthe systemhealthy. Driedtanks in the stateof disrepairdo not provideany aestheticvalue but an ugly Tanks with clean water, surroundedby good pictureof sickand dead. vegetation,with birdsaround definitely provide a pleasinglook and havegreat aesthetic value.

In orderto achievesystematic decision-making and to chooseand prioritisethe best interventionamong alternatives, it is desirableto use analysis,which involvesthe comparisonof a set of alternatives.The approach,which is generallyfollowed to carry out the comparativeanalysis, is basedon assigningthe scalevalue dependingon the magnitudeof impactsuch as major potentialimpact, significant impact and marginal impact. The various identifiedkey environmentalcomponents have been assigned weightsin-terms of projectimportance units (PIU)in the hierarchyof interventions.The magnitudeof impactand numerical values assigned are presentedin Table6.2. SEAFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 6-5

Table6.2. Magnitudeof impactand value

Sl. no. Magnitudeof change Positive/ Negative I Nochange/status quo 0 2 Marginalpotential impact 1 3 Significantpotential impact 2 4 Majorpotential impact 3

The valuesassigned to key environmentalcomponents are basedon the value judgementor subjective.After assigningthe value for significanceand the weight for the projectactivity, we arrive at the numericalvalue of impactof the projectactivity on key environmentalcomponent. Two differentscenario of the alternativeare presentedin Tables6.3 and 6.4.

As shown in the normativeanalysis, the impact matrix showsthat without projectinterventions, the impactof differentcomponents will be negativeand impinge on the environment.The unscientificuse of land andneglect of the catchmentleads to soil erosionand degradationof land resources.Encroachment on feederchannels and foreshorearea, and cultivation of theselands adds to sedimentationand siltation of tank structure.On the other handthe variousinterventions proposed in the projectwill help in sustainablemanagement of resourcesand improvingthe environmentalconditions in the projectarea.

Table6.3. Potentialenvironmental impact matrix - without projectscenario

Environmental Catchment Tankstructure Command Total Components Score Land Landuse Restoring Desilting Repair of Repair of Support treatment planning feeder sluice/dam/ main and services channels wasteweir field channels Importance 10 10 20 25 15 10 10 100 LandEnvironment Arablelands -2 -3 -2 -3 -3 -140 Non-arablelands -2 -3 -2 -70 Forestlands -2 -1 -2 -50 Landproductivity -3 -2 -2 -2 -3 -130 Soil Environment Soilerosion -2 -2 -2 -3 -110 Soilfertility -3 -2 -1 -1 -3 -90 Soilbiota & degradation -1 -3 -3 -85 Soilmoisture -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -2 -105 Biological Environment Flora& fauna 0 -2 -2 -1 -100 FragileAreas -3 -2 -2 -2 -80 Water Environment SurfaceHydrology -2 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 -170 Groundwater -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -170 Sedimentation -2 -2 -3 -3 -130 Waterquality -2 -1 -3 -2 __-3 -170 Silt deposition -2 -2 -2 -1 -2 -110 Total -1720 SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-6

Table 6.4 Potential environmental impact matrix - with project scenario

Environmental Catchment Tank structure Command Total Components Score Land Land use Restoring Desilting Repair of Repair of Support treatment planning feeder sluice/dam/ main and services channels waste weir field channels _ Importance 10 10 20 25 15 10 10 100 Land Environment .. _ Arable lands 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 230 Non-arablelands 2 2 1 1 1 1 115 Forestlands 2- 1 _ 2 _ 40 Land productivity 1 1 2 2 2 2 190 Soil Environment Soilerosion 3 2 1 _ 0 0 2 3 120 Soilfertility 2 2 2 2 1 3 130 Soil biotat & degradation 3 1 2 1 3 125 Soil moisture 2 3 O 2 2 1 2 160 Biological Environment

Flora& fauna 2 2 | 1 | 2 1 0 1 | 3 _40 Fraile Areas 12 32 2 0 | 0 1 l l | 110 Water Environment Surface Hydrology | 2 | 2 2 | 3 3 2 2 | 240 Groundwater 12 l 2 2 l 3 l2 1 2 l 215 Sedimentation | 3 |2_ | 3 _ 1 *2 2 1 j 145 Waterquality 2 1 1 2 0 1 j2 140 Silt deposition 3 | 2 | 2 | O | 1 1 1 110 Total 2210

6.2. SocialImpact

At presentit appearsthat thereis very little scopefor projectactivities to directly benefitthe poor and the vulnerablesections of the communities. This is especially becausethe rich and the more powerfullandowners belonging to highercastes and classhave alternative sources of irrigation,besides owning larger extent of land in the commandarea. The other legitimateuses of the tank for the membersof the village communityhave to comeby way of groundwaterrecharge, safe drinking water, etc. In orderto be ableto accomplishsuch advantages, the WUCs/TUAshave to, from the very beginning,incorporate a "Tank-Plus"approach in preparingthe village/tanklevel plans. To facilitatesuch a tank-plusapproach, the bylawsas circulatedamong the promoters shouldpermit enoughflexibility to suit the local conditions,besides placing a greater dependenceupon the voluntaryinstitutions in their role of socialengineering. Handing over the rightsto the localorganisations to fish in the tank andfodder also becomes a requirementfor this purpose.

Someof the anticipatedpositive impacts are listedbelow:

* A majority of the poor and small farmers without independentand alternative sourcesof irrigationhave been entering into unequalrelations of dependenceupon the biggerand richer landowners for water. Invariablysuch a dependenceresults in crop sharing- a quarter of the produceto be shared with the water-giving landowner.Members of suchwater-receiving households often are requiredto work as labourersto the latter, and at times without adequatecompensation for their SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-7

labour. Improvedsource of irrigationis expectedto resultin the declineof suchan unfavourabledependence.

Suggested measures to enhance the benefits: Levyan additionalcess on farmers owningalternative sources of irrigationwithin the commandarea.

* With a greatercapacity of the tank to receiveand retain water, there is expectedto be a possibilityof a secondirrigated crop (paddyor anyother commercialcrop such as vegetables,mulberry, groundnuts, etc.). This is expectedto resultin expanded employmentopportunities for the wageworkers, besides enhanced income for the landowners.

Suaaested measures to enhance the benefts: The TUAs shouldensure proper maintenanceof the tank bund,sluices and wastewater-weirs.Annually, the members shouldundertake to clearthe waterways,planting of treeson the bundand in foreshore areas. To the extent possiblethe membersshould use social compulsion for a moreor lessuniform time for the farmersin the commandarea to undertakecropping activities, so as to minimiseviolation of normsgoverning the use of water in the tank for Kharif andrabi crops.

* There is expectedto be minimisingof differencein accessto water betweenthe head-reachand tail-end farmers in the command.The differentialownership of land by the farmersin theseparts of the commandcoincides with their socialdifferences locally(caste, class status).

Suagested measures to enhance the benefits: Ensurethat the distribution channelsare kept in goodrepair at the endof eachcrop. Stepsare alsoto be takento make it mandatorythat farmersin their holdingkeep space for small water pathsto facilitateeasy and timely flow of water to the fields down the commandarea. The presentpractice of floodingthe plot of land, allowingwater to overflowonly after a certainnumber of daysof applicationof manurehas to be stopped. The latter, as practisedcurrently, affects the tail-endersadversely. Divisionsin the family property shouldnot entailthe inheritorsto alter the courseof distributionchannels (Raja Kaluve) or their tributaries (e.g., Kannasandra,Manigana Halli tanks). Farmersin the commandarea with their own sourcesof irrigation(whether from within the command or outside it) should be prohibitedfrom using the tank's distributionchannels for harnessingwater. Instead,they shouldmake their own arrangementsof usingpipes or tubes.

* Wet-landcultivation is generallyassociated with a higherwork participationrate by women(weeding, planting and transplanting, harvesting and processingactivities in paddycultivation, for instance;or pickinggroundnuts, harvesting vegetables, etc., in the caseof other crops). Improvedirrigation in the commandareas, (particularly in those tanks, which have becomecompletely dry and the commandarea getting convertedinto dry lands,)will result in increasedemployment opportunities for womenfrom the poorerand lowercaste households. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-8

* Thereis likely to be a halt or slowingdown of the rate at whichseasonal migration of wageworkers take place,particularly in the NorthernKarnataka regions. This,in turn. is expectedto result in changesin the family conditionsof suchhouseholds, besidescontributing to more intensivecultivation of landsowned by such families, whetherwithin or outsidethe commandarea.

* A gradualrelease of the sociallyand economicallyvulnerable groups of peoplefrom their subordination,in view of an anticipatedimprovement in their bargainingpower in the wagelabour market, and improved economic status.

• With the recovery,as anticipated,of the encroachedpassages to the tank from the villagesettlement, men, women and cattle will have easyaccess to water in the tank.

Suggestedmeasures to enhance the benefits: The PRA exercisemeant for participativeplanning should take noteof the previouslyexisting boundaries of the tank command,foreshore area and the water-spreadarea, identify the villagepaths and cart roadsas definedin the originaldocuments. With the help of the villagelevel officials, DMI andPanchayats recover the roadsand other encroached lands.

Someof the anticipatednegative impacts are listedbelow: e Lossof incomedue to crop loss affectedby water-loggingin the catchment/tank basin.

Suggestedmeasures to mitigate the negativeimpact: Under the IntegratedTank ManagementPlan, plan and erect Checkdams, bunds and similar other structures.

* Increaseddependence on market,under unfavourableterms, especiallyfor credit supportedagricultural inputs (fertilisers, pesticides, etc.)

Suggestedmeasures to mitigate the negative impact: This is especiallytrue of farmersin the northernKarnataka, though not uncommonto those in the rest of the state. The TUAs may undertaketo supply these inputs to the memberfarmers to minimisemarket-determined vulnerability.

* The rich get richer, the bigger landownergets more benefit of the project implementation.

Suggestedmeasures to mitigate the negative impact: The contributionto be madeby farmersfor the projectand the subsequentuser chargesby farmersin the commandarea should have a varying scale. While keepingthe linkagebetween the extentof land ownedand the coststo be borne/ usertax to be paid, a weightagehas to be addedto biggerlandowners to determinetheir contributions. For instance:

> Calculatethe averagesize of land ownedper householdin the command.Those owningdouble this averagemay be madeto payone unit costextra; likewise,those owningthrice the averageto payan additionalunit cost. SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 6-9

> Likewise,add an additionalcess on thosewith additionalsource of irrigationfrom whichthe plot(s)in the commandarea receive supplementary water. The additional cessshall be at a higherrate if the sourceof wateris locatedin the commandarea andsupplied to fieldsoutside it. Social,Economic and EnvironmentalImpact BenefitEnhancing or MitigatingAlternative Strategies Social and EconomicPositive Benefits * Improvedsource of irrigationis to resultin a decline * Ensuremembership of landlessand sharecroppers in the TUA of an unfavourabledependence of the pooron the rich. * Possibleincrease in incomethrough second crop in * Ensureactivities to promotesustainability of tank structures the command * Minimisingof differencein accessto water between * Ensurethat the distributionchannels are kept in goodrepair at the head-reachand tail-end farmers the endof eachcrop. * Keepingspace for smallwater pathsto the fields down the commandarea to bemade mandatory. * Practiceof floodingthe plot of land,allowing water to overflow only after a certainnumber of daysof applicationof manure to be stopped. * Divisionsin the familyproperty should not entailthe inheritors to alter the courseof distributionchannels (Raja Kaluve) or their tributaries. * Commandarea farmerswith their own sourcesof irrigation barredfrom usingfield channelsfor hamessingwater.

* Increasedemployment opportunities for women * Greaterinvolvement of womenfrom all sectionsin decision from the poorerand lower caste households. makingprocess Socialand EconomicNegative Impact and AlternativeStrategies * Lossof incomedue to crop loss affectedby water * Underthe IntegratedTank ManagementPlan, plan and erect loggingin the catchment/tank basin. Checkdams,bunds and similarother structures. * Increased dependence on market, under * The TUAs may undertaketo supply these inputs to the unfavourableterms, especially for credit supported memberfarmers to minimisemarket-determined vulnerability. agriculturalinputs (fertilisers, pesticides, etc.) * Therich get richer,the biggerlandowner gets more Whilekeeping the linkagebetween the extentof land ownedand benefitof the projectimplementation. the coststo be borne/ usertax to be paid,a weightagehas to be addedto biggerlandowners to determinetheir contributions. For instance: > Calculatethe averagesize of landowned per householdin the command.Those owning double this averagemay be made to pay one unit cost extra; likewise,those owning thrice the averageto payan additionalunit cost. > Likewise,add an additionalcess on those with additional sourceof irrigationfrom which the plot (s) in the command areareceives supplementary water. The additionalcess shall be at a higher rate if the sourceof water is locatedin the commandarea and suppliedto fieldsoutside it. > Farmersselling water or sharecroppingfor watershould pay a proportionof their sharereceived to the tank userassociation, annuallyor per crop. * Income thus additionallygenerated should be spent for creating tank-relatedassets to the tailenders,small and marginalfarmers owning land in the command,or for the benefitof the vulnerablegroups without landseither in the command or elsewhere. Examplesof such activities: undertakewatershed development activities in the dry lands, erect cement structuresfor water flow in the tail ends, undertakedesilting activities in the distributionchannels, subsidiseagricultural inputs supplied by the TUAs,etc. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-10

> Farmersselling water or sharecroppingfor water shouldpay a proportionof their sharereceived to the tank users'association, annually or per crop.

Incomethus additionallygenerated should be spentfor creatingtank-related assets to the tail-enders,small andmarginal farmers owning land in the command,or for the benefitof the vulnerablegroups without landseither in the commandor elsewhere. Examplesof such activities:undertake watershed development activities in the dry lands, erect cement structuresfor water flow in the tail ends, undertakedesilting activitiesin the distributionchannels, subsidise agricultural inputs supplied by the TUAs, etc.

6.3. R and R: NegativeEffects of DifferentEncroachments on Tanks

The observationof sampletanks has revealedextensive encroachments of tank structures. The encroachmentshave greatly deterioratedthe conditionsof the traditionalwater bodiesand storagelevels. In fact, they havemade the tank system non-functional.Types of each encroachmentand their effects have been presented below.

6.3.1. Water-spreadArea

The water-spreadareas of all tanks havebeen encroached. This has led to the fall in the storagelevels of the tanks,which, in turn, hasreduced the commandarea. A few encroachersat Togarighatta,Halkurki, Byrapura, Doddahosahalli tanks havebuilt unauthorisedstructures of three-footbund to preventthe submersionof cropsgrown in the encroachedarea. Thesetypes of activitieshave been causingoutflow of water through the surplusweir resultingin shortageof water for cropsin the command.In Chickmale,Maliyur and Hanumanalvillages, the encroachershave damaged (breaching) the wasteweir to preventsubmersion of the standingpaddy crop. The farmersin Kere Kyathanahalliand Yellur BendikattiKere damaged sluices to preventthe flow of tank waterto savetheir crops. The breachingof bundwas resortedto in Goviyammanakere to savethe cropsfrom submersion.

6.3.2. CatchmentArea

A major proportionof wasteland,forest and grazinglands in the catchement areasare beingprogressively brought under cultivation. The villagers expressed that the cultivationof catchmentlands has beendue to allotmentof theselands to the weaker sectionsof the societyapart from unauthorisedcultivation. Watershed management principleshave been hardlyobserved and practiced.All these factorshave led to the inflowof silt into the tanksand also shrinkage of catchmentareas of the tanks.In Hosur and Maliyurvillages, catchement lands were regularised and distributedabout 20 to 25 yearsago. In Hosur,about 300 acres were distributed to weakersections and in Maliyur about 84 acreswere regularisedand remainingcultivated area is in the processof regularisation.Farmers expressed similar happenings in catchmentareas of Kudrimothi, Maniganahalli,Kannasandra, Cheelur, Obatti, Hunsegera,Sorammanakere tanks. The adequatecatchment is essentialfor regularfilling of tanks.To irrigateone hectareof land undertank requires,on an average,a storagearea of 0.8 ha. and 2 to 3 hectares SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-11 of catchmentareas (Rao 1988 cited in Shahet. al. 1999:45).But the sampletanks have lessthan the stipulatedstorage and catchment levels.

6.3.3. FeederChannels

Supplychannels (natural and excavated)are the major sourcesof tank storage levels.Supply channels collect rainwater and surpluses of upstreamtanks and riversand rivuletsand feed the tanks. Normally,the watercoursescome from a long distanceand they are awayfrom the vicinityof the tanksand villagelocations. There are hardlyany mechanismsfor periodicalchecks of thesewatercourses. On accountof this, there has been continuousshrinkage in the watercoursesdue to weedsand silt formationand encroachment.Further, water is beingdiverted to other areasfor cultivationand other purposesthrough breaching and excavation of diversionchannels. Specific instances of this natureare givenbelow.

Supply channels of Hondaghatte,Gogga, Chowlihalli, Thogarighattaand Doddahosahalli,Thattlikere and Maniganahallitanks have been either blocked or breachedfor cultivationpurpose. These are causingless inflow of water into the tanks. In other words,the supplychannels, which were meeting the water requirementof the tanksfor four months,are at presentsupplying water only for 2-3 months.Apart from this, sometanks aretotally abandonedon accountof completeencroachment of supply channelsand breachingof supplychannels. The sampletanks, viz., Settikeretank in ShikaripuraTaluk of Shimogadistrict and BommanahalliKatte in Hangaltaluk of Haveri districtare goodexamples of this nature.Lack of slopein the excavatedsupply channels of Doddahosahalli(low level of JayamangaliRiver) and Halkurketank has been attributedfor insufficientflow into thesetanks. The completeencroachments of feeder channel of Gogga,Kerehalli and partialencroachment in Doddahosahallitanks have lead to non-fillingof tanks.Unless these are preventedand restored,the potentialsources of tankswill be at stake.

6.3.4. Bund

The wide bund and the moisturein it due to seepageof water from the tank havebeen inducingthe adjacentcommand area farmers to encroacha small portionof the bund for cultivationpurposes. The Chickmale,Puruvara and Hunchigeraare good examplesof this natureof encroachment.The encroachmenthas not only reducedthe sizeof the bundbut alsoweakened it. This canbe seenin Maniganahalli.

6.3.5. Unauthorisedlifting of tank water for non-commandlands Unauthoriseduse of tank water directlyor lifting throughmechanical devise for adjoininglands of commandand upstream lands has beenobserved in few places.This createswater shortageto the genuinecommand farmers during critical periods.The Koornahosahalliand Hanumanal tanks fall underthis category. 6.3.6. FieldChannels: The narrowingdown of field channelshas beenobserved in 11 tanks andit has led to transmissionlosses and floodingthe fields and insufficientwater for the tail- SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-D1 6-12 enders.Narrowing down of field channelshas createdshortage of water for 15 to 20 daysfor severaltanks.

6.3.7. A Few Estimatesof NegativeEffects

Accordingto an estimate,the silt levelin Kolardistrict for 10 sampletanks is 4 to 49.8 per cent of the storagecapacity of the tanks(Average 21.24 per cent).This is due to catchmentand Waterspread area encroachment and cultivation(Abdul NazirSab Instituteof RuralDevelopment 1999: 1 and 28-9).This is lowerthan anotherestimate of 46 per cent(Thippaiah 1998:98) and the stateaverage of 23 per cent.

An estimateof waterloss due to damageto bundsand sluices is 15 per cent and another15 per cent lossdue to encroachmentof field channelsand transmissionlosses (AbdulNazir Sab Institute of RuralDevelopment, 1999).

The estimateof the presentstudy shows that about6.69 per cent of the water- spreadarea has beenencroached. This is lowerthan the state averageof 10 per cent (AbdulNazir Sab State Institute of RuralDevelopment 1999:30), 15.86 in Kolardistrict (Thippaiah1998:111) and 20-60 per cent in TamilNadu (Shah et. al. 1999:9).

The Negativeeffects of differentencroachments are finally on the farmers.The tanks havebecome undependable for growinglong duration crops. Manyfarmers have switchedover to lessduration and low qualityrice and rainfed crops

6.4. Implicationsfor Project Design and Implementation (and integration into ITDP)

It hasbeen repeatedly pointed out earlierthat amongthe lay-publicin the communitiesthere is (a) unawarenessconcerning the projectgoals, strategies; (b) its participativecharacter; (c) that the projectaims at equityand social justice in the deliveryof benefits;and (d) that the peoplewill themselvesbe responsiblefor the managementof the tanksin future as their owners/ stakeholders.

Whateverinformation has been madeavailable is scantyand selectiveto certain membersof the communitywho are usuallymore visible to the officialsand political leaders.As such neither the poorersections in the community,particularly the landless, or ScheduledCastes and ScheduledTribes are awareof the programmenor are they able to conceivehow the projectwill benefitthem. Presently,the copiesof the MID handbookon the water Users'association are givento a selectfew in the villages- but not to all. It assumesthat thereis an easydissemination of informationfrom thosewho haveit to thosewho do not. It alsoassumes that thosewith the informationhave been passingfaithfully the goalsand strategies to the others. However,in realityit is found that not manyknow

* that this is an integratedproject involving not merelydesilting the tank; SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-13

* that the peoplehave a key roleto playin planningand implementationand later in managingthe tank; and * the extent of to which they haveto makethe contributionsor thosewho knowit believethat it is bargainable.

Whatis, therefore,needed urgently is first to makethe communitiesunlearn a lot of whathas beendisseminated.

Secondly,convene meetings of the farmers/promoters at the Panchayatlevels to clarifythe goalsand strategiesof the project. The messagethat 'this is not a periodic programmeof tank repair or desiltingby way of a contractbeing awarded' has to be sent acrossin as cleara manneras possible. Evenif a contractorhas to be appointed, such a personshould be recommendedfor his/hertechnical skills by the irrigation departmentand by the peoplethemselves.

Thirdly, someof the followingpoints are to be borne in mind while planningand implementingthe project:

* The planningof the programmeat the tank level hasto be participativein nature- involvinga//farmers in the command,representatives from peopleof all castesand economic/ occupationalgroups, and representativesfrom the Panchayatand MI Department. The latter haveto take a positiveand interactiverole while planning the project. Thevulnerable groups should also take part. * The decisiontaken for planningand implementation,and the manner in which people'scontribution has to be made,etc., shouldall be publicized. Usethe local announcingsystem, display a map of the proposedplan of action in prominent places and public office buildings- such as schools,Panchayat office, water fountains, PHCs,and the fair price depots. Objectionsor suggestionsfor modifications,if any, shouldbe registeredbefore a certainnumber of days after displayingthe decisions. * Village level plans preparedshould Invariablyaddress the issuesof creatinga washingplatform, proper drainage,and passageto the tank from the village settlementso as to ensurecreation of socialspace for womenin the decisionmaking process. * Anydecision to raisethe levelof the tank bund,disposal of the removedsilt, altering the courseof distributionof channels,etc., shouldinvolve concurrence of the people who are likely to be affected,including those from the catchmentareas and the representativesfrom the villagesdown the stream. * Contributionsto be madeby peopleshould also be madepublic likewise, and made transparent. At any cost, vestedinterests taking up the responsibilityof paying/ substitutingpeople's contribution, or divertingother funds (saleof villagewoodlots or othersuch natural resources) for this purposeshould be avoided. * Electionto the workingcommittees of the WUCs/TUAsshould be notifiedto all in the village,in particularthe stakeholdersof all categories. If there is an unanimous election,at leastone week should be givenas gracetime for any otherto contestfor often unanimouselections is a resultof lackof properand transparent process. * Theterm of officeof the Workingcommittee should be 3 years,each term beginning at the commencementof the monsoons. SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-14

At leasttwo outgoingmembers from the previouscommittee shall bespecial invitees to the new committeefor the sake of ensuringcontinuity and accountabilityof decisionstaken bothin the previousand the presentcommittees.

The VillageAccountant, Neeruganti and one Panchayatmember shall be ex-officiomember of the working committees.

6.5. Socialand EnvironmentalScreening Framework

Identification of vulnerablegroups and the role of women in the proposed project, includingspecial provisions to ensuretheir proactiveparticipation in the decisionmaking processin the communitymanagement of tank systems as well as opportunities for off-farm employment and other income- generatingactivities.

The social assessmentcarried out has identifiedthe tendencyto marginalise women(or treat genderissues in a vagueand routinisedmanner). Suggestionshave beenmade in the foregoingsection concerning this issue. Oneof the importantways by which women can play a more positive and proactive role is by simultaneously organisingwomen from differentsocial and economic backgrounds into self-helpgroups, as has been proved to be very successfulin most natural resourcemanagement strategiesby bilateraldonor institutions. Representativesfrom each of such groups shouldbe ex-officiomembers of the workingcommittees 1.

Other VulnerableGroups: It hasbeen found that the locallydominant caste tends to have a major shareof landsin the command. By virtue of this and their socialand economicposition in the village,they havea greatersay in most mattersconcerning villagegovernance, including the managementof the tank. However,as reportedearlier (see, Table 2.5 above), at least in 33 tanks visited the farmers releasethe water themselveswhether or not there is a Neeruganti,and in almostall the tanks managed by MID, there is an interferenceby the farmersin the workingby Neeruganti Those familiarwith rural powerstructure are awarethat suchan interferenceor ability to draw water on one's own is usuallyby the more sociallyand economicallypowerful. The weakersections of a villagecommunity may not haveas muchfree ride as the more powerfulhas over the commonresources. Vulnerability of peoplegets enhancedif they belongto sociallyand economically weaker sections of a community:the SCs,STs and religiousminorities. For instance,in KereHalli, a tribalcommunity of Killekyatharuhas a sizableextent of landin the commandarea. Yettheir holdingsare in the tail-endof the command,adjoining those owned by farmers of a higher social status from the neighbouringvillages. They havealso been practisingfishing on a contract basisin severaltanks and in the TD Dam's'channel areas'. But within the village'stank they have not succeededin biddingfor fishing rights. The tank associationscan show specialconsideration to the traditionallydependent communities in this regard and award the contractto local fishermen. Not only will the local fish contractorsshow

1 In most other projects,e.g., PIDOWin Gulbarga,the tendencyis to invite any one representativefrom any one of the groups.But, since these groups would have been constituted onthe basisof socialand economic identities, such a representationfails to bringthe interestsof womenfrom all socialand economic background into the processof decision-making. SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 6-15

greaterconcern for the irrigationneeds of the commandfarmers, but also gain an additionalsense of ownershipof the tank.

The Vulnerablesections of the communityas Stakeholders:The Projectcan makeits claimto the socialobjectives if it succeedsin accomplishingthe conversionof sociallyand economicallyvulnerable sections of the communityas responsibleand participativestakeholders of the tank. The followingstrategies may be adaptedto achievingthis goal.

Vulnerable Strategy Intervention ExpectedImpact Section Landless Formself-help Groups of the Leasefor specifiedseasons 1. Sharedincome landlessand predominantly 1. the dry tank bedfor duringdry months; wagelabourers. cultivationof cashcrops. preventionof 2. Harvestof grass,and encroachment. otherbio-mass 2. Senseof ownership 3. Fishingrights. of tank

SCsand STs Poverty-baseddisbursal of At the endof each 1. Sameas above (non- dividends agriculturalyear, disburse a 2. Availabilityof credit. command smallper cent of dividendto farmersor the associationthat shallbe landless) addedto their corpus.

;.p 2.-3-:-P XC.nt4CPopulation.:TalukoofStudyVilllhges..

1J0;2f W: N0 H4'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E~, i S ff~~~i.Zi X-16i SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-16

Graph 2.4: Proportionof SCP opulation: Study Villages

16- 14~ 12 ______

2

C0C 0 0 ' 0

Per Cent

Graph;2.5: ST Population in Study Villages

16-

0~~~4-

Pr Cet

6.6. Assessment of impacts on tribal populations and the possible need to developan IndigenousPeople's Plan (IPP).

TheBank describes indigenous people as social groups that canbe identifiedby the presenceof a) close attachment to ancestral territories and natural resources; b) ident'ification by self or others as members of a distinct cultural group; c) an indigenouslanguage, often different from the national language; SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 6-17

d) presenceof customarysocial and political institutions; and e) primarilysubsistence oriented production.

Indigenouspeople, as conceptuallydefined by the World Bank,were not foundto live in any of the 50 communitiesvisited by the E and EATeam. The nearestones comingcloser to it were Lambanisin Shivapura(Kaivalyapura) and a sizablecommunity in Kere Halli (Koppal)of Killekyatharu,a nomadictribe during the early parts of the previouscentury who havenow takento settledagriculture and marketeconomy. The communitylives in the mainsettlement of the village,and manyamong them ownland in the command. As suchthe implementationof the projectwill benefitthem rather than affectingeither cultural symbolsor livelihoodpattern. Indeed, membersof this tribe are major stakeholders,since they not only own landsin the command,but also engagein biddingfor fishingrights in the tanks in and aroundthe area. As has been recommendedin this regard,the TUA shouldconsider auctioning the fishingrights to the localspecialists.

Lambanis,a tribal groupwho havenow beenofficially brought under the Schedule of Castes(popularly, SCs), are alsofound inhabitingthe severalvillages visited. They usuallylive in a hamlet(referred to as Tanda).Their languageis distinct,culture and customsare specificto them, althoughthey have been brought into the mainstream overthe decades. As a specialconsideration to the membersof the ScheduledCastes and Tribes, in additionto other sociallyand economicallyweaker sections,the state governmenthas madeland grantsto them sincethe early 1930s. Mostsuch lands in recent decadeshad been the village pastures,wastelands and lands defined as unsuitableto cultivation. Fromthe overall eco-systempoint of view of the tanks,such landsformed the naturalcatchment of tanks.

The projectis not anticipatingcausing any economicand physicaldisplacement of suchpeople, and as suchthere is unlikelyto be any negativeimpact upon the Lambanis or the likesof them occupyinglands in the catchmentarea. The challengearises when suchlands are likelyto be submergeddue to the improvementof the storagecapacity of the tanks. Indeed a greater benefit would accrue to the Lambanis and those others with degraded or what were formerdy village's wastelands (possessed now through land grants). This is when an integrated approach of developing the wastelands and catchment treatment plan is designed and implemented, with a watershed development strategy.

Finally,there is a practiceof giving'temporary cultivation rights' to the peoplewho havecultivated lands in the foreshoreor tank bed areaof the tanks. Theserights are inalienableand are understoodthat they forfeit their claimswhenever there is a floodor water-logging. The MID has a policy of giving compensationto such personswho presentthe proofof economicloss as a consequenceof floodingor water-logging. SEA/FinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 7-1

Chapter7 IMPLICATIONSFOR PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

7.1. Socialand EnvironmentalIssues and Screening

The proposedproject relating to rehabilitationof tankscomes under EA category B and will have mostlypositive benefits. However, screening helps us to identifythe risks involved in the implementationof the project and to assessthe potential environmentalbenefits of the proposedproject. The environmentalissues have been identifiedusing baselineinformation. The perceptionsof the peopleon environmental problemshave been identified through a consultativeprocess as discussedin chapter3. Though the project will be implementedin different agro-climaticzones, the broad issues are common with a few location-specificissues. An analysis of major environmentalissues relating to catchment,command area and tank-bedhave been presentedseparately.

CriticalIssues

7.1.1. Soil erosion: Unscientificland use, impropercultivation practices, denudation of forest and perennialvegetation for cultivation, over-exploitationof CPRs(grazing lands and pastures)have resulted in soil erosion.Soil erosion has led to siltationof streams,feeder channels andtank bed.

7.1.2. Landdegradation: Reductionon the tree cover, use of poor and fragile landsfor cultivationhave enhancedin the processof soil erosion. Lossof fertile top soil and nutrientshave resultedin declinein soil fertility.Similarly, declining usage of organicmanure/ compost/ greenmanure and emphasis on the useof chemicalfertilizers have led to disturbancein the nutrientbalance in the soil.The unbalanceduse of fertilizershas led not onlyto the degradationof landresource but alsoacts as a non-pointsource of pollution.

7.1.3 Encroachmentof naturalstreams and feederchannels Farmershaving land near the streamsand feederchannels have encroached upon the feederchannels. At few places,the feederchannels have been blockedand divertedfor personalgains. Some of the feederchannels have silted up andwater is not properlydirected to the tank. Useof feederchannels for cultivationresults in enhancing soil erosionsiltation of checkdams and pickups.

7.1.4. Encroachmentof foreshorearea Farmershaving land in the foreshorearea of the tank have extendedthe cultivationin the tank bed. Most of the land in the foreshorearea of the tank was distributedto landlessfamilies by the government.These were the soils best suitedfor tree crops. However,the cultivationof these lands for subsistencecrops has led to erosionand degradationof soil. Mostof these lands are without any land treatment. This has facilitatederosion of fertile soil alongwith nutrientscausing sedimentation and SEA FinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 7-2 siltation of tank bed reducingstorage capacity of the tank and at the sametime degradingthe land.

7.1.5. Accumulationof silt Accumulationof silt in the tank bed has reducedthe storagecapacity of tanks rangingfrom 10 per cent to more than 90 per cent. Moreover,silt reducesthe percolationrate and thus, affectsthe groundwaterrecharge. The disposalof excavated silt alsoraises environmental issue about safety.

7.1.6. Weak dam/ bundstructure Manytank bunds /dam structuresare damaged,and have developedcracks. Othersare weakand may not withstandthe water pressureafter rehabilitatingto their original/designed capacity. There is a risk of breachingthe dam. Breachingof the dam maydamage standing crops in the commandarea and other property. Dam safety is the mostimportant issue in the rehabilitationof the tank.

7.1.7. Damagedsluice and surplus/waste-weirs Most of the tanks in the project area (regardlessof size) do not have proper water control devices.The sluicegates and/or sluicevalves are damagedand water leaksout continuouslyleading to inductionwater-logging in the commandarea. The damagedwaste-weir does not hold enoughwater in the tank and usuallythere is shortageof irrigationwater during the criticalperiod of cropgrowth.

7.1.8. Damagedmain andfield channels In most cases,the mainchannels are earthenchannels without any lining.The farmershave encroached upon these channels and manytimes they breachthe canalto drawwater. Often,many command areas do not havefield channelsor feederchannels to distributewater, and irrigationis donefrom field to field. This leadsto wastageof preciouswater resource.Moreover, Flooding leads to transfer of toxic chemicalsfrom one plot to anotherand thus, spoiling/pollutingthe soil and carryingof toxic chemicals from oneplot to another.Seepage from thesechannels may create water-logging in the adjoiningareas.

7.1.9. Soilbiota/decline in fertility A major constraintto higher biomassproductivity of land is due to low soil fertility.The useof organicmanure/ compost or greenleaf manureis decliningover the yearswhereas use of chemicalfertilizer per unit of land is increasing.The low level of organic matter retards the microbialactivity in the soil, lowers moistureretention capacityas well as porosityof soil whichimpinge on the fertility and productivityof the soil.

7.1.10. Extractionof groundwater With the declinein dependencyon tank water, a few farmersin the command areahave drilled borewells to supplementtank water for irrigation.However, at many places,the rate of extractionexceeds the dynamicrecharge rate of groundwater.This miningof waterhas resultedin loweringof watertable in mostof the areasin the state. Many shallow/open wells have becomedefunct. The number of borewellshave increasedrapidly during the last decade.Average depth of borewell,which usedto be SEN FinalISEC/17-09-01 7-3 around100-120 feet earlierhas now reachedmore than 200 feet. The risk of fluoride contaminationis positivelyassociated with the depthof the well. The assuredsource of irrigationinduces farmers to adoptmono cropping, use higherlevels of agro-chemicals (chemicalfertilizer, plant protectionchemicals, etc.), which have harmful impact on micro-organismsand micro-fauna in the soil.

7.1.11. Bio-diversity Degradationof land in the catchmentas well as in and aroundthe command area of the tank have led to loss of bio-diversitywhich is essentialfor fertility managementand preserving hydrologicalbalance and inducing more favorable responses.

7.1.12. Drinkingwater The non-pointcontamination of tank water is rampant. Villagersuse the catchmentand foreshore area of the tank for defecation.The run-offwater caries with it humanand animalwaste and dumpit in the tank. Moreover,in manystudy villages, dung / compostpits are locatedin the foreshorearea of the tank. This pollutesthe water. The groundwateralso may get pollutedwith percolationand contaminatethe drinkingwater source and may inducehealth problems. In manyvillages, the borewells for the supplyof drinkingwater are locatedin foreshoreareas of the tanks.

7.1.13. Equitabledistribution of water It is alwaysthe farmersin the lowerreach of the commandwho face the risk of crop failure when there is shortageof water or insufficientwater in the tank. The farmersin the upperand middlereach have better accessto tank water. Sometimes,a few influentialfarmers from outsidethe commandarea use tank water for irrigatingthe cropand deprivethe legitimateusers of their share.

7.1.14. Deadstorage Manya times,farmers having interest in the cultivationof tank bed, drain out the waterfrom the tank completelyand thus no deadstorage is maintainedin the tank. This impingeson the flora and fauna in and aroundthe tank. The cattle do not get drinkingwater.

7.1.15. Tank in the cascade/orchain tank Rehabilitationof a tank in the chainor cascadeof tankswill haveimplications on other tanksin the chain.The interventionswhether institutional or physicalwill impinge on the functioningof the othertanks in the chain.

7.1.15. Smalllandholding Increasingpopulation, diversion of productiveland to non-agriculturalpurposes exert pressureto producemore and more from the availableland. Forestand pasture landsdistributed by the Governmentto landlessfamilies are broughtunder cultivation, whichare otherwisebest suited to tree crops.

7.1.16. DegradedCPRs Most of the villageshave commongrazing /pasture lands and they generally form the catchmentarea of the tank.The villagersgraze their cattle on thesepastures. SEA/Fnal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-4

However,indiscriminate grazing without allowing for regenerationhas resulted in degradationof this CPR.

7.1.17. The Potentialbenefits from the project The projectinterventions are expectedto contributeto reasonableenvironmental conservation,and to improvethe productivityof land in the project area. However, major benefitsfrom the improvementof tank will go largelyto the farmershaving lands in the commandarea of the tank.The increasein the storagecapacity of the tank would augmentirrigation leading to increasedagricultural production in the commandarea. Nevertheless,renovation and rehabilitationof tank wouldbenefit other sectionsof the societyby way of using excavatedsilt as organicmanure, recharge of groundwater, increasedopportunities for employment,etc. The benefitsfrom the projectare grouped into two categories,viz., environmentaland social, which have been presented below.

7.1.18. Potentialenvironmental benefits * Increasein the tree cover *: Rehabilitationof degradedlands in the catchment *. Increasedbio-diversity and preservation of soil biota : Reductionin soil erosionincluding loss of nutrients *.. Improvedsoil moistureregime and hence,better vegetative growth *. Increasedfodder production, greater management of fodderresources * Increasedbio-mass production and soil improvement *: Increasedgroundwater recharge and groundwater availability *: Improvementin quantityand quality of drinkingwater *: Sedimentfree waterin the tank *: Increasedstorage capacity and increasedquantity of wateravailable for irrigation *. Cleanand betterenvironment

7.1.19. Potentialsocio-economic benefits

*: Reductionin the riskof cropfailure *: Improvedproduction and higher incomes *: Equitabledistribution of waterfor commandfarmers *: Improvednourishment (fisheries development) *: Increasedopportunities for gainfulemployment *: Reductionin seasonalmigration by landlesshouseholds *: Increasedfamily income *: Improvedquality of life *:e Improvedinteraction among different communities *: Improvedlivestock and milkproduction *: Damageto damand risk of breachingtank minimized *: Increasedavailability of waterfor livestockas well asfor domesticuse

7.1.20. Potentialenvironmental risks

The project would have innumerablebenefits and at the same time a few potentialrisks, which may haveto be properlyaddressed in the project design.The projecthas three componentsof whichthe first two dealwith the organizationalaspects SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-5 of capacity-building and transfer of responsibility of tank management to the stakeholders. However, the third component which deals with the improvement of the tank system through physical interventions like minimum catchment treatment, renovation of tank, improving support services like agriculture, horticulture and fisheries development poses some risks. The risks associated with the sub-components/ activities have been presented in Table 7.1.1.

Table7.1.1. Potentialrisks associated with the project

Projectcomponent/activity Associatedrisk TankSystem Improvement Treatment of catchment area (watershed * Changein the diversityof flora andfauna principle) * Adverseeffects of exoticspecies if introducedin forestryprogrammes * Alterationof surfacerun-off patterns * Change in groundwater recharge and more extractionof water * Checkdam failures Rehabilitationof the tank * Farmersmay not be willingto usesilt as manure. Removalof silt from the tank Disposal of silt in open land may create environmentalproblem * Non-pointsource of pollutionfrom surfacerun-off * Water-borneand waterrelated diseases * Changein micro-climaticconditions (humidity & temperature) Riskassociated with damstructure * Breachin the damdue to waterpressure Increasedavailability of water * Degradationof land due to salinizationand alkalinizationand water-logging Agriculture, horticulture and fisheries * Shiftfrom subsistenceto commercialagriculture development * Pesticideand insecticide pollution * Soilfertility depletiondue to extensivefarming * Fruit cropsmay competewith food crops(cereals andpulses) * Mono-horticulturemay cause diseaseand pest problems * Competitionfor waterand nutrientsmay increase.

7.1.21. Social and environmental screening criteria

Among several tanks in the State, there is a need to prioritize selection of tanks for inclusion under the project. Based on the social and environmental assessment made in a sample of 50 tanks in the state, the following social, economic, and environmental factors may serve as a means of arriving at a Tank Rehabilitation Need Index. The stakeholders' perceptions about environment and social issues can be gathered during the consultative process and efforts would be made to internalize the environmental and social benefits in the proposed interventions directed towards rehabilitation of tanks through community participation. Some of the important social and environmental criteria are presented in Table 7.1.2 for screening the tanks for project interventions.

* The indicators may be seen or assessed in terms of being 'high/good', 'moderate', and 'nil/poor'. * Respectively, each of these has a score of 2, 1, and Zero. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-6

The highera tank hasas its score,the greateris the priorityto be givenfor its inclusionin the project.

Table7.1.2 Socialand EnvironmentalScreening Criteria

Si. No. Socialand environmentalcriteria Indicators/ Baselineinformation 1 Potentialfor community'scollective action (not onlyfor Pastand presentCommunity based projectimplementation, but alsofor sustainable organisationsand performance. managementof tank) 2 Higherproportion of communitypopulation is below poverty line 3 A majorityof landowners(at least50 percent) in the Detailedlist of landownerswith areaowned in commandarea are smalland marginalfarmers the commandand elsewhere 4 Tankis partof a cascade/basin which has been selected 5 Benefitsof rehabilitationis substantialalso to the Anticipatedimpact on landless,artisans, landless,artisan, off-farm employment generation, etc. employment,etc. 6 No interferencewith sitesof culturalheritage, natural habitat,forest etc 7 Minimumadverse effect to the tribal andother indigenouspopulation 8 Whenthere are morethan onetank in the village, betterselect bigger tank with highernumber of beneficiaries 9 Potentialfor diversificationof agriculture 10 Lowencroachment of catchmentand foreshorearea 11 Arrangementfor safedisposal of tank silt 12 Scarcityof waterand lackof alternatives

* Ensureconsideration of likelyenvironmental effects of variousinterventions so that appropriate mitigatingmeasures can be taken to achievethe prescribedproject objectives. * Includeif a tank hasall socialand environmentalfeatures that are negativelyplaced for inclusionin the project,but formsa cruciallink in the basinfor othertanks. Such a tank shouldbe includedin the project. * If tank rehabilitationis likelyto benefitexclusively one or a few families,and is not likelyto benefitthe morevulnerable sections of society,such a tank neednot betaken up for rehabilitation.However, someof the followingconditions may be considered in waivingthis rider: If sucha tank hascrucial link (as indicatedabove)

Theseare likely to be benefitsfor animalhusbandry, meeting domestic water needs,employment generation, groundwater recharge. In other words, should there be overridingsecondary benefits, such tanks may be included.

7.2. Natural ResourceManagement

Land,water and forest are importantnatural resources, which condition the well- being of mankind. All the three resourcesare interlinked with each other and deteriorationin the conditionof one affectsthe other. The over use and exploitationof naturalresources impinge on the sustainablegrowth. The issuerelated to conservation and managementof natural resourcesbecomes complex when we considerthe interfacesand inter-dependencewith man and naturalresources. The brief description andaction points are providedbellow SEVFinal/1SEC/17-09-01 7-7

I. Land: Land is the basic resource in the production process.Land is classifiedbased on inherent soil characteristics,physical features and environmentalfactors that limit the use of land for agriculture, pasture or other uses on sustainable basis. As per this classification,about 83 per cent of the area is suitable for agriculture and about 17 per cent is well suited for forestry, pasture, silvi-pastoral system, mining, quarrying, etc. About 19 per cent of the land suitable for agriculture falls under class II land, which is good for cultivation with minor limitations (Table 7.2.1).

Table 7.2.1. Landcapability of soilsin Karnataka

Land per Characteristics capability cent class Area II 18.6 Goodcultivable lands having minor problems such as soil texture,drainage and erosion III 40.7 Moderatelygood cultivable lands having moderate erosion, slope, drainage and _ soil problems* IV 23.2 Fairlygood cultivable lands having severe erosion, drainage, climate and soil problems VI 14.4 Landwell suitedfor grazingand forestry,having severe erosion, topography and soil problems VIII 2.5 Landssuitable only for wildlife, recreationand quarrying Miscellaneous 0.6 Waterbodies and urban areas * Soil problems: depth, texture, gravelliness, surface crusting and compaction, salinity, sodacity. Source: KarnatakaAgriculture - A Profile. Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore, April 2000.

Similarly, 41 per cent of the total land is moderately good for cultivation (class III) with problems of erosion, slope, gravel content, surface crust formation and drainage. Another 23 per cent is fairly good for cultivable lands (class IV) with problems of soil texture, shallow rooting depth, gravelliness,erosion, drainage and climate. The major environmentalconcerns are:

Soil erosion Degradationof Iforest land Degradationof pasture / grazing lands *> Extensionof cultivation to fragile and poor lands

Action points for management of land resources

1. Land use planning: Arrive at use rate based on historical data by typologies of land. Monitor changesin land quality closely. The land use planning needs to be strictly followed to arrest degradation of land and to sustain its productivity. The poor and fragile land can be used for tree crops. The private lands falling in categoryVI should be used for agro-forestry and dry land horticulture. SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-8

2. Degradation:Long term plan for reclamationof degradedland usingdifferent methods.Avoid chemical treatment and promoteorganic methods for reclamationof degradedand problem soils.

3. Soil conservation:Different soil conservationmeasures need to be adopted dependingon the type of soil,land use,topography, and rainfallregime.

(a) Counter trench: Dig on contourin lands of more than 3 per cent slope to establishtree speciesand grass species

(b) Graded bunds:To checksoil erosionin the areashaving less than 750 mm rainfall,it hashigh runoff andinfiltration rate lessthan 8 mm/hour.

(c) Benchterrace: Areashaving slope of morethan 15 per cent. Areasendowed with seriesof levelledstrips of landacross the major slopeand having suitable drops.

(d) Contour bunds:Areas havingrainfall less than 750 mm, infiltrationrates of morethan 8 mm/hourand slope less than 6 per cent. (e) Gablon structures:Confluence spots of small gullies, locatedin steep and activegullies conducting high velocity run-off.

(f) Looseboulder check dam: Porouschecks across nala constructed using loose bouldersto checkwater velocity and to arrestsilt.

(g) Nala bund: For gullieshaving restricted width and considerabledepth, to store run-offwater for percolationto rechargegroundwater and alsoto makewater available for otherpurposes.

(h) Checkdam: For gullieshaving restricted width andconsiderable depth, to store run-offwater for percolationto rechargegroundwater and alsoto makewater available for otherpurposes. Regulate excess flow throughsurplus-weir.

(i) Drop structures:Constructed across medium to deepgullies with a spillwayas a gully controlmeasure.

(j) Farm pond:To collectand store run-offwater during monsoon and recyclingit duringcritical stages of plantgrowth or supplementaryirrigation during moisturestress. Bestsuited for redsoils.

(k) Scooping:Suitable for medium and deep black soils with poor infiltration characteristics.Scoops to be formedacross the slopesalong the countersto increase infiltrationrate andto reducesoil erosion.

(I) Wind breaks:Adopt in the areasprone to winderosion.

(m) Silvipasture:Marginal arable lands, private non-arablelands and community wastelands SEWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-9

(n) Agro-forestry:On waste lands and forest areas.

(o) Rain-fed horticulture:Poor quality land,high gradient,denuded waste lands canbe usedfor rain-fedhorticulture instead of seasonfield crops.

(p) Grazing /pasture lands: Reduce the uneconomic/environmentally unsustainableuse of land grazingand pasturelands. Followdeferred and rotational grazingby dividinggrazing land into small blocks.Allow grassto mature,shed seeds beforetaking harvest operation to facilitateregeneration of grass.

(q) Improved practices:Promotion of organicmanure/compost to maintainsoil health, nutrient balance.Crop rotations to maintain soil fertility, integrated pest managementto checksoil, water and environmental pollution.

II. Water Resource:

Increasingpopulation pressure and shrinkingland frontiersdemands more and more output from a finite land area. Providingirrigation and adopting improved cultivationpractices can increasethe agriculturalproduction. Canal is the mainsource of irrigation,followed by open wells, borewells and tanks in that order.Tanks were the importantsource of irrigationin the earlysixties, irrigating about 3.44 lakh ha of the total 7.13 lakh ha area. However,importance of tank as a major sourceof irrigation declinedgradually and its positionhas been taken over by canalirrigation during the 1980sas shownbelow.

Table 7.2.2. Sources of Irrigation and area covered (Area in lakh ha) Sourceof Irrigation Years _1960--61 l1980-S1 1993-94 l1996-97 Channels 2.36 5.47 9.34 9.18 Openwells 1.33 3.64 4.87 4.66 Bore/ Tube wells Negligible 2.90 3.67 Tanks 3.44 3.04 2.73 2.40

The surfaceirrigation provided through public irrigation system. The unrealistic pricingof irrigationwater resultsin indiscriminateuse of water. This leadsnot onlyto wasteof scareresource but damageto the soil.Similarly, Groundwater is treatedas the commonproperty resource. However, we do not havethe properregulatory system and lawsgoveming extraction and use of groundwaterand hence, indiscriminate exploitation of Groundwateris beingdone by a few. Groundwateris replenishedor rechargethrough rainfall,seepage through the surfacewater bodieslike tanks /dams,etc., and through percolationof irrigationwater. The part of the groundwaterwhich is addedevery year through above said dynamicscan be extractedand usedfor irrigation,drinking and other purposes.However, excess extraction than the annualreplenishment disturbs and inflicts the damageto the groundwatersystem. Among the major environmental problemsunder water resources,the surfaceand groundwaterfaces five prominent issues,namely: SEWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-10

Water-logging, Watersalinity, Soilsalinity, Waterweeds and water-bome diseases, *> Water quality, water-logging Soilsalinity / alkalinity *> Groundwaterdepletion/lowering of water table Healthhazards / qualityof drinkingwater

Action points for management of water resources

1. User groups: Indiscriminateuse of water resourcesneeds to be checked immediatelylest we are confrontedwith the extremewater shortages.This can be achievedby promotingwater use literacythrough group actionsand initiatingWater Users'Association in differentwater regimes.Holistic treatment of drainagesystem and useof drip sprinklerirrigation may be oneof the solutions.

2. Properpricing: The economicsolution for indiscriminatewater usecan be located in the water price policy. Hitherto,water has been chargedat an uneconomicrate notwithstandingthe cost towards aggregateenvironmental degradation and water quality.It is essentialto work out economiccost of waterand chargeaccordingly to the usersto reducethe indiscriminateuse.

3. Cooperativeaction: The surfacewater regimesrequire specifically different policy frame as comparedto groundwaterregime. Under the surfacewater ecology,it is essentialto managethe use ratesthrough muTUGI co-operation of the usersand with an effectivewithdrawal of the state to stop the spiralinginvestment in the sector.In other words, the surfacewater bodies should be entirely managedby the users themselves.

4. Legal /Policy framework: Groundwaterexploration being a privateactivity it is difficultto monitorthe userates in this sector.However, this canbe effectivelyachieved by enacting proper legislationand implementingit to arrest over exploitationof groundwaterthan the dynamicrecharge. This will help in maintainingthe groundwater balanceand check lowering of groundwatertable.

5. Water-logging: Improved drainagesystem. Promotionof modern methodsof irrigationsuch as sprinklerand drip irrigationsystems, lining of channels,etc.

6. Water salinity: Similarto water-loggingwater salinity can also be treated with organicas well as inorganictreatments. However, up till now inorganictreatments are more often used without giving sufficientchance to the salinity removalto organic methods.

7. Soilsalinity: The problemof soil salinityhas beenquite acute especially in the irrigatedregions of large irrigationprojects. Mostly restricted with the applicationof SEr FinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 7-11 gypsum,but the quantum of the problem is huge and, therefore, it will require substantialinvestment. It is necessaryto find out better and economicmethods of treatingsoil salinity.

8. Water weedsand water-bornediseases: Water weeds and water-borne diseasescan be treated only with the help of mechanicaldevices and chemical treatments.We still dependon the chemicaltreatments, which havebeen given up by the developedworld, therefore, suitable alternatives are requiredfor this purpose.

9. Water quality. Waterquality has been a neglectedissue and therefore,has not attractedenough attention of the environmentalistsas well as hydro-geologists.Over the years,the chemicalcontent of waterand the qualityof water is beingaltered due to different chemicaltreatments in the vicinity as well as overuseof the existingwater resources.The next issuein the environmentaldebate is going to be water quality. Therefore,this requiresimmediate attention as well as more work to understandthe dimensionsof the problem.

III. Forest:

Forestis a very importantnatural resource. It servesmankind in manyways. It providestimber, firewood, medicinal plants and other forest products.Forest helps and sustainsthe livelihoodsystem of numeroustribals dependenton forest for their livelihood.It is a sourceof bio-diversityand preservesflora and fauna. Forestalso protects land degradation,reduces impact of droughts and floods and checkssoil erosionin additionto improvingthe environment.

The forest in Karnatakawhich is about36,342 sq.km includes evergreen, semi- evergreen,moist deciduous, dry dedduous,scrub and thorny and unwooded.In terms of areacoverage, unwooded forest occupies the first placewith an areaof 9,312sq.km, followedby scruband thorny with an areaof about 8,180sq.kms. The dry deciduous forest covers 7,270 sq.km and moist deciduousforest covers 5,780 sq.kms. The evergreenand semi-evergreencomprises the rest of the forest area of about 5,800 sq.km.The major problemsconfronting the forestare:

Denudationand deforestation Encroachmenton forestland Lossof bio-diversity Shiftingcultivation Wet ecology Fire

Actionpoints for managementof forestresources

1. Clear demarcationof area: Forest resourcesconfront the major problemof depletionand degradation at a fasterrate. The problemis entangledwith the otherland usesas alsoassociated with the propertythat structureof forestdependent population. The dichotomybetween the legalstatus of forestland as againstthe acTUGIarea under forest needsto be sortedout. Therehas been a largeamount of encroachmenton the SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-12 forestland and it is mainlyassociated with the forestdependent population. Therefore, the first issuethat emergesis sortingof the problemof encroachmentand associated degradation.

2. Rejuvenation:There has been increasingconcern about the reductionof bio- diversity due to overexploitationof certain we speciesin the forest. The forest department has documentedsuch important forest species and therefore, added attentionis requiredto replacethese species in the forest. Similarly,it is essentialto monitorthe use ratesof thesespecies. 3. Forest-waterecology: This is an importantaspect of the environmentalproblem. Thissystem is neitheramenable to alterationwith humanintervention nor hasonly state controlover it. In additionto this, this systemis quite importantas far as wild animals are concerned.It has remaineda neglectedissue and there are reportsthat forest- waterecological system is depletingat a fast rate.Added attention needs to be givento this problem. 4. Shiftingcultivation: is a problemin onlysome areas in the country.This depletes the forest resourcesat a faster rate, but representslifeline of the forestdwellers. And, therefore, interventionin the shifting cultivationprocess becomes a sensitiveissue. However,it will require fresh attention as well as fresh look towards the issue. AppropriateR & R policyframework for tribalpopulation will go a long way in minimizing shiftingcultivation. 5. Tribal economy: Forestdwellers are essentialcomponent of the forestecosystems. Therefore, while getting into any of the action plans regarding treatment or managementof forest resources,it will be pre-requisiteto providesufficient livelihood supportto this group.Any hastyaction may affect the welfareof this group. 6. Monitoring: Indiscriminatecutting of woodlogs for timberby contractors/ vested interestsshould be monitoredby the concernedofficials. 7. Others:The followingare someof the measures,which may promote sustainable managementof forestresources in the future: Managementof forestsjointly by the communityand the forestdepartment as envisagedin the NewForest Policy. *> Matchingregeneration and harvest of stock. Promotionof socialand agro-forestry on wastelands to reducedependence on forests. *> Promotionof renewablesources of energyto reducedependence on fuel wood. * Developmentand promotion of syntheticmaterial in buildingand construction industry. Promotionof energyefficient chulhas. 7.3. PolicyRecommendations 7.3.1. Policy recommendationsrelating to big farmers

Particulars Big farmers 1 2 SiTUGtional * Dominantcaste groups own large land holdings,have accessto alternative sourceof water and grow SEA/Final/lSEC/17-09-01 7-13 problems plantationcrops, sugarcane and paddy . A sectionof largelandholders monopolize benefits . Resortto alteringthe commandarea and cropping pattem . Engagedin illegaloperations in waterdistribution and control the institutions. . Householdsof a singlelineage own the entirecommand (in somecases). 1 2 Implicationsfor . Prioritzecertain things in certainvaguemanner; and this limitsothers' participation. participation . Dominatedecison-making process and obstructdemocratic processes . Morethe bigfarmers, less is theirdirect participation . Alteredcommand area affects wider particpation. Enabling . TUGformation process should neutralise the dominantsocial groups and enable wider partidpation processes * Democratizatonof relationsamong command farmers through dialogue and role delineaton . Facilitatedemocratic and community-based stake building . Instituionalizeand empower pressure groups * Evolvethe followingprocesses: . Collectivedecision-making . Buildon alternative leadership base * Decentralizeand delegate responsibilites . Restrictbig farmers to ordinarymembership. Non-negotiables . Equalpowers to smalland marginal farmers on water distribution a Pro-actionto reachsmall and marginal farmers: from representationto capacitatingthe disadvantaged * Decentralizedecision-making and implementation . Organizecommunity level debate, consultation and dialogue to shareinformation and make decisions transparent.

7.3.2. Policy recommendations relating to small and marginal farmers among command farmers Particulars Smalland marginalfarmers SiTUGtional. Smalland marginalfarmers in a majority of tanks belong to upper and middle castes. * Ratio of small and marginalfarmers is significant in someof the tanks. problems . No accessto alternative water sources. Dependon seepagewater. Insecurities involvedin tank irrigation force them to migrate rather than to cultivation under the tank. * Often compelledto grow food crops under the tank. * Low incomesmay constraintheir financialcontributions. * Lessspace in water managementinstitutions. Implication . More the marginalamong commandfarmers, lessthe potential for employmentgeneration. s for On the other hand, their own poverty alleviationcan be addressed. .If a tank is functional on a regular basis,there is scopefor their participation. participatio * As marginalfarmers dependon wage employmentand town based non-agricultural n alternatives,their participation may be affected. Enabling . Assessthe dependencyand commitment * Formationof a sub-group to empowerthem as a pressuregroup processes . Co-processto provide subsidiaryemployment and other opportunities. * Mechanismsto sustaintheir interest during distresstimes (when tanks do not fill). * Formationof SHGsfor small and marginalfarmers and linking them with institutional credit agencies,extension services, marketing facilities. Non- a Savingsand credit as an integral strategy negotiables *. ProportionateLink cost sharingrepresentation with productivityin TUGs. * Positivediscrimination in their favour in relation to water distribution. * Communitywells to sustain the interests even during the time when tanks do not fill and water do no reach their lands. 7.3.3. Policyrecommendations relating to absenteelandlords and tenants SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-14

Particulars Absenteelandlords and tenants 1 2 SiTUGtional * Presentin largenumbers only in a fewtanks. problems * Ownlarge plantation crops and bore-wells * Thosewho own lessarea and withoutwells are insecurewith irregularfilling of tank; relate with tenantson year to yearbasis * Landlessand smallfarmers engage in tenancyarrangements as a livelihoodstrategy. 1 2 Contd... Implicationsfor * Do not normallyparticipate in collectiveaction. participation * Wouldnot allowtenants to participate. * Plantationcrops and bore-wellsmake less then dependent on tanks. Enabling * Involvethem in consultationprocess processes * Assessland useand productivity.Levy taxes according to productivity. * Institutionalizethe participationof absenteelandowners in all the affairsof tank rehabilitation. Non- Thefollowing built-in disincentives are necessary: negotiables * Makethem responsible to initiateco-proceess * Theparticipation of absenteelandowners in the maintenanceof fieldchannels should be madecompulsory. * Makethem advisory members. * Levyspecial taxes on them. 7.3.4. Policyrecommendations relating to tail-end farmers

Particulars Tail-endfarmers SiTUGtional. Affectedwith neglectedor siltedfield channels problems Absenceof waterregulation affecting tail-ender the most. problems . Smalland marginalfarmers in tail-endrely on rain-fedcrops. * Tailfarmers with alternativewater source are betterplaced, and mostly belong to better-off castesor classes. * Almostexcluded where tanks fill irregularly. Implication . If inflowto a tank is irregularand /or inadequate,it wouldbe difficultto bringin the s for participationof tail-endfarmers (with or withoutalternatives). r Wheretanks have problems of weakstructures, absence of waterregulation and illegal use participatio of water,tail-end farmers disassociate. n Enabling . Controlledwater distribution and regulation to suit all commandfarmers rocesses . Changein croppingpattern for judicioususe of availablewater. Processes * Strengtheningand institutionalizing community supported Neeruganti for judiciouswater distribution. * Formationof tail-endfarmers as a sub-groupto enablethem to act as a pressuregroup and to representtheir interests. * TUGshould have representation from the sub-group. * Fieldchannels should be properlylaid and de-siltedon year to year basis. Non- . Vetopower on waterdistribution and croppingpattern negotiables. Croppingregulation should be introducedon seasonto seasonbasis. Violating farmers to be penalizedheavily. * All farmersshould be made responsible for the maintenanceof fieldchannels. * Powerof waterrelease and regulation should be vested with the localinstitutions. 7.3.5. Policyrecommendations necessary to securethe participationof landlesshouseholds Particulars Landlesshouseholds I 2 Si7UGtional * Wagesacross the agro-cimatic zones are less than minimum wages prescribed by thestate. In problems addition,there is wage disparity between men and women. SEAI Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-15

. Womendepend on local agriculturallabour market while men rely on nearest towns for non- agriculturalemployment. * The relative importanceof tank to provide wage employmentson the decline, especiallyin the case of tanks with irregularwater flow. . Tank-basedoptions are increasinglybecoming insecure with year to year uncertainty. This adverselyaffects women. * Villagesnearer towns depend much more on non-agriculturalemployment than others. . Where tank repair works are in progress,landless in the vicinity become usefulwage eamers. . JCBwas used in de-silting the tanks where work was done recently. . Establishedregular migratory roots.

1 2 Implicationsfor . Themindset that the landlessdo not haveany customary rights over tanks would come in the participation wayof landedto providespace for the former. * Themindset that tank rehabilitaton can bedone only with machinesreduces the scopeof participationof the landless. . Landlessinvolvement is lesslikely, where they are skilled, and/or have access to wide-based markets& opportunities. * Lesserthe landlessinvolvement, the difficultit is to createcommunity ownership. . Dependson physicalcondition, size, utilityand future benefits. . Theparticipation of the landlesswill beindirect so longas their roleis confinedonly to obtaining wage employmentfrom the landedfarmers. Enabling . Assessthe availabilityof landlessto undertaketank rehabilitation processes . Consultationsto organisethem to partidpate . Forma sub-group to safe-guardtheir interest and minimum wages. . RepresentationinTUG = Initiatesaving and credit and link with othergovernment programmes Non-negotiables . Vetopower in dedsionsrelated to useof labourvs ]CB. . Pro-labourpolicy in TUG . Minimumand equal wages . In-builtsubsidiary employment opportunities. . Exclusiverights on digging, transportaton and selling of silt. . Exdusiverights to leasein water-spreadarea to cultivatesummer crops, TUG decides to lease out the area.

7.3.6. Policyrecommendations relating to borewellowners

Particulars Borewellowners SiTUGtional . In someof the tanks,a majorityof the farmersown borewells problems * In all the tanks,large holders tend to own bore-wellsand influence changes in the cropping pattern. . In blackareas tanks are being used to rechargeborewells. Small and marginal in suchareas continueto useseepage to cultivatepaddy for consumption. . Illegallift wellspose a problemin somecanal fed tanks. Implicationsfor . Borewellsaffect storage and water retention in the tank; andhence, affect participation participation . Smalland marginal farmers in blackareas may not be interestedas tanksare only used for storage Enabling . Regulatorypowers to TUGon bore-wells processes . Recognizeborewells in the commandas CPRs and give right to TUG. . Consultand educate bore-well owners a Planon groundwaterpotential to preventfurther sinking of bore-wells. Non-negotiables * Regulationon borewellsinking . Levyspecial tax on wells . Enactprovisions to giveexclusive right to WUAon borewells;and in futuredisallow individual ownership. . Landuse pattem should be as perthe decisionof TUG . Macropolicy changesto remove electridty subsidies.

7.3.7. Policyrecommendations to introducedisincentives to minimisethe negativeimpact of other stakeholders.

Particulars Watermarkets 1 2 SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-16

SiTUGtional . A fewvillages have exploitative water markets problems . Usersare mostly small and marginal farmers and have to sharecrop with the 'water lord'. . Waterpoints are, in somecases, located in the foreshorearea or in the tankbed. Implicationsfor * Excessivepresence of watermarkets can alter the relationsin the commandand adversely affect participation waterstorage and retention in the tank. Enabling * Assessthe presenceof watermarkets and illegal borewells located in tankbed or foreshore. processes * TUGto takeover the illegalborewells. . Abandonillegal lift wells. . Chargelevy on watermarkets . TUGto fix waterrates . Makeit mandatoryto seekprior permission of TUGto sinka bore-well.

2 ~~~~~~~Cnd.. Non-negotiables * TUGshould be given powers to controlwater markets, and the stategovemment to enactprovEisAon d for exclusiveright for TUGas the Infrastructureunder tank has to beconsidered as CPR. . TUGto regulatewater rates for markets . Disallowor terminateprivate rights or ownership.

7.3.8. Policy recommendations to safeguard the interests of artisans and other occupational groups

Particulars Artisansand occupational groups SiTUGtional . Tanksare found useful for certainoccupations or activitiesas in the caseof Sisalfiber, sheep or problems livestockrearing. However, defunct tanks make them disadvantaged. . The washermancommunity continues to dependon tank despite altematives now present. . Activitieslike brick-makingor sandlifting will adversethe affectthe tanksystem. . Fertilesilt waslost in sometanks as contractorslifted the samefor roadconstruction. . Whilethe fishermancommunity lost its righton havingfisheries in the tank,the roleof Neeruganti wasincreasingly seen as redundant. Implicationsfor . Washermancommunity have no say on deadstorage partidpation . Occupationaldisplacement for fishermencommunity; and neglect of Neerugantican affect the participation . In the absenceof rightto decideon deadstorage, washermen and those depend on tank-for livestock rearingmay not haveincentive to partdpate. . Contractingfisheries to outsiderscan also affect the participation. Enabling . Assessdependence of occupationalgroups and form sub-groupsamong them to redefinestakes. processes . Representationin TUG . Regulatorypowers (in the form of bye-laws)to preventharmful practices such as brick-makingand sandlifting. . Co-processto upgradethe skilllevels of occupationalgroups based on localdemand. Non-negotiables . Vetopower on deadstorage * Fishingright to localcommunities or to TUG * Supplementarysupport activities to sustainthe interest of occupationalgroups 7.3.9. Policy recommendations to secure the participation of women in tank rehabilitation

Particulars Women SiTUGtional * Feminisabonof agriculturallabour market. problems . Declineddependence on tank * No decisionon deadstorage * Organisedinto SHGs, but not involvedin the formationof WUCS. * Faceproblems relating to waterfor domesticuse Implicationsfor . Haveinterest where tanks benefit them, and are willing to participate participation Enabling . FormSHGs where there are none, and integrate the existingone with TUG processes . Institutionalizesavings and credit activities I * Representationin TUG Non-negotiables * Vetopowers on deadstorage. I Supplementaryemployment opportunities SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-17

7.3.10. Policyrecommendations to control and allocatewater among users

Particulars Conflictresolution 1 2 SiTUGtional O Wheretanks have not filled regularly or for long,villagers have almost stopped following conventions. problems O Whereregular flow or canalwater is the source,farmers are meeting and/or giving collective attentionto specificproblems. o Afew tankshave committees and farmers meet to preventconflicts and manage water. O A few tankshave systems such as farmers' meeting to decidewater charges for the secondcrop. O Thereis anunderstanding on waterdistribution where the communitysupports Neeruganti. O Savadiis accountableto DMIand not to the community O Conflicton accountof encroachment,absence or silitingup of field channels. O Neitherthe adminisbrationnor the communityis ableto handleencroachment and illegal practices.

1 2 C(Tntdl Implicationsfor . Morediverse is the natureof conflict,more difficult is the participation. participation * Convergenceof dominant interests in encroachment,water use, etc. caninfluence the participation. . Absenceof Neeruganticoincides with non-filling of tanksand non-participation. . Dominantinterests have been promobng undemocratic practices and persistence of conflicts. * Scopefor participabonis morewhere community has informal committees and conflict resolution process. Enabling > Identifysuitable and different layers of conflictresolving mechanism. Most commonly proposed processes optionsare mediation by villageelders, GP and officials. > Decentralisethe conflictresolving responsibility to sub-grouplevel. > Evolvepreventive support structures like Neeruganti, village meetings, etc. Non-negotiables V Approvalfrom the communityshould be mandatory, once in a quarter,on all decisionsand transactions. I Devisea mechanismfor conflicthandling as a first stepin the communityorganisation.

7.3.11.Policy recommendations relating to newattributes to the tank Particulars Newattributes to resources SiTUGtionalo Most commonfeature acrossthe tanks is encroachment:tank bed, catchmentand field problemsproblems o ~channel.Tank bed cultivation and temporary cultivation rights have contributed for encroachment O In somecases private tanks have been brought under DMI, but stakescontinue to be with a few. O The practiceof dominant groups divertingwater to non-commandarea, and problemsof absenceor encroachedor silted-upfield channelsadversely affect the tail-end farmers. Implication . Encroachment,water markets, illegallifting affect the participation Smallerthe sizeof the tank or commandfarmer, lesswill be the participation s for . community. of the whole participatio I Problemsof participationexist when issuesrelating to submergenceand un-demarcated n commandand tank boundariesexist. Enabling > Assessthe extent of encroachment and socialstatus of encroachers > Conducta surveyto demarcatethe area of tank. processes > If displacedare poor, providethem with alternatives > Involve them in the processof assigningor terminating their stakes, if any. > Catchment treatment as a part of tank rehabilitation. Non- V Declaretank as a protected area negotiablesv Constitutea task force to demarcate(to define boundaries)the tank and evict negotiablesencroachiers. /_Abolish or terminate all rights or pattasissued in catchmentand tank bed.

7.3.12. Policy recommendations to ensure inclusionof the vulnerable and equity in decision- making SEA/Final/lSEC/17-09-01 7-18

Particulars Inclusion and equity SiTUGtionalo Directusers are included, while vulnerable (women, landless, etc) areexcluded. problems o3 Thereis nocontrol on deadstorage for indirectusers. Problems o Thenumber of negativestakeholders is on the increase. Implication . Changeduse of tank canadversely affect wider participation s for participatio n Enabling > A dialoguewith villagersto worknew stakes through inclusion and exclusionbased on processes long term interestsand guidingprinciples. Non- v Representationto the affectedgroups in the TUG negotiables / Clearlyspell out the rightsof indirectstakeholders.

7.3.13. Policyrecommendations to preventthe controlof dominantinterests in tank rehabilitationprocess

Particulars Dominantinterests SiTUGtional0 Convergenceof interestsbetween contractors, local leaders and bureaucrats O WUCSsformed on politicalaffiliation problems o Exclusionof traditionaloccupants or localcommunity in fisheriescontracts o Top downimplementation of DMI 0 Thenexus between encroachers and revenue officials Implication . Legalissues or socialresistance can threaten the process s for . Re-emergenceof dominantinterests in WUCSscan prevent inclusive process participatio . Tankscompletely owned by a few householdscan also limit the wider participation n Enabling > Processto transformdelivery mode to participatorymode processes > Processto transformrent seeking to sociallyresponsible leadership. > Ensurethat there is transperancyand accountabilityin all aspectsof tank rehabilitation Non- negotiables

7.3.14. Policyrecommendations to ensurethe participationof the politicaland administrative bodies Particulars Politicaland administrativeparticipation SiTUGtional0 Controlledby dominant castes O0 Rentseeking leadership problemsproblems 0 Non-participationof womenmembers O Indifferenceamong officials on tank relatedissues. 0 Conflictsbetween PRIs and forest department in sharingthe productsof socialforestry, etc. Implication * Inter-departmentalrights over resourcescan come in the way of effectiveroles of PRIs. s for * Lackof technicalcapability. participatio * Inabilityto resolvethe conflictsamong resource users. n Enabling > EnablingPRI members to collaboratewith TUGincluding bringing changes in the attitude SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-19 processes andways of working out the costs and budgetsfor the public works. > Capacity-buildingof the staff of the line departmentsand PRIofficials. Roledelineation and transformation. Non- v Well defined role for PRIsand line departments. negotiables v Incorporating supportstructures for the provisionof technical and financial servicesin the tank rehabilitation.

7.3.15 Policy recommendations to ensure community participation and linkages among local organisations.

Particulars Communityparticipation SiTUGtional O Womenorganized into SHGs/SGSY;Farmer's cooperatives and milk cooperativesexist. Yet, problems there are no linkagesbetween different groups O Do not haveaccess to knowledgeand information Implicationsfor * Targetorientation and lackof qualityin the formationprocess may restrict their participation. participation . Multipleinstitutions can becounter-productive without synergy. . The socialbackground of members(women and depressed castes) may come in the way of their effectiveparticipation in tank relatedactivities. Enabling > Creatingleadership base at sub-grouplevel to enablethem to actas pressuregroup through processes appropriatecapacity-building inputs > Synergyand linkagesamong different institutions I> Existingorganisations can act as preSSuregroup provided that leadershipbuilding takes place Non-negotiables I Conflictresolving mechanism should be in place V Consultationat sub-grouplevel V Redeflnestakes with involvementof all the communitymembers.l

7.4. InstitutionalStructure, Capacity-Building and TrainingNeeds For EA.

The mainpurpose of this chapteris to suggestsuitable institutional arrangement for effectiveparticipatory planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluationof the proposedtank rehabilitationproject through communityparticipation. The roles and responsibilitiesof differententities and staff requiredat differentlevels are summarized below.

Institutionalstructure

7.4.3 Institutional framework needed at different levels Environment:Institutional framework 1) SinceJSYS does not haveexpertise in environmentalassessment, it is advisedthat the apex institution implementingthe tank rehabilitationproject should appoint environmentalcoordinator and staff with relevant skills such as environmental planning,environmental economics, water resourcesmanagement, agriculture and socialassessment. Set up a panelof environmentalexperts for consultation. 2) Appoint environmentalplanner, GIS specialistand a Hydrologistto prepare environmentaldata base and to analyzethe datafor planningpurposes. 3) Recruitenvironment specialist or environmentmanagement specialist at district level.

Table 7.4.1. Institutional structure at different levels for JSYS

Level | Position(s) | Responsibility JSYS(Apex) Environmental Coordinator and Assist in policy formulation, coordinating the Support staff with skills in environmentalassessment, coordinating the activities SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-20

environmental planning, of line departmentsand explainingtheir roles and environmental economics, responsibilities in the project for effective agriculture,etc. implementation of the project interventions, reviewingof implementationof mitigatingmeasures, environmentaltraining and awarenessbuilding

JSYS(Apex) Set up a committee of To review and guide the project staff on environmentalexpert for periodic environmental assessment, monitoring and consultation evaluation,mitigating measures, etc. JSYS(Apex) Appoint environment planner, To prepareenvironmental data baseand to develop GISand IT specialist spatialtechnologies capacity. Assistin trainingprogrammes District Environment specialist and Liaisonofficer between TUG and JSYS, supportstaff Helpsto resolveimplementation problems with the linedepartments at tank level, To advicetaluk levelfunctionary Trainingand awareness building Assist in monitoring and evaluation Taluk Environment specialist and Liaisonofficer between TUG and ]SYS supportstaff Trainingand awarenessbuilding among stakeholders Coordinateactivities For EA Assistin monitoringand evaluation SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-21

Chart 7.4.2. Role and responsibilitiesof different organizations

Level Organizat Composition Role Responsibilities ion 2 3 4 5 State Executive Developmentcommissioner, Policyformulation and Overallguidance in the Committe Principalsecretary, support implementationof the project e agricultureand horticulture, *> Coordination Monitoringand evaluation of Secretaryirrigation, Secretary *. Approvalfor tank projectactivities DMI,Secretary/director, rehabilitationactivities in departmentof watershed the state development,dept. of fisheries,Secretary / director, minesand geology, Secretary,PRI and RD, ExecutiveDirector. JSYS will be membersecretary and CEOfor the project State JSYS ExecutiveDirector, JSYS, Coordinationof project Planningand policy Subjectmatter specialists activities formulation (sociologist,environmenta Technicaladvice Technicaladvice & trainingto list, R& R, GIS,Hydrologist, *> Financialand districtlevel officers Agriculture,Gender, etc.). administrativesanctions *> Approvalof districtlevel * Coordinationamong programmes differentdepartments & to * Implementationof different identifythe roleand interventions responsibilitiesin the Monitoring& evaluation of project Projectinterventions includingEA & mitigating measures Initiatespecial EA studies in additionto generalEA when specificsafeguard policy triggers Identificationand commissioningadditional studies Distrct/ JSYS/ Subjectmatter experts, and *> Selectionof tanksfor v Monitoringproject taluk DMI supportstaff rehabilitation interventions Uaisonbetween JSYS at - Providingguidance and stateand taluk levels trainingabout environmental Coordinatingactivities at issues the tank(village) level Creatingenvironmental Providetechnical guidance awarenessamong for different stakeholders interventions/activities ConductingEA studies * Scrutinyof interventons * Assistingin planpreparation andimplementation *> Training and seminars District Z. P CEO,chairman of the sub- * Coordination * Coordinateactivities of line /Taluk committeeon agriculture or * M & E departments irrigabon,Heads of line * Technicaladvice and . Helpfinalize action plans departments,DMI/JSYS releaseof funds Extensionservices and officialwill bethe member promotionof improved secretaryand will monitor agriculturalpractices implementationof the project * Demonstration,guidance & at the districtlevel promotionof IPM Trainingawareness of environmentalissues 4 Discussionwith the farmers Studytours *: Training programmes/ seminars/workshops

Contd... SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-22

1 2 3 4 5 Tank PRI All the electedmembers of *: Facilitatingproject Liaisonbetween TUG and villagepanchayat activities otherinstitutions involved in Awarenesscampaign about rehabilitationof tank projectactivities Complementaryactivities like Awarenessabout drinkingwater and public environmentalissues health Promotionof issuesrelated to hygieneand sanitation NGOs LocalNGO or NGOhaving * Awarenessbuilding among *> Awarenessabout experiencein development stakeholdersabout the environmentalissues work projectbenefits, Promotionof practices environmentalissues leadingto sustainableuse of Facilitatinggroup action naturalresources Formationof TUG Discussionsamong the membersof TUG *> Basedon the adviceof the officialsconnected with the project Decisionsabout crop pattern basedon availability of waterand expertadvice. Tank/vill TUG Membersof TUG,other Planning + Identificationof major age stakeholders Implementation environmentalissues during M& O planningstage O & M *> Identificationof major activitiesrelated to catchmenttreatment Decisionsabout soil & water conservation,development of pastureland, silvi-pastoral system *> Desiltingof tankand proper disposalof silt *> Strengtheningof damand repairof sluiceand waste- weirs + Repairof mainand field channels. Adoptionof improved cultivationpractices * Croppattern decisions * Waterdistribution decisions * Monitoringenvironmental ______indicators Capacity-buildingand TrainingNeeds In orderto strengthenthe capacityof variousproject entities in effectively implementingthe EMPprocess recommendations, there is needto augmentthe skillsin eachof the projectentities involved with the project.The training needs at different levelsare presentedbelow. The needsare indicativeand not exhaustive. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-23

Chart 7.4.2. Capacity-buildingrequirements - environmental assessment

Level Contentsof trainining Duration Frequency Location Remarks programme 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUG Awarenessabout Oneor Onceat the Village Meetings/seminars members/stake environmentalissues and two days beginningof addressedby local holdersand their impacts andheld the project NGOs,and village Addressingenvironmental at periodic environmentalists Community issuesand mitigating intervals measures * Sustainableuse of natural resources * Importanceof soil and waterconservation. * Trainingin improvedfarm practices,water use,crop diversification,balanced nutrientapplication, IPM techniques,etc. > Importanceof sanitationfor betterenvironment, health, etc. * Monitoringof environmental parameters TUGoffice . Awarenessabout Two days Six months Village/ Seminarl bearers environmentalissues and interval research workshops/meetin their impacts stations/ gs,study tours . Addressingenvironmental Krishi and issuesand mitigating Vigyan demonstrations, measures Kendras distributionof * Sustainableuse of natural literature resources * Importanceof soil and water conservation. . Trainingin improvedfarm practices,water use,crop diversification,balanced nutrientapplication, IPM techniques,etc. I Officialsfrom * Environmentcapacity- 3 days Onceat the State& Seminars/ DMI & Une building beginningof district/tal workshops departments * Identificationof the project, uk levels environmentalissues and and mitigatingmeasures repeatedfor * Reorientationabout newstaff improvedfarm practices * Promotionof eco-friendly practices NGOs * Environmentalissues Two days 1 District/ Seminar/ * Impactassessment and taluk workshop mitigatinameasures PRI * Awarenessabout one day Annual taluk Seminar/ environmentalissues and workshop their impacts * Sustainableuse of CPRs a Promotionof environmental sanitation,public health, etc

Contd... SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-24

1 2 3 4 5 6 JSYS * Capacity-buildingfor 2 weeks Annual Bangalore Training environmentalplanning /district programmes/ . To develop environmental workshops/ knowledge base and seminars analytical capacity to appropriate modem analyticaltools to facilitate informeddedsion-making . Trainingin documenting and managingdata on naturalresources . Useof advancedGIS, modelingand decision tools . Monitoringand evaluation of environmental I parameters .

7.5. Institutional Framework for ITDP

This section aims to discuss the institutional framework for Integrated Tank Rehabilitation Plan, which includes components as follows: a) community organisation b) social c) environmental d) gender e) Resettlement and Rehabilitation.

It also focuses on institutions needed, structure, process, activities, staff required, their qualifications, linkages, capacity-building needs, and monitoring and evaluation.

Before these are discussed, there is a need to discuss the context in which the project is implemented and some important points that need to be kept in mind.

* The main goal of the project is poverty reduction through community-based rehabilitabon; this implies that tank is an entry point through which a series of activities and processes are to be undertaken to achieve poverty alleviation. This also implies that there must be adequate representation to the small and marginal farmers, landless, women and other vulnerable groups so that community participation is possible. There must also be mechanisms to ensure that the benefits of the project are equally distributed to all the concerned stakeholders. This process takes time, and requires certain levels of capacity at different levels before the project is initiated.

• The project visualises a strong commitment and participation from the community as a prerequisite. In this chapter - I, section 5.3 however, shows that the interests of different types of command farmers and indirect tank users diverge. Heterogeneity of interests is particularly dangerous for collective action when a fraction of resource users have alternative irrigation sources, more seriously when they are outside the area where the resource is located. The suggestion that regulations and penalties can create a new pay-off structures to encourage people to cooperate (Ostrom 1990) call for incorporation of incentives and disincentives for the participation. These appear as SENFinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 7-25

non-negotiablesin Section 7.1. The institutionalframework, especially at the tank level, needsto incorporatethe enablingprocesses for participationand non-negotiable principlesas dis-incentives and checks and balances.

* The projectaims at community-basedtank rehabilitationrather than addressingthe problemsof a tank on piecemealbasis. This impliesthat ITDP needsto ensure people'sparticipation, secure the interestsof directand indirect users (landless, women and artisans),neutralise the interestsof negativestakeholders, and undertakeworks on catchmenttreatment, desiltation, tank bund, waste-weirand commandarea developmentin an integratedmanner. Last, but not the least,institutional framework shouldhave adequate focus on communityparticipation as well.

* The project is implementedin a timeframe,and this impliesthat the institutional frameworksuggested should take care of time constraints.

* In view of the WUCSsformed in someof the villagesby DMI,the JSYShas to takecare of reorientingthem to the proposedorganisational structure of TUGand brigingthem into JSYSfold. In the process,lessons leamt from the formationand functioningof theseWUCS need to be keptin mind.

* The traditionalwater management institutions exist in manyof the villages;but, they undertakeactivities mostly related to waterdistribution, and in somecases dominated by vestedinterests. In mostof the cases,the vulnerableare not includedin these organisations.Hence, the structureand formation of TUGneeds to takecare of these issueswhile at the sametime not underminingthe goodand representative traditional managementinstitutions.

7.5.1. Formationof TUG

Takingthe aboveinto account,the studysuggests the followingrecommendations on institutionalframework. It must be, however,noted that there is need to discuss institutionalrecommendations. Care should also be taken in such a way that the discussionsshould not be put in a positionwhere dominant interests subvert rules intended to supportand protectthe vulnerablegroups. The facilitatorsneed to ensurethat non- negotiablesremain in place.

7.5.1.1. Structureof TUG

The TUGshould be formedat the tank level,and this shouldhave adequate and meaningfulrepresentaton from all the interestgroups. The TUGshould be linkedto other localorganisations such as PRIs,line departments,other usergroups such as SHGsand NGOs. A structureof a tank usersassociation is suggestedin Chart7.5.1. SEA Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-26

Chart 7.5.1: The suggestedtank users'association

GramPanchayat SupportOrganisations LineDepartments

TUA

Landless Women Smalland Occupational Affected Command Marginal Groups Groups Farmersfrom Othervillages

TXhemembership of TUG shall consist of:

• All farmersowning land in the integratedtank system(both down and up- stream),women and landlessfrom the villageand others(as indicatedin the stateholderanalysis in Section5.2).

* The TUGas an executivebody shall consistof representativesfrom interest groups. Theserepresent different direct and indirect stakeholders and include women,landless, small and marginal landholders, and bigfarmers from among commandfarmers, other occupational groups, SC/ST/deprived group, farmers from other villages,affected groups such as displacedand submerged,etc. Theserepresentatives shall get selectedand/or elected at two levels:at sub- groupand at tank levelin a gramsabha meeting.

* In Tankswhere more than onevillage own command, TUG should start at the village-levelsub-groups to committeeto tank levelTUG.

* Chairpersonof GPshould be madean advisoryor honorarymember of theTUG and shallattend all the TUGmeetings to facilitatean effectivelinkage between the two. Theconcerned ward member will be ex-officiomember. SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-27

* Officialsshall be includedas ex-officiomembers in the TUG for linkages, accountabilityof officialsand accompanying processes during the initialperiod.

Byelawsof TUGshould include the followingto protectthe interestsof andensure inclusive participation.

1. Primarymembership in generalbody and sub-group shall be necessary.

2. Vetopowers to womenand traditional users on deadstorage, to landlesson choiceof technologyin relationto desiling,to smalland marginal farmers on water distribution andto tail-enderson croppingpattern.

3. Fishingright to communitiesin the villagewith preferenceto those convenbonally engagedin fishing.

4. Regulatingpowers to TUGon groundwaterutilisabon both in the upstreamand down streamof the tank system,fishing rights, silt in the tank,etc.

5. Approvalfrom the communityshall be mandatoryon all decisionsand transactions includingfinancial ones.

6. Croppingregulation shall be introducedand violating farmers be penalised.

7. All farmersshould be maderesponsible for the maintenanceof fieldchannels

8. Powerto releaseand regulate water to bevested with TUG.

9. Powerto mobiliseadditional resources to operateand maintainthe integratedtank systemto bevested with the TUG.

The suggestedco-processes in TUG

1. Well-definedrole for PRIsand line departments.

2. Incorporatesupport structures for the provisionof technicaland financial services

3. Savingsand credit as an integralstrategy at subgroup level

4. Commonwells to run underthe controlof TUGto sustaininterests of tail-endersand put tank commandto continuoususe through drip irrigation, etc.

5. Supplementarysupport activitiesto sustain interests of landless,women and occupationalgroups.

6. Redefinestakes with the involvementof all communitymembers

7. Supporttraditional organising practices such as Neerugantl,village meetings, etc. SE FinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 7-28

8. If displacedare the poor, providethem with alternativesand enablethem to access supplementarysupport activities.

9. Synergyand linkages among different local insttutions.

7.5.2. The process

Giventhe abovestructure, TUGs could be formed in a phasedmanner. What is importantis that TUG buildingshould be seen as institutionevolving processthan mereTUG formation. This necessitatesa sequence of interventionsto build the capacityof sub-groupsand exert pressureon all the concemedfor an inclusiveand representativeTUG. Target-oriented approach needs to be avoided.

The TUGis to be formedat the tank level,and federation of TUGsshould be at sub-basinand basin levels to ensurethat the logicof hydraulicdynamics is takencare of. The linkageswith PRIsand line departmentsneed to be meaningfuland substantiveto ensurethat thereis convergenceof resources,avoid duplication and multiplication, address the poverty reductionconcems and ensurethat the sustainabilityof benefitsto the intendedtarget groups is ensuredin the long-run.

Thereis needfor supportinstitution (NGO, academic insitution and privatesector agency)to facilitatethe processon formationof TUG, provisionof capacity-building, provisionof assistanceto TUGin the preparationof 1TDPand implementation of the same, monitoringand evaluation of the process.

The proposedstrategy should comprise of buildingTUG based on informalrelations at sub-grouplevel to graduallyformalise the functioningand sustainabilityof TUG. This will have four phases; pre-planningphase, planning phase, implementationand restructuringand transfer phase. Each of thesephases is discussedbelow.

7.5.2.1 Pre-planningphase

Thisphase, esimated to take4 months,aims to organisethe communitythrough a seriesof preparatorysteps, which include:i) communityawareness and dialogue;ii) formationand strengtheningof informalcollective; and iii) graduatingsuch an informal collectveinto a moreformal instituton.

The primaryobjectives of this phaseare: a) identificationof differentinterest groups; b) capacity-building; c) strengtheningthe interestgroups to actas pressuregroups; and d) self-managementwithin an interestgroup is the expectedprocess output.

The stepsinvolved in this process

1. Providingawareness to the entirecommunity using cultural and electronic media. This couldbe on: whatis community-basedtank rehabilitation,why is it needed,how will it contributeto poverty reduction,why is there a shift in the thinking within the SEA'Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-29

governmentfrom that of earliersystem to community-basedtank rehabilitationand so on. This will improvechances of bringingin wider participation,transparency and accountability.

2. Identificationof interestgroups (such as womenin SHGsor outside),landless, small andmarginal farmers, artisans, big farmers,etc) and havinga seriesof meetingswith them.The meetingswith interestgroups could be usednot onlyto shareinformation but alsoas debatepoints on howeach of the interestgroups would like to participate in the tank rehabilitation,what factors can affect their interestsand what non- negotiablesare to be in place. Here,the focusshould be debatingwith the peopleto get their viewpoints,and facilitatethe emergenceof consensusamong different groups.

3. A simultaneousprocess of sub-groupformation and/or capacity-building is needed to evolvethem as a pressuregroup in the subsequentphases. Introductionof savings andcredit activity would be effecbtvein enablingthe groupsto meetregularly (once in a month,at least),incorporating self-management principles, building cohesion and democraticdecision-making in the groups.

4. The issuesraised by sub-groupsshould further be debatedin dialoguemeetings organisedbetween PRI members,officials and villagers. The supportorganisation shouldenable the emergenceof rulesand regulations relating to membership,rights andentitlements, activities, processes on decision-making,monitoring and evaluation in thesemeetings. The incentivesto enablethe participationof vulnerablegroups and dis-incentivesto neutralisethe interestsof negativestakeholders have to be worked out. Here,safeguards such as reorganisationof the alreadyformed WUCSand incorporationof goodprinciples in traditionalwater management institutions need to be provided.

5. Evaluatethe capacitiesof sub-groupthrough simpleand adequatecriteria (to be developedby JSYS).

6. Uponsatisfactory results, initiate TUG formation at the tank level. Thereis needto build members'capacities on TUG management,roles and responsibilities,and collaborationand linkageswith governmentand localinstitutions. The processshould also be used to delineateroles of TUG, membersof PRIs, NGOstaff and line departments.Also institutionalise group practices, such as organisingregular meetings, decision-making,members' muTUGI accountability, pro-poor approaches, etc.

7. Onthe basisof the performanceof TUGat the informalstage, it canbe evolvedinto a formalinstitution. Formalisation needs to be doneonly after this hasgone through a phaseof regularmeetings, collective and democratic decisions, building leadership base andinvolving in recordkeeping, financial management and resource mobilisation. TUG shouldmobilise the membershipfee from bothdirect and indirectusers to createthe tank maintenancefund which,with additionalresources mobilised from the project, wouldtake care of operationand maintenance of the tank system(excluding the major problemssuch as breachof tankembankment due to floods,etc). SEW Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-30

8. Membersneed to be trained on: different types of croppingpattern and the implicaffonsthat these have on waterdistribution, crop management practices, etc.

9. The TUG,in collaborationwith and/orassistance from PRIs,support organisation and line departments(revenue and surveyDepartments), would identify the extent of encroachedland and encroachers,negotiate with the encroachersfor vacatingthe land,determine the needand quantum of assistanceand recommend the rehabilitation packagefor the affectedhouseholds. After getting vacated, proper demarcation of the tank propertyis to be completedby putting boundarystones so that future encroachmentis prevented.

7.5.2.2. Planningphase

This phase,which could be for about3 months,aims to enableTUG to preparea comprehensiveand integrated tank developmentplan at the tank levelin coordinationwith and assistancefrom PRIs,line departmentsand supportorganisations. The expected outputis a documenton integratedtank development plan.

Steps 1. The staff of NGOsneed the to be trainedon PRAmethods to enablethem to ensure people'sparticipation in the identificationof issuesand activitiesrelating to catchment treatment,encroachment of tank bed, embankmentand commandarea, desiltation, etc.

2. Collectingbaseline information on social,environmental, gender and RRcomponents by usingthe indicatorsdeveloped by SEAteam. Developing and managing information on tank systemis criticalto improvesector planning and provide relevant knowledge to communitiesand support insbttutions.

3. The TUG,by involvingthe interestgroups and in co-ordinationwith and/orassistance from PRI, support organisationand line departments,would identify issuesand differentactivities that areto be takenup in relationto environment,social, gender and RR components.First, issuesand activitiesare intensivelydiscussed in the interest groups,and subsequently, they are finalisedin TUGmeetings. Mechanisms are to be built in sucha way that the viewpoints,interests, rights and entitlementsof different interestgroups are incorporatedin the ITDP.

4. The ITDPat the tank levelshould prescribe: * Methodand operational details related to catchmenttreatment. Unk with the existingprogrammes of watershedand land development department. * A method,process and timing of tank desiltationand disposal of silt. Choiceof technologyin desiltationis to be decidedby the interestgroups of landlessand womenagricultural labourers in theirmeeting, and their decision is mandatory. * Strengtheningof damand repair of sluiceand waste-weirs * Repairof mainand field channels. * Decisionsabout soil & waterconservation. * The methodand details on developinggrazing land and pastures. SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-31

* Methodof waterdistribution which should be evolvedat the beginningof the seasonand should have provisions for mid-coursecorrections depending on waterstorage to ensurethat equityconcerns are taken care of. * A croppingpattern for the commandarea in anticipationof expectedwater levelsin the tank. * Improvedcrop management practices. * Methodsof determinationand collection of userfee. * Monitoringand evaluationof the ITDP.

5. The ITDPshould prescribe the methodand timingof decisionon the level of dead storagefor domesticuse, fisheries, livestock and to meetthe interestsof occupational groups,if any. Provisionthat the decisionis to be arrivedat by the interestgroups of womenon deadstorage.

6. The ITDPshould, up front, suggestthe supplementarysupport activitbes that are to be taken to alleviatepoverty among the landless,vulnerable women and households adverselyaffected by the resettlementand rehabilitation process.

7. The ITDPshould delineate, through people's perceptions, roles and responsibilitiesof differentstakeholders, categories of works(self-supported, partly self-supported) and financialresources that can be mobilisedfrom the communityand obtainedfrom extemalsupport agencies. The ITDP should,within the broad frameworkof the project, arrive at financialresources that people can contribute,which include membershipfees, contributions in consonancewith the extentof commandland owned andlabour in lieuof financialcontributions.

8. The villagelevel TUG should then be assigneda set of tasksthat canbe takenup with localself-initiative. This will enableand bring the communityto participateand share the responsibilitesand gain the capacityto organiseand relatewith otherdominant interests. This can also be usedto demarcateareas for local self-initiativesand extemalinputs.

9. Whiledistributing the compensationto the affectedhouseholds as part of the R & R, the TUGneeds to be fullyinvolved. If the reliefand rehabilitation package includes the provisionof support to affected householdsto undertakeincome generating programmes,the rlTP shouldidentify the incomegenerating activities, support (credit, training,etc.) that needsto beprovided and plan of undertakingthese activities.

10.Finalise the 1TDP(with activities, resources (financial, human and material) time-frame, rolesand responsibilities).This shouldbe accomplishedwith parbtcipationof all the sections,in particular,the disadvantagedand vulnerable.

11.The state policyalso envisagesfederation of TUGsto developand managewater resourcesadopting integrated approach for a hydrologicalunit such as riverbasin as a whole or for a sub basin, multi-sectorally,conjunctively for both surface and groundwater.In viewof this,after testing the TUGperformance at the villagelevel, the gradualprocess of federatingTUG at the GPlevel and beyondcan be initiated. This bodycan be maderesponsible to deal inter-villageand inter-tankissues. It can be SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-32

delegatedwith responsibilitiesof integratingvillage plans keeping basin or subbasin as a unit,resolving conflicts, monitoring, etc. The taskof regulatingborewell sinking also becomesimportant in this regard. All plansshould be subjectedto validabonand technicalviability with the help of officials'responsible as againstpresent practice of sanction.

The institutionbuilding should, thus, start with interest-grouplevel consultations and graduateinto evolvingof tank levelTUG. After exposingit to necessarycapacity inputsand functionalprocess, it can be further graduatedby networkingor federating TUGsat waterbody level. Thisshould be attemptedmainly by keepingthe capacityof the communityin mindand there is needto avoidtarget-oriented approach.

7.5.2.3. ImplementationPhase

This phasewill last for aboutseven months and should ideally commence around January month to enablethe undertakingof catchmenttreatment and desiltationduring the agriculturaloff-season. This phaseaims at the implementationof the 1TDPby TUGin co- ordinationwith and/or assistancefrom PRIs, supportorganisation (NGOs, academic institutionsand private firms) and line departments. The expected output is role delineationand reorientationof the line departments,setting up of systems,capacity- buildingof the communityin tank rehabilitation,establishing meaningful linkages and synergies,and achievingmeaningful participation of the women and disadvantaged sections.

Steps 1. Arrivingat a calendarof activitiesto be implementedas part of the ITDP.

2. With regard to environmentalcomponent, the following activities are to be undertakenin this orderof priority. Catchmenttreatment wherever it is necessary.As a part of this, cleaningof naturalstreams and feeder channels is to be undertaken. Undertakingdesiltation operations and proper disposal of silt. Strengtheningof the tank embankmentand repairof sluiceand waste-weirs(if needed). Repairof mainand field channels. Plantingfilters and constructing silt trapsat waterinlet points. Plantingof fruit bearingand timber yieldingtrees in the foreshorearea of the tank. Developmentof pastureand grazing lands.

3. Technicalsupport services by line departmentsare important. This shouldbe based on a combinationof local knowledge,and environmentand engineeringaspects. Suitablecost effective solutions to be evolved,validated and assumed more on local decisionsthan sanctionprocedures. It is alsoimportant to build capacitiesof PRIs andline departmentsto providethese support services.

Theofficials in DMIhave limited technical capacity and are notspecialised in tankirrigation. SEAWFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-33

4. Financialimperfections can helpcontractors and other vested interests to take control of the local institutionbased interventions as well. Therefore,following measures becomeimportant. The estimatesor measurementof the works shall be the responsibilityof the committee,comprising representatives from the community,NGO, PRIsand officials. The approvalshould be subjectedto the externalcheck measure.

5. Mobilisingthe financialcontribution from the communityat pre-transferstage is a difficulttask. Thereis a possibilityfor the localinstitutions to resortto manoeuvring practicessuch as deductingfrom wagesto showthem as contributionsand in the process,escalating the costs. It is, thus, importantto assureminimum and equal wages,and entrust responsibilityto interestgroups. Formationof pressuregroup becomesnecessary to demandwages according to measurementand rates prescribed by the govemment.A systemof paymentto a groupthrough cheques is advisable.

6. Two aspectsneed to be mentionedin the contextof financialmanagement: First, all ad hoc investmentplans should be stoppedhenceforth. And second,monitoring resourceflows to avoiddelays and sudden spurt in activities.Any failure in this regard will haveserious implication on people'sparticipation and desired quality.

7. It is a challengingtask to promotesimple systems in estimates,releases, checking measurements,and recordkeeping at all levels. It is proposedthat while people playa dominantrole in thesetransactions, support mechanisms such as internaland externalauditing will assuretransparency in transactionsand minimisethe misuseof funds. Thesechecks and balancesare neededto assuretransparency and peoples' involvementin self-monitoring.It shouldbe, therefore,made mandatory for TUGto get approvalof all the plansand expenditurefrom the villageonce in three or six months.

8. From a genderperspective, the TUGmay haveto undertakethe followingactivities to addressthe fulfillmentof practicalgender needs.

First set of activitiesrelates to improvingthe accessof womento the tank so that their needsrelating to domesticwater use are met. Theseinclude: 1) assuredsupply of drinking water (whereverthe siTUGtionis worse due to damagedhand pumps and taps); 2) approachroads to the tank; 3) clearanceof bushesand other obstructionsand 4) repairwork in washingghats and water troughs,drudgery reducing gadgets (smokeless chulahs, bio-gas etc).

Second set of activitiesrelates to enabling women to undertakeincome generatingactivities such as kitchengarden, petty tradeand others. In this, it is important to link the intended target group to the existing govemment programmessuch as SJRY. In order to improvefood securitythrough non- agriculturalproduction activities, it is importantto ensurethat: 1) better and suitablelivestock (non-hybrid varieties as womenin a certainregions find it easy to rear them fodderoptions available) are madeavailable; 2) fishingrights to womenfrom villageswhere traditionallythey had accessto the tank for their traditionaloccupation (fishing); 3) loansfor developingenterprises like basket SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-34

making,rope making etc., whereverraw materialsare availableand localmarket exists; and4) provisionfor other raw materialsto securelivelihood.

Third set of activitiesrelates to measuresto improveagricultural production. This, in turn, involves;1) provisionextension services to women(crop specific and timely); 2) imparting awareness on sustainable natural resource management,conservation techniques, water use etc.; and 3) technicalknow- howabout the useof inputs.

9. The supplementarysupport activities for the landless,artisan groups and households affected in the resettlementand rehabilitationneed to be implementedby establishing linkages with the existing government programmes and line departments/banks.

10.Evaluation of this phaseis importantto learnwhat mistakeswere committedin the implementationand what correctionsare to be madein the institutionbuilding and restructuringphase.

7.5.2.4. Restructuringand transferphase

This phasewill go on until the end of the projectperiod. The mainobjective of this phaseis to buildthe institutionof TUGat the tank levelso that it becomesself-managing and sustainable.The expectedoutput is the establishmentof meaningfullinkages with PRIsand line departments,and restructuringin favour of community_ based tank irrigationand management.

Stepsinvolved in the process

1. With regardto environment,enable the TUGto arriveat decisionson the followingin co-ordinationwith and/orassistance from linedepartments, PRIs and support institutions.

At the beginningof the seasonand after ascertainingthe water levels(through traditionalwisdom of arrivingat wateravailable and what combinabon of cropscan be grown),enable the TUGto decidethe croppingpattern, schedule the releaseof waterand penal action on farmersviolating the croppingpattern. The simultaneousprocess is to decideon agriculturalpractices, input use and plant protectionmeasures in consultabtonwith linedepartments. Training,demonstrations and study tours to be organisedfor the membersof TUG.

2. Asthe projectvisualises increased people's responsibility, the reformshould begin with reorientationof officialswho are mainlyused to top-downand centralisedapproaches. This shouldaccompany with roledelineation and delegationbetween actors on different aspectsof management,statutory and regulatoryaspects, entitlements and resource mobilisationwith suitabledecentralised management practices. In addibon,present problemsrelated to inter-departmentalconflicts in sharingof resourceshave to be sorted out. A financialregulatory body should be evolvedto overseeand guidethe systemof taxationand extend financialsupport servicesto preventthe tank from becoming dysfunctionalon accountof suddencrises such as flashfloods, etc. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-35

3. Thelinkages between different sectors and programmes will alsobe an importantaspect of restructuring.For example,allocations to programmeslike socialforestry, watershed, drinkingwater, etc., shouldbe basedon the specificneeds identified and severity of the silJGtion. Hence,linkages with GPs would become important.

4. Translationof thesestructural changes will includeestablishing stakes and management capacitiesof diverse stakeholders. It would be based on characteristicsof each stakeholder.For instance, capacity-building to Gp 2 members(particularly those of women, SCsand STs) is essentialif GPshave to performthat role.The capacitiesof differentbodies needto be assessedand followedup with suitabletraining programmes and capacity- buildingmeasures to enablethem assumethe changedroles. Theseinputs should be integratedin sucha waythat they becomespread throughout the projectperiod.

7.5.3. Institutionalframework needed at the JSYSlevel

Gender

1) A staff memberis appointedin JSYSto lookinto genderissues. However, consideringthat the projectintends to mainstreamgender or women'sinterests and also internalizepoverty alleviation and social developmentof the communityand women,in particular,there is needfor a seniorgender expert. 2) Concerntowards women's developmentis the prime objective of the state departmentof womenand childrenand WomenDevelopment Corporation, among others.Since the questionof gendermainstreaming is morethan two decadesold, anda numberof programmesand officialmchinery to implementthem alreadyexist, it is desirableto utilisethese in the presentcontext. 4) Experiencehas shown that similar programmesand schemeshave only led to misuseand wrong selectionof beneficiaries,with little successin reality of the project.It is ,therefore,suggested that a convergenceof programmesfor womenis much better than independentaction plans.The JSYSshould collaborate with the WDCand WCDto designand implementits programmesfor gendermainstreaming. JSYSalso needsto collaboratewith the PRIsand NGOsto integrategender into developmentprojects. 5) A statelevel advisorycommittee is to be set up with the JSYSas the nodalagency. The membersof this group could be headsof state departments(that implement programmesfor women),representatives of NGOsand gender specialists. The roleof the state bodywould be to provideguidance to the projectat variousstages, and suggestthe appropriatelegal framework necessary for mainstreamingthe genderin the project.

2. If the state is seriousabout the role of PRIsin tankmanagement, it has to first strengthenthe GPon its present responsibilities.There is a risk involvedin providingadditional responsibilities. Which give rise to questionssuch as: what are the supportstructures to handlesuch responsibilities, what wouldbe cost implicabions, and who will meetsuch cost. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-36

R&R A major problemin resettlementimplementation and managementis the lackof an appropriateinstitutional framework at both the agency and field levels. It is importantto ensurethat appropriateagencies are in place, mandatedto plan and implement compensation,income restoration. For more details on institutional frameworkand monitoring, and on R&Rpolicy, please see Chapter-11.

Checklistfor R and R InstitutionalFramework

* Identifythe extentof displacementand resettlement. * Establisha resettlementunit or agencyto dealwith policy,planing, implementation, andmonitoring of resettlement-relatedissues, if resettlementis significant. * Calculatedetailed costs of all landacquisition, income restoration and resettlement componentsand make provision for budget. * Provideinformation on a continuousbasis to resettlersand hosts. * Establishhigh-level coordination committees for resettlementmanagement. * Involveresettlers, hosts, and NGOsin all stagesof resettlementplanning and implementation. * Promotefield operations(i.e. minutesof meetings,progress reports) to enhance institutionalknowledge about implementation practices. * Computerisethe data-basefor implementationand monitoringpurposes.

CommunityMobilisation: Institutional framework

Giventhat the goalof the projectis community-basedtank rehabilitation,the tasks of communitymobilisation, formation and consolidabonof TUGsin the selectedtanks, linkageswith line departmentsand PRIs,and interfacewith the local and other NGOs wouldbecome important to addressthe socialand communitymobilisation components. Hence,an experton CommunityParticipation (full time)needs to provideinputs to the tank rehabilitationproject. This person needs to have expertiseon both theory and operationalisationof collective acton principles,and on localorganisations including PRIs, NGOs,community-based organisations and line departments.Knowledge on hydraulic systemand agronomy is preferred.

Thereneeds to be expertson communityparticipabon at basinand sub-basin levels with previousexperience of workingin NGOsundertaking similar projectssuch as tank desilting,watershed, savings and credit,etc. Thereis alsoneed for trainingcoordinators with previousexperience of organisingtraining to peopleat the grassrootslevel as well as projectfunctionaries to coordinatethe trainingactivities at the level,as maybe applicable. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-37

Chart 7.5.2. Institutional framework - SEA

Levels Organization Activities Process Non-negotiable 1 2 3 4 5 State JSYS 4 Technicalsupport services * Work that does Environmental not confirmto assessment GOI or GOK Initiate specialEA studies in environmental additionto generalEA when or social specificsafeguard policy triggers legislationor * Identifyingthe needsfor World Bank additionalstudies environment Implementationof different safeguard interventions policiesshould * Monitoringand evaluationof not betaken rehabilitationactivities up. . Specialstudies when safeguard policiestrigger Line * Coordinationamong different * Periodicmeet- Departments departments ings amongthe * To identify roleand headsof the responsibilitiesin the project departmentsto facilitatesmooth participationat the lowerlevel of administration District/ ]SYS * Monitoringproject interventions * Throughdirect Taluk *> Providingguidance and training supervision aboutenvironmental issues * Trainingand * Creatingenvironmental seminars awarenessamong stakeholders * Conducting EA studies DDMI/line * Coordinatingactivities at the tank *>Discussion with * Practices department (village)level the farmers affecting * Providingtechnical guidance for *>Study tours environment different interventions/activities * Training and ecology. * Extensionservices and promotion programmes/ of improvedagricultural practices seminars/work- * Demonstrationsand guidance shops * Promotion of IPM Contd.... SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-38

1 2 3 4 5 Tank PRI 4% Liaisonbetween TUG and other * Decisionstaken in *> Decisions institutionsinvolved in the the official regarding rehabilitationof tank meetingsand sustainableuse Complementaryactivities like Gramsabha of CPRs. drinking water and ublichealth NGOs Awarenessabout environmental Groupmeetings issues with stakeholders Promotionof practicesleading to Seminars/train- sustainableuse of natural ing and resources demonstration

TUG * Identificationof major Discussions * Decisionstaken environmentalissues during amongthe at TUGabout planningstage membersof water *> Identificationof majoractivities TUG distribution relatedto catchmenttreatment *> Basedon schedule. 4 Decisionsabout soil & water theadviceof conservation,development of the officials pastureland, silvi-pastoralsystem connectedwith 4 Desiltingof tank andproper the project disposalof silt Decisionsabout *> Strengtheningof damand repair crop pattern of sluiceand waste-weirs basedon * Repairof mainand field channels. availabilityof 4 Adoptionof improvedcultivation waterand practices expertadvice. * Croppattern decisions 4 Waterdistribution decisions * Monitoringenvironmental indicators

7.5.4 Capacity-buildingRequirements

Communitycapacity is the ability of a communityto mobiliseand carry out collectiveactivities to solveits own problems(Narayan 2000). What is crucialto the projectis capacity-buildinginputs to facilitateinformation and knowledgeflow at different levels in relation to componentson environment,gender, R & R and community organisation.Before an acTUGItraining programme is undertaken,it is essentialto re- assessthe training needs,adopt appropriatetraining methodssuitable to levels of functionariesand utilisethe existingtraining modules and institutions. It needsto be rememberedthat state level trainingprogrammes are not enoughand appropriate;a mechanismof decentralisedand focused training strategy is needed. Further,focused follow-upto the trainingis neededfor it to havea desiredand meaningful impact.

Capacity-buildingrequirements in environmentalcomponent

In order to strengthenthe capacityof various project entities in effectively implementingthe EMPprocess recommendations, there is needto augmentthe skillsin SEA/FinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 7-39 each of the projectentities involvedwith the project.The training needsat different levelsare presentedin Chart7.5.2. The needsare indicativeand not exhaustive. SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 740

Chart 7.5.3. Capacity-buildingrequirements in environment

Levels Contents Duration Frequency Location Remarks JSYS * Buildingcapacity for environmental 2 weeks 1 Bangalore Subjectmatter planning specialistsfrom . To developenvironmental knowledge base different andanalytical capacity to appropriate institutionscan modernanalytical tools to facilitate imparttraining informeddecision-making * Trainingin documentingand managing dataon naturalresources * Useof advancedGIS, modelingand decisiontools Line * Environmentcapacity-building 3 days Annual State& Subjectmatter depart * Identificationof environmentalissues and district specialistsfrom mitigatingmeasures levels different ments * Reorientationabout improved farm institutionscan practices imparttraining * Promotionof eco-friendlypractices Line * Environmentcapacity-building 3 days Annual State& Subjectmatter depart * Identificationof environmentalissues and district specialistsfrom mitigatingmeasures levels different ments * Reorientationabout improved farm institutionscan practices imparttraining * Promotionof eco-friendlypractices NGOs * Environmentalissues 2 days 1 District/ Seminars/ * Impactassessment and mitigating taluk workshops measures PRI * Awarenessabout environmental issues 1 day Annual taluk Seminars/work andtheir impacts shop * Addressingenvironmental issues and mitigatingmeasures * Sustainableuse of CPRs * Promotionof environmentalsanitation, public health,etc TUG * Awarenessabout environmental issues 2 days 6 months Village/ Seminar/ office andtheir impacts research workshops/me bearer * Addressingenvironmental issues and stations/ et-ings,study s mitigatingmeasures Krishi toursand * Sustainableuse of naturalresources Vigyan demonstrations * Importanceof soil andwater Kendras distributionof conservation. literature * Trainingin improvedfarm practices,water use,crop diversification, balanced nutrient application,IPM techniques, etc. TUG * Awarenessabout environmental issues 1 day Annual village Meetings/semi memb andtheir impacts for each narsaddressed ers/ * Addressingenvironmental issues and of the by localNGOs, stake mitigatingmeasures topic, and holder * Sustainableuse of naturalresources and environmentali s * Importanceof soil andwater heldat sts. conservation. period- * Trainingin improvedfarm practices,water ic use,crop diversification, balanced interv- nutrientapplication, IPM techniques, etc. als * Importanceof sanitationfor better environment,health, etc. SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 7-41

Chart 7.5.4. Trainingfor variousofficials in-charge of R & R

Officials to be Trained Training focus Frequency Organisation ChiefExecutive Officer/Land * Landacquisition methods 4 Days/one StateDepartment AcquisitionOfficer/ * How to identify land,which does not affectthe time on LandSurvey Tahsildars/Legal Officers in projectarea and people? and Records, JSYS . Howto counselthe affectedpopulation in R & StateRevenue R andshow sympathetic attitude. Departments& Law Departments RevenueInspectors and Maintainingof recordsand accountsin the areaof 3 daysand Departmentof SecretarialStaff developmentalactivities of the departments annually Revenueand Accountant General'sOffice 3. AssistantDirectors of Implementationof RAPand extending 4 Days/One Research Socialwelfare dept and supplementarylivelihood support to the householdsTime Institution/Admin Directorateof Training affectedin R & R TrainingInstitute Affectedhouseholds in R & R a Identificationof viableand feasible income 3 daysand Training generatingactivities. annuallyas the institution * How to obtaincredit and othersupport from casemay be; at banks/governmentagencies. taluklevel * How to undertake the activities 4. AssistantDirector of In data collection,evaluation methodology of 6 Daysevery Deptof Eco& Statisticsand its staff internalevaluation during the project Year Statistics implementation. Officersin JSYS Monitoringand evaluation of RAP,assistance to 3 Daysevery Research affectedfamilies, and incomelevels of the Year organisations households suchas ISEC& ______IIM Chart 7.5.5: Capacity-buildingrequirements - community organisation

Levels Concemsfor trainingprogramme Duration Frequency Location Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 6 Communityas a * Whatis community-basedtank Oneday Onceat the Village Usecultural and wholein the rehabilitation? at interest beginning electronicmedia village . Whyis it needed? group of the . Howwill it contributeto level project povertyreduction? a Why is therea shift in the thinkingwithin the govemment from that of earliersystem to community-based tank rehabilitation? Staffof line * Why is there a changein the Twodays Onceat the Sub-basin Workshops departmentsand policyrelating to tanksfrom beginning level NGOs that of state managementto of the people'smanagement, and project, the implicationsof the same and on rolesand responsibilitiesof repeated the officialsand NGO for new functionaries. staff . What is TUG,the guidelines, processto befollowed, their own role andresponsibilities, the role of people's organisation,etc. * Inter-departmentconflicts, roles andresponsibilities. * Convergenceof resourcesand implicationsof implementation through SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-42

contractors. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Leadersof TUG Theprocess of tankrehabilitation Oneday Annual Taluk Discussionsand requiresrole transformation. So, roleplays there is needto initiatea simultaneousprocess to capacitate the community.The possiblearea couldbe: why roletransformation, whatkind of transformation,and howthis is to be achieved. DMIofficals -do- Oneday Annual District Workshops Leadersof TUG, * Whatis TUG? Oneday Annual Taluk Discussionsand representatives * Whatare the guidelines? roleplays; use of of PRIsand . Whatprocess is to be culturalmedia interestgroups followed? Treasurersof . How moneyis to becollected? Oneday Annual Taluk Discussionsand TUGand one * Wheremoney is to be roleplays; use of more deposited? culturalmedia representative * Howto maintainthe books? Neerugantiand * Rolein the contextof changed Oneday Onceat the Talukor Discussionsand Savadi perspectiveof tank implementa exposure role plays; management. tion phase trips demostration . Bestpractices followed in different tanks. Interestgroups Buildingtheir capacityto become Ongoing In the pressuregroups vis-a-vis TUG and metings othervillage groups of groups Women, Co-processessuch as savingsand Twodays Annualon Talukor Discussionsand landless,fisher- credit,income generating activities, eachof the at the exposuretiips folk, households linkageswit banksand exisiting topicsand village affectedin R& programmes as maybe level R, artisan needed 7.6. Monitoringand EvaluationStrategy - Environment Monitoringand Evaluation(M & E) is an inseparablepart of any project.M & E provideus the much-neededfeedback whether the projectimplementation is proceeding in the right directionor not?Is the projectdelivering expected results leading to desired effects, etc. Monitoringis an internal and inherent project activity and consistsof watching the progress vis-a-vis planned activities and collectionof some specific observationswhich could help understandif the desiredresults are likelyto be achieved. It alsocomprises some diagnostic analysis of ongoingactivities, which could help the projectauthority to locatethe gapsand act to carry out mid-termcorrections, if any. Monitoringserves the purposeof surveillanceand a sourceof data and informationon the scenariowhich get changed/ transformedthrough project interventions.

Evaluation,on the otherhand, is the assessmentof the project'sperformance in its variouscomponents as well as the impacton the target area and population.The evaluationprovides insights into reasonsfor successor failuresand justificationof the decisionon the project investment.M & E are complementaryprocesses and are importanttools for the successof the project.

7.6.1. Environmentaloutputs expected from the project

As discussedin the precedingchapters, rehabilitation of the tank systemis expectedto generatequite a few environmentaloutputs. These outputs are: SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 743

* betterland use; s conservedsoil andreduced soil erosionand siltation; * conservedand better soil environment; * betterand increased water availability; * improvedbio-diversity; * increasedquantity and quality of water; * improvedgroundwater; * enhancedproductivity and production; and * improvedecology and environment in the projectarea

7.6.2. Environmentalindicators

The indicatorsbasically are the parametersor variableswhich are unique,easy to quantifyand with identifiablesource and can be easily interpreted.Environmental indicatoris usedto evaluatethe successof the projectin meetingor achievingthe set environmentalobjective. For effectivemonitoring and evaluationstrategy, the set of environmentalindicators must be minimumwhich, after proper monitoringwill provide useful data indicating major trends in and impacts on the environment.The environmentalindicators are chosen from the baseline information, which were instrumentalin formulatingthe objectivesof the study for environmentalsafeguards. The list of indicatorsprovided here is indicativeand not exhaustive.Some of the importantenvironmental indicators are:

* Landuse * Soilloss / Soilerosion * Increasedperennial vegetation * Sedimentation s Accumulationof silt in the tank * Increasedwater level in the tank * Increasedduration for storedwater * Levelof groundwater * Useof organicmanure/compost * Increasedcrop yields * Employmentopportunities * Drinkingwater quality

7.6.3. Measuringthe indicators

Dataon theseindicators can be gatheredat specificintervals using appropriate tools, equipment/instrumentsand survey techniques.

* Landuse : Changesin the landuse can be monitoredfrom landutilization records or throughsatellite imagery and remote sensing. * Soilloss/soil erosion: Through run-off at gaugingstations. * Increasedperennial vegetation: Plant population, composition using vegetation surveys. s Sedimentation:Either by usingturbidity meter or collectingsample and allowing sedimentsto settledown and estimating the amountof sediment. SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-44

+ Accumulationof silt in the tank:Through simple measurement at the tank bed. * Increasedwater level in the tank:AcTUGI measurement of depthof water + Increasedduration for storedwater: Period * GroundwaterObservation wells: Groundwater changes using automatic water level recorder,piezometer tubes or usingfloat andtape to recordthe riseand fall of watertable or increasedarea under irrigation. * Drinkingwater quality: Laboratory

The brief outlineof the suggestedmethodology and monitoringtool againsteach principalenvironmental indicators have been presented in the Table7.6.1 The frequency of monitoringthe indicatordepends on the indicatorunder consideration.

Table 7.6.1 Principal M & E environmental indicators for the tank system

Environmental Detailsto be collected Monitoringtools Frequency Implementing indicator agency 1 2 3 4 5 Landuse Documentthe changesin land Dataon land usefor different Annually JSYS allocationfor agriculture, purposesshould be collected horticulture,pastures, plantation, systematically,which should reveal the tree plantation,cultivable waste, increaseor decreasein the area under fallow land,etc. particularhead. FormNo.7 with the villageaccountant provides these detailsfor the village data collectedthrough satellite imagary and remotesensing Soilloss / Soil Measuresthe soil erosiontaking Soilloss data from gaugingstation to Annually State erosion placein the catchmentand be analyzedduring critical run-off Agricultural evaluatethe impactof treatment spells,seasons. Using assigned university/ providedunder the project deliveryratio on-siteerosion can be Agril. estimatedannually and compared on Department year to yearbasis. Perennial Measuresthe extentof areaput Keepingrecords of area under Oncein two JSYS/TUG* vegetation underperennial plant coverand differentperennial plants and years (non-forest alsodiversification in plant periodicalupdate in the areaas well as areas) species plant species.Observations through .______field surveys can be used Sediments This wouldindicate the type and Sedimentcan be calculatedby using Annually JSYS/TUG natureand type of soil particles soil turbidity meter.The other method and extentof sedimentsin the is to collectwater sample from the tank. Thisalso indicatesphysical tank in a test tube. The particlesare qualityof water. allowedto settledown, the depth of soil/sandparticles in the test tube indicatesthe amountsof sedimentin the tank.The observationscan be comparedwith pastdata with comparable rainfall days. Accumulation Indicatesthe levelof siltationin Thiscan be measuredusing a simple Annually JSYS/TUG of silt the tank foot scale.The process/rateof siltation can be compared with past years Contd.... SEA/Final/ISECQ17-09-01 7-45

1 2 3 4 5 Increased Depthof water standingindicates The water levelat a specificpoint in Monthly TAU water level the quantityof water storedin the tankcan be measuredby usinga the tank andalso indicates polewith marking.The water level hydrologicimprovement or indicatesthe depthof water. Recordof otherwisefor greateravailability waterdepth by monthcan be usefulto or shortageof water duringthe comparewater levelsduring the year particular month over the years Durationof The periodof standingwater in The observationsabout the standing Periodic TUG storedwater the tank indicatesthe water in the tank and the monthwhen more during dependencyon tank for irrigation the tank dries up can be maintained summer as well as for other purposes and comparedover the years months Levelof The leveland volumeof water Samplewells/borewells should be Groundwater providesthe informationabout identifiedin differentparts of the Monthly TUG/JSY'S increasedavailability projectarea. The water levelsof these wells/borewellsshould be monitored at different time-intervals. Useof organic Changesin the quantityof Dataon useof organic Seasonal jSYS/TuG manureand organicmanure /compost and manure/compostand chemical agro-chemicals chemicalfertilizer used by the fertilizersused in the crop production farmersin the projectarea will in the projectarea indicatesustainability of ______production system Crop Percentageof areaunder Dataon areaunder different crops in diversification differentcrops before and after the commandarea can be gathered Seasonally JSYS/TUG: interventionwill indicatecrop andcompared over the years. diversification Cropyield Comparisonof presentyield levels Comparisonof the presentyield levels Annually TUG/JSY5 of major aops in the villagewith of majorcrops with the baselineyield the baseline yield indicatesthe projectimpact Testing To checkpollution and ascertain Samplescollected from borewellsused drinkingwater qualityof water for drinkingwater purpose can be sent Periodically JSYS/TU G i______I to Govt. laboratoriesfor analysis * TankUsers' Association

7.7. Socialand EconomicMonitoring and Evaluation EstablishingBaselines of KeySocial Parameters for Monitoringand Evaluation

The Project being primarily a poverty-alleviationoriented programme,it is necessaryto take into accountthe severalfactors related to social and economic conditionsof differentsections of the community,particularly among the stakeholders. The SAteam lookedinto the matter and identifiedcertain key socialparameters that shouldgo into the M andE aspectsof the project. A few pointsare to be bornein mind in this regard.

First,recording the baselineinformation cannot be entrustedmerely to eitherthe officialsof the departmentsconcerned or to an independentagency. The processof monitoringand evaluationshould be participatory.It is recommendedthat the TUGs,in collaborationwith the facilitatingNGOs, should gather information on the items listed below.

Second,the set of informationhas to be collectedroutinely at the end of every six months,preferably coinciding with the completionof Rabiand Kharifcrops. SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 746

Third, it is essentialthat the membersof the TUGbe trained in collectingand processingthe informationfor the purposesof M and E.

Fourth,the set of informationto be collectedshould be borneout of the specific objectivesand strategiesof the TUGconcerned (for it is assumedthat the TUGswill be encouragedto undertakeobjectives that are beyondwhat is givenas guidelinesby the JSYS).Therefore, the itemslisted below are onlyto be takenas generalindicators and not exhaustive.

KeySocial Parameters:

The following data need to be collectedfor M and E from the social and economicpoints of view (inexhaustive,but indicative):

Time period: A year before, during the project, and after completionof the Rroject:

* Wagerates for malesand females,and children,for differenttasks in the command area. * Timetaken for fetchingwater from wells/ pumps. * Dry spellsin the villagewater sources * Seasonalcropping pattern * Areairrigated and variation in cropyield. * Averagenumber of days a personworks as wageworkerin the commandand elsewhere. . Numberof personsengaged in wage-workrelated seasonalmigration, and the lengthof stayaway from the village. * Wheredo womenwash clothes and vessels, and the frequencyin a day/ or week? * Qualityof waterin the tank,and the groundwatersources in the village:incidence of water-bornediseases. * Availabilityof fodderfor cattle. * Numberof cows,buffaloes, bullocks, sheep and goats, and yield from milchanimals. * Samplehousehold's economic and human developmentdata: monthly income, consumption,and livingstandards, nutrition, health, education, girl childstatus, etc. * Changesin the landmarket. * Time spentin fetchingdrinking water from the source(specify the source) * Watermanagement practices, incidence of deviation,etc.

FormatData from IndividualHouseholds (Indicative and notexhaustive) Categoryof the Household:Landless/ Small/Marginal/Big Farmer/ Artisan/ Sharecropperor tenant/Migrant worker Extentof landin the Tank'sCommand Area: Extentof landoutside the Tank'sCommand Area" Village SE. Final/ISEC/17-09-01 747

Membershipin TUGsince: Particularsfor the Household

Year 1 (Rabi) Year I (Kharif) Year II (Rabi) Year II (Kharif) Cropsgrown and area Yield No of Irrigations Wages paid Wages earned

Monitoring methods: Part I

Financial Activities/ Performance/Process Impact Outputs 1 ~~ ~~~23 4 5 VillageLevel Tank TUG'sbank Monthly/bi-monthly . Attendanceby Participatoryimpact UseesAssociation passbooks, meetings. members,specially monitoring savingsledger, Trainingledger by vulnerable Developmentof impact (Prinapalexecutive receipt& payment groups. indicators,for e.g., bodyresponsible for book, Milestones: +income implementationand cashbook, . Listingdifferent *savings resourcemanagement) loanledger stakeholders. Percent covered * knowledge/awareness . Groupformed (villagepopulation .individualskills . PRAand tank anddifferent *femaledecision-making improvement stakeholders) *networks& linkages planningincluding *TUGinfluence in the farmer/plot-wise . PRAdocumentation, community plan costestimation * Commonworks Participatoryimpact * Phase-wise * Representatives;cash monitoring: treatmentplan andkind component; *community development of impact indicators * banka/c opened *collectionof dataon the . Receiptof funds following: from peopleand . Changesin the plan JSYS approvedby GBM Watershedresources - . Commencement . Publicdisplay of *water resources; of Work expenditure& *cropyields . Proceedsfrom worksin villages *croppingpattems saleof silt, sand, againstplan - *tree cover seasonalcropping noticeboards, wall of tankbed, magazinesand maps Livelihoods- fishingrights, user *income charges,etc. *security * coping *credit access

Institutionalchange - *knowledge/innovation *collectiveaction/ rules, agreements * resourcemobilisation *conflictresolution *extemallinkage SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 7-48

Part II Planning Physical Livelihoods Monitoring * approval of action *Seasonalreview. Changesin selected achievementsand plansand *Quant/qualitative indicatorsin a sampleof ensuringquality: aggregatedtank *Survival rates households/individuals. particpaton, equity, plans *Protection/maintenance *income genderpanty and . security impacts Consolidated Programmecompletion *assets monthly 1 progress reports 'evaluations' * migration reports from NGOs/ (i.e., review of *credit sources repors achievementsof TUGs Individual programmes in relation to project Livelihoodimpact in 10 objectives- work done, case study villagesagainst Reportto District participation,technical baselinelivelihood system RteprtnCmite problem,benefits and studies Steering Committee distribution, recommendationsetc.) Institutional studies report to rSYS To JSYSand District Resourcemanagement Quartery Report to level steering Villageinstitutions JurtSyS Rprto committee.

SHG/ThGs Aggregate group monthly financial and 6 monthly, status reports at the Tank level. Analysisof: *Capital accumulation lLnding/repayment rates * Distribution/equity.

OverviewGroup Audit and processMonitoring

Annual review of NGO performanceagainst MoU and agreed indicators.

Reporting: Monthlyprogress report (short) quarterly/ 6monthly report Individual case studies Reportingto District SteeringCommittee SEAkFinaV/iseq/17-09-01 8-1

Chapter 8

GENDERSTRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

8.1 . Introduction

The need for gender mainstreaminghas arisen because of the fact that the gender based division of labour has evaded women from accessing control over resources and making their participation visible and independent.This dependent status of women is clear when we find that hardly 1 per cent of the women from these villages are owners of agricultural land. This is despite the fact that women form more than 60 per cent of the work force in agriculture and related occupationsin villages. More than 90 per cent of the activities that provide sustenance to people in villages are carried out with the support and involvement of women.

The project proposal recognises that "women are marginalised from local decision-making for 'socio-culturalreasons". But as evidenced in the field and documented in the stakeholder analysis (social and gender), women are the primary stakeholders in the benefits of the project. They are part of the socio-economicmainstream of the village in its dependenceon the tank. Women's knowledge about its managementand their experiencesand strategic use of its resources during crises situationsare high. Their potentials have to be made use of by the project to achieve its stated goals of communitymanagement and maintenanceof tanks in a sustainableway.

8.2 . Focus of the Project

The present project intends to focus on poverty alleviation and social development of women through:

a) proper identificationof themselvesas an important 'user group'; b) ensuring that 'their' claims to water as a natural resource are recognised and protected, and c) creating an enabling environmentfor rural women to participate in the decision- making processes in the use and managementof natural resources.

1 SEA/FinalVisecl17-09-O1 8-2

Chart8.1 Problemand Hypothesis Problem Hypotheses Gender concerns in tank Improvement and management is the Ensuring greater participation of women in commnunity-based identification of institutional and socio-cultural factors relating to efforts to manage a natural resource like the tank would raise access to water, its distribution and sharing, maintenance and expectations that women are able to break their traditional, repair, etc., where gender relations between men and women marginalised status and achieve empowerment to take on determine the process. managerial roles and decisions. There is need for strategic interventions to tackle the age-old gender based division of labour and developmentof capabilities of women to identify their needs by themselves and to take appropriate decisions and to mobilise communityresources and support.

8.2.1. Objectives

The projecthas the following objectivesin addressinggender issues:

1. To understand the socio-culturalset up in these villages that determineswomen's use of tank and to estimate the changes that tank restorationwould bring about among women. 2. To understand the participation of women in organizational practices and other such avenuesto create an enabling environment. 3. To delineate the various forms of alienation,risks, negative impacts if any, on sections of women. 4. To suggest suitable organizational and institutional strategies to mainstream gender in the project.

The first three objectiveshave been addressedat appropriatecontexts in the preceding chapters.This chapteraddresses gender in the projectby way of certainstrategies and suggestsan actionplan to implementthem.

8.3 Mainstreaming Gender-Strategies and Action Plan

8.3.1. JSYS' organizationalstructures and processes Keeping goals of gender mainstreaming,the project management and the process shall consist of the followingfeatures:

1. The initial period for formationof Tank Users' Associations shall be one-year beginning only after an initial awarenessdrive and capacity-buildingexercises for women and men.

'Inclusion of 'gender'as an issuein socialdevelopment has gained 'legitimacy' during the lastthree decadesor so, in a contrastto women'sissues. Theoretical emphasis on women'sdevelopment havingundergone changes in the pastfew years,and many divergent strategies having arrived on the scene,gender mainstreaming strategy has come to achieveprimacy since the fourthworld conferenceof the UnitedNations on women,held at Beijingin 1995.

2 SEAMFinal/isec/17-09-01 8-3

2. Local Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) (wherever they are present and working) shall be involved in the process. 3. The needed support services may be arranged through an agency under the administrativecontrol and supervisionof the Jala SamvardhaneYojana Sangha (JSYS) as the nodal agency. 4. A state level project support and monitoringcommittee or unit shall be set up to assist the project co-ordinatorin gender mainstreamingat the JSYS. It will be supportedby a team of academicians specialised in the field of rural development, gender, environmental,politico-administrative issues. 5. It is proposed that no new staff may be engaged. The agency set up for the purpose shall engage supportive/expert staff on short-term contract/deputation basis and on consolidatedemoluments. All this will take place under the control of the JSYS.

6. There is need for placing the services of more number of women in the project specially to associatewith the work at the grassroots level. They can be placed to work at district, sub-district or taluk and village/tanklevels. Their duties shall include motivatingwomen (and men) to join the TUG by creating awarenessabout its unique features. In most of the villages, women neither know about this programme nor aware of the formation of the JSYS.

- These women staff must be willing to participate in community awareness programmes through participatorymethods. * They shouldbe willing to stay back in villages, if necessary. * They have to be prepared to travel extensivelywithin the block or taluk. * They should have a minimum level of dispositiontowards this theme of mainstreaming women in communitymatters.

3 SEA/FinaV/isec/17-09-01 8-4

Chart8.2. JSYS'organizational structure

Level Organisations Needs Responsibilities State AdvisoryCommittee consisting of: Policyformulation and Management of TUA, Principal Secretary, Government of Karnataka, support guidance, implementation, Secretaries from Departments of Agriculture, best practices, M & E Women & Child Development, WDC, Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe Development Corporation, Social Welfare, Horticulture, Fisheries, Forestry, Rural Development, Animal Husbandry, Heads of Line Depts. Like Sericulture, Horticulture, Minor Irrigation,Fisheries, Tribal Development,etc. District Zilla Panchayats(Chief ExecutiveOfficers and Co-ordination,M & E Advice TUA on gender members from standing comnmittees),other depts. Technical support, fund mainstreaming,give support flow and infrastructure by pushing schemes, in for women's planning and development implementation, review of work. TUA Women's groups, NGOs, PRIs, othernon-formal Preparatory work to Mainstreaminggender and formal groups mobilize women to Ensuring women's become members of participation in planning, TUAs, and other such implementation, participatory groups like maintenance, asset creation, community-based income generating activities organisations(CBOs), (IGAs), ensuring Village Forest transparency, beneficiary Committees(VFCs), etc improvement by appropriate Iinterventions.

Other duties of women staff are to prepare women to equip themselves for both membership in TUA and for voluntary contributions. They should enable women to develop self-confidence in participation and to bargain for their rights and stakes.

8.3.2. Local organizations structures and processes

The TUA is responsible for the implementation of the proposed project's goals to be shared between TUA, NGOs, Grama Panchayats & Self-help Groups (SHGs) at the village; and between the TUA, NGO and ZP at the district levels.

The processes include: * Framing of components of tank ownership between people, i.e., users, local formal and informal groups, etc, with gender mainstreaming by membership, participation and transparency. * Management of beneficiary contribution and funds, accounts maintenance, etc. * Transparency, accountability, sharing of information, etc. * Social audit.

4 SEWFinal/isec/17-09-01 8-5

* Operation & Maintenance for training, motivation, collection of funds for the Pest Project, maintenance of project funds. * The TUA has to strive for social mobilization by - building awareness among women and men; - involving women from all sections in the Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs) and planning process; - introduction of TUA at Grama Sabha; - entering into agreement; - registration of TUA; and - gender endorsement at every stage.

* Development of a Micro-Participatory Women Development Plan or Sub Plan in the project.

+ Tripartite agreement between the TUA, GP/ZP and local NGO to mainstream gender in all policies and programmes; development of women development schemes.

+ Membership in TUA shall be at the household level, and both husband and wife (or a man and a woman) shall be representing the household. However, steps should be taken to prevent women from being subdued or silenced by the men in the household. For this purpose, it is proposed that at least three or four meetings at the TUA level be held exclusively by women members to review and endorse the decisions taken by the general body of the TUA.

+ The office of JSYS at the district level should be associated in its work by a gender specialist who will play a proactive role in mainstreaming women into the project. This facilitates co-ordination with the work of line departments, of JSYS and NGOs to strengthen the on-going processes of communication, training, documentation, motivation of women to join TUA, and to act as links between women's groups (SHGs) and the TUA. * The gender specialist will ensure not only inclusion of women in the TUA, but she/he will also facilitate their active participation by arranging for 'capacity-building and training exercises. * The gender specialist will also take on the responsibility of monitoring the impact in terms of increased bargained power for women in TUA activities. From their side she/he will ensure that representation of women is on stakeholder basis. The local officers of line departments, office bearers of TUA, representatives of the NGO will be trained and sensitized to see that the women members are made responsible for what they bargain for. * The role of gender specialist should enhance the sustainability of TUA. This presupposes that the specialist will bring in more of integrating gender needs than only speaking of women's discriminated status. There is need to make people (men and women) understand the need for giving representation for women in TUA although their needs

5 SENFinaV/isec/17-09-01 8-6

are considered as secondary in the local arrangement of demands from the tank, when renovated.The invisible contributionof women in agriculture,despite not owning lands, has to be establishedand rights sought for. * What is needed at the field level is not just a gender expert but somebody who can integrate gender analysis into motivating women to join TUA, capacity-building, training skill formation, introducing income generating activities and sensitize the staff of JSYS and other line departments. * Women members of the TUA will be part of all planning, social mobilization and capacity- building exercises, assistedby the NGO. * The ZP will give its complete support to the TUAs in its jurisdiction through participatory planning, co-ordination, convergence of programmes for development, regular monitoring& evaluation, etc. * The JSYS will take care of M & E of line departments.

8.4. Different levels of the project's and village's monitoringand learning systems There shall be concurrentprocess monitoring,besides evaluation and impact studies. The frameworkfor M & E shall follow from a set of indicatorsbased on the following:

General Indicators a) Women'spresence and active participationin TUA b) Roles of women in the establishmentof stakes for women c) Conflict resolution and equity (in the light of heterogeneity of women as stakeholders) d) Village level special characteristicsrelating to caste, culture of occupations,gender division of labour, etc e) Leadershippattern

Financial Indicators a) Contributionand bottlenecks b) Role of SHGs and income generationthrough economicactivities of members c) Proportionalcontribution and stakesto women

Empowerment a) Autonomyin management/leadership b) Self-assessment-development of variablesby self

Impact Monitoring a) Better economic avenues to women (poor and destitute among them) income, employment,etc; b) Quality of economic enterprisesimproved and reduction in drudgery;

6 SENAFnal/isec/17-09-01 8-7 c) Better infrastructure like drinking water, creation of dead storage, fuel wood, fodder, etc., better source of raw materials for conventionaloccupations d) Patterns of expenditureon food, clothing, asset formation,etc. e) Educationof the girl child, reductionin child labour

Organisational Structure for M & E

Expertsin participatorymethods, genderexperts, specialistsin Rural Development, andothers responsible for bringingabout change through bottom up approachwill be involved. There shall be separate organisationalunits for M & E at micro-levels.The approach of M & E would be bottom up with the woman as the first priority followed by HH, village, tank, GP, block and the district.

Process Monitoring

The key terms for process monitoring are sustainability,gender, participation, equity and involvement. The indicators for monitoring will have to be developed at each tank- micro level based on local factors. However, a broad indication of monitoring are as follows: - frequency of meetings of TUA, - the extent of participation by women, - their frequency of participation, - constraints, - participation in decision making, - in repair and maintenanceworks (both decisions, cost and work), - matters relating to fund flow etc are important. - An inventory of indicatorswill have to be drawn up by the JSYS in co-ordination with the gender specialist.

Experience is that developmentprojects, because of lack of regular and proper, M & E, have affected women negatively. The key issue ihere is to see that the developmentprojects like the one on hand shouldnot marginalisewomen further.

The key areas for monitoringare representationfor women from various stakeholdergroups; - protection of their interests; - equitable spread of project benefits amongwomen; and - interest groups (like the large farmers., dominant castes, sand lifters, brick makes, encroachersetc) are not affectingthe implementationor progress of project.

7 SEA/Final/isec/17-09-01 8-8

The agency for monitoring shouldbe external to the local situation to tackle or counter interest groups. However, it may be biased in its own judgmnentdue to random interviews made among the stakeholdersor people/women;or fall into the trap of interest groups due to being alien to the whole situation. Cross-checkingof data is useful here. Self-evaluation should be encouraged.Revision of action plans based on the extent of impact and utility is another issue here.

Impact Evaluation

Impact evaluation depends on identificationof appropriateindicators at the field level. These may have to be evolved in the field by women themselves. The items in the lists shouldminimally address: - participation,attendance, sharing of responsibilities - decision-making - role play - space to women who are weak, low in status and poor

The responsibilityfor evaluation shouldrest with the SHGs.

The frequency of evaluation may be decided depending upon the situation of the level of developmentof village, exposure,staff pattern, conflicts and consensus,etc.

Another option is to revive the baseline data collection once in 4-6 months, i.e., before and after the project or with TUA or without TUA type of situations.

Assessmentof outcomewill be after 6 months to one year. There shall be a pre-handingover-assessment of the situation in terms of: - collective action - gender representation - vulnerabilityof women based on class, caste, difference in access to water, other infrastructure,decision-making literacy, exposure,etc. - viability of IGA introduced - links with other institutionslike grama panchayats - links with line departmentsand Departmentof Minor Irrigation (DMI) - functioningof SHGs, other community-basedgroups and their role in bargaining for better benefits.

8 SEA/FinaVisec/17-09-01 8-9

Chart 8.3. Model impactassessment sheet for gender

Areas of impact Nature of impact Remarks

Food Fuel wood Fodder Water Raw materials infrastructure land use productivity

8.4.3. Steps in launching IGA for Women

Step 1. At each community level ascertain the skills, needs, and willingness on the part of women for different IGAs.

Step 2 To assess through participatory means, the viability2 and sustainability of the programme, to minimise competition with the community; and identify different IGAs as either at:

Group level, or Individual level

Step 3 Facilitate institutional structure for group activities; and for both provide the necessary training for capacity-building.

Step 4 Short-list and phase-out the beneficiaries

Step 5 Mid-course review of each IGA for learning lessons

8.5. Capacity-Building for Different Groups

Given the poor record of women and officials at different levels in involving women in development projects, capacity-building is to be targeted for the following:

* Women members of TUA: of the rural women who either become members or who need to be motivated to do so. * Officials at the Taluk, District and State (JSYS) levels: animators, para-extension staff, members of NGOs, village level functionaries, line departments, etc.

Capacity-building is expected to have certain specific orientations. For example:

9 SEA/Final/isec/17-09-01 8-10

* The techniques of building capacities must be accompaniedby support services like sponsoredworkshops and farmers'meets, exposuretours, extension services, etc. * It should be supported with designing and undertaking viable income generation activities. * There is the utmost need to develop the knowledge base and capacities from a grassrots point of view, rejecting the usual models which are 'donor based'. Indigenous needs and people's values, attitudes and culture should be the considerationrather than the mandatorygender training schedules that tend to baring more disparity than that really exists in our villages. If necessary capacity- building has to be extended to the couple as one team than insisting on only women to undergo it. The motive should beto win over the rigidity of male domination and patriarchy than to counter it and make women's lives more miserable.

TrainingNeeds Training needs include such areas as capacity-building (CB), community mobilisation, awarenessand knowledge,participation, contribution and sustainability.

Table 8.1. Gendertraining

Levels Componentof training TUA - women members Awareness about the need to join, benefits, risks, short- termnand long-termneeds SHGs How to integrate women's interests into TUA. Role of SHGs in collective action PRIs - GP women members Women leaders in social mobilization ; representative role for vulnerablewomen in TUA, women in NRM PRIs -ZP women members Overall M & E Implementationof schemes Fund flow Line departments Necessaryinput supply Extension services pertaining to technology, drudgery reduction, efficient methods, productive jobs, etc, infrastructure for activities and integration

10 SENFinal/isec/17-09-O1 8-11

Training is to be imparted by experts in the fields of gender, rural development and watershed.

8.5. Gender mainstreaming

Identifying special actions by the project at the village level to overcome strategic gender bias, including additional support for women in villages, incentives for staff/implementing agents for high performance against gender sensitive indicators and political and legal literacy within project locations. (Only additional support for women will be discussed here as the others have already been discussed under other headings)

From the sample 50 villages, consultations and PRA with women have shown that agricultured production depends on tank as a resource. About 30 per cent are landless and more than 50 per cent of people (men and women) go for agricultural wage labour. In central and north Kamataka, a number of pastoral groups live for whom non-agricultural occupations are livelihood strategies. These are seasonal, hence migration during summer is common. Land based pastoral, service and artisan communities are affected due to the drying up of the tank. Small percentage of tank users for agriculture is from these groups. The presence of these communities varies from village to village in the region and across regions. SHGs are not common everywhere. These and other organisations lack skills necessary for meaningful IGA.

IGA have to be chalked out as 'Tank Plus Activities' for them, on a demand driven, village specific, and sustainable basis. To the extent possible, women-centred Tank plus Activities shall hinge with the existing GoK and GoI programmes and policies to derive the maximum benefits without taxing the TUA. Situational analysis and lessons learnt tell us that there are several supplementary income-generating occupations, but they are usually seasonal and subsidiary in nature. Men are not involved in these as workers. Whatever livestock rearing exists is confined to catering for domestic need and not for commercial use. The programmes of DWCRA implemented through the SHGs have failed in most cases/villages. It is therefore necessary that the training given as part of capacity-building aims at making these programmes more meaningful to women thereby making the ventures successful.2

Chart 8.4. Gendermainstreaming as a povertyalleviation strategy in tank improvement project

Strategies Issues Links with gender Targeted initiatives Targeted sectionsof people ii 2 I3 I4 I5 1. Integra Remove the Establishment of links Training, capacity- Often gender mainstrearningand -tion as a artificial divide between various poverty building, credit, poverty eradication have not

3 Ust of prominentincome generating activities currently practiced in these villagesis givenin annexure 8.2

11 SEA/Final/isec/17-09-01 8-12

Strategy between social, alleviation strategies and employment and focused on each other's policies. economic and gender mainstreaming in income generating The common factor is the poor organizational tank project avenues woman. issues related to policy 1 2 3 4 5 2. Integra- Poverty reduction Address practical gender Ensure food security, Vulnerable among women like tion of the and empowerment needs promote self- women heading their poor employment through households, deserted and women greater access to widowed women, women from assets, increase wage households affected by project, employment and women from SC, ST and improve access to pastoral communities. basic social services 3. Food Improvement in Sustainable livelihood Self-employment Vulnerable among women like Security quality of life of that would promote schemes, women heading their women gender equality Micro-loans, households, deserted and Wage employment widowed women, women from schemes, households affected by project, Promotion of basic women from SC, ST and education and health pastoral communities. care

4. Not to reduce Develop gender sensitive Promote policies and Target the rich and dominant Environm poverty at the indices for collective collective action to forces in the village as the ental expense of the action to conserve the reduce poverty and source of the problem and as safety environment and tank conserve nature causing environmentaldamages, not to conserve (tank). by diverting water, creating environment at the Improve and market for water, over- expense of poor integrate poor utilization of land, etc. women'sneeds women's control over the tank as a natural resource. This gives them a strong motivation to protect it. Create a set of incentives to rmotivatethe women to conserve and _regenerate the tank. Good Women identified Greater participation for Greater transparency Women from different Governanc lack of good women in decision- and accountability in stakeholdergroups e and local governance as a making is needed. the framing of leadership problem. They are Panchayats have reserved policies for the Womenmembers of SHGs Collective disgusted and seats for them. Local different stakeholders action and frustrated with the bodies like milk co- among women in the Women members of local bodies Communit extent of operatives and SHGs too use of the tank. like the panchayat y corruption. have involved women. Participati Yet what is needed is on for mainstreaming gender in self- a combination of

12 SEA/Final/isec/17-09-01 8-13 reliance economic, political and and social strategies. cohesion.

Chart 8.5. Stages in identifyingIGA as tank plus activities

1. Before proposing IGA the TUA should decide a) Identify people, SHGs, NGOs and other whether they are fit to be organisationsto facilitate them and government Group activities or schemesto sponsor them Individualactivities b) Assessthe needs and skills of people c) Assess the raw material situation 2. Identification of beneficiaries, SHGs, NGOs to d) Assess marketing network available, or to be implement them and schemes in the government created to sponsor them e) Assess training needs of the people and f) Assess the viability of these occupations g) Assess women'sgroup orientation and support to these enterprises

3 To bear in mind that dependence of the village economy on enterprises varies, from region to region and within a village from caste to caste.

Some of the recommendedTank plus activities are as follows:

1. DrinkingWater

Distance from the tank is an important constraint for women in ensuring domestic needs for water. In the event of the tanks getting filled up, this would continue to be a constraint. Hence hand pumps wherever they are not sufficient in terms of number, efficiency and accessibility, should be installed. This programme could be linked with an on-going water and sanitation programme of the state. Priority should be for settlements of Lambanis, Bhovis and other vulnerable sections who live away from the villages. Quality of water should be tested. Training must be given to women in handling the pumps. Water troughs for cattle and washing ghats near the water point are needed.

2. Dead Storage

Most of the villages do not have a proper and assured means of practising animal husbandry due to the shortage of water. Women are the main workers in this sector. There are villages where pastoral communities buy water from borewell owners for feeding livestock. This has reduced cattle populationin many cases. 3. Incentives for best performance

13 SEA/hnal/isec/17-09-01 8-14

Efficient performanceof the women's group in TUA should be encouragedby allocating certain incentives either on group basis or individualwomen.

4. Year of women and tank

The year 2001-02 shall be declared as the Year of Women in Tank Managementto give an added impetus to the issue of gender. All the programmes for women in and through TUA shall be implementedwith greater thrust and focus as part of celebrationof this year.

5. Nurseries

Allocationof water in the tank (when it fills) for developmentof nurseries by women to promote women's participation in the project. Necessary identification processes for beneficiaries shall follow. Women shall also be consulted while selecting species for planting.

6. Fisheries

To give encouragementto fishing activity in villages that have such communitieswho are conventionallyfishing folk. Fishing rights may be given to women's groups wherever feasible,who can manage fishing and marketingoperations.

7. Constructionand repair of approachroads to the tank

Consideringthat the present condition of the tank and its physical conditions are bad, it is suggested that the approach roads to the tank and from the agriculturalfields be cleared of vegetative growth and other obstructions. This will provide passage to the tank and safety for women to use the tank.

8. Provision for better sanitation facilities

These include attention to sanitation and sewerage systems. Toilets with regular water supply connectionsmust be built in all villages, since women are being put to hardship.

9. Developmentof backyard (kitchen) gardens

Promotion of kitchen gardens is another possible avenue to provide food security and ensure nutrition. Provision may be made for undertaking community-based raising of gardens through SHGs. Seed and other inputs may be supplied to the needy women along with extension advice.

lO.Animalhusbandry

14 SEA/Final/isec/17-09-01 8-15

Small projects for women like horticulture, animal husbandry, kitchen garden, etc., through SHGs will have to be taken up to encourage women to participate in viable economic activitiesusing tank as a resource. Credit shouldbe made availableto them.

The followingschemes are useful in establishinglinkage between them and the existing enterprises in these villages.

1. Swarna Jayanthi Gram SwarojgarYojana (SGSY) aims at assisting rural women from poor households through credit, subsidy,training facilities and other supporting activitiesto take up remunerativeself-employment activities. It is a cluster approachto combining3-4 key activitiesfor multiplecredit, training and marketing strategies.Forty per cent of the beneficiariesare to be women and 50 per cent of the total beneficiaries are to be drawn from SC/ST groups.

Key activitiesidentified are dairy, sheep rearing, agro-foodprocessing, flower cultivation,sericulture, handicrafts, leather and bamboo products,weaving, brick making etc.

2. Jawahar Gram SamridhiYojana (JGSY) and EmploymentAssurance Scheme (EAS) aim at providing assuredwage employmentto the rural poor by engaging them in the creation of economicallyproductive and sociallybeneficial assets like roads, irrigation wells, etc.

3. Under IntegratedRural Energy Programmes,improved model cooking stoves are introducedand distributedto beneficiaries.This will help in reducing drudgeryand economicuse of women's time and energy.

Action Plan - Gender

The recommendationsto mainstreamgender into the project are as follows: a) Legal Provision in the Kamataka State Water Policy for inclusion of women in all decision making bodies; WaterUsers' Committeesand TUAs. b) Administrative

1. Representation to qualified women at all levels of administration like * State Water Board * State Water Policy Implementation Committees + Water Resources Department (that consolidates the major, medium and minor irrigation and groundwater departments).

15 SEA/Final/isec/17-09-01 8-16

* Wherever applicable, these bodies shall be represented by women from the project related CBOs.

2. Women administratorsat all levels of the DMI, ZP, and other line departmentsto address issues relating to gender and water resources.

* All efforts should be made to attract and post qualified women officials for technicalposts as well, instead of confining them to merely 'soft' posts.

* Appropriatesteps to inculcate gender sensitivityat all levels.

* Federations of TUAs should also have 50 per cent or even more of women members. ITDP should consult the women members also in matters of decision making.

* Since conflict resolution on matters relating to encroachments, generation of revenue for rehabilitation,0 & M have to be settled through the ITDP, the role of women in it is important, and their involvementto be made mandatory.

i Women should be given responsibilities for repair and maintenance work. They have important roles to play since they manage their homes during crisis situations and abject poverty conditions. What is required is power and opportunities invested in them with sufficient knowledge and support initially. Such women must be chosen based on their social standing, commitment to common resources,age, marital status,bargaining power, etc.

* The idea of an integrated tank managementsystem requires that the tank and its surroundings must be treated equally. Each of its components is useful to different socio-economicgroups. But when they come under the ITDP through TUA, they have to monitorthe use of the tank by different stakeholders.Women members must be compulsorilyplaced in each of these responsibilities.

c) Tank and CommunityLevel

1. Women's participation and mobilization through a NGO to prepare the women to participate in tank improvement project 2. Arrangements for Operation and Maintenance of assets created for exclusive use by women or for off-farm activities. 3. Women's involvement in the preparation of ITDP. Tank plus activities, focusing as women should form part of the ITDP in as much significant way as catchment or command area development.

16 SEA/Final/isec/17-09-01 8-17

4. As part of TUA activities,there shall be a Micro-Plan for women's development which shall consist of: * identificationof various activitiesincluding IGA/SHGs; and * not merely women from command area landowning HHs, but also from other sections 5. Women's groups shall be viewed as partners in implementing the project than as beneficiaries. Where possible, such women's groups shall undertake main responsibilitiesof TUA activitiessuch as: * Bund plantations * Forestry/nurseryraising * Seedlingnursery * Maintenanceof washing spots, etc. 6. Priorities shouldbe given to women to use water from thetank (through a dead storage) for feeding livestock. This is especially useful to communitiesdepending on livestock rearing for livelihood. Women from these communities themselves may decide the frameworkfor this. This should strategicallyget into the MoU between the departments of forest, minor irrigation,the ZP, NGO and the TUA. This should be non-negotiable. 7. The poverty focus on 'Gender' has to be ensured by selecting women headed HHs, other vulnerable sections among women like women from habitual migrant households, widows, women from SC, ST and indigenous groups, particularly among marginal farmers and tail-enders.

In summary, the action plan for gender should aim at the creation of better socio- economicfacilities for poor and those marginalisedin tank's use.

17 SEA/Fina/isec/17-09-01 8-18

Annexure 8.1. Women and enterprises

Sl.No Village Caste Emterprise Season Link with the . ______tank 1. Halkurike & SC & Mat & broom Summer collection of Chikkamale Ganiga making raw materials from near the tank bund 2. H.Byrapura Uppara & Making of leaf Through out collection of SC plates the year leaves in the catchment and bund

3. Choulihalli Blacksmith Smithy -- Tank water supplied by women 4. Gogga Kuruba, SC Brick making summer water is (AK, supplied by Koravha, women. they Bhovi and get wage labour Lambani) in the process. 5. Hosur, Koracha Basket and mat Through out Bamboo used Kudri Moti, making from to be collected Lebagera bamboo from the & Benakal catchment area (forest) by women but not now. 6. Balekoppa Lambani Mat making summer collection of leaves from the catchment 7. Huliginakatt Valmiki fisheries winter women are e Kumbara pottery All seasons involved in fetching water from the tank for pottery. 8. Yeliwala Kuruba Fisheries winter fishing by men and marketing by women. 9. Maliyur and Bhovi Stone cutting All seasons Tank provides

18 SEWAFinaV/isecW17-09-01 8-19

Voddara and building water & women Koppalu houses fetch it 10. Hanumanal Bestha & Fisheries Winter and Women are u & Killekyatha summer deprived of Kerehalli their traditional access to sell fish 11. Arasikere Lingayat, Trade in summer contractual Nayaka and tamarind purchase of Golla tamarind from owners of trees in their and surrounding villages. 12. Kalarajanah Koracha Making of All seasons Collection of alli baskets and leaves and mats bamboo from the catchment area. Kumbara All seasons Water is supplied by women 13. Tumkunte AK, Sisal Ropes, summer Uppara, brooms and mat ______Nayaka making 14. Puruvara Muslim Beedi rolling All seasons near tank bund SCs and Collection of STs Honge and neem seeds 15. Doddahosall Nayaka Brick making; summer i Kuruba Collection of seeds 16. Bommalade Kumbara Pottery making throughout women supply vipura water from the tank Ediga Liquor trade ------Palmyra trees in the catchment 17. Chattenahall Muslim Beedi rolling - no dependence i AK Making of mats summer Collection of and broom palm leaves from the catchment

19 SEAJFnal/isec/17-09-01 8-20

18. Huladenahal Bhovi Stone cutting through out no dependence li Muslim Beedi and incense stick making 19. Thogarighat Ediga Selling liquor All seasons same as above ta Kammara Smithy Kumbara Pottery 20. Kurnahosall Sunna Making of lime - same as above i Balijiga powder Ganiga making oil Bhovi stone work 21. Chikkanaya Kumbara Pottery Summer --- kanahalli AD Basket making 22. Bandalli Kabbaliga/ dairy through out women rear Koli buffaloes at HH level and sell milk in the nearby town

20 SEN Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-1

Chapter9 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

The environmentalmanagement plan (EMP) is intended to outline the institutional and process measuresthat need to be undertakenin order to ensure mitigation against any adverse impact of the project interventions and to enhance the positive environmental impacts of the project. The EMP presented here provides guidance on all the activities to adequately address the environmental issues in the project. It includes screening of new tanks, activities/ interventionsto be included, baseline data collection, integration of social and environmental issues, capacity-building and training needs and emphasis on the systematic development of an environmentalknowledge-base, analysis capacity as well as regular monitoring and evaluation.

The key environmentalissues that form the backdropfor EMPare listed below. These have been largely influencedby consultations(Chapter 3 of the SEAreport) and analysis of baseline information (chapter 5 of the SEAreport). The major environmental issuesrelated to the project are schematicallypresented in fig 9.1 and describedin section 9.1. A detailed EMPis presented in Tables 9.2 (by issue), 9.3 (by project Component) and 9.4 (details for physical works). At a tank level, the EMP would be integrated into the Integrated Tank DevelopmentPlan (ITDP).

The ITDP is a key output of a communityconsultation processthat definesthe scope, prioritization and schedule of activities to be undertaken for each tank. This ITDP also indicates the interventions (e.g. physical, financial and human) and their sustainability at various stages of implementing this community-basedapproach. Monitoring activities to determine progress and achievementof objectives would complement the implementation action plan. The Tank UserGroups would prepare the ITDP,facilitated by Cluster Facilitation Teams (with expertise in social mobilization) and technical inputs. The ITDP Process proposedin the project is summarizedin the table below.

Table 9.1: The ITDP Process Summary Stage Activity Initial - ClusterFacilitation Team (CFT) in-place (incl. financial arrangements for involvementof P-NGOsand others) Pre-Planning - QuickInformation base (villages, socio-economic characteristics, technical, maps, other secondaryinformation) - ProjectAwareness (e.g. house visits, informal meetings, media activities, field visits, etc.) - GramSabha consent to form TUG - lnitialCapacity Building (Institutional, management, etc.) - FormTUG (incl. adoption of by-laws) -Selectionof TUC - RapidTank System Assessment Survey (General, Engineering, etc.) - RapidScreening Assessment (commitment to principlessuch as costsharing, willingnes to assumeresponsibility for O&M,encroachment, gender, equity, etc.) Criteria satisfied - Pre-PlanningMonitoring & Evaluation - Registrationof TUG as per SocietiesAct SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-2

Planning - TUG Setup (2 bank accounts,display board, etc.) - Capacity Building of TUG/TUC and sub-groups(institutional, financial, technical, management,social, environmental, gender; manuals, handbook, reinforcementof communication/awareness,etc.); Linkagewith other TUGs (Cascade/Basingroups) Survey- Topographic,Command, water mgmt practices(incl. remotesensing as reqd.) - Surveys - Hydrologic(incl. gw status) - Survey - Other Social, Environmental,Tribal, Vulnerable sections, R&R issues - PRA, StakeholderAnalysis (incl. joint walkthroughs,gender analysis, technical screening,etc.) - RAP and IndigenousPeoples Development Plan prepared and agreed - ConsolidatedFeasibility Report Prepared(incl. cost estimates) - Preparationof BaselineData (incl. photographs) - Finalizationand Prioritizationof ITDP Activities (investments,capacity-building, etc.) - Determinecommunity cash and labor contribution- 3%cash in bank acct. (Resource Mobilization,Cash flow; O&M arrangementsand Sustainability) - InstitutionalArrangements Agreed for ITDP Implementation(incl. responsibilities,linkage with PRIs, line depts, etc.) and ProcurementPlan and Sustainability - PlanningMonitoring & Evaluation - ITDP agreed and signed Implementation - EstablishingTUG funds and Flow of Funds (including initial installment)- Financial ManagementArrangement Finalized (incl. receipt of money from JSYS); internal documentationsystems within TUG - Procurement- CommunityContracting (Contract prepared, capacity-building,signing) - Capacity Building of TUG and sub-groups Executionof ITDP Activities (tank bund strengthening,repair to sluice and wasteweir, catchmenttreatment, on-farm dev, fisheries dev, agricultural diversification) includingRAP and ITDP - Supervision(incl. community,FT and third-partyquality control @ 2% of base costs) & release of installmentsby TUG - ImplementationMonitoring & Evaluation - ImplementationCompletion Report (incl. sustainability) Post- - O&M | Implementation- Follow-upActions (incl. re-orientation,activity diversification,etc.) - Impact/OutcomeM&E; Durability/Re-evaluationAnalysis

A planfor integratedtank developmentand activityschedule is providedin Table9.7 in Annex3. A detailedscreening framework has been mainstreamed into the ITDPactivities as describedin Section9.3.

The EMPand its recommendationsare not intendedto be a separatestand-alone exercisethat would risk being"out-of-sight". The EMP,along with the recommendationsof the PestManagement Plan, Resettlement Action Plan, Tribal DevelopmentPlan and Gender ActionPlan are to be mainstreamedinto projectactivities and treatedas an integralpart of the ITDPplanning, implementation and monitoring. The planspresented should help ensure compliancewith GOI, GOKand WorldBank policies and procedureson environmentaland socialsafeguards.

The estimatedcost for capacity-building,training etc has been given in Table9.3. The institutional,budget and processimplications of theseplans havebeen integrated into the project design at this stage basedon interim inputs provided. Thesehave to be periodicallyreviewed and streamlined. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-3

> Soil Erosion & land degradation > Diverted and clogged/weeded/silted feeder channel > Encroachmenton feeder channels > Unsustainableland use Catch m rea > Degradedgrazing lands > Sparse vegetation

\> High erosion rates \> Feeder channel Foresh re A rea clogging/weeds/siltation

> Accumulationof silt > Tank bed infested with weeds > Weakand damaged dam - tank Tank Structure/Be safety WaterspreadArea > Damagedsluice and waste weir > Encroachment > Water quality and associatedpublic Waste ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~healthimpacts Weir / .EGroundwater ...... recharge e&.lbQ6&aI&O. s:><:a ...... RiX>

> Damagedmain and field canals > Mono-croppingwith low yields > Declining use of organic compost > Increase in agro-chemicaluse > Exploitationof groundwater > Low parcipation in decision-making for tribals, women and other vulnerable goups

Fig 9.1. Tank systemand major issues SENFinal/ISEC/17-09-01 9-4

9.1 CRITICALISSUES

A. GeneralIssues

9.1.1 Environmentalawareness: Environmentalawareness at the apex institution responsiblefor implementationof the projectand alsoamong the stakeholdersis crucialfor the implementationof the project.The capacityof JSYSand localstakeholders in integrating environmentalinformation into decision-makingis very limited.

9.1.2 Natural Habitats: The projectarea (the 34 taluks in 9 districts)does not contain any NationalParks or Wildlife Sanctuaries,and thereforethe project will not adversely impactany critical naturalhabitats nor resultin any significantconversion or degradationof natural habitats.A 'negativelist' criteria would be usedto excludeany tank activitiesthat couldbe potentiallyharmful for anysemi-critical ecosystem. However, the degradationof the tank system (catchment,command, fringe areas and aquatic environment)has led to ecologicaland biodiversity losses. Hence, measures would be consideredto enhancenatural habitatsin the projectareas through vegetative improvement, creative silt disposal(which could create earthen moundsthat may facilitateperching of water birds and vegetative enhancement),and other measuresthat could be expectedto improvethe local ecology. Appropriatemonitoring indicators and surveyswould also be developed,monitored and analyzedfor eachtank systemto reflectecological impacts.

9.1.3 Pesticide& Fertilizer Use: Althoughthe project will not finance fertilizersand pesticides,induced impacts of increasedfertilizer and pesticideuse (mainly becauseof diversificationof croppingpatterns and increased cropping intensity) will probablytake place in the project area - in both the command and catchment areas -- due to the agricultural extensionactivities. To mitigateagainst this, it is proposedto strengthenawareness and training activitiesfor integratedpest management,use of organic manure,etc for both commandand catchmentfarmers. A separatePest Management Plan has beenprepared (Chapter10).

9.1.4 Water Quality and PublicHealth: The tanks are usedfor a varietyof purposes. In the sampleof 50 tanks,none was useddirectly as a sourceof potablewater. However, the tanksdo act as a significantrecharge mechanism in theseareas, that invariablyhave low and often dropping groundwatertables. Even limited desilting and other related tank rehabilitationactivities have also been shown to rechargethe groundwater.There may be someinduced adverse impacts on water quality (e.g. nitrates,pesticide residues) in some casesin termsof increasedpesticide and fertilizer use in the catchmentand command areas, in both tank cascadesas well as individualtanks. The non-pointcontamination of tank water is extensive.Villagers often use the catchmentand foreshoreareas of the tank for defecation.The run-off watercarries with it humanand animal waste which dumps into the tank. Moreover,in manystudy villages,dung / compostpits are locatedin the foreshore areaof the tank, further pollutingthe water. The groundwateralso may get pollutedwith percolation.This contaminatesthe drinkingwater sourceand may inducehealth problems. In many villages,the borewellsfor the supplyof drinkingwater are locatedin foreshore areasof the tanks. Thus,although the proposedproject activities may not causeor induce any significantadverse impacts on the publichealth front, the rTDPprovides an opportunity to enhancethe managementof preexistingpublic health concerns in the tank system. SEA/ Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-5

B. CatchmentArea includingForeshore Issues

9.1.5 Land degradation:Unscientific land use, impropercultivation practices, denudation of forest and perennialvegetation for cultivation,over-exploitation of CommonProperty Resourcesor CPRshave resulted in soil erosion.Most of the villageshave common grazing /pasturelands and they generallyform the catchmentarea of the tank. The villagersgraze their cattle on these pastures.However, indiscriminategrazing without allowing for regenerationhas resultedin degradationof this CPR. Soil erosionhas led to siltation of streams,feeder channels and tank bed. Reductionof the tree cover,use of poorand fragile landsfor cultivationhave enhanced the processof soil erosion.Loss of fertile top soil and nutrients have resulted in declinein soil fertility. Similarly,declining usage of organic manure/compost/ green manure and emphasison the useof chemicalfertilizers have led to disturbancein the nutrientbalance in the soil.The unbalanceduse of fertilizershas led not only to the degradationof land resourcebut alsoacts as a non-pointsource of pollution. The feederchannels are often heavilyweeded and this restrictswater flow into the tank. A more holistic approachis required to ensure adequate catchment managementfor sustainablemanagement of the tank system.

9.1.6 (Minimal) encroachmentof natural streamsand feeder channels:Farmers having land near the streams and feeder channelshave encroachedupon the feeder channels.This encroachmenthowever is minimal.In the 50 tanksthere were 16 encroachers occupyingan areaof 0.29 ha in total whichresults in an averagearea encroached of 0.018 ha. Somefeeder channels have silted up andwater is not properlydirected to the tank. Use of feederchannels for cultivationresults in increasingsoil erosionand siltation of checkdams and pickups.

C. Tank Structure/Bedand WaterspreadArea Issues

9.1.7 Silt Accumulation/Disposal:Accumulation of silt in the tank bed has reducedthe storagecapacity of tanksranging from 10 per centto morethan 90 per cent.Moreover, silt reducesthe percolationrate andthus, affects the groundwaterrecharge. The extractionand disposalof excavatedsilt alsoraises environmental issues about tank safety,sustainability of desiltationinterventions, as well as secondaryimpacts by impropersilt disposal.

9.1.10 Dead storage: Farmershaving an interest in the cultivationof tank bed often drainsout the water from the tank completelyand thus, no deadstorage is maintainedin the tank. This impingeson the flora andfauna in and aroundthe tank. Moreover,cattle do not get drinkingwater.

9.1.14Weak dam/ bund structure: The projectcovers mainly small existing dams (i.e. bunds of the tanks) most of which are very old with no major structuralfailure reported except of minor breachesin the embankments. Manytank bunds /dam structuresare howeverdamaged, and havedeveloped cracks. Breachesin the tank bundsmay damage standingcrops in the commandarea and other property.Tank safetywould, therefore, be an importantconsideration in the rehabilitationof the tank. (Referto Annex1 for a further detailson the frameworkto ensuretank safety.) Sr- Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-6

9.1.15 Damagedsluice and surplus/waste-weirs:Most of the tanks in the projectarea (regardlessof size)do not haveproper water control devices. The sluicegates and/or sluice valves are damagedand water leaks out continuouslyleading to water-loggingin the commandarea. The damagedwaste-weir does not hold enoughwater in the tank and usuallythere is shortageof irrigationwater during the criticalperiod of cropgrowth.

9.1.16 Encroachmentof tank bed from foreshorearea: Farmershaving land in the foreshorearea of the tank haveextended the cultivationin the tank bed. Mostof the land in the foreshorearea of the tank was distributedto the landlessfamilies by the government. Thesewere mostlypoor soils best suitedfor tree crops. However,the cultivationof these landsfor subsistencecrops has led to erosionand degradationof soil. Mostof these lands are withoutany land treatment.This hasfacilitated erosion of fertile soil alongwith nutrients causingsedimentation and siltation of the tank bedreducing the storagecapacity of the tank and at the sametime degradingthe land. A separateResettlement Action Plan and model RAPhave been prepared to addressthese issues.

9.1.17 Cultural Property: Tanks have played an important role in the culture of a communityand severalcultural and religiouscustoms and ritualsare intertwinedwith the health of the tank. The project interventionsmay affect some small cultural properties locatedon or next to the 'tank structure'(e.g. on the tank bund,in the tank bed). However, sincealmost all of these customsrelate to the prosperityof a tank - measurestaken to improve the tank system will be largely viewed in a favorable light. Nevertheless, appropriatemitigation measures have been developed to ensurethat the following- burial grounds,very small templeson tank bed, small placesof worshipon tank embankment, templesclose to the wasteweir, andtrees/plans with religioussignificance on the tank bund - are not negativelyaffected by project interventions. Detailson how cultural property issueswill be resolved(in compliancewith Bank OperationalPolicy on CulturalProperty) havebeen provided in Annex2.

D. CommandArea Issues

9.1.18 Damaged main and field channels: In most cases,the main channelsare earthenchannels without any lining.The farmershave encroached upon these channels and manytimes they breachthe canalto drawwater. Second, many command areas do not have field channelsor feederchannels to distributewater, and irrigationis donefrom fieldto field. This leadsto wastageof preciouswater resource.Moreover, flooding leads to transferof toxic chemicalsfrom one plot to anotherand thus, spoiling/pollutingthe soil and carrying toxic chemicalsfrom one plot to another. Seepagefrom thesechannels may createwater- loggingin the adjoiningareas.

9.1.19 Soil Biota/Declinein Fertility/Induced PesticideUse: A major constraintto higherbiomass productivity of land is due to low soil fertility. The use of organicmanure/ compostor green leaf manureis decliningover the years whereasthe use of chemical fertilizerper unit of land is increasing.The low levelof organicmatter retards the microbial activity in the soil, lowers moistureretention capacity as well as porosityof soil which impingeon the fertility and productivityof the soil. The project activitieson agricultural intensificationand diversification may induceincreased use of pesticidesand fertilizers in the tank commands. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-7

9.1.20Extraction of groundwater: With the declinein dependencyon tank water,a few farmersin the commandarea have drilled borewells to supplementtank waterfor irrigation. However,at many places,the rate of extractionexceeds the dynamicrecharge rate of groundwater.This miningof waterhas resulted in the loweringof watertable. Manyshallow /open wells havebecome defunct. Averagedepth of borewell,which usedto be around 100-120feet earlier,has now reachedmore than 200feet. The risk of fluoridecontamination is positivelyassociated with the depthof the well. The assuredsource of irrigationinduces farmersto adoptmono-cropping and use higher levels of agro-chemicals(chemical fertilizer, plant protectionchemicals, etc.), whichhave had a harmfulimpact on micro-organismsand micro-faunain the soil. Activitiesin tank systemmanagement could help raise(or reduce the fall of) groundwaterlevels by improvingrecharge.

9.1.21Equitable distribution of water: It is alwaysthe farmersin the lowerreach of the commandwho face the risk of crop failure when there is shortageof water or insufficient water in the tank. The farmersin the upperand middlereach have better accessto tank water. Sometimes,a few influentialfarmers from outsidethe commandarea use tank water for irrigatingthe crop anddeprive the legitimateusers of their share.

All theseissues have been summarized in Table9.2 (by activity)and measuresto enhance the positive project environmentalimpacts (includinginduced impacts) and safeguard againstpotential environmental risks have been outlined.

9.2. Mitigation/EnhancementMeasures

The issuesdescribed above will be addressedthrough a set of measuresdesigned to enhancethe proposedpositive impacts of the projectand mitigateagainst potential negative impacts.This includesa detailedscreening procedure and mitigationmeasures that have beenoutlined by issueidentified in Section9.1 above(Table 9.2) andby projectComponent (Table9.3). Detailedmitigation and enhancement measures have been indicated for the physicalproject intervention activities in Table9.4. The EMPConsultant will provide additionalsupport, including in the developmentof detailedguidelines for eachproject activitythat couldhave significant positive environmental impacts or any adverseimpacts, reviewingthe applicationof the screeningframework, providing input into the capacity- buildingand training programs, and monitoring and evaluation. They would also help recommendchanges to the institutionalstructure and processes to enhancecompliance with the EMP,PMP and other associated activities. SEA Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-8

9.3 Screeningof Tanksand Interventions

The processof screeningof new tanks for inclusionin the project for interventionsor otherwise is shown in Fig 9.2 below. Also see figure 9.3 for an exampleof integration of the socialand environmentalsafeguard screening into the ITDP (for a sample tank).

Rapid screening M c No List of ~~Shortlisting ofatesctearNue Lis tanks ofinclusion, no interventi Analysisof tigrnofthrons spatialGIS data safeguard clauses

Yes

Preparationprocess Rapid Assessment RRA/PRA FGD Transect walk with community/stakeholders

Planninginputs *> Field visits /_ _ Assessment Requirements through Compliancewith EA for triggers as RRA/PRA Yes processguidelines No FGD < For Environmental , Involuntary Transectwith & social mangt Resettlement village asects Cultural Property Planning Outputs / Indigenous Identification of Indi SCs)People interventions& ( Tand SCs) prioritization PetMankafety n Identification of stake - Pest Management holders

Yes

Finalizationof ITDP by Communitywith CFT Approval by fadlitation -* district/ Tank Approved No Additional Indusion of summary of Cluster Group study issues and enhancement/ required? mitigation plan as part of ITDP Yes (ind. Awareness/capacity- NO building, M & E plan, EMP/RAP/TDP/PMPand Release Exdude costing/implementation Funds interventi arrangements)Sc n o

Fig. 9.2. Screening of tanks and interventions SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 9-9

Karataka Community-BasedTank ManagementProject Integrated Tank Development Plan Information System

LorkasfJOn7f .. g.. , ;TankD ettalll ,ultationsh os HldU RryBaineor Pm Yearof Stakeholder No.of Consultation RiverBash:|NorQhP nnar ~~~~~~Cnnsrutimtr(et.) | aeeings hJeaI.ft.hCFT) Se-boasin: K.hs-thi GrossCapacity rngs 0.33 VillagessCwt LMCMI: (pisuse same naming Capaciih DiscussiseCrmanc S.bratershed: conveno00nasthe (MCoM) y 028 Ghm Pan 4 WatershedDept) s cretarv (PISts sanenaming Waterspreadarea 33PPmeog Miccowatershed: coventionan the 30.3 PAPmeethgs WatershedDept) Disb1d Kolar CatchrenlAra Unedept. 2sreeo Taguk: Chhromani mcubicmueters) 5600 Vi'age(s): Moogalaman,Alapalt Avr.Rainfall (mm) es TankName: Nagalakem Twk ~~~~~~~~PartofTankt Yes(.toenrediate tank - par ankName: NagalakeraeTank Cascade? ofKusha.athis.ubseres) I (on.rtuetack No.otimes tank TankNumber, deurperlu vras: in

(pIscSe Sorcey of RecentActicires on Desined.aised bve o TopsSheet Number(s): IndiaToposheet TankSystem: bondand mama weir (100a) NEmbers) ______ir _ __980_

; :: ;.. k)t""Area+1

i: ~CtayO 4 p.O5,-s ResourceSersicece SSiet: (head&midd)e(end Nopst10 =ow NGO: Ce~~~~~nter(RSC)ial)ndhpst0 NGO Locaton: Chintamani Notes' o a rmal TUG Details: None

rma Stakeolr De[is ::- Tank Ues- omm .li: Viltage: Total 1 Moogaman Alapti Households 195 79 116 Populatonof Village(sl: 91. 366(178FP 180M) 547 269F,278M) 10 memberswith representationfrom Literacy 24.5°A16%F, 43%M 15%F,25%M women(7), commandareakatchment SC(12%), SC (23%);ST (10%); ST SC(12%); ST (19%): SC (23%);ST ~areaowners,fansers.share tankcroppers, bed encroachers, erwtoctckowners,wet) Caste(% of totalHH) rGrups(13%). Othe VunerabteGroups washermen,landless, PRI and SHG (56%) (14%),Other (36%) Landownership (acres) 53263 23.31 30.32 HH InCommand 86 40 46 Openwells 21 12 9 Boreells 2 WomenHH 4S 18 3 Womenowning command 2 lands Girl childschool enrolment 7B% 73% 82%

15%HHlandlss; Hgh proportionof Highproportion of Notes: Maio aof NH_mat SC,ST&VG;lw SC,ST&VG;low andmarginal farmers fml trc eaeltrc in SC.STand VG )m) trc eaeltrc

Urns *f Tank:

'sink ittrs icsxu R5Z Rsbl 4170 Paddy4 10.41so5i~~l i tudirAtorfor Extenrtof Use Rag.:Sommer.11,O I 0$~t so Paddy+ 1.0

Not-el

Figure9.3: Mainstreamingof environmentaland social screening and mitigation/enhancementmeasur-es into the Integrated Tank DevelopmentPlan (ITDP) SEA/FRnal/ISEC/17-09-01 9-10

ProposedActivities .- --.-.- . - - _._"'

e E'4'~~~~~~~~~~~- at t.,.i,ang ¢- ' ' ao0ta nI vdd w a ti i

* nhAoe~~~$eoein WJgin

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,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I,yngme..- -ck . . _ _ _ . % -,- - , , v, ,--,:15 ,, 6 - 419f..--o.w

essenibily~ ~ 5~eimpeeledM~dael Ernfironvitenisl&Soclat IDInttisIlting TankBond 3lul- MetWsW FrFe rChan-ol Ott Catcor S6roontng -l Ivtuals 113peopb in 1 9 R&R fbmailliesencroaching en10.62Acres

Lowiie-racy. participationof SCISTNVGIn TribalD5wtopment Istiltutiohslow l Income;Llm~~teotal lime IPMrpouted ______paricpationR,densin:rackgof housinD cofsi

TribloMaDee oment cesstical psclde= a PeatManage ment handlingAnd Impets; Iw *vdaditly of IPM s ntrigprtco inputsand e x penslon ued h7

Needtows ensu Needlo e meth TankSafety rpacyneview;a lerlow Mpeeenn2 itingrk gompr,midd e tnets ntlnk laletyrewam t teene dy

Neeadto m p bnk oomude Need ev c Ilemples;determine knplcatans oftank during ConsurSo n-ktan,plb

EnWoironmentlal nswnness.eD5urnroiooA OtharEnvironment villge -tlsig ie u rosin ink np a dres nol contn9nlrAe dwsna bl

Envirtmn bilS& y .' ;

capeckyBegdlrsg Sod& water gtcpa IdrsensltcahoDletitodTankeBund dames:1PMtDlisng Sluie eWel Wasst r Fcd dernnet otharCatchnea t RAR Noelgbri PAPsea Nole ts I uesP,to ie fromfursher c&ftwton; 1RAPs preopbnd *nn impbmenedmainten n t c; dy bulds: bndntatronduded

lluild ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PMPlforKemtka Build s/cit Walershed Post Man.gement bor IPM;Coordinael nu o pesucd Wwbaem wlthwAdutr nd _ u e ts.g Waershe Dept.

Ensune inspedion byI qu knled -gineers |Design IsuperM ongspDeig Aayehd y ~T~ ~~ ~~ ~sftpank /t 3Trd aryTs sit fbrure in tank Iqualy crcntrnJby eIg {superrialon Iq t;1y qu bcotr /y by n-ie o safekmo

irplegrmenain tan 1n w enier gar

cunura tProp ty EnSu. that WMPIWS. ScredtnestcAS WrmAM on .map duin Consoltiouns: ensuresuch iroperty Isnot Ad-es Ihnaded dur9ainy PPopasd Acivities Siftprniobsy used by bmmfers(7000 Im3of st;t expected b be General used by bomers wtthhn Cther EnvironmanA En,4ronmental 2 km nnige); 20D0 m3 Trfding ofenttre Ottwr Enironment AwereneSHygis to be used to downrAr m uPe Tinfth nehabitaht stagnant .Wrtr pits; 1000 m3 to be used b roa?d path rehbRatibton !Grnder 1Seraht.n exitnho inteniresgroups; support IG actii,is; link lo PFtl rid tIns dept=pzrams promote mtIkcoops; nm rundbnal ktemcy claswse conduct gander Capcity Building S5ol& wder mgmt; mnp praciesMisyersifiction; methoddemos; IPM; fshaeds; hfb . mgm RR nd bXl capacty buiing; gende sinsitionim b destp fiHtnta.rt pro?ummriiancialpbannhg: PRI, kne dept schemes& pnognms; Fam bund onrucdion And maintenance;Intamedilobry bunds;bund pbanbtbn; IPM; armsk SEA/Final/lISECii 7-09-01

Table9.2: Overviewof MitigationMeasures by IssuesIdentified

Type Issue Mitigation/EnhancementMeasures Environmental Manyenvironmental awareness and capacity-buildingactivities are envisaged as a partof the project. This Awareness includestraining staff as wellas tank stakeholdersin a varietyof environment,natural resource management, hygienicwater and waste management, catchment protection, integrated pest management,organic farming, environmentalscreening and monitoring,etc. Afterthe experiencesof the first batchof tanks,awards would also be institutedas part of awareness-buildingto reward Tank User Groups that havemanaged to bestintegrate environmentalobjectives and safeguardsinto their activityusing an evolvingset of M&Eindicators. A goodM&E frameworkand monitoring strategy is beingevolved as partof the projectand environmentalindicators should be mainstreamedinto the overallM&E system for usein decisionmaking. An EMPConsultant will alsobe recruitedto providecontinuous support to the JSYSin implementationand monitoringof the EMP. NaturalHabitats Anytank activitiesthat couldhave significant adverse impacts on naturalhabitats will not be undertakenin the proposedproject. Thescreening procedures in placein the ITDPpreparation would explicitly screen for anysuch impacts.These would also be monitoredby the EMPconsultant on a samplebasis. Pesticideand A PestManagement Plan has been prepared (see Chapter 10) to addressthe inducedimpacts of increased FertilizerUse pesticideuse. Theprimary activity here will beto introduceIPM awareness, demonstrations and trainingactivities as part of the commandarea agricultural extension interventions proposed. In addition,use of organicfertilizers General andenvironmentally-friendly practices in tillageand cultivation would be encouraged. WaterQuality and In the project,the usesof the tank wouldbe documentedin the initialrapid assessment survey to befollowed up PublicHealth in detail in furtherdetailed surveys with a viewto enhancemeasures for associatedpublic health improvements. In tankswhere the tank is indicatedto be useddirectly for potablewater or wherethere would be any expected rechargeimpacts to nearbydrinking water schemes, it is proposedthat waterquality sampling would be carried out (by the EMPconsultant, to be mainstreamedinto line departments/KRWSSAfunctioning) and the results disseminatedto the localcommunity through the ClusterFacilitation Teams to improveawareness and develop mitigationmeasures. In addition,the needfor sourceprotection and developmentof site-specificmeasures to do so wouldbe outlinedin the ITDPsof the tanks(by the JSYSand CFTs,facilitated by the EMPconsultant). In addition,proactive integrated pest management, integrated plant nutrientmanagement, composting, green manuring,organic cultivation and other practiceswould be encouragedas partof the agriculturalextension servicesof the project(through the agricultureand other line departments as partof their packageof practices)to reducethe dependenceon chemicalpesticides and fertilizers. Coordination mechanisms with other projectswould enhancesynergies (the committee for the WorldBank supported (or proposed)projects regarding Tanks, Watershedand Rural Water Supply and SanitationProjects will examineissues related to drinkingwater and publichealth. In addition,substantial monitoring and analysis (especially on a spatialbasis) should be carried out, especially in the first two years, to indicate the extent of project impacts and potential problems. SEA/Final/lISEC/I7-09-01

LandDegradation Projectactivities financed in the catchmentinclude feeder channel clearance, and, for an areawithin 500m of the tank whereerosion was found to begreatest, small silt checksand other suchstructures. All these activities would be carriedout with full communityconsent and participation.In addition,the projectwould coordinate with the WatershedDepartment (by informingthem of the tank locationsand associatedmicrowatersheds) to ensurethat activitiesfor the sustainablemanagement of the tank catchmentsare carriedout. These activitieswould be CatchmentArea subjectto all the safeguardsand the EMPand other plans that have beendeveloped for the Bank-approved (including KarnatakaWatershed Development Project. In the caseof cascadesof tanks,the appropriatesub-basin would be foreshoreareas) usedas a frameworkto coordinateinterventions to ensurethe greatestsynergy and internalizationof externalities.

(Minimal) A detailedR&R policy and planframework has been developed to addressthis issue(see Chapter 11). Encroachmentof naturalstreams and feederchannels Silt Accumulation/ Desiltationof the tank shouldbe doneaccording to technical(topographic, hydrologic, engineering, cost) studies Disposal duringITDP preparation in additionto communityrequirements. The silt shouldbe examined for potentialuses duringthe initialscreening process in the rTDP(e.g. suitabilityfor useon farmerfields, for usein pottery,for filling any unrehabilitatedborrow areas, in roadmaintenance, in tank bundstrengthening, creation of silt moundsfor ecologicalenhancement, etc.). In no caseshould silt be depositedalong the sideof tanksin an unstabilized mannerthat maythen washback in duringthe next rainsor bedumped on farmer fields without their authorization.Another sustainability issue in tankswith currentlyhigh ratesof siltationis to undertakeforeshore vegetativeimprovements, small check dams, silt trapsetc to reducesiltation and to coordinatewith the Karnataka WatershedDepartment and otheragencies to ensuresynergistic activities to sustainablymanage the catchment. DeadStorage Thedesiltation activity would include, where appropriate, the creationof a well-defineddead storage area - this could help reduceevaporation and improvethe perennialityof the tank water availabilityto the community and livestock. The tank bed should be 'landscaped' during desiltationto provide the dead storage accordingto Tank ~~~~~~~~~communityrequirements. The developmentof fisheries should be made using local speciesan d not exotic Structure/Bed/ speciesthat may causeproblems over time. WaterspreadArea WeakDamBund SeeAnnex 1 onTank Safety WaterpreadAreastructure ______Damagedsluice and Thesluices will be rehabilitatedand modernizedas requiredto ensureadequate tank safety(see Annex 1 on Tank surplus/waste-weirs Safety)and more sustainable operations. Encroachmentof A detailedR&R policy and planframework has been developed to addressthis issue(see Chapter 11). tank bedfrom foreshorearea CulturalProperty Theproject will not financeany project interventions that havea negativepermanent impact on culturalproperty. The projectinterventions (desiltation and strengtheningof embankments)may however have a temporary negativeimpact on culturaland ritualisticactivities. The projectmay temporarily affect small shrines or placesof worship- especiallyif theseare locatedon the tank bund. Themitigation measures proposed would avoid other potentiallyadverse affects on culturalproperty. For example, desiltation would be carriedout in sucha manneras to avoidburial grounds. Likewise,modifications to the wasteweir wouldavoid affecting temples situated in close proximity to the waste weir. See detailed mitigation action plan framework in Annex 2 on Cultural Property. SEAIFinal/lISECII 7-09-01

Damagedmain and TheTank User Groups would identify key rehabilitation activities in the command- they wouldcontribute in fieldchannels labor/cashtowards this activity,especially where the potentialbenefits are to onlya few individuals(the contributionrates are beingset for all the projectphysical interventions and would be finalizedfor eachactivity duringthe ITDPformulation). Sustained tank commitmentto maintenanceof the tank systemstructures would be a pre-reguisitefor projectfinancing (to beevaluated by the CFTbefore ITDP finalization). Waterlogging in project areaswill be closelymonitored using community M&E as well as piezometers/waterlevel recorders (and satellite imageanalysis for a few selectedtanks). SoilBiota/Decline in Theuse of organicmanure, IPM and other suitable organic techniques should be a partof the proposed Fertility/Induced agriculturalmodernization/diversification extension services and associatedtraining/capacity-building. This activity PesticideUse will bemonitored by the EMPconsultant, who would also suggest measures to strengthenthese areas. CommandArea Extractionof Desiltationof tank bedsmay havea beneficialimpact on fallinggroundwater levels in the area. If the groundwater groundwater tablein the tank impactedarea is high,activities that couldincrease recharge (such as desiltationand raising of tank bunds)would be limitedand closely monitored. Piezometers and automatic water level recorders would be installedand closelymonitored, especially in the earlypart of implementationto gaugethe impacts(beneficial and potentiallyadverse) of anyproject activities. The EMP consultant would help review these data and suggest correctiveaction and preparationof detailed guidelines and awareness/capacity-buildingactivities. Equitable In the initialactivities leading to the formationof the TankUser Groups, there shouldbe a strongemphasis on distributionof water conflictmanagement as relatesto wateraccess, distribution and use(facilitated by the PRIstructures and processes).This should be especially the casefor women,tribals and other marginalized and vulnerable groups that generallyhave low levelsof participationin decision-making.The gender action plan andtribal development strategyin this documentwill elaboratemore on theseissues. SEA/Final/lISECIJ7-09-01

Table 9.3: Overview of Environmental management plan and mitigation measures (by Project Component)

PROJECT ACTIVITIES POTENTIALIMPACTS MMGATION MEASURES COMPONENT Enabling Positive Negative environment Training/workshops * Improvedknowledge-base on * Large-scale * Improvepublic access to information tank systemsin a spatial mainstreamingof * Ensuregood monitoring and evaluation context paradigmsmay be a to * Improvedenvironmental problemif the paradigmis enablecontinuous learning and managementcapacity and poorly-designed innovation knowledge * Recruitan EMPConsultant to provide * Improvedinter-departmental guideanceand assist in EMPmonitoring coordination a Improvedpublic access to informationon tank systems, ]SYSand rehabilitationefforts Community Training/Seminars/study* Environmentalawareness * Neglectof environmental . Adequatetraining and capacity-building Development tours * Improvedenvironmental issuesmay impingeon with substantialenvironmental managementcapacity in naturalresources awareness communities * Large-scale components . Improvedcoordination of mainstreamingof * Capacityto monitorand evaluate activitiesat village-level paradigmsmay bea environmentaland socialimpacts of * Improvedcommunity problemif the paradigmis project monitoringand evaluationskills poorly-designed interventions Initialactivities * Selectionof tanksand of * Subjectiveassessment * Integrationof enhancement/mitigation TankSystem projectintervention using GIS and andselection of tanks may measuresand screeninginto ITDP Improvements othersecondary data fail to achievethe goal of * Trainingin usingsecondary and spatial * Useof time-seriesand spatial the project data datawould help in objective will avoidwrong selection assessment of tanks Pre-planning * Screeningprocess helps in * Improperscreening may The screeningcriteria have been discussed Consultation,RRA, PRA, identificationof tanks,which impingeon the gains in detailin chapter7. Screeningmay include FocusGroup Discussion canbe considered for project expectedfrom the project size of the tank, communityparticipation, interventions. scarcity of water, alternativesources of water, potential for diversification of agriculture,etc SEAIFinal/lISECII 7-09-01

Planning:Formation of * Helpsidentification of * The interventions and . Analysisof spatial/topo/GISdata TUG screening stakeholders. It also prioritization may not suit Consultationwith stakeholders interventions,analysis of facilitates understanding the local conditions. alternatives,capacity- the issuesand prioritiesof * Follow analysis of alternatives as building& training the stakeholders. * Subjectiveassessment provided in chapter 6. Similarly, training and selectionof and capacity-building about * Properplaning and interventionsmay not environmental aspectsfor analysis, M & preparationof action plans bring the desired results. E activities is essential. avoidsmistakes in the future. * Implementationof the * Promote awareness about project activities by JSYS environmental issues among the * TUG in place before or line department may stakeholders. initiating interventionswill not be successfulas help in the smooth experiencedin other implementationof the developmentalprojects. project activities. * Stakeholdersdon't feel their involvementand * Analysisof alternatives vested interests may take would provide qualitative the advantage. assessmentof the interventions.

Implementation * The training and capacity- * Improper schedulingand ad- * Prioritize the selected interventions in Properscheduling of buildinghelp in M & E of the hoc decisionswould result in consultation with the tug and activities,transparency, project difference of opinion among stakeholders. collectivedecision- the stakeholdersand may * Maintain transparency in decision making,monitoring and affect the project adversely. making evaluation * This would help in completing . Mistakeswill go unnoticed if Decisions taken should be based on the project in time. M&Eare not internalized. consensus. * Follow the guidelines for M&E provided * Lesspilferage. in chapter 7 section 7.5.

Post-implementation * M&E will help in course Assetscreated may loose their * Active TUG. Monitoringand learning; correctionsand will serve as a utility. Tank system again turns Correctiveaction for warning for correctiveaction into dispair * Improve involvement of all sustainableuse of stakeholders. resources. * Sustainableuse of assetsand natural resources * Compliancewith the TUG rules SEA/Final/lISECII7-09-01

Table 9.4 Detailed Mitigation Measures (for major physical interventions)

Type ACTIVITIES POTENTIALIMPACTS Mitigation/Enhancement measures Catchment Positive Negative Mitigation measuresare intendedto improvethe environmental Area(beyond sustainabilityof the tank system.These would be doneprimarily 500m of by ensuringsynergy with the KarnatakaWatershed Development foreshorearea) Department. Soil& water * Gullystabilization * IncreasedGW * Siltationof water * Reducegully inflowand run-offrates through vegetative and conservation * Streambank recharge harvesting suitableeco-engineering measures. stabilization * Betterirrigation structures * Upstreamarea soil conservationand slopestabilization facilities * Checkdam failures measuresto arrestsiltation of checkdams by the involvement * Reducedsoil erosion * Alterationof of TUG and surfacerun-off * Siltationof tank will be arrestedthrough construction of check * Nutrientloss patterns dams/pickups,with vegetativemeasure, brushwood, drystone andcrate wire checkdams. * Adequateprovision will be madeto trap transporteddebris by providingsediment traps at the inlet points which are easily accessiblefor cleaning. Forestry * Afforestation * Increase in the * Adverse effect of * Afforestationwill be taken up to arrest degradationof poor, * Silvi-pasture vegetativecover exotic species if fragile,waste lands * Pasture * Increased production introduced * The stakeholderlocal populationwill selectthe tree species. development and availability of * Change in the Trees like tamarind, mango, neem, pongamia (honge), * Vegetativeshrubs biomass diversity of flora gooseberry,ber, bamboo,etc., will be planted.Cost sharing andbarriers * Reduction in soil andfauna arrangementwill beencouraged on privateand arableland erosion and nutrient * Competitionamong * Plantingof fruit bearingand timbre yielding trees on the loss foodand tree crops foreshoreare to checkencroachment * Arresting * Improperselection * Improvedpasture species for grazinglands encroachmentin the of plantspecies for * Silvi-pasturetreatment model will be usedfor marginalarable foreshorearea filter striplike lands,private non-arable lands and communitywaste lands in * Increased water BellaryJali (acacia the lowerreaches infiltration spp.)May create * Participatorycommunity management will be encouragedfor * Promotion/increased problems sustainablesilvi-pasture system useof * Vegetativebarriers with localshrubs and perennialgrasses will organic/compost/ bedeveloped across the slopesand alongthe field boundaries greenleaf manure to interceptsurface run-off and allow the soil to accumulate behindthe barriers

Responsibility:Most of the activitiessuggested above are carriedout as part of watershedinterLventions. ]SYS shouldcoordinate these activitieswith Watershed DevelopmentAuthorities in the projectareas (and KAWADand other agencies/NGOsalso where possible),etc. - informationflow, timing, increasesynergy, reduce duplication.The proceduresand qualityof safeguardscreening and mitigationplans would be the sameas thoseused for the recently-approvedBank-financed Karnataka WatershedDevelo ment Project. SEA/Final/lISECII7-09-01

Type ACTIVrTIES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Mitigation/Enhancement measures Catchment Positive Negative Mitigationmeasures are intended to improve Area (withing the environmentalsustainability of the tank SOOmof system. foreshore l area)

Plantingof perennial * This will check encroachment a Treesplanted on the bund * Plantingof trees of mixed speciesin the trees in the foreshore on the tank bed maycreate shade foreshorearea to meet the demandsof areaof the tank and * Arrests debris and silt from * Competefor water and fuel/fire wood, smalltimber and fodderof trees for green leaf reachingthe tank bed nutrients with the main the villagecommunity manureand fodder in * Act aswind barrier crop * Plantingof suitabletree specieson the field the command * Provideaesthetic value * Dispersalof seed may bundswhich will act as wind barriersand * Besides providing fuel/fire induceweeds sourceof greenmanure wood, fodder will generate income for tank maintenance whenauctioned * Reductionin evaporation * Maintenanceof soil moisturefor longertime * Leavescan be used for green manuring/ compostmaking

Restorationof Cleaningand de- * Betterflow of run-off from the Causesdispersal of seedsand feederchannels weedingof feeder catchmentarea to tank bed increasein the weeds channels * Weedslike wild Lantenacan be used for basket making, compostmaking, and fuel.

Responsibility:Extension personnel from Agriculture and Horticulturedepartments, local NGOsand TankUsers' Group should induce farmers to take up the activity. Agro-Forestryprogrammes are alsoin placeto supportthe activity. SEA/Final/lISEC/I7-09-01

Tye ACTIVITIES POTENTIALIMPACTS Mitigation/ Enhancement measures JRehabilitation Positive Negative Mitigationmeasures are relatedto tank of Tank improvementactivities. Structure l

* Removalof silt from * Silt can be used as organic * Improper disposalof silt * Use of silt as organicmanure and soil tank bed and proper manure may pose environmental conditioner. disposal * Increasedstorage problems * Poor quality silt will be used for * Augmentedsupply of irrigation * Increased availability of strengtheningthe dam,filling roads water water may lead to * Useof silt to strengthentank bund/ dam * Increased duration of overuse, water-logging, will spareexcavation from borrowsites. stored/standingwater alkalinity/salinityproblems * The surplussilt can be auctionedfor * Increased groundwater * Changes in the crop brickmaking and pottery recharge diversity * Introductionof exoticfish speciesshould * Increasedand better quality of . Increased use of agro becompatible with the localfish species. drinkingwater chemicalsdamaging soil * The interest of farmers as well as * Opportunitiesfor development health fishermenwill be protectedand conflictif of fisheries * Over-exploitation of any will be settled through mutual a Higher fish production and groundwater discussionamong the stakeholders. improvednutrition * Developmentof fisheries * The farmerswho claim of havingpattas * Employment to landless may give rise to conflict to cultivate the tank bed drain the labourers between different water surpluswater after kharif crop and use users like farmers and the tank bed for cultivationthough a fishermen second crop can be grown in the * Introductionof exoticfish commandusing tank water.The conflict species may change the between the patta holders and the compositionof indigenous command farmers will be settled fish population amicablythrough the TUG/GramSabha. * The strategy will be formulated by consensusamong the stakeholdersto regulate the use of groundwaterto arrestover-exploitation of the same * Guidanceabout maintenanceof tank structure,silt removalmethods, etc., will beprovided to the stakeholders.

* Maintenanceof * Insures availability of * Shortageof drinking * Dead storageshould not be located deadstorage drinkingwater for animals waterfor animals close to dam. Leave passage and domesticuse betweenthe damand deadstoraae SEA/Final/lISEC/I 7-09-01

* Strengtheningof dam * Increased tank safety and * Desiltingmay pose some * Task force on Tank Safety would structure reducedrisk of breachingthe problem where landless review the safety issues and dam familiescultivate the tank recommend remedial treatments * Auctionof grasson tank bund/ bed when there is no (refer to Annex1) damwill generateextra income waterin the tank * Clearingof wild growth and thorny bushesfrom tank bund/dam * Pitchingof damwith stonesto reduce damageto earthendam * Physical stabilization of erodable surfacethrough turfing of dam with grass * Repairand stabilizationworks in dry season * Repair of sluice & . Stop leakage and arrest * Repair the sluice gates and sluice surplus-weir wastage of water from the valves sluice * Whereverpossible, traditional water * Preventwater-logging control deviceconsisting of wooden * Proper control of irrigation pole / log will be replacedwith better water water controldevices like steelgates * Reducethe risk of floodingof and valves. standingcrops * Surplus-weirwill be strengthenedand stone scour protection will be providedat the baseof the overflow spillway and stone pitched channel will be providedto lead the excess wateraway from the structure

* Repairof main and * Reductionin percolation and * Main channelswill be repairedand fieldchannels seepage selectivelining will be doneto reduce * Reductionin water loss due to transportationlosses vegetation * Pursuingfarmers not to breachthe * Reductionin soilerosion maincanal * Equitabledistribution of water * Avoidflooding of fieldsand use fields acrossthe commandarea for irrigationof smallparcels of land * Removeweeds from the channels and keepthem free from weedsand vegetation Responsibilities:Tank Users' Group would implement the abovelisted interventions with technicalsupport and financialassistance from JSYSor anyother financial institution. Impactsin the rehabilitationof the tank structurethat resultsin displacementwill be mitigatedunder the R&Rpolicy framework developed for the project. Referto the projectResettlement Action Plan and EntitlementFramework for details. SEA/Final/lISECII7-09-01

I Type ACTIVITIES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Mitigation/Enhancement measures Support Positive Negative Measuresto be mainstreamedinto Services extension services/M&E * Agriculture, * Reducerun-off and soil loss * Pressureon useof water . Demonstrationfor adoptionof appropriate horticulture,fisheries, * Improved practice of crop * Increased use of ago- agronomicpractices for rain-fed agriculture etc. production chemicals to conservein-situ moisture * Demonstrationand * Increasedproduction * Run-off from agricultural * Promotionof mulchingand applicationof guidanceabout * Increased production of fruits field (source of non-point FYM IntegratedPest andvegetables pollution) * Diversification of crop system from Management(IPM), * Improveddiet * Mono-croppingand reduced traditional to export oriented crops like balancednutient * Diversifiedfarming bio-diversity Gharkin management * Exposureto IPM, moreefficient, Competition between food * Encouragementand promotionof organic * Promotionof bio- economic,environmentally and fruit and vegetable farmingin areasnear urban centreswhere villages/organic friendlyand least harmful plant crops demandfor organicfarm productsis high farming protectionmethod * The weeds removedfrom . Promotion of improved crop varieties, * Demonstrationabout * Better soil health due to the fields if burnt causes balancednutrient management. compostmaking. increased use of organic pollution * Demonstrationsabout Integrated Pest * Promotionof the use manure/compost Managementtechniques. of bio fertilizersand * Balanceduse of plantnutrients * Training in use and handling of agro- bio-pesticides * Better soil health chemicals * Reducedenvironmental pollution * Emphasison growinghorticultural crops on marginalarable land * Inter croppingof field cropswith tree crops in the initial 34 year period * If villagersselect planting of fodder trees, restrictinglopping of foddertrees no more than 2/3 of the crown * Establishingincentives (e.g. awardsystems) so that farmersmaintain some area under traditionalcrop varieties to preservegenetic l ______diversity * Promotionand * Improvednutritional status * Useof exoticspecies may * Use fish species in consultation with developmentof * Generationof employment destroyvaluable stakeholdersand seek guidance from expert fishery and revenue indigenousspecies * GenerallyRohu, Catala and carp is the most preferredcombination * Avoidconflict between different stakeholders (commandfarmers and fishermen) SEAIFinal/lISECII7-09-01

* Agricultural * Deteriorationin tank water * Waterquality sampling would be intensification qualitywhich indirectly will carriedout and the results (inducedincrease in affectgroundwater recharge disseminatedto the localcommunity pesticideand and thereforesources of throughCFTs to improveawareness fertilizeruse) drinkingwater supply and developmitigation measures. * Protectionand developmentof site- specificmeasures would be outlinedin the ITDPs * Proactiveintegrated pest management, integratedplant nutrient management, composting,green manuring, organic manurecultivation and other practices wouldbe encouragedas partof the agriculturalextension services of the projectto reducethe dependenceon chemicalpesticides and fertilizers * Substantialmonitoring and analysis wouldbe carried out * Alsosee Pest Management Plan (Chapter 11) Responsibility:Coordination by JSYSwith the UASand Departmentof Agriculture/ Horticultureand Fisheries.Implementation of schemeslike IPM demonstrations, compostmaking, organic farming, rain-fed agriculture, integrated plant nutrition programme, etc., sponsoredby the Departmentof Agricultureand Horticulturefor the benefitof peoplein the projectarea. TheEMP consultant would help monitor and provideguidance. SEA/Final/ISECII7-09-01

9.4. SpecialStudies Suggested

I. Degradationof catchmentarea and its impacton the tank system

. Presentand potential land use v Encroachmenton commonproperty resources v Landtreatment measures and extent of soil erosion v Culturalpractices ' Croppattern, input useand output ' Suggestionsand policyimplications

II. Sustainableuse of groundwater

. Presentstatus of surfaceand groundwater irrigation v Openwell/borewell density - Dynamicrecharge and draft - Conjunctiveuse of groundand surface irrigation - Suggestions

1II. Crop diversification and optimal crop pattern

X Presentcrop pattern, input use, output - Potentialfor highvalue crops like gharkins(export quality cumcumbers, medicinal plantslike Brahmi,etc) Backwardand forward linkages - Infrastructureand marketing facilities - Sustainableuse of landand water Suggestions

IV. Status and feasibilityof IPM and organicfarming v Presentpractice of useof plantprotection chemicals (PPC), chemical fertilizers, organicmanure/compost and eco-friendly PPC of plantorigin v Awarenessabout mode of actionof chemicalinsecticides

' Awarenessabout organic pesticides, trap andcompanion crops, use of predatorsand parasites v Surveyof marketingof bannedagro-chemicals v Suggestions

V. Studyof aquaticeco-system v Pastand recentstatus v Kindsof flora and fauna

. Symbioticrelationship between different agents in tank eco-system v Suggestionsfor improvementand replicability SEA/Final/ISEC/I7-09-01

9.5. Cost Estimates

The measuressuggested for the implementationof the EMPhave beenintegrated into the various project activities. For example,workshops and seminars have been proposedto discussthe EMPand PMPimplementation review along with resource personsin additionto trainingfarmers on aspectsof environmentalawareness, hygiene as relatesto tank water use and managementand monitoring. In addition,training programsfor staff andline departmentsare proposedon key issuesrelating to capacity- buildingon environmentalissues (e.g. environmentalmonitoring and data analysis, watershedmanagement, water quality, groundwaterrecharge, foreshore vegetative measures,integrated pest management,organic farming, tank safetyand overallland andwater managementin the tank system).

A consultantis proposedfor assistancewith implementingthe EMPand would be responsiblefor assistingwith preparationof detailedenvironmental guidelines for all projectactivities, suggesting detailed training programs,assisting with environmental M&E and in reviewing and streamliningscreening formats and mechanismsfor environmentalenhancement/safeguard issues in ITDPdevelopment and implementation. Additionalbudgets have also been providedfor monitoringand for the implementation of the proposedPest Management Plan (described in the next Chapter). The costsfor theseactivities have been included in the overallproject budget.

Table 9.5. Costestimates for SEAcomponents

Item Description Cost (Rs million) Workshops/Seminars Workshopsfor farmers, NGOs,Staff Rs. 3.36 ( Rs. 1.68 lakh *20) Training Training Programmesfor staff & line department officials (Rs. Rs. 1.92 0.48 lakh * 40). Intemational for staff (neighboringcountries like Sri Lanka, Rs. 1.44 Philippines,etc) (Rs. 2.4 lakh * 2 * 3) Study tours National for staff & farmers Rs. 0.96 (Rs. 0.96 lakh *10) State staff, farmers& other stakeholders Rs. 1.92 (Rs. 0.48 lakh * 40) Study material PreDarationof study material Rs. 0.48 Consultancyfor EMPassistance Rs. 4.80 Consultancy/M&E To conduct specialstudies Satellite imagery procurementand analysisfor landcover Rs. 3.40 change, water quality and other samplingand analysis,others Other machinaryand Alreadysuggested as part of Hydrologystudy equipmentfor M & E Computerhardware & Alreadysuggested as part of GIS study software IPM Demonstrationin the project area (200 demonstrations6 Rs. Rs. 4.00 20,000 per demo) - included as part of the approx. $ 0.75 M demonstrationprogram; Statewide IPM strengtheningbeing done as part of the KamatakaWatershed; Additionaltraining and capacity-buildingactivities (ind. workshops,knowlede Total______base development,M&E) induded in overall EMP budget. ___s __22_28

Total ______R__s. 22.28 SEAiFinal/ISECII 7-09-01

Annex 1 Tank Safety Aspects

The project covers mainly small existing dams (i.e. bunds of the tanks) most of which are very old with no major structural failure reported except of minor breaches in the embankments.The heights of the embankmentsfor most of the tanks do not exceed 10 m and most of the tanks have a capacity less than 1.5 million cubic meters. For the 50 tanks analyzed under the Hydrology study the height of the tank varies from 1.5 meters to 7.54 meters and capacity less than 1.5 million cubic meter. The analysis done using a "rationalmethod" indicates that most of the tanks are safe to pass a 25-yr flood. No clear-cut guideline exist on the criteria for estimating the design flood for such small structures. The "Minor Irrigation Manual" (1990) of the Department of Minor irrigation, GoK does not specify any particular frequency of flood to design the embankment/spillwayand suggests taking calculated risk commensuratewith the assumed life of the tanks. The hydrology study has recommended a 25-year return period flood as an appropriatecriterion for assessing tank structural safety. This appears reasonable consideringthat most of the tanks are very old with little informationon their major failures.

Institutional Mechanism: The Department of Minor Irrigation (DMI) has recently (October 20, 2001) constituted a Task Force for structuralassessment of the tank structures (dam and other appurtenant structures) needing rehabilitation with SuperintendingEngineer, Bangalore as the chairperson and a few executiveengineers as members. DMI also prepares pre and post health status reports of the tank structures. The project will follow design and construction standards with sound engineeringpractices and adequate quality control (through an independent agency). The Task Force's purview will be extended to the tanks under the project. The Task Force will review the structural safety aspect related to (i) tanks less than 10 meter height where critical safety issued are involved as determinedby the engineers of the JSYS/CFTs; and (ii) all tanks higher than 10 m. The Task Force will co-opt specialist (hydrologist, geo-technical expert, construction expert) as considered essential for specific tanks for safety evaluation and suggestingmitigation measures. These aspects will be extended to the tanks under the project to ensure taking appropriate steps for health check ups of the tanks. The Task Force review would include on the spot inspection of the tank, recommend specific surveys if required and suggest remedial measures which would be carried out by TUGs with the support of CFTs and JSYS. The Task Force will meet as and when requisitionedby JSYS.

Budget: It is estimated that around 10% of the tanks (5% of the 1600 tanks with a command of less than 40 ha and 30% of the 400 tanks more than 40 ha command)will be reviewed by the Task Force. It is anticipatedthat review of each tank would cost around Rs. 50,000. A provision of Rs. 10 million has been made in the project.

Quality Control: It is also proposed to engage a third party evaluation (through a private firm/university)of the quality of constructionof the project. Such evaluationwould determine the adequacy of the quality of constructionof different components(embankment, waste weir, sluice etc.) on aspects such as compaction,grade of materials,moisture content, mixing ratios etc.). A provision of 3% of the cost of constructionof embankments,waste weir, distribution system and sluice will be provided for such quality evaluation for all the tanks under the project. SEAIFinal/ISECII7-09-01

Annex 2 Cultural Property Aspects

Background

The project development objective is to improve rural livelihoods and reduce poverty by developing and strengthening community-basedapproaches to managing selected tank systems. The proposed project views tank restoration in an integrated and holistic manner and attempts to facilitate up front participation of communitywith focus on sustainability. The strategy is to transfer tanks to the communities for managementafter ensuring that institutional arrangements are in place and resources are available at the same time. JSYS, NGOs and related line departments continue to support the communities in a positive and non-patronising manner. Project recognizes that tank system is an indigenous system that evolved with reference to topographyand climate and also that have centuries of traditionbehind them. These systems are eco-friendly. Being large in number, these tanks are more suitable to decentralized control and management and restoration of such systems will ensure widely dispersed agricultural developmentand significantimpact on living and working conditionsof rural poor.

A HistoricalDescription of the Role of Tanks in Local Culture

Tanks have played a pivotal role in the culture of a community. These cultural aspects can be classified into three; community-oriented,caste oriented, and individual oriented.

The community oriented cultural activities are those cultural activities in which the entire communitytakes part. This ranges from that of float festival to commemoratethe overflowingof tank to that of worshippingthe rain god during droughts or no rain days. Most of the time, the temples located on the bund or within the water spread area were probably constructed by the one who constructed the tank or by the communityitself. In most of the places, if the temple is in the water spread area, due to silt accumulationit might have also been submergedunder silt. In some places to thank god or goddess for providing good crop offerings may be made to a selected tree on the bund and investingit with spiritualpowers. In few instances, for worshipping the god or to perform the cultural festivals, an identified family or a group of families was invested with "manyam" (right of use but not of ownership) -- which can be a piece of land. With tenancy regulation and reallocation of land use, the practice of manyam has also disappeared.

Few of the caste groups may own the burial ground closer to the tank or in the foreshore area of the tank. Probably, due to overcrowdingthe groups concemed might have stopped using the ground. The individual based cultural activities are those that will mark activities such as birth of a child and death or marriage. During these days normally water in the tank is worshippedor part of the silt is carried home.

Studies on CulturalProperty

The Social and EnvironmentalAssessment completedby ISEC has studied 50 sample tanks and developed detailed profiles for each tank reflecting the depth and longevity of the interest of the community in tank management. It is noticed that most of the tanks generally have traditional festivals that bring the entire village together. The general feeling of the communitiesis that this project will contribute to the enriching of the traditional cultural practices surroundingthe tank system. Another detailed study on 18 tanks includingpotential impacts on cultural property was conducted by JSYS. In this study, the cultural, religious, and traditional role of tanks was classified in three grades. In approximately20% of the tanks the role was considered to be at a SEA/Final/ISECII7-09-01 high level. However, only in four tanks were actual physical structures involved- shrines/places of worships were found on tank bunds.

Action Plan

The project will not finance any project interventions that have a negative permanent impact on cultural property. The project interventions (desiltation and strengthening of embankments) may however have a temporary negative impact on cultural and ritualistic activities. The project may temporarily affect small shrines or places of worship - especially if these are located on the tank bund. The mitigation measures proposed would avoid other potentially adverse affects on cultural property. For example,desiltation would be carried out in such a manner as to avoid burial grounds. Likewise,modifications to the waste weir would avoid affecting temples situated in close proximity to the waste weir. Table 9.6 summarizes potential impacts of project interventionon the cultural aspects and the proposed mitigationmeasures.

InstitutionalArrangements and Budget

The institutionalarrangements to ensure satisfactoryimplementation of the Action Plan rests with the TUG with assistance provided by the Cluster FacilitationTeams. During the preparation of the ITDP, identification of all potentially affected cultural property in the tank system will be made. Appropriate changes to the physical interventions will then be considered to avoid negative impacts to cultural property. If certain minor, temporary affects are unavoidable, adequatemitigation measures will be developedby the TUG. JSYS will provide assistance at the district and state levels with responsibilityfor cultural property assumed by the Resettlementand Tribal Developmentspecialists. The incrementalbudget associatedwith the mitigation measures would be embeddedwithin the overall costs of the ITDP. SEA/Final/lISECIi7-09-01

Table 9.6: Action Plan for Cultural Property Cultural Description of Significance Frequency Positive Impact Negative Impact Mitigation Measures

Burial Irrespective of caste and Increased availability of tank These places are identified as dwelling The TUG will identify burial ground Ground creed, burial groundshave a water (quantumand duration) places of departed souls and are treated areas and will ensure that the ritualistic value since annual will help in meeting water as sacred and any act (for example desiltation specifiedin the ITDP ceremoniesfor the departed requirementsfor the rituals. desiltation)which uproots the place of avoids these areas completely. are conductedat the place of Highly burial of departed souls would invoke (Since only about 20-30% of Burial. unlikely protest from the related caste group. desiltation is proposed in each tank, Desiltationof such areas would this will not be difficult to achieve strongly affect social sentiments and will not have an effect on project benefits.

Very small Constructedto celebrate By forming an island around Desiltation activitieswill be templesof certain festivals. This are the temple using the silt the identifiedby the TUGs outside the worshipon designed to be submerged. Highly structureis strengthened.Such temple area. tank bed Submergenceof these unlikely acts will enhance community temples is consideredas trust on project activities. sign of prosperity. Place of Cultural linked to religious The project may enhance the Improvementof the embankmentsmay Relocation is a common practice as worship in festivalsof the village approach to such places of result in temporaryrelocation of the the deity is temporarilyshifted to embankment associated with tank. These worshipthrough embankment deity. nearby temple and brought back to places are made of small improvements.In addition the the originalplace. The period is stones (34 numberswith a Somewhat communityconsiders tank unlikely to exceed 2-3 months. stone piece worshippedas common improvementas propitiationof deity)) the presiding deity.

Temple close Have a major role in The project interventionswill Waste weir redesign may impact the The design would ensure that in such to waste weir preserving culturallinks improveapproach to the temple structure if it is warranted that events the increase in spillway length amongtank and community Somewhat temple and also enhance the the spillway length may have to be would be obtained from the other and worshippingrain gods common aestheticappeal of the temple. increased consequentto safety end. (float festival, lamp festival considerationsof the tank bund. etc.) duringdroughts and special occasions. Trees/plants Worshippedin the name of Strengtheningembankment These are small trees/plants unlikely with religious the presidingdeity for good stabilizethese trees/plants. to be affectedby the project significance har-vestaid bouns Common interventions. on tank bund. sought from these trees with a belief that these have spiritual powers. SEA/Fina1/ISECII7-09-01

Annex 3 Integrated Tank Development Plan - Details

Table 9.7. Integrated Tank Development Plan - activities and draft scheduling

Stage Activity Responsibility Start Day Time required Endday Weeks From - To ClusterFacilitation Team (CFT) in-place (incl. Financial JSYS& P-NGO Initial arrangementsfor involvementof P-ngosand others)

Quickinformation base (villages, socio-economic CFT 1 8 9 1 - 2 characteristics,technical, maps, other secondary information) Projectawareness (e.g., Housevisits, informalmeetings, CFT,Gram Panchayat 10 30 40 2 - 5 media activities, field visits, etc.) GramSabha consent to form TUG GramSabha 25 15 40 4 - 5

Initial capacity-building(Institutional, management, etc.) GramSabha (facilitated 41 20 61 6-8 by CFT) FormTUG (incl. Adoptionof by-laws) Gram Sabha(facilitated 41 20 61 6-8 by CFT)_____ Pre-planningbyCT Selectionof TUC TUG 55 6 61 8

RapidTank SystemAssessment Survey (General, CFT,Gram 41 5 46 6 Engineering, etc.) Sabha/TUG/TUC Rapidscreening assessment (commitment to principles CFT,TUG 41 20 61 6 - 8 suchas cost sharing,willingness to assumeresponsibility for O&M,encroachment, gender, equity, etc.), criteria satisfied Pre-PlanningMonitoring & Evaluation TUG,CFT 1 60 61 1 - 8

Registrationof TUGas per SocietiesAct TUG(facilitated by CFT) 61 60 121 9 - 17 SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 22.08.01 29

Stage Activity ResponsibStart Day Time End Weeks ility required day From- To TUGSetup (2 bank accounts,display board, etc.) TUG 121 7 128 18 Capacity-Buildingof TUG/TUCand sub-groups(institutional, financial, technical, CFT 62 96 158 9 - 22 management,social, environmental, gender; manuals,handbook, reinforcement of communication/awareness,etc.); Linkagewith other TUGs(Cascade/Basin groups) Survey-topographic, Command, water managementpractices (incl. remotesensing CFT, 62 20 82 9 - 11 as required) Consultant?

Surveys- Hydrologic(incl. GWstatus) CFT,TUG 62 20 82 9 - 11 Survey- Othersocial, environmental, tribal, vulnerablesections, R&R issues CFrT,TUG 77 30 107 10 - 15

PRA,stakeholder analysis (incl. Jt walkthroughs,gender analysis, technical CFrT,TUG 62 30 92 9 - 13 screening,etc.) RAPand indigenouspeoples development plan preparedand agreed TUG,CFT 107 30 137 16 - 19 Planning Consolidatedfeasibility report prepared(incl. costestimates) CFT,Line 107 20 127 16 - 18 Department Preparationof baselinedata (incl. photographs) CFT,TUG 107 40 147 16 - 20

Finalizationand prioritizationof ITDPactivities (investments, capacity-building, etc.) TUG 128 20 148 19 - 21

Determinecommunity cash and labor contribution- 3%cashin bankacct. TUG, CFT 128 20 148 19 - 21 (Resourcemobilization, cash flow; O&Marrangements and sustainability)

Institutionalarrangements agreed for ITDP implementation(incl. responsibilities, TUG,CFT 128 20 148 19 - 20 linkagewith PRIs,line depts,etc.) and procurementplan and sustainability

Planningmonitoring & evaluation TUG,CFT 62 96 158 9 - 22 ITDPagreed and signed 148 10 158 22 SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 22.08.01 30

Stage Activity Responsibility Start Day Time End day Weeks required From - To EstablishingTUG funds and flow of funds (including initial TUG, CFT 159 30 189 23 - 26 instalment) - financial management arrangement finalized (incl. receipt of money from JSYS); internal documentation systems within TUG Procurement - community contracting (contract prepared, TUG, CFT 159 50 209 23 - 29 capacity-building, signing) Capacity-buildingof TUG and sub-groups CFT, Line 158 150 308 23 - 44 Departments, others Imp ntatin Execution of ITDP activities (tank bund strengthening, repair to TUG, CFT, Line 159 150 309 23 - 44 Implementation sluice and waste-weir, catchment treatment, on-farm dev, Depts, Others fisheries dev, agricultural diversification)

Supervision(incl. community, FT and third-party quality control CFr, TUG, Third 159 150 309 23 - 44 © 2% of base costs) & release of instalments by TUG Party

Implementation monitoring & evaluation TUG, CFT 159 150 309 23 - 44 Implementationcompletion report (incl. sustainability) TUG/CFT 314 30 344 45 - 49

O&M TUG; 309 366 675 45 - 96 Cascade/Basin Groups Post- Follow-upactions (incl. re-orientation,activity diversification, TUG, line depts, 345 330 675 50 - 96 Implementation etc.) PRI, others Impact/outcomeM&E; durability/re-evaluation Analysis TUG, CFT,JSYS 345 330 675 50 - 96 SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 10-1

Chapter10

PESTMANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP)

The proposedproject does not intendto financeany pesticidesprogramme as part of anyproject activity. However, improved access and increased quantity of wateravailable for irrigationmay inducefarmers to diversifytheir crop pattern and use more plant protection chemicals.A pest managementplan consistentwith integrated pest managementis presentedhere.

The recently-approvedBank-financed Karnataka Watershed Development Project hasa significantIPM component and is strengtheningthe capacityof the Statein termsof its overallIPM program. Hence,the PMPin this projectwill primarilyconcentrate on demonstrations,awareness building and trainingand monitoringactivities in the project areas.

10.1. Pest ManagementStrategy

Pestsand diseasescause enormous loss to agriculturalproduction all over the world.Farmers use plant protection chemicals to controlthe insect/pests and disease to protectthe crops.However, farmers use plant protectionchemicals indiscriminately due to lackof knowledgeand ignorance. Many a times,when the requiredchemicals are not availablelocally the farmershave to managewith poor substitutes.Unwarranted and indiscriminateuse of insecticides/ pesticides has resulted in developingresistance in the crop pests.Although, the pesticideuse is low in India as well as the state,the potential health hazardsare enormousdue to their widespreaduse, persistentuse and multiple exposure.Many a times,the residuesof harmfulpesticides are foundin the food grains, fruits and vegetablesbeyond the permissiblelimit, whichare harmfulto health.It has been estimatedthat 20 per cent of all foodstuffin India containspesticide residues abovepermissible limits comparedto 2 per cent globallyabove permissiblelimits. The WHO estimatesone million poisoningcases and 20,000 deaths annually that are attributableto pesticides.The proportionin India is difficult to determine,as the monitoringof pesticideuse, residue,exposure and health implications is extremelypoor. The agro-chemicals/pesticidesalso serve as a sourceof non-pointpollution of water sources.Pesticides also kill beneficialinsects (predators) which are naturalchecks for manycrop pests.

The pesticideuse in India hasincreased from about2,350 M tons in 1950-51to 24,320M tons in 1970-71and further to 75,890M tons in 1988-89.However, pesticide use has beensteadies declining since 1991-92 and it was 56,110m Tons during 1996- 97. The same was true in the case of Karnataka.The area covered under plant protectionchemicals in Karnatakawas around33 lakh hectaresin the early seventies whichincreased to 39 lakhha duringthe trienniumending 1983. It further increasedto morethan 61 lakhha during1989-92. However the areacovered under plant protection is decliningsteadily after 1992-93crop year. Similarly,the consumptionof pesticide increasedfrom 2,386 M tons in 1971-74to 2,789M tons duringthe trienniumending 1980and further increasedto 3998 M tons during1992-95. The consumptionof plant SEA!Fnal/ISEC/17-09-01 10-2 protection chemicalsbegan to decline after 1995-96.The per ha use of technical grade material which hovered between 700 to 800 grams per ha declined to less than 500 grams during 1998-2001.The area covered and consumption of pesticides (technical grade material) have been presentedin Table 10.1 and Fig. 10.1.

TablelO.1. Areacovered and consumptionof pesticides(triennium averages)

Year Average area Technicalgrade Grams/ha

.(in'ooo ha) material (in M tons) 1971-74 3,311 2,386 720 1974-77 3,556 2,058 579 1977-80 3,742 2,789 745 1980-83 3,943 3,015 764 1984-86 4,482 3,663 817 1986-89 5,471 3,898 712 1989-92 6,139 3,481 567 1992-95 6,055 3,998 660 1995-98 5,760 3,517 610 1998-2001 5,533 2,560 463

Source: KamatakaAgriculture - A Profile.Kamataka State Department of Agriculture,Govemment of Karnataka,April 2000.

Fig. 10.1 Area Coveredand PesticideUsed

Area Covered and Pesticide Used (Triennium Averages)

7000 .6 6000 rea .2 5000 n 4000 IL 3000 eS2000 Pesticide P 1000

1971- 1974- 1977- 1980- 1984- 1986- 1989- 1992- 1995- 1998- 74 77 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 2001 Triennium

- Area in '000'ha -Pesticides in M tonsj

Most of the farmers in the command area of the tanks grow paddy and depend on chemical pesticidesfor the control of insect/pests.The use of pesticide is extremely SEAFinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 10-3

low in the project area. The use of plant protection chemicalsranged between absolutelyno use of pesticide(North TransitionalZone) to 0.43 liters per acre in NorthernDry Zone(Table 10.2). The averageuse of plant protectionchemicals in the commandarea of the study tanks was 0.21 liters per acre acrossthe agro-climatic zones.

Table 10. 2. Averagequantity of input per acre of land by agro-climatic zones

Agro-climaticzones Plantprotection chemicals* (liters) NorthEastern Transitional Zone 0.00 NorthEastern Dry Zone 0.21 NorthDry Zone 0.43 CentralDry Zone 0.26 EasternDry Zone 0.17 SouthernDry Zone 0.05 SouthernTransitional Zone 0.16 NorthTransitional Zone 0.18 ALL 0.21 * Useof chemicaldust was very negligible

This helps us to promote the use of IPM technique during the project implementationstage to ensureenvironmental sustainability. However, it is necessary to make concertedeffort during the implementationto convincethe farmers of the economicand environmental benefits of the IPM.

In India, most of the insecticides/pesticidesare organochlorines, organophosphatesand cabamates,which are foundas residuesin the food grainsand are harmful to human and animal health. The researchefforts put up by various researchinstitutes like the Central Institute for BiologicalControl, Bangalore,State AgriculturalUniversities, Indian institute of HorticulturalResearch, etc., havecontributed to the developmentof biologicalcontrol methodsfor protecting agricultural and horticulturalcrops from pest and diseases.Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an innovativeapproach with emphasison biologicalcontrol. IPM is efficient, economical with limited or totally free residualproblems. The use of IPM is receivingincreasing attention,which is aimedat reducingthe useof hazardouschemicals and promotingthe useof environmentalfriendly bio-pesticides like Neemextracts. The CentralInsecticide ControlBoard has approved its useas a commercialinsecticide.

10.2. Policy,Regulatory Framework and InstitutionalCapacity

The Governmentof India as well as the StateGovernment is striving hard to discouragethe useof hazardousPPC and to promotethe use of environmentalfriendly techniquesas IPM encouragesthe use of botanicals,pheromones, bio-control agents and microbialpesticides. The Preventionof FoodAdulteration (PFA) Act is the policytool whichregulates the qualityof food productsmanufactured, sold and consumed in India. SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 10-4

Underthis act, pesticidesare notedcontaminants and are definedas harmfulto human health.Many of the formulationssuch as BHC,Carbofuran, Dimethoate, Endosulphan, Lindane,Monocrotophos, which are bannedin the developedcountries are beingused as PPCin India andaccount for a sizableproportion of the PPCused in India. Thus,it is imperativeto promotethe awarenessabout the healthimpacts of thesechemicals and needto adoptmore sustainable IPM techniques.

Moreover,large quantitiesof spuriouspesticides are sold in the markettaking advantageof farmers'ignorance and illiteracy.The InsecticideAct of 1968 has been suitablyamended by the Parliamentduring the Budgetsession (February- May, 2000) to ensuresupply of quality pesticidesto farmersand to better deal with offenders.There are five insecticidecontrol laboratorieslocated at Commissionerateof Agriculture, Bangalore,Dharwad, Bellary, Shimoga and Kotnur(Gulburga) in Karnataka.The main objectiveof these laboratoriesis to checkthe quality of insecticidessupplied to the farmers by dealers/manufacturers.The InsecticideInspectors draw the samplesand theseare analyzedin the insecticidecontrol laboratories. The InsecticideInspectors are empoweredto take legalaction against the dealers/manufacturerswhose supply do not meetthe requiredstandards. Under the InsecticideAct 1968and Rules1971, there is a provisionfor analyzingfarmers' samples free of cost.

The pest managementmethods recommended by GOI include: * Cultural Methods:Crop rotations,tillage practices,trap crops, growing resistant varieties, alternative sowing timings, soil manuring and fertilization, use of meteorologicaldata and models for predictionand occurrence of pestsand diseases. - MechanicalMethods: Hand picking,trench digging, light trapping, flooding and draining * BiologicalMethods: Use of parasitesand predators such as Trichodermasp, Chrysoperia,NPV, Bt, etc. * Chemicalmethod: Use of eco-friendlyand bio-friendlyinsecticides.

10.3. InstitutionalFramework

Biologicalcontrol measures are now in placeas substitutesfor harmfulPPCs. Biologicalcontrol measures have been well receivedby the farmersowing to its cost effectivenessand absenceof residualproblems. Biological control includesuse of predatorsand parasites.Various types of predatorsand parasiteshave been identified and introduced.Laboratories for multiplicationof parasiteshave been establishedand productionand supplyof bio-controlagents have been streamlined in the state. There area few privatecompanies (Pest Control India Ltd, etc.) engagedin the productionand supplyof parasitesto the farmers.

Departmentof agricultureruns four bio-controllaboratories in the state. The mainobjective of theselaboratories is to controlpests of importantcrops using natural predatorsinstead of using chemicals.Bio-control methods are usefulin reducingthe plant protectioncost and also the environmentalpollution. These laboratoriesare engagedin the productionof differenttypes of parasitesto be distributedto the farmers adoptingIPM approach. They produceTrichogramma sp. from the last severaldecades, SEA Final/ISEC/17-09-01 10-5 which are used to control sugarcanestem borer. Other bio control agents NPV, Crysoperraetc. are beingused to controlthe pestsof variouscrops like sugarcaneand cotton. They look after the specificregion and developbiological methods to control pestsusing predators and parasites along with plantprotection chemicals. Moreover, the departmentof horticulturehas established17 major and 46 small scale parasite producinglaboratories. Parasites produced in bio-controllaboratories are suppliedto farmersat subsidizedrates. The detailsof the bio-controllaboratories in the state are givenbelow: Si. Laboratory Location District No. 1. StateBio-Control Laboratory Gulbarga Gulbarga 2. Bio-ControlLaboratory Mandya Mandya 3. Bio-ControlLaboratory Bailahongal Belgaum 4. Bio-ControlLaboratory Gangavathi Koppal

Traditionally,farmers used to followtrap cropsor companioncropping system to protectcrops from insect/pestdamage as well as safeguardthem from stray animals. The trap crops and companioncropping systems are widely usedas integratedpest managementpackages in severalagricultural and horticulturalcrops. There is, however, a significantshift in the pest managementapproach from traditionalchemical methods to naturaland biologicalbased integrated pest managementapproach. The Government of Karnatakaprovides direct subsidyfor adoptingIPM by the farmers.The budgetary provisionthat has been made towards subsidy for agriculturesector under the integratedplant protectionprogram is Rs 5.36 millionfor 2001-02.Similarly, out of the budgetedamount of Rs. 29.4million during 1999-2000 of integratedcontrol of pestand diseasesof horticulturalcrops, Rs. 12.47million were spent. The amountspent on IPM by the state governmentwas Rs 2.44 millionsduring 2000-2001.The Governmentof Karnatakahas earmarkedRs. 11.95million for IPM for the year 2001-02,under the schemessuggested for horticulturesector.

The awarenessand use of the IPM is still in the infant stage. The State governmentas well as the Centralgovernment has introduced a coupleof schemesfor popularizingthe IPM.In additionto the statesponsored schemes and programson IPM, thereare few moreschemes sponsored by the Governmentof Indiafor popularizingIPM among the farmers. The financial outlay under IPM includes expenditure on demonstration,training and publicityprograms related to IPM.

There are many Institutes that are involved with teaching, researchand extensionaspects of IPMprograms in the state.The NationalCenter for IntegratedPest Managementhas a mandateto developand promoteIPM technologies for major crops to sustain higher crop yields with minimum adverse ecologicalimplications. The agriculturaluniversities as well as Nationalinstitutes like Indian HorticulturalResearch Institute, Hessargatta,(Bangalore), Central Institute of BiologicalControl, Bangalore. canimpart orientation and training about IPM to the extensionpersonnel, NGOs, officials from JSYSas well as to farmersfrom the projectarea. The Stategovernment has well trainedpersonnel with the departmentof agricultureand horticulture posted at different SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 10-6 levels.However, the extensionpersonnel working at the grass-rootlevel will haveto be trainedin adoptingIPM for differentagricultural horticultural crops.

10.4. PesticideManagement / IPM in Project

The proposedproject does not proposeto finance the use of pesticides. Moreover,the useof plantprotection chemicals (PPC) is relativelylow in the command area of studytanks when comparedto the state and nationalaverages. However, IPM activitieswould be promotedin the projectarea. The servicesof the line departments suchas agricultureand horticulturewould be usedfor diversifiedagriculture, extension and promotion of IPM. IPM is one of the important componentsof watershed developmentprogram, which is also being implementedthroughout the state. The promotionof IPMwill try to achievethe followingoutcomes:

* Improvingfarmer's awareness of the health hazardsof misuseand mishandlingof PPCand the advantagesof IPM * Improvingawareness and trainingfor properhandling, usage, storage, and proper disposalof containersof PPC. * Increasingawareness about efficacy and advantagesof eco-friendlyalternatives of chemicalpesticides. * Promotinguse of bio-pesticides. * Trainingand demonstrations related to the useof IPMtechniques and practices. * Disseminationof informationabout traditionalpractices used for the control of insect/pests. * Integrationof IPMinto a packageof practicesfor the area * Improvingthe informationand knowledgebase on pests,chemical pesticide use, healthimpacts, IPM use and trends across the regions.This wouldbe includedin the monitoringand evaluation schedule suggested for the project. * Developmentof promotional material, disseminationof IPM through field demonstrations,canvassing through extension personnel and NGOs. * Exposureof JSYSstaff and others (field level functionaries,farmers and NGOs) engagedin the implementationof the projectto IPMthrough integrationof IPMin the trainingprogram. * Initiating a rewardingand recognitionsystem for an individualfarmer or group of farmersfor adoptingIPM. Provideincentives to the farmersas well as tradersfor promotinguse of bio-pesticides. * Strengtheninginstitutional capacity on IPM

10.5 Integrated PestManagement Action Plan

Integratedpest managementwill be a major componentin the World Bank financedWatershed Development Project in Karnataka.In areascommon to both the projects, farmers participatingin this project may receiveIPM training through the WatershedProject interventions. In such cases,the training betweenprojects will be coordinatedat the CFT/WDD(taluk) level so as to avoid unnecessaryduplication. Nevertheless,this project would support a modest program of integrated pest SEA/Final/ISEC/17-09-01 10-7

managementpractices given their importanceto the broader project objectivesof agriculturalsustainability and improved public health.

The ActionPlan and costestimates for IPMconsists of:

* Adaptive trials and Demonstrations: Initiating adaptive trials and demonstrationsfor technologyrefinement centering around IPM related measures (about 10% of the tanks would be taken up for these demonstrationsinitially and this may be scaledup dependingon demand;hence, about 200demonstrations are plannedinitially to be doneby the Universityof AgriculturalSciences (Bangalore and Dharwad)as part of the farmerfield demonstrationand training servicesplanned. TheseIPM demonstrationsare part of a broaderpackage of field demonstrations providedby UASon on-farmwater management,crop managementpractices, and promotionof small-scalefisheries, forestry, and livestock enterprises. * In addition,the projectwould assist in * Training,exposure/ study tours and visits, awarenessbuilding, outreach and advisoryservices. * Strengtheningthe institutionalcapacity for IPM and improvinginter-agency coordinationand partnerships(through the activities in this project and knowledgesharing). * Facilitatingaccess to eco-friendlybio-pesticides and dissemination of information about cultural practices,mechanical and biologicaltechniques as part of IPM; Compilingindigenous technical knowledge database, pre-testing on fieldsbefore demonstratingon the farmers'fields (as part of trainingand special studies). * Disseminationof informationon disease/pestsurveillance and forewarning. * Facilitatingthe sharing of experiencesfrom other IPM activities in other states/countriesthat could be adaptedto enhanceIPM activitiesin the project area. * Monitoring,evaluation and documentation of casestudies.

The processfor training and demonstrationswould involveidentification of a smallsubset of progressivefarmers in eachTUG by the correspondingCFT. The Action Plan recognizesthat not all farmers in the projectarea can be providedfirst-hand training. The Action Plantherefore presupposes that progressivefarmers selected for trainingwill in turn train the remainingfarmers in their respectiveTUG. This processis critical becausethe main benefitsof IPM dependon all farmersin a contiguousarea practicingIPM; otherwise,the benefitsare muchless likely to materialize.The process of extensionwithin the TUGmay need to be supportedthrough CFT mediation.

JalaSamvardhane Yojana Sangha (]SYS) - with the supportof the Agriculture Department - will contract UAS (Bangalore and Dharwad) to provide these demonstrations.The TORsfor the provisionof theseservices would be completedprior to projectnegotiations. The StateAgricultural Universities and Agro Centers will alsobe involvedin the distributionof parasites,predators, plant protection chemicalsand equipmentin the projectarea. SEWFinaV/ISEC/17-09-01 10-8

10.6. Monitoringand Evaluation(M & E)

The agencytaking up the monitoringand evaluationassignment of the project (facilitatedby the EMPconsultant) would evaluate the IPM componentfor effectiveness and scaling-upimplications. The M & E will involveestablishing a base line on the currentstatus to evaluatethe impactof projectinterventions. The M & E of IPMwill be based on pre-definedparameters such as adoptionof companioncropping system, plantingof trap crops,following crop rotations,adoption of biologicaland mechanical methodsof pestcontrol, use of parasitesand predators, adoption of bio-pesticides.

10.7. Costs

The demonstrationin the projectarea (200 demonstrations@ Rs. 20,000per demo) is estimatedat Rs. 4 Million which has been includedin the larger UAS-led demonstrationprogram. The statewideIPM strengtheningis beingdone as part of the KarnatakaWatershed project. Additionaltraining and capacity-buildingactivities (incl. workshops,knowledge base development, M&E) has been includedin the overallEMP budget. SEWFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 1

CHAPTER11 RESETTLEMENTACTION PLAN (RAP)

11.1 Aboutthe Project

11.1.1The projectdevelopment objective objective is to improverural livelihoodsand reduce povertyby developingand strengtheningcommunity-based approaches to managing selectedtank systems. GoK proposes to cover2,000 tanks in this project-- a subsetof the approximately37,000 tanks in Karnataka.The projectaims to demonstratethe viabilityof a community-basedtank improvementand managementapproach by retumingthe main responsibilityof tank developmentto peopleon a selectedbasis. If successful,the project would providea usefulmodel for scalingup this innovativeapproach state-wide. The povertyfocus of the projectis basedon geographictargeting of taluksacross the state with a high incidenceof poverty. Withinthese taluks, the selectionof individualtank systemswill be basedon communitydemand.

11.1.2The project consists of threecomponents namely, (a) establishingan enablingenvironment for sustainable,decentralized management of tank system (b) strengtheningcommunity based institutionsto assumeresponsibility for tank systemdevelopment and management (c) undertakingtank systemimprovements (i) improvingoperational performance of selectedtank systemthrough a menu of physicalinterventions identified and executed by local users; (ii) facilitabng technical training and on-farm demonstrationsin water management,agriculture and horticulturedevelopment, fisheries,forestry and fodder production to help and ensurethat improvedwater storageand efficiency is translatedinto increasedhousehold incomes.

11.1.3The projecthas beendesigned for achievingmeaningful participation of all stakeholders includingvulnerable groups. The tank systemis a commonproperty natural resource and it is criticalthat differentuser groups are properlyidentified and an equitabledistribution of benefitsis realized.The project is premisedon a community-drivendevelopment approach andrepresentative and transparent decision-making within Tank UserGroups (TUGs) and Tank UserCommittees (TUCs). The communitiesparticipating in the projectwould agree to form TUGsand TUCs, who will planand implementIntegrated Tank Development Plans (ITDPs). These ITDPswill outlinethe activities(including resettlement activities) to be undertakenin eachtank system. The communitieswill sharea small percentageof the capitalcost of investmentand will assumefull operationand maintenance responsibility for the tank system. The projectwill financecapadty building to empowercommunities in strengtheningtheir ability to plan,implement and monitor project activities.

11.2 Needfor a ResettlementAction Plan:

11.2.1The projectwill coveronly existing tanks and therefore new land acquisitionand physical displacementis expectedto be minimal.However, the mainissue is encroachmentin the tank systempartcularly in tank bed areasand therefore,due to projectinterventions, SEWL/Final DralV ISEC/ 04.09.01 2

there are likelyto be someadverse effects or impactson the familiesand peoplein the form of losingthe encroachedland in the tank area and their livelihoodsource. To minimisethe adverseeffects there is a needto preparea ResettlementActon Plan(RAP). The mainobjective of this RAPis to describethe processhow the resettlementissues will be addressedunder the projectwhen the localTUG start preparingand implemenbtng projectactivities under the projectlevel. This document also gives a modelRAP prepared for a sampleof sixtanks (four with commandarea less than 40 ha andtwo with command areamore than 40 ha) fairlyrepresentng the project. The projectcovers 2000 tanks of which1593 tanks (about 80%) are with commandless than 40 ha andthe rest407 tanks havecommand more than 40 ha. This RAPcovers the entire projectwith estimatesof affectedfamilies. Note that the finalfigures will changeas RAPsare preparedfor individual tanksby the localcommunites over the periodof the project.

11.3 Processof socialassessment:

11.3.1 In order to assesslikely impactsdue to the project intervenbons,a social impact assessmentwas carriedout as part of the over all socialand environmentalassessment (SEA)of the project.The SEAwas carried out in two phases:(i) a studycovering 50 tanks (ii) a detailedstudy of a sub-setof sixtanks involving census of affectedfamilies.

11.3.2Assessment of impacts:As an integralpart of the SEA,all the sample50 tanks were visited to assessthe likelytypes of impactsdue to the proposedproject interventions, extent of impacton the livelihoodof thosedependent on landthat may be requiredfor the project andthe sizeof the populationthat maybe affected.Discussions were also held on howto deal with encroachments,and what type of supportwould be requiredto help those affectedto restoretheir livelihood.An attemptwas made to identifyall encroachmentsin the tank areaincluding its catchment,command and tank beditself. This involved detailed discussionswith villageelders and knowledgeablepersons since most of the tanksare morethan centuryold. Discussionswere also held with villagelevel govemment offidals particularlyfrom revenueand minor irrigationdepartments and Zilla Panchayat.Detailed consultationswere alsoheld with localPanchayat representatives. Participatory mapping was undertakento identifythe tank areaand are likelyto be affected.Discussions also focussedon the enitlementframework required to mitigateadverse impacts of the project.

11.3.3The informationcollected during the first phase of the SEAprovided the base for developinga broadentitlement framework which was further discussed during the second visit to a subset of six tanks.Although all encroachmentswere identified in 50 tank areas, all encroachingfamilies could not be contacted.Therefore, a sub-setof, six tank areas (Sorammanakere,DoddegowdanaKatte, Byalya DoddaKere, UrumundianKere, Madanakere andObattiKere) falling in two districtsviz., Tumkur and Kolar)were revisited to carryout furtherdetailed discussions on the entitlementframework and to undertakea censusof affectedfamilies to preparea modelresettlement action plan for thesetanks. Individual interviewswere held with potentiallyaffected families to assessthe extentof impactof the projecton their living and economicstatus. Attemptswere also madeto assessthe vulnerabilityof these encroachersparticularly on their dependenceon suchencroached landsfor their livelihood.Information collected both for 50 tanksand a subset of 6 tanks providedthe basefor preparingthis ResettlementAction Plan of the project. SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 3

11.3.4This processof socialimpact assessment will alsobe carriedby TankUsers Group (TUG) facilitatedby ClusterFacilitating Team (CFT) which will haveone R&R Specialist, when the tank communitystart preparingIntegrated Tank DevelopmentPlan (ITDP) under the project.

11.4 Benefitsfrom the project:

11.4.1The projectdevelopment objective is to improverural livelihoodsand reducepoverty by developingand strengtheningcommunity based approached to managingselected tank systems.The mostimmediate benefits of the projectwould flow to small and marginal farmersand farm daily labourerin the selectedtank systemsalong with complementary investmentsin allied activitiesincluding agriculture and horticulturalextension. Local populationmay take advantageof incomeand employment opportunities generated from projectinterventions at the tanklevel.

11.5 Projectimpacts:

11.5.1The projectinterventions broadly include limited feeder channel treatments, desiltation and strengtheningof bunds,waste weir, and sluices,command area improvements,and supportservices (e.g. development of smallfisheries and livestock enterprises). TheSEA was carriedout in 50 tank systems,and it revealedthat no physicaldisplacement of the populationnor did new acquisitionof land andstructures was necessary to accommodate projectinterventons. However, the majorissue is encroachmentsin tank bedareas where local peopleare usinga portionof the tank bed for cultivationpurposes. Most of the foreshorearea are free of any encroachments.In 50 tanks coveredunder the SEA,the study found a total encroachmentof 0.29 ha of the foreshorearea by 16 cultivators (mostlyextending their holding)with an averageencroachment of 0.018ha per family encroachingforeshore area. The study, therefore,concluded that encroachmentin foreshorearea is negligibleand repossessing such encroached lands would not entailany significantimpact on the livelihoodof suchfamilies.

11.6 Identifyingproject affected area andminimizing adverse impacts:

11.6.1 Duringthe socialassessment process, the SEAteam was accompaniedby the staff of Minor IrrigationDepartment/Zilla Panchayat and RevenueDepartment. Involving village elders,village revenue maps were studied to identifythe tank area.Area required for the projectwas markedto identifythe lands by superimposingthe technicaldesigns on revenue maps.. This was related to the original project design to identify the encroachmentson the landsrequired for projectinterventions. This helpedto limit the projectaffected area to the technicalspecifications and not enlargingit to the original projectdesign which would otherwiseentail retrievinglands that are not requiredfor projectinterventions. Through this process,all efforts were madeto minimizeadverse impactto the localpopulation as a resultof the project.Ground level identification of the affectedarea was carried out to identify the extent of encroachmentsand families encroachingthem. The resultsof the surveyof thesesix tanks providedthe baseto extrapolatethe numberof familiesaffected and develop an RAPfor the project. SEA FinalDraft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 4

11.6.2 Encroacherswho are not affected by the functioning of the tank system will not be disturbed (i.e. their encroachedland will not be dispossessed).Encroachers who are affected marginally(submergence for short period) by the functioning of the tank system will not be dispossessedof their encroachedlands but will be eligiblefor compensationfor the loss of crop. Encroacherswho are adverselyaffected (see entitlement framework)will get support underthe projectto mitigatethe loss.

11.6.3 As may be seen from the data of 50 tanks presented below, that there are 290 encroachments in tank beds and 16 in the catchment (feeder channel) area. Encroachmentof tank beds was not reported from 3 tank areas and the encroachmenton feeder channel was reported from only 12 tank areas. The extent of encroachmentin catchment area (0.02 ha/encroacher)is too small to have any adverse impact on the people who have encroachedfeeder channelsby extending their holding. On the other hand, about 81.69 ha of tank beds in 47 tank areas is under encroachmentby 290 encroacherswith an averagearea encroachedat 0.28 ha. (Table 1). Therefore,the issueof encroachmentin tank bed areasapparently is of seriousnature threateningthe livelihood of some of the familiesdependent on such encroachedlands. It is worthwhile to point out here that the encroachmentreferred to in this document pertains to such caseswhere peoplewill be permanentlylosing the accessto land. In other words, this excludesthose encroachmentswhich are submergedfor few days and that the peoplestill have accessto land for cultivation. This also checksresettlement that is not requiredas per the technical designsof the projectinterventions.

Table 1: Extentof encroachmentand familiesaffected

Size of Encroachmentin tank bed Encroachmentin feeder channel the tank No. Of Area (in ha) Av. Area No. Of Area ( ha) Av. area encroacher encroached encroach encroach encroached (ha) s ed ers encroached <40 ha 145 41.69 0.29 11 0.24 0.02 > 40 ha 145 40.00 0.28 5 0.05 OMO1 Total 290 81.69 0.28 16 0.29 0.02

11.6.4 All families encroachingtank land will not be adverselyaffected if their encroachedlands are taken by TUGfor tank rehabilitationworks. Applyingthe eligibility criteria (those losing encroached land that constitute more than 20% of the operational holding) for R&R support as laid out in the R&R policy for the project (see section 11.8 on R&R policy provisions), it was found that on an average, in tanks with <40 ha command, one encroachingfamily will be losing land that constitute more than 20% of the operational holding and the same in caseof tanks with >40 ha, it works out to 2.5 families per tank. The estimatesdeveloped based on the findings of SEAindicate that about 2,610 families (Table 2) encroachingtank beds will be adverselyaffected and will require support to restoretheir livelihoodthat would be lost as result of project interventions.However, these estimateswill be updatedas the TUGsundertake social impact assessmentat the individual tank level,identify affectedfamilies and preparetank level RAPs. SEN Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 5

Table2: Estimatesof affectedfamilies

Sizeof No.of No.of No.of eligible Estimated the tank tanks encroachersaffected numberof proposed enrahr fetd eligiblePAPs underthe of tank bed families(per underthe project (pertank) tank)* project

<40 ha 1593 5.0 1 1593 > 40 ha 407 6.9 2.5 1017 Total 2000 -- -- 2610 * referto eligibilitycriteria under the R&Rpolicy of the project

11.7 Profileof the affectedcommunity:

11.7.1A profile of the encroachers,in terms of their social structure,family size, literacy, landholdingsize, landsin the commandarea, sourcesof irrigationand incomelevel is presentedin AnnexI. Majorityof the encroachersbelong to two groups(Vokkaliga and Ungayat)who account for nearly47% of the encroachmentsin 50 tanks.Scheduled Castes (SCs)and ScheduledTribes (STs) together account for one fifth of the encroachments. Illiteracyis still a predominantfactor for their backwardness.More than half amongthe encroachershave landholding of morethan 3 ha. Smalland marginalfarmers account for 47% of the encroachmentsin tank areas.Almost half of encroachersdepend on rain for cultivationwhile the rest supplementirrigation from their own sourcesor from the tank. Takingofficial poverty level of Rs20, 000per annum,almost two thirdsof the encroachers are belowpoverty level implyingtheir dependenceon encroachedlands to supplement their householdeconomy.

11.8 Voluntarysurrender of land:

11.8.1The approachproposed to be adoptedis to promotevoluntary surrender of landrequired for the proposedproject interventions. For this purpose,detailed discussions will be held with the potentialaffected people to makethem awareof the needto developtank and the benefitsthat will accrueto the entiretank communityand that this mayrequire giving up the tank area encroachedfor rehabilitationwork. Landsrequired for the project interventionswill be identifiedby TUGand will be examinedalong with the potential affectedfamilies. All effortswill be madeby TUGand the local communityto request encroachersof the tank areato surrenderthe land voluntarily.The ClusterFadlitating Team (CFr) will ensurethat lands are surrenderedvoluntarily and that there are no compulsionsand pressure on the affectedfamilies.

11.8.2Wherever such voluntarysurrender of encroachedland is promoted,all steps will be undertakento documentthem. This will involvesigning of a 'consentletter' by the person willingto surrenderthe landand it will be witnessedby the representativesof TUG,Gram Panchayatand VillageRevenue Officer. However, TUG will ensurethat landsthat are surrenderedare free of any encumbrances.The community will, however,ensure that such SENFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 6

personsare not adverselyaffected and that they benefitfrom the project.Any grievances by the peoplewill be resolvedat the tank level by the TUGand Gram Sabhaand if unresolvedwill be referredto the DistrictGrievance Redressal Committee (see section 11.15for furtherdetails). If all effortsby TUGto securevoluntary surrender of encroached land fails, the provisionsof the R&Rpolicy prepared for the projectwill be extendedto eligibleaffected families to enablethem to restoretheir livelihood.The legaland policy provisionsthat are availableunder the projectto ensurethat thoseaffected are not left worseoff arediscussed in the subsequentsections.

11.9 Legaland policyprovisions

11.9.1The existingLand Acquisition Act (LAA)1894,amended in 1984and the R&Rpolicy (formulatedfor this project)provide adequate legal and policyframework to mitigate anyadverse impacts of the projectinterventions on the localpopulation. The major featuresof this legaland policy framework is givenbelow:

11.9.2Land AcquisitionAct: While no new acquisitionof land, structuresand other immovableassets are expectedfor any of the activitiesunder the project,however, if any sucheventuality arises, the samewill be dealt underthe LAA1894. According to this Act, if acquisitionis to take place,based on the technicalconsiderations, the concernedagency requiring land submitsa requestwith detailsfor acquisitionto the designatedCollector for land acquisition.The intention of acquiringland and other propertiesis notifiedin two newspapers(of this only will be in the regionallanguage) undersection 4(i) of this Act by the StateGovernment, or any officerauthorized thereof, such as the Collector.The notificationdeclares that certain private land (may also includeimmovable assets) will be requiredfor a publicpurpose (for example,under this project for tank rehabilitation). On the appearanceof Section4(i) Notificationin GovernmentGazette and two local newspapers,the local populationwill know of the intendedacquisition. This notification allows the LA officerto enter upon landto makea preliminarysurvey, ascertain the suitabilityand determinethe exact portionof the land to be acquired.Objections to the proposedacquisition could be filed undersection 5A of the LAA.In order to proceedwith the acquisitionof the notified land, a declaration undersection 6 of the Act specifiesthe preciseboundary of the land to be taken. Every declarationis publishedin the Official Gazetteand in two daily newspaperswith circulationin the localarea. With the appearanceof the notificationunder section 6 of the Act in the Gazette,the RevenueDepartment issues direction to the Collectorunder section7 of the Act to take orderfor the acquisitionof the notified land and/orother immovableproperties. Under section 8 of the Act, actual measurementof the land intendedto be acquiredis requiredto be measuredin the presenceof the Collectoror his/her nomineeand the owner. Basedon the measurementsmade under Section8, noticeis given underSection 9 indicatingthe valueof the landfixed by the Collectoras on the date of notificationmade undersection 4(i). The award under section11 is madewithin two yearsfrom the dateof publicationof the declaration.Land owners can receivethe compensationunder protest and requestthe case to be referredto the court. If no awardis madewithin the stipulatedtwo yearsfrom the date of section4(i) notification,the entireproceedings of LA lapsesand fresh notificationunder section 4(i) needsto be initiated.Once the awardis passed,section 16 of the Act empowersthe SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 7

Collectorto take possessionof the land and vest the ownershipwith the Government free from all encumbrances.

11.9.3An importantprovision under the Act allowsa landholderto ask for the acquisitionof his/herremaining holding (after the LA process)if the acquisitionof land rendersthe holdinguneconomical or fragmentedor makeit unviablefor operation.

11.9.4The LAAct providesan emergencyclause (section 17) whichempowers the Government to take possessionof land after declarationunder section 6 of the Act and section9 is issued.Section 17 allowsthe Collectorto take possessionof the land after 15 daysof issuingnotice under section 9 and80% of awardamount is paid.

11.9.5In additionto the compensationcomputed on the marketvalue registeredwith the RegistrarOffice, the affectedasset owners are alsopaid a solatiumat 30 percentof the marketvalue againstthe compulsoryacquisition of land.Additional compensation at 10 per cent of the compensationand solatiumamount is alsopaid to compensatefor the appreciationin the land that may occurduring the periodover which land is acquired. Intereston compensationand solatium is alsopaid at the rate of 9 per cent for the first year and 15 per cent per annumthereafter, from the date of notificationto the date of issuanceof the awardor takingpossession of landand property,which ever is earlier.If there are any disputesrelating to the fixation of compensationnorms, thesewill be referredto the courtfor settlement.

11.9.6Compensation for buildings/structures

11.9.6.1 If acquisitionof certainresidential buildings becomes imperative, the samewill be compensatedat BasicSchedule of Rates(BSR) without deductingany depreciation. The BSRin the Stateare decidedby the Publicworks Department(PWD) and are indexedto allow for prevailingmarket prices. Minimumcompensation for houses shall be Rs. 10,000/-inclusive of solatiumand other charges.

11.9.6.2 Displacedpersons shall be allowedto take awaythe buildingmaterial which they can salvagefrom the housesat the oldsites to makeuse of the samein the construction of the housein the newlocations, yet therewill be no reductionin their entitlement to compensationamount. Transit passeswill be issuedby a competentofficial of the Projectfor carryingaway wooden frames and all sucharticles that maywarrant issuanceof permits.

11.9.6.3 Compensationfor buildings/structureson Governmentland, even thosewho have encroachedon governmentland and have constructedbuildings or structures thereonshall also be paid compensationbased on the valuationestimates of the buildings/structuresby the \PublicWorks Department.But suchpersons will not be paid compensationfor land.

11.9.7 Compensationfor CommonProperties SEA/ FinalDraft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 8

11.9.7.1 If land or propertiesbelonging to the communityor commonplaces of worship located are acquired,compensation for such acquisitionwill be paid to facilitate constructionof such structures at new places through local bodies such as Municipalities,Panchayat Raj Institutionsetc. If the communitywas availingof somefacility prior to the Project,GoK will ensurethe sameat the newplace/ habitat or at the old site, asthe casemay be.

11.9.8 Compensationfor Treesand Vegetation

11.9.8.1The amountof suchcompensation will be determinedon the basisof capitalizedvalue of fruits, wood or timber. The capitalizedvalue of trees, timber and fruits are determinedby HorticultureDepartment / ForestDepartment in their concernedareas. Suchevaluation is basedon the type, age,diameter and yield of the tree. The Forest Department,every year taking into considerationthese factors, prescribes the rates.

11.10 R&R Policy

11.10.1As part of SEA,extensive consultations were held on the resettlementissues under the project and how to addressthem. This includeddiscussions with individualaffected familiesthrough interviews, and discussionswith villageelders and community leaders. Stakeholdersworkshops were also organizedon developingan entitlementframework (seesection 11.11 for detailson consultationprocess and issuesdiscussed). Based on the resultsof SEAand the consultationscarried out, an R&Rpolicy has beenformulated by the Governmentof Karnatakato addressresettlement issues specific to the project (AnnexII). This policyalso extensively draws the experiencesof other projectsin the state, notablyUpper Krishna Project, State Highways Project and Project Sea Bird where the GOKis implementingresettlement programs planned for theseprojects.

11.10.2The mainobjective of the R&Rpolicy is to avoidor minimizethe possibilitiesof adverse effectsresulting in displacement(physical or economicor both) of peoplein the project area. Wherethe negativeimpacts are unavoidable,the objectiveis to minimizethe hardshipto affectedfamilies and enhance, or at leastrestore, their livelihoodopportunities. The scopeof the policycovers only those lands (either own or encroached)that affector are affectedby the operationof the tank.The projectwill not evictencroaches whose land is not adverselyaffected by tankoperations.

11.10.3The projectarea for a specifictank is definedto includethe catchmentarea (which is definedas the feederchannel within 500m of the foreshoreand the foreshorearea itself); tank bed and waterspreadarea at full tank level (which includestank embankments,sluices, waste weir, and the tank bed itself); and the designcommand areaserved by the tank.

11.10.4 As stated earlierthe approachproposed to be adoptedis to first motivateaffected encroachersto surrenderthe encroachedtank land for projectinterventions. If these effortsdo not yield the desiredresults of gettingland for projectworks, the projectwill offer a packageof assistanceto ensurethat those affectedare helpedto restoretheir SENFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 9

livelihood,Specific entitlements that are availableto the identifiedaffected families are as follows:

* Skilltraining for incomegenerating activity * ProductiveAsset Grant (up to Rs.25,000)for incomegeneration activities * Accessto institutionalcredit and government programs for IG activities * Supportfrom districtindustries centre * Institutionalcredit for cropproduction and allied activities * Arrangingadditional PDS for the BPLfamilies for the initialthree years * All the affectedfamilies in the projectarea will be givenpreference to carryoutthe worksrelated wage employment during the processof tank rehabilitation. * In the absenceof any traditionalfishing community in the projectarea, fishing rightswill be givenon prioritybasis to the projectaffected families. * Prioritywill be givento the projectaffected families to takeout the silt for their own use.

1 1.10.5 Specificentitlements are givenin the followingR&R entitlement matrix.

R and R Entitlement Matrix

Typeof Definitionof Supportfor alternativelivelihood loss entitled person _ Lossof own Personswith a) Compensa_onwill bepaid as perthe LAQ,1894. Rehabilitaion land own land grantat Rs.25,000per acre will be providedwhich together with (cultivatedor compensationwill ensurereplacement value of the land.This grant uncultivated) will beavailable for purchaseof landwithin one year of the grant release. b) Thoseinterested for landfor land:The project will provide whereveravailable, equable amount of landof the sameclass. If sameland is not available,the followingscheme will be applied: oneacre of irrigatedland provide 2 acresof dry land,or 1 acresof gardenland provide three acres of dry land. c) If givencompensation, the projectwill assistthose interested amongthe PAFsto identifythe landfor purchasewith the compensationmoney. d) InterestedPAFs will be assistedto haveaccess to institutonalcredit for incomegenerating activity or for cropproduction. e) To safeguardfood security during the transition period arrange additionalPDS for the BPLfamilies for the initialthree years. Lossof Personswho The personswho satisfyail three of the followingcriteria: (i) have encroached encroachand encroachedand cultivated land for morethan three years, (ii) losemore land cultvatethe than 20% of their total operationalholding (includes both encroached land andown land elsewhere) and, (iii) belongto BPLfamily will be assisted asfollows: . Provideskill training,if requiredfor incomegenerating activity . Provideproductive asset grant (up to Rs.25,000) to take up IG activity * Accessto bankloans . Assistin institutionalcredit for crop productionand allied activitieson the restof the land . To safeguardfood security during the transibonperiod, arrangeaddibonal PDS for the BPLfamilies for the initial threeyears In the processof identifyingand establishingIG activities,affected personswill be counseled,advised and assistedto ensurethat IG SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/04.09.01 10

______l___|__ activitiesare operationaland sustainable. Lossof Personswho For own land, both own own their land A) Compensationwill be paid as per the LAQ,1894. Rehabilitation and and also grant at Rs.25,000per acre will be provided which together with encroached encroached compensationwill ensure replacementvalue of the land. This grant land will be availablefor purchaseof land within one year of the grant release. B) Those interestedfor land for land: The project will providewherever available, equableamount of land of the same class. If same land is not available, the following schemewill be applied: one acre of irrigated land provide2 acres of dry land, or 1 acres of garden land provide three acresof dry land. c) If given compensation,the project will assistthose interested among the PAFsto identify the land for purchasewith the compensationmoney In case of encroachedland, if it accountsfor more than 20% of the operationalholding, and family belongs to BPL category, such affected family will be assistedthrough A) Skill training, and a productive asset grant (up to Rs.25,000) to take IG activity. B) Accessto bank loan, if required and support from district industriescenter C) Accessto institutionalcredit for crop production and allied activitieson the rest of the land, D) Arrange additionalPDS for the BPLfamilies for the initial three years In the processof identifyingand establishingIG activities, affected personswill be counseled,advised and assistedto ensure that IG activitiesare operationaland sustainable. Lossof Owner of the a) Replacementvalue (as assessedby the govemment agency) for the physical structuresbuilt own land or land for land, b) replacementvalue of the structure or assets on own or providehousing under govemment housingschemes or Rs.10,000as encroached house site value and Rs.25,000for house construction.The affected land families will be permitted to take out their salvage material and the project will assist in transportingthem. Loss of Personsowning Replacementvalue of the permanentassets and in case of crops, its other assets these assets value (as assessedby the agriculture/horticulture/forestdepartment) like trees, crops, well, etc. Community The local Commonproperty resources(water resources,grazing lands, village Property community forests), infrastructure facilities (indudes roads, pathways,drinking (including which is water sourcesand others) and religiousplaces, if affected will be common currentiy replacedin the altemative placesas decidedby the local community. properties) benefited from this property Loss of Individuals Preferentialrights to fisheries in the tank, right to carry tank silt. Where livelihood dependenton such affectedare forced to take up alternative economicactivities, they tank for their will be givensimilar assistanceas providedto encroachersunder this livelihood like policy. potters, brick makers, fishermen,etc.

11.10.6It has been agreed that in addition to the impactsthat have been identifiedso far and listed in the entitlement framework of the policy, if any potential negative impacts are observed and identified,the project will addressedthem under the broad principlesof the agreed upon policy framework, with specific entitlements based on the idenffficationof impacts, subject to approval of GOK and the World Bank. This is specially important becausethe project coverstanks that are spread over a large area with different socio- economicconditions and the SEAmight not have capturedall the conditons. SEN Final Draft/ ISEC/04.09.01 11

11.11 Consultationwith the affectedcommunity

11.11.1Involvement of affectedcommunity is vitalin planningand implementing R&R programs to ensuretheir acceptanceof R&Ractions planned under the project.While preparing the presentRAP, extensive consultations were held with the affectedfamilies and other stake holdersincluding village elders, village level government officials, NGOs and civil society. Whilethe consultationmethods followed to elicitrequired information are detailedbelow, the detailsof consultationincluding the dates,no. of participants,issues raised and how thesehave been addressed in the R&Rpolicy and RAP have been presented in Annex.II.

Stakeholders Method

Project affected people Individual interviews,field level observations,transect walks

Localcommunity Focuseddiscussions, Village meetings, state level workshops

Elected representatives to local Individual interviews, consultationson village maps anvp.rnment' Local revenueofficials Joint meetings and individual consultationson village maps

Projectoffidals and line departments Joint meetings, individual interviews and consultations, state levelworkshnns NGOsgmembersof dvil society Consultationsand individualmeetings, state level workshops

11.11.2Some of the specificissues that were raised and addressed in the RAPare:

* No compensationshould be given to encroachersfor the tank landsencroached by them - Encroachersshould be motivatedand persuadedby TUG and village eldersto surrendertank encroachedlands voluntarily * Onlyvulnerable among the encroachersshould be supportedto helpthem restore their livelihood * Otherfamilies (like fisher men, brick makers,potters) dependent on tank for their livelihoodshould have right to usethe silt andundertake fishing in the tank * All efforts should be made to dovetail govemmentschemes for the economic rehabilitationof the affectedpeople

11.11.3.PAPs involvement in the implementation:During implementation of this actionplan, the fieldlevel funcbtonaries (TUG, CFT, village functionaries of the govemment)responsible for implementingthe projectat the tank levelwill involveaffected community in:

* Undertakingsocial impact assessment at the tanklevel * Identifyingaffected area in relationto the proposedproject interventions * Identifyingaffected families * Identifyingfamilies eligible for R&Rsupport * Identifyingincome generation activities as alternatesource of livelihood SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/04.09.01 12

11.11.4Both TUG and CFTwill ensurefull participationof the affectedfamilies in eachR&R activities.Representatives of the affectedcommunity, CFr and Panchayatin the proposed Districtlevel Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will helpin increasingthe participationin the decisionmaking process pertaining to R&Rprograms in their area.

11.12 ActionPlan

11.12.1Social impact assessment and preparationof RAP:Since this is a communitydriven developmentproject, planning, implementation and monitoringof all the components (includingresettlement) is the responsibilityof the localTUG. Therefore, TUG, fadlitated by the ClusterFacilitation Team (CFT) will undertakethe socialimpact assessment of the projectinterventions. The processwill involveidentification of the affectedarea (under the presentproject it is basicallythe landsencroached in the tank areaincluding catchment, commandand tank bed)and the familiesdependent on suchlands. A list of suchaffected personswill be prepared.As stated earlier, the approachproposed under the projectis to promote voluntary surrender of land required for project interventionsthrough consultation,motivation and persuasion.If these do not yield results, identify persons(applyingeligibility criteria as laiddown in the R&Rpolicy) who are eligiblefor R&R supportand development economic rehabilitation for them.(A modelRAP prepared for six tank areasis appendedseparately).

11.12.2Issuing notices: After the identificationof the affectedarea and the affectedpeople, TUGwill issuenotices to individualaffected family to refrainthem from further sowingin the area.These notices will specifythat they wouldbe responsiblefor any lossof crop duringproject implementation.

11.12.3Extending R&R entitlements:

All entitlements(cash grants) particularly the productiveasset grant will be put in the joint accountin a bank.This account will be in the joint nameof the eligibleaffected family and TUG.Amount will be releasedthrough the bankonly when the affectedfamily produces evidenceof procuringthe productiveasset grant. In this processCFT has a major responsibilityin providingthe necessaryguidance and help in identifyingsuitable income generationactivity. Before releasing the amount,this shouldbe approvedby the CFT which will also be responsibleto monitorthe establishmentand operationof income generationactivity. CFT will ensureadequate backward and forward linkages to makethe activitysustainable.

11.12.4Relocation: Although physical displacement is expectedto be minimal(if at all) under the project,if any eventualitydoes arise,the samewould be dealt with as per the provisionsof R&Rpolicy of the project.

11.12.5Economic rehabilitation:

(i) employmentduring projectconstruction: All affectedfamilies will be given wageemployment on a preferentialbasis during desiltation and otherproject constructionactivities. For this purpose.the CFr will preparea labourpool SEAFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 13

profile,compare skills and types of job beingexecuted. CFT will be responsible to monitorthis aspectand ensure that the majorshare of employmentgoes to the affectedcommunity. (ii) Identificationof alternateeconomic activities: CFT will analyseprevalent economicactivities, specifying existing demand for productsand services, the generalavailability of labourand other resources,profitability, and present marketingpractices and relationships. This group will alsomake an inventoryof existingbanks, savings and creditorganizations and any informalinstitutional arrangementsfor encouragingsavings and for providingstart-up or expansion capital,or spreadingfinancial risk. Informationso gatheredwill providethe basisfor preliminaryidentification of potentialincome-restoration measures. (iii) Basedon the above information,CFT will assessthe feasibilityof these activitiesin a given areaand preparea shelf of suitableincome generation activites.CFT will facilitatethe affectedfamilies to selectthe activitypreferred by them. (iv) CFTswill assessthe trainingneeds of the affectedfamilies for the activities selectedby them and organizetraining programsto equip them with the requiredskills. (v) A joint bankaccount will be openedin the nameof the eligibleaffected family andTUG. Productive asset grant will be depositedin this joint accountand will be releaseonly on evidenceof procuringthe requiredasset. CFT will facilitate the affectedfamilies in identifyingthe suppliersand in negotiatingprices. existingcapacity of project agencies,NGOs or other entities to develop economicopportunities, training, or otheraspects of incomerestoration. (vi) CFTwith the help of TUGand GP members will help the affectedfamilies to accessgovernment schemes. For this purpose,the R&Rand TD Spedalistwith DPUwill take upwith bothCEO of ZPand Deputy Commissioner for inclusionof the namesof affectedpeople for coverageunder government schemes. (vii) CFT,supported by DPU,will ensureforward and backwardlinkages for the activitiesundertaken by the affectedpeople. (viii) RAPs will include arrangements(and indicators) for monitoring the effectivenessof incomerestoration measures, and for modifyingplans found to be ineffective. (ix) Encroacherswhose lands are submergedfor short period will not be dispossessedof such encroachedlands. Because of projectinterventons, if there is lossof crop, suchencroachers would be paid crop compensationas determinedby the AgricultureOfficer.

11.13 RAPapproval process

11.13.1RAP will form an integralpart of ITDPand its implementationwill be synchronizedwith the physicalconstruction activities planned under it. No constructionwill take place unlessall entitlementsare extendedand the processof economicrehabilitation has started.Voluntary surrender of land will be well documentedand will be checkedon a samplebasis by an externalagency that will be engagedto undertakemonitoring of the project.The responsibilityof approvingRAP as part of ITDPwill be with the DPU. The R&RSpecialist in JSYSwill ensurethat RAPsconform to the R&Rpolicy provisions. SEA/ Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 14

11.13.2At the projectlevel, the R&Rand TD Unitin JSYSwill be responsibleto ensurethat RAPs preparedat the tank levelare in accordancewith the agreedR&R policy of the project. However,to havean impartialreview of RAPand to ensurethat theseRAPs conform to the agreedR&R policy of the project,an externalagency experienced in RAPpreparation and implementationwill be contractedto undertakethe reviewof all RAPs.The agency will be in placeat the time of projecteffectiveness. 11.14 InstitutionalArrangements for Implementationof RAP

11.14.1The institutionalarrangements for the implementationof RAPinvolves the following:

a) An R&Rand Tribal Development(TD) Unit will be establishedwithin JSYS,which will coordinatewith the departmentsconcerned in GoKto facilitatethe smooth and timely implementationof the RAPand also ensureavailability of required fundsfor R&Ractivities under the projectThis Unit will havean R&RSpecialist to coordinateall R&R activitiesunder the project, monitor the preparationand implementationof RAPat the individualtank leveland ensurethat theseconform to the agreedR&R policy of the project.The R&RSpecialist will alsomonitor the work of an externalagency that will be hired to reviewall RAPsto ensuretheir conformity with the agreed R&R policy. The R&R Specialistwill also be responsiblefor developingand managingdata base of the project affected families as a tool for preparation,implementation and monitoringof R&R activitiesunder the project b) At the DistrictProject Unit, an R&Rand TD Specialist will be postedto work closelywith the ChiefExecutive Officer (CEO) of the Zilla Panchayat(ZP) and the Deputy Commissionerof the District to coordinate and facilitate the implementationof the RAPwith the departmentsconcerned at the district level. He will also be responsibleto facilitatedove tailing of on-goinggovernment schemesin the areafor the economicwelfare of the projectaffected families. c) Responsibilityto facilitate the assessmentof social impacts of the project interventionsat the tank levellies with the ClusterFacilitating Team (CFT) which will have an R&Rand TD Specialistas one of the functionaries.The CFTwill guideTUG in the planningand implementingR&R activities for individualtank. d) At the tank level,TUG, will work closelywith the CFTto assessthe impactof the projectson localcommunity, identify individual affected families, assess the extent of impact,hold consultationswith them to find out alternativesfor their livelihoodin the event of the significantloss to their incomeas a resultof the proposedproject interventions . With the help of CFTand Gram Panchayat, TUG will arrange to dovetail governmentschemes and extend R and R entitlementsas providedunder the R andR Policy. e) Although no new land acquisitionis envisagedunder the project, if any eventualityarises, acquisition of land and other immovableproperties is the responsibilityof the RevenueDepartment of GOK.At the district level,this is carried out by the DeputyCommissioner through designatedLand Acquisition Officer. SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 15

f) The organizationalset up for planning, implementingand monitoringR&R activitiesunder the projectis presentedin the flow chat (Aex It.

11.14.2Capacity building to handle R&R activities:Since most of the staff in JSYSteams (bothat the stateand district levels) and functionaries of CFTwill havelittle exposureto R&Rissues, under the project they will be trained in skills requiredto handleR&R programs.Besides, JSYS staff and CFT functionaries,TUG managementcommittee membersand other field levelfunctionaries of Zilla Panchayat,departments of revenue and minorirrigation associated with the projectwill alsobe trainedon differentaspects of R&Rissues associated with the project.The trainingmodules to be developedwill focus on: * policiesand procedures in LAand R&R * conductingbaseline surveys and preparing RAP * economicrehabilitation of the affectedpeople * database management for M&Eof R&Rprograms

11.14.3A consultantwill be engagedto assessthe trainingneeds and preparetraining modules and material.Training will be organizedboth at JSYSand DPUs. Each training module will be repeatedto covera large numberof thoseassociated with R&Ractivities under the project.Besides, customized training will be organizedin reputedtraining institutions, both within Karnatakaand outside for R&Rand TD Specialistsin JSYSand DPUs.

11.14.4In addition,exposure visits will alsobe organizedfor the staff of JSYSand DPUs to project siteswithin the stateand outside where R&R programs are beingmanaged successfully.

11.14.5Good practices will be identifiedduring preparation and implementationand these will be documentedand disseminatedwidely among project functionaries, CFTs and TUGs.This will be coordinatedby Manager,Communications in JSYS.

11.14.6External agency for M&Lwill developa data base,train JSYSstaff, both at projectand districtlevel, in managingthe data baseand its periodicupdating, and assist in preparing dataformats and monitoring reports.

11.15 GrievanceRedressal mechanism

11.15.1All grievancesrelated to land acquisitionare resolvedthrough the provisionsavailable in the LAQ,1894.However, for issuesrelated to the R&R,a DistrictGrievance Redressal Committee (GRC) will be constituted under the chairmanshipof the Deputy Commissionerof the district with the DistrictManager of DPUas MemberSecretary. Othermembers of this GRCwill includethe R&Rand TD Specialist,representatives of the affectedcommunity, revenue officials and representativesfrom PRIs,TUGs and CFTs.Besides, the R&Rand TD Specialistboth with the district projectunit and Cluster FacilitatingTeam will alsoassist the affectedcommunity in resolvingtheir problemsby referringthem to the relevantagencies. The CFTwill recordthe grievancesof the affectedpeople and present the samein the GRCfor resolution. 11.16 Monitoringand evaluation SEA/Final Draft/ ISECI 04.09.01 16

11.16.1Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) of the RAPis necessaryto monitor the progressand to ensureadequate and timelyimplementation of the proposedR & R activities. This providesfeedback to the plan for mid-coursecorrective measures. The monitoringwill be both internaland external. At the JSYS(project) level, the R&RSpecialist with the JSYSwill carryout the internalmonitoring focusing on physicaland financial aspects. At the district level,this responsibilitylies with the R&Rand TD Specialist.The external Learningand Monitoringagency, which will be selectedand engagedfor the entire project,will alsocover R&R aspects of the tanks.

11.16.2At the tank level,the TUGalong with representativesof PAFs,will be responsibleto monitorthe implementationof tank level RAP. 11.16.3Extemal agency for M&Lwill developa data base,train JSYSstaff, both at projectand districtlevel, in managingthe database and its periodicupdating, and assist in preparing dataformats and monitoring reports

11.16.4Monitoring indicators: A setof indicatorshave been identified and presented in AnnexV. However,the externalMonitoring & Learningagency for the projectwhich will alsobe monitoringthe implementationof R&R activitiesunder the project will update the monitoringparameters and develop monitoring formats to be usedat differentlevels

11.17 Implementationschedule:

11.17.1The immediateactivities that are plannedare establishingan R&Rand TD Unitin JSYS and postingof R&Rspecialists in bothJSYS and DPUs and CFrs to undertakesocial assessmentand prepare tank basedRAPs. Before the TUGsinitiate social assessment and prepareRAPs, training programs should be organizedto equipthem with required skills.Similarly, no incomegeneration activities will be establishedunless the required traininghas beenorganized for the affectedpeople. The detailedimplementation scheduleis shownin Table3.

11.18 Costsand budgeting 11.18.1The costitems and norms used in developingthe budgetfor R&Rare as follows:

a) TUGsundertaking social assessment and preparing RAP - at Rs 5,000per tank b) Provisionfor skilltraining at Rs2,000 per family c) Rehabilitationgrant (up to Rs25,000) for IG activityfor eacheligible family d) Capacitybuilding (of JSYS/DPUstaff, CFTfunctionaries, TUG members, and other villagelevel government functionaries concerned with R&Ractivities) at Rs600 per TUGmember and Rs 4,000 per trainee(staff and CFTfunctionaries) e) Contractingan externalagency to reviewall RAPs SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC! 04.09.01 17

f) Contractinga HRD agencyto assesstraining needs,and developtraining modules and materials g) Contingency(10%) which includesfunds to compensatefor lossof physicalassets, trees, crops,and commonproperty resources. Loss of these assetsis likely to be minimalas no losseswere reported in the modelRAP prepared for six tank systems.

The details of the budgetover the projectperiod is presentedin Table4. The total budgetfor implementingresettlement activities under the projectworks out to Rs95.67 million. The provisionfor skill training, rehabilitationgrant, and capacitybuilding for TUGmembers will be an integralpart andfinanced through the ITDP.

SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 19

TABLE -3: RESETTLEMENTACTION PLAN - IMPLEMENTATIONSCHEDULE

Apr 01 -Mar02 AI 02-Mar 03 Apr 03- Mar 04 Apr 04- Mar 05 Apr 05 - Mar 06 Apr 06 - Mar 07 Activities YEAR 0 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR4 YEAR 5 Q1Q2l QI 0 03 Q4 01 02 03 Q4 Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Qi INISTITUTIONAL

Establishingan R&R and TD unit in JSYS - - - -

osting of R&R andTD Specialistsin JSYS

Postingof R&R and TD Specialistsin DPUs (No.) EquippingR&R and TD units of ISYS/DPU

Ensuring R&R and TD Specialistin CFTs (No.)

ConstitutingDistrict grievances Redressal Committee(Nos.) Contractingan extemal agency to review RAP

CAPACITY BUILDING

Preparingtraining modulesand materials

Trainingto JSYS, DPU staff & functionaries

TrainingCFT & TUC members

Exposuretrips

Documenting good practices

Developingdata base and management

PREPARATIONOF TANK BASEDRAP SEA/ FinalDraft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 20

TUGs undertakingSocial Impact Assessment (no.of tanks) * E u Eu. Identifyingeligible affected families (no. of families) * _

Planning mitigation measures (no. of tanks) _ * _ ** ** *** _ _

IMPLEMENTATION OF TANK BASED RAP

Promotingvoluntary surrender of land L_ |_

Issuingnotices to encroachersprohibiting furtber sowingon encroachedland E u m m ExtendingR&R benefits (no. of families) m** *m * m

Organizingtraining for IGS (no. of trainees) * *m * *

Facilitatingaccess to credit and market _- * m m* * - -

Extenal agency reviewing RAPs(No.) - - * *** * * * *

EstablishingIG activities

MonitoringIG activitiesand restorationof incomelevel SEA/Final Draft/ ISEq 04.09.01 21

Table 4 - ResettlementAction Plan - Budget amount (Rs.000) PhysicalTarget Budget SI.No.Activity 1st Yr 2nd Yr 3rd Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr 6th Yr Total Unit Unit Cost 1st Yr 2nd Yr 3rd Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr 6th Yr Total

Social Assessment& I Preparation of RAP 100 400 700 600 200 2000 TUG 5000 500 2000 3500 3000 1000 10000

Rehabilitation Assistanceto eligible 2 PAFs 130 522 913 780 265 261(Person 25000 3250 13050 22825 19500 6625 - 65250

Training/Skill orientationfor income 3 generatingactivities 130 522 913 780 265 261O Person 2000 260 1044 1826 1560 530 5220

Engaging an external agency for reviewing 4 RAPs _ - _. - -Lumpsum. - 500 500 500 500 5001 2500

Engaging Consultant for training need 5 assessment - . . Lumpsum 200 - 200

Capacity building 6 activities _

a. TUG members on two modulesof one day duration 200 800 1400 1200 400 4000 Person 600 120 480 840 720 2401 2400 b. Staff& Functionarieson four modulesof two days _____ duration 175 175 350 Person 4000 700 700C- 1400

Sub-Total - - . 5530 17774 29491 25280 8895 - 86970

Contingencies (a 10% . 553 1777.4 2949.1 2528 889.5 8697

_____ Total - . . 6083 19551.4 32440.1 27808 9784.5 - 95667 SEA FinalDraft/ ISECI 04.09.01 22

Annex I Socio-economic profile of encroachers

INCOME LEVEL

SL INCOME PERCENTAGEOF NO LEVEL ENCROACHERS 1 Below Rs.5000 4.1 2 Rs.5000- 1I000 29.2 3 Rs.11000- 20000 33.4 4 Rs. 20000 - 25000 4.7 5 Rs.25000- 50000 16.0 6 Above Rs. 50000 12.6 Total 100

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

SL EDUCATIONAL PERCENTAGE NO LEVEL OFENCROACHERS 1 Illiterate 53.4 2 Primary 10.9 3 Higher Primary 17.5 4 High School 13.5 5 PUC 1.3 6 Degree 3.4 Total 100 SEA/Final Draft ISEC/04.09.01 23

CASTE WISE DISTRIBUTIONOF ENCROACHERS

SL CASTE PERCENTAGE NO OF ENCROACHERS 1 Vokkaliga 25.86 2 Lingayat 21.37 3 Muslim 3.79 4 Kuruba 13.03 5 ScheduleCaste 9.31 6 ScheduleTribe 2.06 7 Christian 0.34 8 Golla 2.06 9 Kabbaliga 0.34 10 Dasaru 1.03 11 Naik 6.55 12 Uppar 2.41 13 Others 11.72 Total 99.87

SIZE OF THE LAND HOLDING

SL Types of Farmers Percentage

N O ______1 MarginalFarmers 25.86 2 Small Farmers 21.03 3 Semi Medium 28.96 4 Medium 14.82 5 Large 4.13 6 Landless 5.17 Total 99.97 SEAFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 24

FAMILY SIZE

SL No. of Percentage No Members 1 Upto 5 39.1 2 5 to 10 39.6 3 10to 15 9.4 4 15 to 20 7.92 5 20 to 25 2.47 6 Above 25 1.48 Total 99.97

No. of farmers owning land in the command - 40 No. of farmers who do not own land in the command - 250 Tota - 290

SOURCEOF IRRIGATION FACILITIES POSSESSED BY ENCROACHERS

Si Source of Percentage No irrigation 1 Rain 49.23 2 Canal 4.56 3 Tank (Borewell+ Openwell) 0.5 4 Tank 11.67 5 Tank + Borewell 2.53 6 Openwell+ Canal 0.5 7 Borewell 23.35 8 Openwell + Rain 3.55 9 Borewell+ Openwell 2.03 10 Openwell 1.52 11 Tank + B.Well +O.Well + Canal 0.5 Total 99.94 SEAI Final Dralt/ ISEC! 04.09.01 25

Annexll

Policy for Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Personsaffected by the Community BasedTank Management Project

Preamble

The Governmentof Karnatakahas proposed to rehabilitatesome 5000 minor irrigationtanks on community-basedapproach over the next five years(2001-2006). The governmenthas set up JSYSto designthe project,its implementation,and monitoring.As part of the projectdesign the JSYShad initiated various studies, including the socialand environmental assessment study. The SEAstudy basedon a sampleof 50 tanks in 17 talukshad indicatedthat there are some adverseimpacts on the localpopulation and that the state governmentneeds to introducea resettlementand rehabilitation(R&R) policy to mitigatesuch adverseimpacts on persons affected by the Project.Accordingly, this R&Rpolicy has been formulatedwhich consistsof definitionof the terms used,its objectivesand principles,entitlement framework, institutional arrangementfor implementation,monitoring and evaluation,and grievanceredressal. Most of the tanks do not requireland acquisition,or physicaldisplacement of households,however, either is not totally ruled out. Consultationswith the potentialaffected persons and families (with or without land held legally)and lessonsfrom the R&Rpolicies of the Governmentof Karnatakafor Upper KrishnaProject in North Karnatakaand the ProjectSea-Bird in Uttara KannadaDistrict, and Highways (GoK, 1996; GoK, 1999; and GoK, 2001) have formed the basis of the presentpolicy.

1. Definitions

1.1 ProjectAffected Family is that which will be affectedin terms of loss of livelihood through lossof land (with or withoutlegal titles) residentialand other structures,wells, trees, crops,and anyother productive means of livelihoodby the Projectin anypart of the state. 1.2 "Displacedperson" means any person,land owning with or withoutlegal titles, who has been,involuntarily displaced from his or her usualplace of residenceor work dueto suchland acquisition(including for road construction,or installationof field channels,feeder canals, constructionof any tank relatedstructures). 1.3 "Cut-off Date"for identificationof the projectaffected family this policymeans the date on which the notificationu/s 4(1) of LAQ 1894with amendmentsis made. However,with specificreference to thosewith no legal claimsover the land, (i.e., encroachment,squatting etc.) the cut off datemeans the dateof finalisationof the socio-economicbaseline survey in the specifictank area. 1.4 "Family"in relationto an affectedperson includes an adultperson, his or her spouse, minorchildren and other dependants who habitually reside in onehousehold at the time of cut off date. Membersof the PAFsabove 18 years as on the dateof socio-economicsurvey, should be treatedas separatefamily units for R & R assistance.In caseof the deathof the entitled person,his/her dependents will be eligibleto receivethe R&Rassistance. 1.5 "Encroacher"is a personwho has been engaged in unauthorised(i.e., withoutany legal titles to land)possession/cultivation of land falling under integrated tank systemarea. SEA Final Draft/ ISEy 04.09.01 26

1.6 "Squatter"is a personwho is unauthorisedlyusing land for housingor any structureor businessor any otherpurposes. 1.7 "ProjectArea" depending on the technicalrequirements at the tank levelincludes catchment,tank, foreshoreand command areas. This will however,will excludeareas not requiredfor projectinterventions although may form part of the originalproject design. 1.8 "Belowpoverty Line (BPL) Family" refers to thosefamilies who are recognisedas BPL familiesby the GoKrecords.

2. Objectivesof the R andR Policy

2.1 The objectiveof this policyis to avoidor minimisethe possibilitiesof adverseeffect resultingin displacement(physical or economicor both) of peoplein the projectarea.

2.2 Wheredisplacement is inevitabledue to technicalreasons of the projectdesign, the objectiveis to minimisethe hardshipto the affectedfamilies, enhance, or at leastrestore their livelihoodopportunities.

3. BasicPrinciples

3.1 The projectdoes not envisageany majorprivate land acquisition and physical displacementof the peoplefor the purposesof the community-basedtank rehabilitationproject. However,it involvesreclaiming some of the landsparticularly in tank bedareas, which are encroached.All effortswill be madeto encouragethe encroachersto surrendersuch lands occupiedby them throughcommunity persuasion.

3.2 After exhaustingall motivationand persuation efforts, following principles will be adoptedto mitigateadverse impacts, if any. a. Baselinesurvey (technical, social and economic) will be carriedout at eachtank-level at the commencementof the project. b. The affectedcommunity or familieswill be consultedthroughout the design,planning, implementationand monitoringof the R andR activities c. Any assetincluding land, structures, wells, trees, etc, to be acquiredfor the projectwill be compensatedat the replacementvalue.

d. All thosedisplaced will be sociallyand economically integrated with the localor host population. e. Adequateresources including physical, financial, and humanwill be madeavailable to the implementingagency to carryout R andR activitiesunder the project. f. Commonpool resources,if affected,shall be replacedin consultationwith the local community,especially keeping in mindthe needsof the poor,and the vulnerablesections of the community. SEN Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 27

4. Guidelinesfor Implementation

4.1 Voluntarysurrender of landfrom all typesof encroachersin the integratedtank system areashould be properlydocumented. Such surrendered lands should be free of any encumberances.This should be accompaniedby the consentletters indicating their willingness to surrenderthe land requiredfor projectinterventions. Besides the personsurrendering the land,the consentletter will be signedby Tank UsersGroup (TUG), PRIs, and concerned revenueofficials. The communitywill, however,ensure that suchpersons are not adversely affectedand that they benefitfrom the project.Any grievancesby the peoplewill be resolvedat the tank levelby the TUGand Gram Sabha and if unresolvedwill be referredto the District GrievanceRedressal Committee (GRC). 4.2 Replacementvalue of land:All privatelands, where ever required,will be acquiredand compensatedas perthe provisionsof the LandAcquisition Act, 1894.Norms of compensation will be determinedin consultationwith the representativesof the project-affectedpersons, TUG.In caseof landfor land option,efforts will be madeto identifythe availabilityof such land,and acceptability by thosewho have opted for this option.The TUG will havea majorrole in identifyingsuch lands.

4.3 Compensationfor structures:The valueof all structuresto be acquiredfor the project will be assessedas perthe basicscheduled rates determined by the publicworks department of the stategovernment. This alongwith the valueof the salvagematerial will ensurethe replacementvalue of the affectedstructures. In addition,such affected people will alsoreceive assistancein the constructionof housein the newrelocation.

4.4 Compensationfor treesand crops: These will be compensatedbased on the productivity as assessedby the departmentsof agriculture/horticulture/forest.

4.5 Assistanceto displacedfamilies: The projectwill developthe relocationsite andservices, if the numberof displacedfamilies exceed 20 per tank rehabilitationand if thesefamilies opt for relocationin a singlesite. Eachdisplaced family, in additionto the compensationas described above,will get assistanceas below: a. Permissionto take out the salvagematerial b. Transportationto movethe salvagematerial to the identifiedsite c. Coverageunder the governmenthousing schemes.

4.6 Assistancefor EconomicRehabilitation

4.6.1 Compensationfor landowning families will be providedas per LAQ,1894(ref sectionno). Besides,the followingassistance for economicrehabilitation will be providedto the affectedfamilies (ref entitlementmatrix)

* Skilltraining for incomegenerating activity * Seedcapital (up to Rs.25,000)will be channelledthrough bank loan • Supportfrom districtindustries centre * Institutionalcredit for cropproduction and alliedactivities * Arrangingadditional PDS for the BPLfamilies for the initialthree years SEN Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 28

* All the affectedfamilies in the projectarea will be givenpreference to carryoutthe works relatedwage employment during the processof tank rehabilitation. * In the absenceof anytraditional fishing community in the projectarea, fishing rights will be givenon priority basisto the projectaffected families. * Prioritywill be givento the projectaffected families to take out the silt for their ownuse.

5. EntitlementFramework

5.1 Followingbroad categories of potentialproject affected families are identified: Peoplelosing land that is their own * Peoplelosing land that is encroached * Peoplelosing both ownand encroachedland * Peoplelosing any physicalstructures (e.g, house,well) * Peoplelosing other assets like trees,crops, etc, * Peoplelosing access to commonproperty, and structures/religious places belong to community * Peoplelosing livelihood

Forthese above categories of affectedpeople, the entitlementframework is givenbelow

EntitlementMatrix

Type of Definitionof Entitlement loss entitled person Lossof Persons a. Compensationwill be paidas per the LAQ,1894. Rehabilitation grant at own whoown Rs.25,000per acrewill be providedwhich together with compensationwill land their land ensurereplacement value of the land.This grant will be availablefor (cultivated purchaseof landwithin oneyear of the grantrelease. or b. Thoseinterested for landfor land:The projectwill providewherever uncultivated available,equable amount of land of the sameclass. If sameland is not ) available,the followingscheme will be applied:one acre of irrigatedland provide2 acresof dry land,or 1 acresof gardenland providethree acres of dry land. c. If givencompensation, the projectwill assistthose interested among the PAFsto identifythe landfor purchasewith the compensationmoney. d. InterestedPAFs will be assistedto haveaccess to institutionalcredit for incomegenerating activity or for cropproduction. e. To safeguardfood securityduring the transitionperiod arrange additional PDSfor the BPLfamilies for the initial three years. Lossof Persons Personswho haveencroached and cultivated land for morethan three years, encroac who lose morethan 20%of their total operationalholding (includes both hedland encroach encroachedand own landelsewhere), and belong to BPLfamily will be and assistedas under. cultivatethe land SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 29

* Provideskill training,if requiredfor incomegenerating activity * Provideproductive asset grant (up to Rs.25,000) to take up IG activity * Accessto bankloans * Assistin institutionalcredit for cropproduction and allied activities on the restof the land * To safeguardfood securityduring the transitionperiod, arrange additionalPDS for the BPLfamilies for the initialthree years In the processof identifyingand establishingIG activities,affected persons will be counseled,advised and assistedto ensurethat IG activitiesare operationaland sustainable. Lossof Persons For ownland, both who own A. Compensabonwill be paidas perthe LAQ,1894. Rehabilitation grant at own and their land Rs.25,000per acrewill be providedwhich together with compensationwill encroac andalso ensurereplacement value of the land.This grant will be availablefor hedland encroached purchaseof landwithin one year of the grantrelease. B. Thoseinterested for landfor land:The projectwill providewherever available,equable amount of land of the sameclass. If sameland is not available,the followingscheme will be applied:one acre of irrigatedland provide2 acresof dry land,or 1 acresof gardenland providethree acres of dry land. C. If givencompensation, the projectwill assistthose interested among the PAFsto identify the landfor purchasewith the compensationmoney In caseof encroachedland, if it accountsfor morethan 20%of the operationalholding, and family belongs to BPLcategory, such affected family will be assistedthrough a. Skilltraining, and a productiveasset grant (up to Rs.25,000)to take IG activity. b. Accessto bankloan, if requiredand support from districtindustries centre c. Accessto institutionalcredit for crop productionand allied activities on the restof the land, d. Arrangeadditional PDS for the BPLfamilies for the initialthree years In the processof identifyingand establishing IG activities,affected persons will be counseled,advised and assisted to ensurethat IG activitiesare operationaland sustainable. Lossof Ownerof a) Replacementvalue (as assessedby the governmentagency) for the own physical the landor landfor land,b) replacementvalue of the structureor provide assets structures housingunder government housing schemes or Rs.10,000as housesite value built on own andRs.25,000 for houseconstruction. The affectedfamilies will be permitted or to take out their salvagematerial and the projectwill assistin transporting encroached them. land Lossof Persons Replacementvalue of the permanentassets and in caseof crops,its value(as other owning assessedby the agriculture/horticulture/forestdepartment) assets theseassets like trees, cro p s, ______SEAWFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 30

well, etc. Commu The local Commonproperty resources (water resources, grazing lands, village forests), nity community infrastructurefacilities (includes roads, pathways, drinking water sources and Property whichis others)and religiousplaces, if affectedwill be replacedin the alternative (includin currently placesas decidedby the localcommunity. 9 benefited common from this properti property es) Lossof Individuals Preferentialrights to fisheriesin the tank, right to carrytank silt. Wheresuch livelihoo dependent affectedare forced to take up alternativeeconomic activities, they will be d on tankfor givensimilar assistance as providedto encroachersunder this policy their livelihood like potters, fishermen, brick making,etc.

Consultations 7.1 Consultationsare essential for planningand implementing the R & R activitiesin the projectarea. Such consultations should take placewith the followingstakeholders (both individuallyand collectively) as indicatedbelow. a Projectaffected people * Localcommunity * Electedrepresentatives of PanchayatRaj Institutions * Land revenueofficials * Projectofficials * NGOs

These consultationswill be heldto explainthe projectobjectives and likelyimpact on the projectarea, its peopleand their benefits. Someof the issuesthat needto be discussedin theseconsultations are:

a. Evictionof encroachersthrough mutual consent or voluntarysurrender. b. Landacquisition and norms of compensation c. Encroachmentand alternatelivelihood d. Lossof livelihoodand alternate opportunities e. Criteriafor eligibilityto R&Rassistance under the project f. R&R optionsand assistance to adverselyaffected families 9. Relocatingcommunity properties

8. InstitutionalSupport SEWFinal Draft/ ISECJ04.09.01 31

8.1 An R&Rand TD (TribalDevelopment) Unit will be createdin JSYS.The headof this unit will The headof this unit will haveexperience in resettlement,tribal developmentand conflict resolutionand will haveappropriate financial power and authority to carryout all functions, includingcoordinating meetings with other linedepartments. This unit will coordinateand monitorthe implementationof R&Rand Tribal Developmentactivities at the projectlevel. It will alsobe responsibleto approvetank basedResettlement Action Plans.

8.2 At the district level, the DistrictProject Unit will havean R&Rand Tribal Development Specialistwho will work underthe overallguidance of DeputyCommissioner of the district, andwill be responsibleto guideand supervise planning, implementing, and monitoringthe ResettlementAction Plan in closecoordination with the ClusterFacilitation Team (CFT). While actualplanning and implementationof R&Ractivities will bethe responsibilityof TUG,an R&R andTD personin the CFTwill facilitatethe processand attend to take careof fieldgrievances, reduceprocedural delays, coordinate all resettlementactivities, including land acquisition and compensationpayments to the projectaffected persons and their economicrehabilitation with relevantline departments

8.3 At the tank level,these activities will be carriedby the TUGworking closely with the PRIs,local revenue officials, and CFT.

9. GrievanceRedressal Mechanism.

9.1 All grievancesrelated to the land acquisitionare resolved through the provisions availablein the LAQ,1894.However, for issuesrelated to the R&R,a DistrictGrievance RedressalCommittee (GRC) will be constitutedunder the chairmanshipof DeputyCommissioner of the districtwith DistrictSocial Organiser as membersecretary. Other members of this GRC will includerepresentatives of the affectedcommunity, revenue officials and representatives from PRIs,TUGs and CFTs.

10. Monitoringand Evaluation 10.1 Monitoringand Evaluation (M & E) of the projectis necessaryto ensureeffective and timelyimplementation of the R&Ractivities and to providefeedback for mid-coursecorrection. The monitoringwill be bothintemal and external. At the projectlevel, this will be carriedout by the R&Rand Tribal DevelopmentUnit and at the districtlevel, the samewill be carriedout by the R&Rand Tribal DevelopmentSpecialist. At the tank level,the CFTwill be responsiblefor monitoringthe implementationof RAP.The externalmonitoring will be carriedout on a quarterlybasis by an externalagency to obtainan impartialview of the problemsand suggest correctivemeasures.

11. Budget

11.1 Thecost of planningand implementing the R&Ractivities will be the part of the overall budgetof the Project.Similarly, at the tank level,the costsof R&Ractivities will be an integratedcomponent of the IntegratedTank DevelopmentProject.

12. Effectiveness SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 32

This policy will becomeeffective from 10thOctober 2001. SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 33

Annex III Consultation with affected community and other stakeholders

Date Place No. of Typeof Participants IssuesRaised How RAPAddresses these? Participants January4 JSYS 164 Experts,Consultants, VariousSocial Aspects Theinputs are taken in to - 5, 2001 Representativesfrom withreference to considerationto evolveformats for NGO's,Academic and communityparticipation, fieldstudies and feed back ResearchInstitutions, issuesof equity, Engineersfrom Minor marginalizedrural IrrigationDept. and populace Zilla Panchayat,Stake Holders,Media Persons& JSYS Officials February ISEC 15 Representativesfrom Encroachmentin tank RAPdetails out the procedures 22, 2001 WorldBank, ISEC, areas.How to evictthem? JSYS and NGO's March13- JSYS& 52 Stakeholders from 18 Exposureto the Social Issuesraised about encroachment 14 & 18- Field Tanksincluding PRI Issueswith reference to havebeen addressed during social 19, 2001 representatives, conflictingdemands of assessment Womenand SC/ST's various users March ISEC 22 Representativesfrom Encroachmentin tank R&Rpolicy focuses on vulnerable 27, 2001 WorldBank, ISEC, IIM, areas.How to evictthem? sectionsamong encroachers. JSYS& NGO's Encroachmentby elite Thoseabove poverty level are not sections.Any support will eligiblefor anysupport givea wrongsignal and maylead to further encroachment July17- ISEC 53 Experts,World Bank To discussthe interim R&Rpolicy focuses on vulnerable 18,2001 Teammembers, S&EAreport & various sectionsamong encroachers. Consultants, components.Discussion Thoseabove poverty level are not Representativesof the alsofocused on eligiblefor anysupport. RAP NGOs,PRIs, Stake encroachmentin tank detailsthe processof helpingthe holders,JSYS officials, areas.General opinion was vulnerablein restoringtheir Engineersfrom DMI & thatopportunist livelihood. Repsfrom Line depts. encroachersshould be removedwithout any support _ August2 Kerekyat SCs29 PAPs(8) Issuesof returningthe Landsurvey, group meetings, -3, 2001 hanahalli STs36 Landless(2) encroachedland explainingadvantages, meetings Others:30 CommandArea Proposedrehabilitation withindividual encroachers. CFT Farmersof the two measures:land vs. will documentthe voluntary tanks compensation surrender VillagePanchayat Voluntarysurrender and of land,which will bechecked by leadersand Local landsurvey the R&Rand TD specialisLThe officials Lossof livelihood extemalmonitoring agency for the projectwill alsoverify the validity of ______this processon a sample basis August4- Byalya SC:19 PAPs(19) Issuesof returningthe Landsurvey, group meetings, 5, 2001 ST74 Landless(1) encroachedland explainingadvantages, meetings Others:46 CommandArea Proposedrehabilitation withindividual encroachers. CFT Farmers16 measures:land vs. will documentthe voluntary VillagePanchayat compensation surrenderof land,which will be leadersand Local Voluntarysurrender and checkedby the R&Rand TD officials landsurvey specialist.The extemal monitoring Lossof livelihood agencyfor the projectwill also verify August Halkurke SC:26 PAPs(31), Landless Issuesof retumingthe Landsurvey, group meetings, 6-7, 2001 ST:30 (8), CommandArea encroachedland exilaininqadvantaqes, meetinqs SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 34

Others: 65 Farmersof the two Proposedrehabilitation explainingadvantages, meetings tanks, Village measures:land vs. with individual encroachers.CFT Panchayat leaders and compensation will documentthe voluntary Local officials Voluntarysurrender and surrenderof land,whichwill be land survey checked by the R&R and TD Loss of livelihood specialist.The extemal monitoring Lack of information agency for the projectwill also verify the validity of this processon a sample basis. The R&R policy will be translatedin the local language and a brief will be preparedand distributed among the local population. 9-Aug-01 Chikkana SC: 12 PAP (5) Others Role of Panchayatand Carry out PRAs,examining yakanaha ST: 14 claimingto be PAPs (3) TUGs alternatives,examine altematives Illi Others: 31 Command areafarmers Issues of retuming the in Gramasabha(s).Land survey, (14) Command farmers encroachedland group meetings,explaining of other tanks not in the Contestedclaims over advantages,meetings with project(30) Village lands individual encroachers.CFT will PanchayatLeaders and documentthe voluntarysurrender Localofficials, Ex- of land, which will be checked by Panchayatmembers the R&R and TD specialist.The (2) extemal monitoringagency for the project will also verify the validityof this process on a sample basis. 9-Aug-01 Obatti SC: 6 PAPs (13), Others Role of Panchayatand Carry out PRAs,examining Others 39 claimingto be PAP ( 2), TUGs altematives, examinealtematives Command areafarmers Issues of returning the in (23), Village Panchayat encroached land Gramasabha(s) Leaders and Local Contestedclaims over Land survey, group meetings, officials, TUG Members approach roadto the tank explainingadvantages, meetings with individuale ncroachers.CFT will documentthe voluntary surrender of land which will be checked by the R&R and TD specialist.The extemalmonitoring Sep 7- 8, Hotel 83 Experts, Consultants, To discuss the findings of Approach adopted in the draft R&R 2001. Capitol, Bank, Representatives the draft S&EA report. One policy for the project considered Bangalor from NGO's, Academic session focusedon the the suggestions on voluntary e. and Research issues relatingto surrender of land, support to only Institutions,Engineers encroachmentin the tank those below povertylevel. from Minor Irrigation areas. There were Dept. and Zilla differenceon the support to Panchayat,Stake encroachers. . Holders, Media Persons & JSYS Officials Sep 26 - JSYS 45 Reps from ANGOs, To discuss social & The processof preparingRAP and 28, 2001 PotentialHost NGOs, technical issues for ITDPs the interpretationof R&R policy reps of line Depts., Consultantsfrom ISEC & IIM(B). _ SEN FinalDraft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 35

Annex IV: ORGANISATIONAL FLOW CHART

RESETTLEMENT& REHABILITATION

|]SYS SAE OFFICE OFFICEOF THE l l l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~PRINCIPALSEC_Y.REVENUE

RGI |FINANCE|

R&Rand TD unit

R&R Specialist

DISTRICTPROJECT UNIT

FF&1 Fi43LFS F9S2i FNNC

R&RAND TD Specialist

CLUSTERFA CILITATION TEAM | LANDACQUISITON OFFICER'

|TANK USER GROUP |*EXECUTIVE MEMBERS & VILLAGEREVENUE OFFICER SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 36 SEA/ Anal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 37 SEA/Final Draft/ ISEQ/ 04.09.01 38

Annex V Monitoring Indicators Indicators Frequency Method to follow Agency Responsible Physical a) Reportsfrom the a) R&Rcell of JSYS 1. Updatingof land recordswith Annually VillageAccountant b) DPCand CFT respectto tank land. 2. No. PAFsidentified External 3. Encroachers surrendering Monthly a) Reportsfrom TUG, agency( to land (No) Monthly DPC,and CFT. report on their Reportsfrom TUG, DPC, visit, at least 4. PAFsassisted by type of and CFT. twice, to the entitlements(No.) Monthly Reportsfrom TUG, DPC, tank during the 5. PAFsidentified for IG Activities and CFT. implementatio (No.) by type of IG Monthly n of the RAP) 6. PAFsreceiving institutional Reportsfrom TUG, DPC, credit (No) and CFT. -do- 7. PAFsunder Govt. schemes(by Monthly type) (No.) Reportsfrom TUG, DPC, 8. PAFsreceiving rehabilitation Monthly and CFT. -do- grant (No) 9. other assets(by type) Monthly Reportsfrom TUG, DPC, compensated(No.) and CFT. -do- 10. PAFsReceived Training (no.) Monthly Reportsfrom TUG, DPC, and CFT. -do- Quarterly -do- Financial (Rs.) Monthly A)) Reportsfrom TUG, a)R&Rcell of ]SYS a) R&R assistanceprovided in DPC,and CFT b)DPC terms of type of entitlement * Rehabilitationgrant for A)) Reportsfrom TUG, Externalagency IG activity DPC,and CFT to report on their * Bank loans arranged visit, at leasttwice, * Training expenses Monthly to the tank during A)) Reportsfrom TUG, the implementation Quarterly DPC,and CFT of the RAP) Other Indicators a)Middle of a)Reportsfrom TUG, a)JSYS AnnualIncome of PAFs the RAP DPC,CFT and R&Rcell b)DPC implementati of the JSYS c)CFT on b)Reportsfrom external d)TUG b)end of the M&Eagency e)external M&E RAP agency implementatio n c)2 years after completing ProcessIndicators: tank A)) Reportsfrom TUG, * No. of consultations rehabilitation DPC,and CFT work * No Visits by R & R and TD Monthly A)) Reportsfrom TUG, Specialist DPC,and CFT, TD and R&R Specialist * No. of Dist. Grievance Monthly A)) Reportsfrom DPC Redressal Committees and R&R and TD constituted Specialist SEA FinalDraft/ ISEC/04.09.01 39

I * No. of meetingsof GRC I Annually I I SEA/Final Draft/ ISEr/ 04.09.01 40

Annex

MODEL RESETTLEMENTACTION PLAN

1.1 Introduction:This model action plan has been developedbased on the socialand economiccensus carried out in the proposedproject area comprisingof 6 tanks (Sorammanakere,DoddegowdanaKatte, Byalya DoddaKere, UrumundianKere, Madanakere andObattiKere) falling in two districtsviz., Tumkur and Kolar. This also provides guidelines to prepareresettlement action plans at individualtank level.

1.2 Typesof Impacts: Unlikeother development projects such as major irrigationprojects, or layinga highwayproject, the proposedproject does not involveany major adverse effectssuch as dislocatingthe mainsource of incomethrough land, or dispossessionof houseor other assets. Neitheris there an instanceof any lossof propertywith cultural heritagevalue attached to it. Becausea majorityof the tanks havebeen not receiving sufficientrains and inflowof water,there havebeen instances of encroachmentof tank's catchmentor water spreadarea. Evenin this regard,the extentof landencroached or privateland likely to be submergedis minimalcompared to the numberof casesreported.

1.3 Categoryies of affectedpersons: The following categoriesof potentiallyprojected affectedfamilies in the six tanksare thoselosing tank landthat is encroachedby them. identified.They are: - Peoplelosing land that is encroached - Peoplelosing trees

1.4 Magnitudeof impact: The total water spreadarea of six tanksis 195.45ha. andthe affectedarea is 8.76ha. Thetotal numberof familiesand the populationthat is likelyto be affectedis 76 and401 respectvely.There is no physicaldisplacement of populationas a resultof the proposedproject interventions. The tank-wisedetails of theseare presentedin Table1.1. andThe lossof tank landby acrossencroached and the landsowned by them but what weresurrendered when bunds were raised are owned land and encroached land is indicatedin Table1.2. It is importantto pointhere that the privatelands surrendered by localland owners for the developmentof tank havenot yet enteredin revenuerecords and continueto appearas 'private'land.

Table1.1. Affectedfamilies Tank/Village Water- Affected Affected No.of Totalpopulation spread area families familieswith Male Female Total area (ha) land in the (ha) . command Sorammanakere 5.67 1.21 3 I 11 6 17 DoddegowdanaK 6.78 0.67 5 3 20 16 36

atte1 I____. I.I Byalya 47.55 2.64 19 1 53 40 93 r'.. 14..V __..______SEAFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 41

DoddaKere = UrumundianKere 129.24 1.64 31 9 80 84 164

Madanakere 2.06 0.56 5 -- 12 9 21 ObattiKere 4.15 1.84 13 6 39 31 70 Total 195.45 8.76 76 20 215 186 401

Table1.2 Extentof arealoss across land owned and landencroached ______(area in ha) Own land Encroachedland Totalholding Tank Area Arealoss* Area Arealoss Area Arealoss 0 Area /0 Area % Area a,0 Doddegowdana 39.86 0.44 1.10 0.23 0.23 100 40.10 0.67 1.67

Katte ______Sorammanakere 9.0 0.00 0 1.21 1.21 100 10.22 1.21 11.8 ByalyaDodda 35.01 0.25 0.71 2.39 2.39 100 37.40 2.64 7.06

kere___ _ Halkurkekere 71.99 0.48 0.67 1.16 1.16 100 66.47 1.64 2.47 MadanaKere 2.81 0.00 0 0.56 0.56 100 3.37 0.56 16.6 ObattiKere 79.10 0.16 0.20 1.68 1.68 100 80.78 1.84 2.28 Total 237.77 1.33 0.56 7.23 7.23 100 245.00 8.56 3.49 Note: * These lands have already been voluntarily surrendered, but not recorded in the revenuedocuments. 1.5 Social profile: The affectedfamilies include 6 scheduletribes (STs), 13 schedule castes (SCs)and the rest belongto other castes(Table 1.3). Averageliteracy rate of ProjectAffected Families (PAFs) is 65%. The total populationof 76 familiesis 401 with an averagefamily size 5.27.

Table 1.3 Socialcomposition and literacylevels of PAFs

Tank No. Social Literacy Total of composition level Population PAFs ______PAsST SC OC (% Sorammanakere 3 1 1 1 52 17 DoddegowdanaKatte 5 - - 5 61 36 ByalyaDoddaKere 19 4 4 11 64 93 UrumundianKere 31 1 30 76 164 Madanakere 5 5 25 21 ObattiKere 13 1 2 10 59 70 Total 76 6 13 57 65 401

1.6 Economicactivity and incomelevels: As may be anticipated,a majorityof the PAFsis engagedin agricultureeither as farmersor as agriculturallabourers. There are just about six familiesin whichthe mainoccupation is non-agriculturalin nature(Table 1.4). SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 42

Table1.4 MainOccupation of the PAFs

Tank Agric- Ag. Pensi- Serv,ice Small Total ulture Labour oner | Business |__

Dodidegowda 4 1 --- 5 na Katte

Sorammanak 2 1 = - - 3 ere

Doddakere 14 2 1 2 19 Halkurke kere 28 - - 2 1 31 MadanaKere 2 3 5 Obatti Kere 11 2 13 Total 61 9 1 2 3 76

1.7 Lessthan a third of the PAFshave an incomebelow Rs. 20000, which is the officialcut off level of incomefor determiningpoverty line (Table1.5). The averageincome of these familiesis Rs.16296, of whichRs. 2159 is the averageincome from the landsencroached. Thusthe lossof encroachedland constitutes an incomeloss of lessthan 14 percent of the total familyincome. The incomelevels indicated here are as perthe respondentsestimates, whichmay be generallydeflated.

Table1.5 Incomelevels of the PAFs (Incomein Rs.) Less 14401 20001 50000 More Tank than to to to than Total 14400 20000 50000 100000 100001 DoddegowdanaKatte 1 2 2 5 Sorammanakere 1 1 1 3 ByalyaDodda kere 3 6 5 2 3 19 Halkurkekere 2 3 12 7 7 31 Madana Kere 3 1 1 5 ObattiKere 2 2 4 3 2 13 Total 11 13 25 13 14 76

1.8 Out of total 76 PAFs,52 familiesare above poverty line andonly 24 are belowthe poverty line (Table1.6).

Table1.6 PovertyStatus of PAFs SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 43

Tank Familiesbelow Familiesabove Poverty level poverty line Sorammanakere 1 2 DoddegowdanaKatte 1 4 ByalyaDoddaKere 10 9 UrumundianKere 5 26 Madanakere 4 1 ObattiKere 3 10 Total 24 52

1.9 Outof the 24 identifiedBPL PAFs, only 7 hadin theirpossession irrigation units of either openor tubewells (Table 1.7). Noneof theseis locatedin the tankbed.

Table 1.7 Irrigation Units Possessedby the BPL-PAFs

Borewell TankTankName Name ~wellsBore- wellsOpen well& Open

DoddegowdanaKatte Sorammanakere ByalyaDodda kere 2 1 3 Halkurkekere 1 Madana Kere Obatti Kere Total 3 1 3

1.10 Lengthof encroachment:A majorityof the farmerswith encroachedlands have been in possessionof suchlands for morethan three years (87 per cent) (seeTable 1.8). It may be pointedout herethat nearly17 per centof the farmersattribute their encroachmentto be for raisinga single-season crop.

Table 1.8 Length of Encroachment

Tank No. PAFs PAFswith lands encroachedfor > 3 Years <3 Years DoddegowdanaKatte 5 5 Sorammanakere 3 3 ByalyaDodda kere 19 18 1 Halkurkekere 31 30 1 MadanaKere 5 4 1 Obatti Kere 13 13 Total 76 73 3

1.11 Minimizingadverse impacts: The proposedinterventions under the projectare not expectedto haveany major adverseimpacts on the localpopulation, . P particularly,in the physicaldisplacement. The technicalaspects of the interventionsare being limited to the restoringthe tank systemwithin to its originaldesign position. Therefore, it will not entailany additionalland acquisition or submergenceof physicalassets. However,it will requirethe reclaimingthe tank bed lands,which are currentlyunder encroachment. This plan providesmitigation measures to thoseencroached lands. SEWFinal Draft/ ISEC 04.09.01 44

1.12 Legal provisions: The existing LAQ,1894and the R&R policy (specially formulated for this project) provides adequate policy and legal framework to mitigate the adverse impacts in these tank areas. of this project. These are covered in the main sectionsin the RAP.

1.13 Consultations with the Affected Community: In preparationof this model e RAP, extensive consultationswere held with the potentially affected persons both individually or collectively.These included:

Stakeholders No of times Method consulted

Project affected 3 Individual interviews, field observations, people transectwalks

Localcommunity 2 Focuseddiscussions, Village meetings,state levelworkshops

Elected 2 Individualinterviews, consultations on village representatives to maps localgovernments

Localrevenue officials 3 Joint meetingsand individualconsultations on villagemaps

Project officials and 4 Joint meetings, individual interviews and line departments consultations,state level workshops

NGOs 4 Consultationsand individual meetings,state levelworkshops

The list of the PAFsand the familieseligible for rehabilitationassistance grant is given in Attachment 1.

1.14 The above consultationswere held after explaining the project objective and the likely effect on the project area, people and its benefits. The issuesraised and discussedin these consultationswere:

Land acquisitiona)Resettement and rehabilitation b) a) Encroachment c) Lossof livelihood d) Compensationpayment to encroachers. e) Compensationpayment to BPLand landlessencroachers f) How to deal with encroachersof Tank properties (Tank bed) SENFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 45

Thesewide rangingconsultations have formed the basisfor preparationof this model actionplan.

1.15 Action Plan and Implementation : The following matrix indicatesthe details of proposedapproach for adoption, designed plans, procedures,and the agencies responsiblefor its implementation.Authentication of the affectedarea and the affected peopleis carriedout jointly by TUG,PRIs (Gram Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat,and Zilla Parishad,as relevant),and Departmentsof Revenueand MinorIrrigation. This will form the basisfor implementingthe RAP. SEA/Final Draf/ ISEC/04.09.01 46

Issues Approach Plan Procedures Agency Responsible

Minimis Limiting Consultations at the Carry out PRAs, examining Technicaldepartment ing the project community level by the alternatives,examine alternatives of JSYS / DMI advers interventio technicalwing of the Project in Gramasabha(s) (Project Designand e ns to the to identify project technical impact technical interventionsaccordingly interventions); specificati CFTs, TUG- and ons Gramasabha (consultations). Volunt PersuasionConsultations and Land survey, group meetings, Land survey ary to give up communitycounseling. Get explainingadvantages, meetings department,Revenue surren lands consentletters certifiedby with individualencroachers. CFT officials(identification der of TUG and village revenue will document the voluntary of lad and lands officials. surrenderof land, which will be determining legal encroa checkedby the R&R and TD status) TUG, ched specialist. The extemal Gramasabha, CFTs, monitoringagency for the project village elders will alsoverify the validityof this (Persuasion).External processon a samplebasis. M&Lagency. Remov Identificati Finalise the list of Notices will be served for Revenue official at al of on of encroachers,extent of land repossessionof the encroached village/Taluk level encroa encroache encroached; determine lands and refrain from further (Identificationof land chment rs, eligibility for livelihood sowing; consultations on encroachers, extent s consultativ support; identify training alternative livelihood of encroachment) e evolving needsand organisetraining opportunitiesand selection of Line departments, of support programmeswith special livelihoodactivities to betaken up CFT (Trainingneeds, programm focuson womenmembers of with the seedcapital providedas technical guidance es for the PAFs; per the R and R policyprovisions and follow-up), livelihood Provide alternativeincome under the project. Seedcapital Commercial Banks rehabilitati by dovetailingwith GoK's will be channelisedthrough the (loans), District on programmes; assist in District Industries/ commercial Industries Centre accessing institutional banks. At the time of (GoK schemes and credit. implementation, further technical guidance), consultationsto be held to Training institutions, identify IG activities for PAFs. TUG and CFT Organisetraining programmefor (consultations, skill development.Establish links dovetailing GoK with appropriatedepartments for programmes, receivingbenefits from the GoK promotingIGAs, and programmes, and provide ensuringproper use technicalguidance, and followup. of Rehabilitation Ensure proper forward and grants). backward linkages for the livelihoodactivities promoted. Inform Copies of CFTs, local organisations The R&Rpolicy will be translated Documentation and ation R&Rpolicy can be involved for this in the local languageand a brief CommunicationCell Dissem for purpose will be preparedand distributed of JSYS, CFr, DPU, ination displaced amongthe localpopulation. TUG,Anchor CFTs. or affected will be provided to people in the project SEXFinal Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 47

area

1.16 InstitutionalArrangements: The institutionalarrangements for the implementation of the model RAPinvolves the following:

g) R&Rand Tribal Development(TD) Unit in JSYS,will ensurethe availabilityof requiredfunds and coordinatewith the departmentsconcerned in GoK to facilitatethe smoothand timely implementation of the RAP. h) R&Rand TD Specialistin DistrictProject Unit will work closelywith the CEOof the ZP and the DeputyCommissioner of the Districtto coordinateand facilitate the implementationof the RAPwith the departmentsconcerned at the district level. i) Responsibilityto facilitate the assessmentof social impacts of the project interventionsat the tank levellies with the ClusterFacilitating Team (CFT) which hasR&R and TD Specialistas oneof the functionaries.The CFTwill guideTUG in the planningand implementation of the RAP. j) TUG, in liaisonwith the CFTwill assessthe impact of the projectson local community,identify individual affected families, assess the extentof impact,hold consultationswith them to find out alternativesto their livelihoodin the eventof their incomelosses, arrange to dovetailgovernment schemes in consultation with GP,and extend R and R entitlementsas providedunder the R andR Policy.

1.17 GrievanceRedressal Mechanism:the R&RSpecialist both with the district project unit and ClusterFacilitating Team will assistthe affectedcommunity in resolvingtheir problemsby referringthem to relevantagencies. The CFTwill recordthe grievancesof affectedpeople and presentin the GRC(refer the mainsection on GrievanceRedressel Committeein bothRAP of the projectand R&R policy) for resolution.

1.18 Monitoring and evaluation: Monitoringand Evaluation(M & E) of the RAPis necessaryto watchthe progressand to ensureadequate and timely implementationof the proposedR & R activities. This providesfeedback to the plan for mid-course correctivemeasures. The monitoringwill be both internaland external. At the tank level,the TUGalong with representativesof PAFs,will be responsibleto monitorthe implementationof tank level RAP. The componentsof M & E for R & R work are presentedin Table1.9. The externalmonitoring agency, which will be selectedand engagedfor the entireproject, will alsocover R&R aspects of the tanks. SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 48

Table 1.9 MonitoringIndicators Indicators Frequency Methodto follow |Aency Responsible Physical a) Reportsfrom the Village a) R&Rcell of JSYS 1. Updatingof landrecords with Annually Accountant b) DPUCand CFT respectto tank land. 2. No. PAFsidentified Externalagency 3. Encroacherssurrendering Monthly a) Reportsfrom TUG,DPU, ( to reporton land (No) Monthly andCFT. their visit,at Reportsfrom TUG, DPU, and leasttwice, to 4. PAFsassisted by type of CFT. the tankduring entitlements(No.) Monthly Reportsfrom TUG, DPU, and the 5. PAFsidentified for IG Activities CFT. implementation (No.)by type of IG Monthly of the RAP) 6. PAFsreceiving institutional Reportsfrom TUG, DPU, and credit(No) CFT. -do- 7. PAFsunder Govt. schemes (by Monthly type) (No.) Reportsfrom TUG, DPUC, 8. PAFsreceiving rehabilitation Monthly andCFT. -do- grant(No) 9. otherassets (by type) Monthly Reportsfrom TUG, DPC, compensated(No.) Reportsfrom TUG,DPU and -do- 10. PAFsReceived Training (no.) Monthly CFT. Reportsfrom TUG,DPUC, -do- Quarterly and CFT. -do- Financial(Rs.) Monthly A)) Reportsfrom TUG, a)R&Rcell of JSYS b) R&Rassistance provided in DPUC,and CFT b)DPUC termsof typeof entitlement * Rehabilitationgrant for A)) Reportsfrom TUG, Externalagency ( to IG activity DPUC,and CFT reporton theirvisit, * Bankloans arranged at leasttwice, to the * Trainingexpenses Monthly tank duringthe A)) Reportsfrom TUG, implementationof Quarterly DPUC,and CFT the RAP) Other Indicators a)Middleof a)Reportsfrom TUG,DPUC, a)JSYS AnnualIncome of PAFs the RAP CFTand R&Rcell of the b)DPUC implementa JSYS c)CFT tion b)Reportsfrom external d)TUG b)endof the M&Eagency e) externalM&E RAP agency implementati on c)2 years after completing ProcessIndicators: tank A)) Reportsfrom TUG, * No.of consultations rehabilitation DPUC,and CFT work • NoVisits by R & R andTD Monthly A)) Reportsfrom TUG, Specialist DPUC,and CFT, TD and R&RSpecialist * No.of Dist.Grievance Monthly A)) Reportsfrom DPUCand RedressalCommittees R&Rand TD Spedalist SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 49

Annually

1.19 Implementation schedule

Activity Q-1 Q-2 Q_3 Q4 Q5 Q-6 Q-7 Q 1. Authentiationof affectedarea 1-- 2.Persuasionfor voluntarysurrender of 1.5 land mont hs 3.Updatingrevenue records 1 mont h 4. Consultationwith affectedcommunity --- _-- _ ----- 5.1dentification of assets/families2 affected mont hs _ 6. Completionof land acquisition --- 7. ExtendingR&R benefits a. rehabilitationgrant fro privateland 1-- losers b. trainingfor skillimprovement 2 c .rehabilitationgrant for income mont generatngactivities hs d. arranginginstitutional credit 1- e. establishingincome generating units 2 2 mont mont hs hs

8. Follow-upon IG activities _ 9. Monitoring

1.20 Costsand budgeting: The budgetof R andR will form the integralpart of ITDP,and thereforewill comefrom the project. The costitems and normsare as follows: h) Provisionfor skill training i) Rehabilitationgrant for IG activity(as per policy) j) Contingency(10 5%)

Item of expenditure Units Unit rate No. of units Total cost (Rs) (Rs) Seedcapital for income No.of 25,000 9 150,000 generation activity for PAFs (6 eligible PAFs families+3 adult members) Provisionfor skilltraining No. of 2,000* 9 18,000 PAFs Contingency @105% -- -- 8,400

TOTAL 166,400

Note: Average cost based on DIC trainingcosts. SEA/ FinalDraft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 50

It is estimatedthat around 10% of the tanks (5% of the 1600tanks with a command of less than 40 ha and 30% of the 400 tanks more than 40 ha command)will be reviewedby the Task Force. It is anticipatedthat review of each tank would cost around Rs. 50,000. A provision of Rs. 10 million has been made in the project. SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 51

List of PAFs _ Attachment 1 Si. Tank Nameof the farmer Caste family Literate Main Landholdingsize Own Land Land operational % loss No Name size Occup land loss loss holding (ha) ation (ha) (Ha) 1 Soramma SANNASWARAPPA SC 5 2 Agri- Marginal (Below 0 0 0.81 0.81 100 nakere Labour 1.0) 2 Soramma KARIYANNA OC 6 4 Agricul Medium(4.0- 7.28 0 0.2 7.49 2.67 nakere ture 10.0) 3 Soramma SRINIVAS ST 6 3 Agricul Small(1.0-2.0) 1.72 0 0.2 1.92 10.42 nakere ture 4 Doddego K H MARIYAPPA OC 5 5 Agricul Large (Above 12.14 0.1 0.05 12.19 0.41 wdana ture 10.0) Katte _ _ 5 Doddego K H DODDANNA OC 9 4 Agricul Large(Above 20.23 0.22 0.03 20.27 0.15 wdana ture 10.0) Katte 6 Doddego E DODDANNA OC 6 5 Agricul SemiMedium 2.83 0.01 0.15 2.98 5.03 wdana ture (2.0-4.0) Katte . 7 Doddego DASAPPA OC 8 3 Agri- Marginal (Below 0.61 0 0 0.61 0.00 wdana Labour 1.0) __ Katte______8 Doddego THIMMANNA OC 8 2 Agricul Medium (4.0- 4.05 0.1 0 4.05 0.00 wdana ture 10.0) _ Katte _ . 9 Byalya KEMPANNANAYAK ST 8 1 Agri- Marginal (Below 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.71 42.25 Labour 1.0)

10 3yalya CHINNAPA SC 6 2 Agricul Medium (4.0- 5.26 0 0.1 5.36 1.87 ture 10.0) 11 3yalya P SHANKARAPPA OC 3 3 Pensio Marginal (Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 n 1.0)

12 3yalya B GANGADARAPPA OC 4 4 Agricul Marginal(Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 ture 1.0)

13 3yalya MALLAMMA OC 21 1Agrcul Marginal(Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 ture 1.0) 14 3yalya NAGARA]APPA OC 3 1 Agri- Marginal(Below 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 50.00 iLabour 1.0) 15 3yalya KRISHNAPPAB BC 4 3 Tailori Marginal(Below 0.17 0 0.02 0.19 10.53 ng 1.0) 16 3yalya VENKrTrASOMAPPA ST 8 6 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.01 0 0.1 1.11 9.01 ture

17 3yalya NARAYANAPPA BC 4 2 Agncul Marginal(Below 0.17 0 0.02 0.19 10.53 ture 1.0) 18 3yalya NARAYANASWAMY BC 11 7 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.92 0 0.1 2.02 4.95 ture 19 3yalya DASARATH ST 2 1 Driver Marginal (Below 0 0 0.71 0.71 100.00 1.0) 20 yalya GOVINDARAGU SC 5 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.34 0 0.1 1.44 6.94 ture SEA/ FinalDraft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 52

21 3yalya HANUMANTA SC 4 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.34 0 0.1 1.44 6.94 RAYAPPA ture

22 3yalya TAMMAIAH SC 4 2 Agricul Small(1.0-2.0) 1.34 0 0.1 1.44 6.94 ture 23 3yalya BYLAPPA OC 6 4 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 ture 1.0) 24 3yalya RAMAIAH BC 4 2 Agricul Small(1.0-2.0) 1.43 0 0.08 1.51 5.30 ture 25 3alya RAMAIAH BC 5 4 Agricul Small(1.0-2.0) 1.01 0 0.06 1.07 5.61 ture 26 3yalya NAGESHAPPA BC 6 6 Agricul Large (Above 16.19 0 0.2 16.39 1.22 ture 10.0)

27 yalya NAGARAKNAMMA ST 4 4 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.3 66.67 ture 1.0)

28 ladana MUNISWAMAPPA SC 5 4 Agri- Marginal (Below 0.4 0 0.3 0.71 42.25 Kere Labour 1.0) 29 4adana SHEEKALAMMA SC 3 0 Agri- Marginal (Below 0.08 0 0.01 0.09 11.11 Kere Labour 1.0) 30 4adana VENKETESH SC 2 0 Agri- Marginal (Below 0 0 0.1 0.1 100.00 Kere Labour 1.0) 31 ladana VENKATESHAPPA SC 4 1 Agricul Small(1.0-2.0) 1.42 0 0.05 1.47 3.40 Kere ture 32 ladana REDIYAPPA SC 7 1 Agricul Marginal(Below 0.91 0 0.09 1 9.00 Kere ture 1.0) 33 Dbatti RAMANNA OC 6 4 Agricul Marginal(Below 0.97 0.06 0.06 1.03 5.83 IKere ture 1.0) 34 )batti NARAYANAPPA OC 8 5 Agricul Marginal(Below 0.97 0 0.06 1.03 5.83 Kere ture 1.0) 35 )batti VENKATAPPA OC 7 5 Agricul SemiMedium 3.84 0 0.05 3.9 1.28 Kere ture (2.0-4.0)

36 Pbatti MUNIYAPPA OC 4 3 Agricul SemiMedium 2.19 0.1 0.1 2.29 4.37 IKere ture (2.0-4.0)

37 Pbatti VENKATARAMANAPPAOC 11 8 Agri- Medium (4.0- 6.07 0 0.1 6.17 1.62 _Kere Labour 10.0)

38 Obatti LAKSHMIPATHI OC 2 1 Agricul Medium(4.0- 6.07 0 0.1 6.17 1.62 Kere ture 10.0) 39 batti GOPPANNA OC 1 0 Agricul Medium(4.0- 6.07 0 0.05 6.12 0.82 Kere ture 10.0) 40 Dbatr GOPALAGOWDA OC 2 1 Agrcul Medium(4.0- 4.05 0 0.3 4.35 6.90 Kere ture 10.0) _ 41 Dbatt G VENKATESH OC 4 2 Agricul Large(Above 42.49 0 0.1 42.59 0.23 Kere GOWDA ture 10.0)

42 )batti APPAIAHGOWDA OC 3 3 Agricul Semi Medium 3.24 0 0.3 3.54 8.47 Kere ture (2.0-4.0) SEA/Final Draft/ ISEC/ 04.09.01 53

43 Dbatti MUNIYAPPA BC 7 4 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.21 0 0.02 1.23 1.63 Kere ture 44 )batt NARAYANSWAMY SC 8 2 Agri- Marginal(Below 0.81 0 0.4 1.21 33.06 Kere Labour1.0) 45 batti VENKATESHSWAMY ST 7 5 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.11 0 0.02 1.13 1.77 Kere ture

46 1alkurke LAKSMAMMA SC 6 3 AgriculMarginal (Below 0.71 0 0.05 0.76 6.58 ture 1.0) 47 ialkurke JAYAMMA BC 3 1 AgriculSemi Medium 2.83 0 0.05 2.88 1.74 ture (2.0-4.0)

48 ialkurke GANGADARAPPA OC 7 6 Gov] Small(1.0-2.0) 1.57 0 0.04 1.61 2.48 ob 49 ialkurke KUMARAPPA OC 5 3 AgriculMedium (4.0- 4.65 0.05 0.05 4.7 1.06 ture 10.0) 50 ialkurke RAJANNA OC 6 6 AgriculMedium (4.0- 4.65 0.05 0.05 4.7 1.06 ture 10.0) 51 ialkurke KUMAIAH OC 10 10 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.55 0 0.05 1.6 3.13 ture 52 ialkurke VISHWANATH OC 7 5 Gov_JSemi Medium 3.48 0 0.05 3.53 1.42 ob (2.0-4.0)

53 ialkurke VISHWANATH OC 3 3 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.82 0 0 0 0 1 tu~~~~~~~~~~~~~hre 54 ialkurke SOMASHEKAR OC 5 4 AgriculMarginal (Below 0.61 0 0.01 0.62 1.61 ture 1.0) 55 ialkurke GOWRAMMA OC 1 0 AgriculMarginal (Below 0.4 0 0 0 0 _ iture 1.0) 56 1alkurke RENUKAREY OC 4 4 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.72 0.2 0.2 1.92 10.42 _ ture 57 ialkurke BASAVARAJU OC 4 4 AgriculMedium (4.0- 4.45 0 0 0 0 ture 10.0) 58 ialkurke RANGAPPAA OC 6 3 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0 0.02 1.64 1.22 ture 59 i alkurke GIRISH OC 3 3 AgriculSemi Medium 2.02 0 0.01 2.03 0.49 ture (2.0-4.0) 60 ialkurke PONNAPPA OC 5 5 AgriculSemi Medium 3.14 0 0.01 3.15 0.32 ture (2.0-4.0) 61 ialkurke NINGAPPA OC 5 4 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.92 0 0.02 1.94 1.03 tire 62 1alkurke HUCHIRAPPA OC 4 4 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0.05 0.01 1.63 0.61 ture 63 ialkurke NAGARAJ OC 3 3 BusineSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0 0.1 1.72 5.81

64 ialkurke BASAVARA] OC 5 4 AgriculSemi Medium 3.04 0 0.1 3.14 3.18 hire (2.0-4.0) 65 ialkurke SHAGARAPPA OC 5 3 AgriculSmall (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0 0.02 1.64 1.22 _ ture SEA/ FinalDraft/ ISECy04.09.01 54

66 lalkurke PANCHAKSHARAPPAOC 14 11 Agricul SemiMedium 2.04 0 0.01 2.05 0.49 ture (2.0-4.0)

67 1alkurke PANCHAKSHARAPPAOC 7 6 Agricul SemiMedium 2.63 0.04 0.1 2.73 3.66 ture (2.0-4.0)

68 ialkurke VIRABHADRAPPA OC 5 2 Agrcul SemiMedium 2.53 0 0.02 2.55 0.78 ture (2.0-4.0)

69 ialkurke PALLARAPPA OC 8 6 Agricul Semi Medium 2.44 0 0 2.44 0.00 ture (2.0-4.0)

70 lalkurke PALLARAPPA OC 7 7 Agricul Semi Medium 3.44 0.03 0.03 3.47 0.86 ture (2.0-4.0) 71 ialkurke SHIVANNA OC 6 2 Agricul Semi Medium 2.33 0 0.03 2.36 1.27 ture (2.0-4.0) 72 ialkurke HALAPPA OC 6 4 Agricui SemiMedium 3.24 0.05 0.05 3.29 1.52 ture (2.0-4.0) _ 73 1alkurke BASAPPAM OC 4 4 Agricul Semi Medium 3.08 0 0.02 3.1 0.65 _ _ ture (2.0-4.0)

List of six familieseli iblefor rehabilitationgrant No. Tank Name Occupation 1 KK halli Sannasurappa agril labour 2 Byala Kempannanayak agril labour 3 Byala Nagarajappa agril labour 4 Byala Dasarat Driver+agri labour 5 Madankere muniswamappa agril labour 6 Obatti Narayanswamy agril labour

List of adultmembers eligible for rehabilitationgrant No. Tank Name Age Occupation 1 Byala Rangappa 35 Agriculture 2 Byala Rangaswa 30 Agriculture my 3 Obatti Venkatesha 32 agniculture CHAPTER12

STRATEGYFOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIONPLAN

12.1 Introduction 12.1.1Given the natureof socialstratification in Karnataka,there are severalcastes and tribes in the projectarea that are sociallyand economically backward as comparedto the rest. Manyof suchcastes are eitherScheduled Castes or ScheduledTribes, although there are some which the State Governmenthas categorizedas BackwardTribes or Backward Classes. Any developmentproject, such as the CommunityBased Tank Management Projectshould aim at broadbasing its approachsuch that peoplebelonging to the socially and economicallyweaker sections of the societyreceive the benefitsof the projectat par with those other direct stakeholders.Keeping this aim in view an IndigenousPeoples DevelopmentPlan has been preparedas part of the Social and Environmental AssessmentReport.

12.1.2The WorldBank describes indigenous people as socialgroups that canbe identifiedby the presenceof a) Closeattachment to ancestralterritories and natural resources; b) Identificationby self or othersas membersof a distinctcultural group; c) An indigenouslanguage, often different from the nationallanguage; d) Presenceof customarysocial and political institutions; and e) Primarilysubsistence oriented production.

12.1.3The WorldBank uses the expression'Indigenous Peoples' to refer to thosesections of the populationwho maintaina distinctsocial and culturalidentity. They are to be regarded as the mostvulnerable segments of society,differing usually in a significantmanner with the rest in it. The singlemost reason why there is an attemptto addresstheir concerns in a separate chapter is that the indigenouspeople generally endure specific disadvantagesin termsof socialindicators of qualityof life, economicstatus, and usually as subjectsof socialexclusion. On accountof all thesefactors, they are alsounable to participatein developmentprocesses in an equalrate as others,thereby failing to secure a fair sharefor themselvesthe benefitsof developmentprograms. They are alsounable to participatedirectly with meaningfulrepresentation in the processof decision-makingin communityaffairs.

12.1.4The expression'Indigenous people' has to be expandedto be appliedto sectionsof the populationin the project area so as to make it meaningfulwith the expressionsor categoriesrecognized by the state and Union government. For, in official parlance neitherthe state nor Uniongovernment has a categorycalled Indigenous People in its policies. Instead, by a constitutionalprovision the Governmentof India (GoI) has categorizedsections of socially,educationally and economicallydeprived population as ScheduledCastes (SC) and ScheduledTribes (ST). Peoplethus classifiedare knownto havehad cumulativedisadvantages of the type identifiedabove, besides a concentration of them among those who are agriculturalwage labourers,landless, and socially excludedlargely due to stigmaof untouchabilityattached to them. The practiceof untouchabilityraises its ugly head especiallywhen it concernswater, and we do have 2

evidenceof untouchabilityrelated practices associated with accessto water in the tank in the villagesof our study.

12.1.5In additionto thoseidentified as SCsand STs,there are alsoseveral other castes, which have remainedsocially, culturally and economicallybackward. The maindistinguishing featuresof suchcastes is their culture,and pursuitof one or the other economicactivity whichat onetime formedthe backboneof localrural economybut whichhave receded in importanceover time. For purposesof clearcategorization, we mayrefer to them as the "Other VulnerableCommunities." most of which do not figure in officiallist of SCsand STs. Somehave been notified by the GoKas either BackwardCaste or as Backward Tribe.This list includesgroups like KilleKyatharu of KereHalli, Chitragaras of KudreMoti both of whom traditionallybelonged to a group of people engagedin visual and performingarts. Though sizablein numbers,both are marginalin local hierarchyof castes.

12.1.6A specialmention is necessaryto be madeabout a socialgroup called lambani also called as lambadasor banjarasin the state. These lambanisare believedto be the descendentsof the originalAryan Gypsiesof the North West India (Rajasthan).They were basicallynomadic traders but with openingof ports,rail and roads.They havenow adoptedto variousavocations including cultivation and agriculturelabour. This group is recognizedas a tribe in AndhraPradesh while in Karnataka,they are officiallydeclared as SC despitemaintaining their distinct culture,dialect, dress habits and deity. In the 50 tank areascovered under SEA, these groups were not found. However,pockets of their habitationwould be foundon areasbordering Andhra Pradesh.

12.1.7 Definition of the Indigenouspopulation used: Without intendingto dilute the conceptof Indigenouspopulation as definedby the Bankguidelines, the SEAmakes the followingIPDP. The term IP shallcomprise of suchcommunities, which are not merely co-terminuswith the ones defined by the Constitutionof India as ScheduledTribe. Instead,it often includes,going by the evidenceavailable at the villagelevel case by case,even those categorized as SCs,or at the state level formerlyas BackwardTribes but currentlyas BackwardCommunities - 'A' categoryas per the recommendationsof the KarnatakaBackward Classes Commission (see, GoK Third BackwardClasses Commission 1989). Thus,for instance,we comeacross several castes and communitiesthat are not necessarilyincluded either as STs and SCs,who yet have characteristicsof being indigenouspeople with their not being in the mainstreameconomy and polity: Talavar/Nayaks/Bedasor Valmiki; Uppara,Kabbe or Kabbaligas;Kille Kyathas;Jadars, etc. Thus,the Tribal DevelopmentPlan (TDP) as presentedin this chapterrefer to the peoplelisted as STsand SCs (including other vulnerable communities).

12.2 Objectivesof Tribal DevelopmentPlan 12.2.1As stated above, the objectivesof the TDPare mainlyto:

* Providefor andensure that the benefitsof the projectare accessibleto the STsand SCs(as definedand identifiedherein by the SEAstudy) at par with the rest of the communityand at the sametime ensurethat thesegroups get preferenceover others on certainbenefits under the project. 3

Providea basis such that STs and SCs in the project area receive adequate developmentalattention so as to avoidor minimisethe impactof the projectto create fresh sourcesof socialand economicimbalances between communities, and provides for socialinclusion.

12.3 Socialassessment process 12.3.1 In orderto assesslikely impacts due to the projectinterventions and the issuesrelating to tribalsand other vulnerable sections, particularly those relating, a socialimpact assessmentwas carried out as part of the overall to their involvementin the project,a socialand environmental assessment (SEA) of the projectwas carried out in two phases: (i) a studycovering 50 tanks(ii) a studyof a sub-setof six tanksfocusing in detailthe issuesrelating to tribalsand other vulnerable sections among tank communities 12.3.2Assessment of impactsand identifyingissues: As an integralpart of the SEA,all the sample50 tankswere visited to assessthe likelytypes of impactsdue to the proposedproject interventions, extent of impacton the livelihoodof thosedependent on landthat maybe requiredfor the projectand the sizeof the populationthat maybe affected.The issuesrelating to encroachmentsrelating to encroacherswho mightget affecteddue to projectinterventions have been dealt in detailin a separatedocument: (ResettlementAction Plan). However under TDP, attempts were made through discussionsto understandthe issuesrelating to tribalsand others and to identifyissues that arespecific to the project.These discussions were also held with villageelders, knowledgeablepersons, community leaders, different sections among STs and SCs and the tank community.Discussions were also held with villagelevel government officials on governmentprograms available for STsand SCs in the area.Detailed consultations were alsoheld with localPanchayat representatives mainly to explorethe possibilitiesof dove tailingdevelopment schemes through such agencies. Participatory mapping was undertakenfor resourceplanning and the spreadof ST/SChabitations. Discussions also focusedon the strategyto enhancethe participationof ST/SCand to ensurethat these groupshave equal access to projectbenefits on par with others. 12.3.3The informationcollected during the phaseI of the SEAprovided the basefor developing a broadTD strategywas further discussed during the secondvisit to a subset of six tanks.Although some of the issueswere identified in 50 tank areas,a sub-setof, six tank areas(Sorammanakere, DoddegowdanaKatte, Byalya DoddaKere, UrumundianKere, Madanakereand ObattiKere) falling in two districtsviz., Tumkur and Kolar)was revisited to carryout furtherdetailed discussions on the strategyand the planto addressTD issues.This also provided a baseto a modelTDP for thesetanks. Individual interviews wereheld with differentstakeholders to assessspecific issues and their relationshipto the projectinterventions and their livingand economicstatus. Informationcollected both for 50 tanksand a subset of 6 tanks providedthe basefor preparingthis Tribal DevelopmentPlan to be implementedunder the project. 12.3.4This processof socialimpact assessment will alsobe carriedby TankUsers Group (TUG) facilitatedby ClusterFacilitating Team (CFT) which will haveone R&R and TD Specialist, whenthe tank communitystart preparingIntegrated Tank DevelopmentPlan (ITDP) underthe project.Such a strategicsocial assessment will helpidentify issues that are specificto individualtanks. 4

12.4 Baseline Data: Status 12.4.1 State: In the state as a whole, the SCsconstitute 16.38 per cent of the population,while the STs make up 4.26 per cent (SeeTable 12.1). Thesefigures are basedon the 1991 Censusreports, the more recent reports not having been available.The size of their population is likely to be slightly higher not only due to growth in numbers but also,since the 1991 Census,several more castesand tribes have been brought under the Schedule. Nearly 70 per cent of these groups experiencesocial exclusion perpetrated by the practice of untouchability. There are many more castes such as Madivalas(traditionally washermen),Upparas (salt makersand vendors), and Hajamas(barbers) who have been demandingthat they too be included in the Scheduleof castes. There are castesand tribes, which have been demandingthat they too be classifiedas ScheduledTribes. In the 50 tanks coveredunder SEAthere are examplesof castessuch as Dasaru, Kabbaligas,Kille kyatharuwho have been demandingthey be classifiedeither as ScheduledCaste or Tribes.

Table 12.1 Salient Features of SC and ST Population in Kamataka (1 9 1) Total Population (State) 44,977,201 Density of Population (per sq. km) 235 Sex Ratio 960 Male Literacy 67.26 FemaleLiteracy 44.34 otal Literacy 56.04 %/cof SCs to total population Male 16.36 Female 16.40 Total 16.38 %/oof STs to total population Male 4.26 Female 4.26 Total 4.26 (Source:Primary Census Handbook, 1991) 12.4.2 The population of STs and SCsin the 9 project districts as presentedin Table 12.2, indicatesthat they together constituteabout 29% (20.5% SCand 8.5% ST) of the project districts population.There are three districts where the population of STs exceed 10% of the district's population.While in all the districts SC constitute more than 15% of the districts population, there are four districts (Kolar, Tumkur, Bidar and Bellary), where SCsconstitute more one of the districts population.

Table 12.2: District wise break up of pop ulation District Total Scheduled % Scheduled % I Population Castes Tribes Bellary 713974 145182 20.33 60895 8.52 Tumkur 803942 187588 23.33 97383 12.11 5

Chitradurga 529693 127407 24.05 100751 19.02 Kolar 1041101 270203 25.95 77275 7.42 Bagalkot 1005229 170310 16.94 18603 1.85 Kopal 848633 133960 15.78 55961 6.59 Raichur 618567 113962 18.42 60020 9.70 Haven 183502 29020 15.81 5326 2.9 Bidar 424814 86664 20.40 49722 11.70 Total 6169455 1264296 20.49 525936 8.52 Source:Census of India 1991

12.4.3 STsand SCsin the studyarea: In 50 tank areas covered under SEA,a significant featureof a castedominance in a regionis that it tendsto enjoythe privilegesof dominanceeven when it is not numericallydominant in a givenlocal or villagesetting.. The studyfound nine such castes that are regionallydominant but constitutea numerical minorityin the villagesowning nearly 90 per cent or moreof the landsin the command areaof the tanks(e.g., Tumkunte, Byrapura, Choulihalli and Halukurike). In onecase it wasjust threefamilies of a dominantcaste that ownedthe entirearea of the command of a tank. Thefourth type of caste-command area ownership pattern is whena dominantcaste owns more than halfof the extentof land in the commandarea, while the remainingis ownedby the membersof ScheduledCastes. Examples of this type are to be foundin Hulaginakoppa(Shimoga District), Bommaladevipura, Chettenahalli, Dodda Hosahalli,Arasikere, and Karekyatanahalli in TumkurDistrict. In suchsituations, especially,there occurs conflict of casteinterests in mattersof collectiveaction. This is becausein the latter thereis a needfor senseof equality,while caste superiority or otherwisemay come in the way of successfulcollective action. The last type is a rare phenomenon,in whichthe membersof ScheduledCastes own the greaterpart of a commandarea in a tank. This examplecomes from Maliyurtank.

12.4.4In such tanks/villages,the STs and SCs tend to be socially and economically marginalised,depending upon the patronageof the dominant castes/communities. Karnatakahas been one of the states, which has pursueda progressivepolicy of protectingthe social and economicinterests of the people who are sociallyand economicallyvulnerable. The successiveCommissions of BackwardClasses have identifiedcommunities that have been subjectto socialand economicdeprivation. A major step forwardwas when the state introducedthe policy of 'reservation'for people from such different backgroundin the matter of representationin decentralized governance(Zilla Panchayat,Taluk Panchayatand Grama Panachayt). Creationof exclusiverepresentative constituency for them has provideda further opportunityfor empowermentof the backwardsections of the community.

12.4.5As regardsthe STsand SCs,the projectarea has a sizableproportion inhabiting them (see Graphs12.1, 12.2, and 12.3- alsopresented respective data in tabularformat). In someof the villages,the mainspokesperson for the proposedTank UsersGroup (TUG) wasa memberof the SC,also referred to as Dalit. Therewere some villages, which were mainlyinhabited by the SCgroups, while in a majority they madeup of about10 to 20 per centof the population. 6

12.4.6 Data from the 50 tanks studied indicatesthat households/familiesbelonging to the SCs and STs have comparatively very little direct stakes in the tanks as command area landowners. In the context of landownershippattern in the tank command area, it is noticed that it is usuallythe membersof the dominant caste who own a major portion of the land (SeeTable 12.3).

Table 12.3: Casteand Patternof CommandArea Ownership

CommandArea OwnershipPattern No.of Tanks Mainlyowned by the localdominant caste (DC) 24 Mainlyowned by two dominantcastes 9 Minorityhigh casteown 90 percent commandland 9 DC (50 per cent and above) and SC/ST(50 per cent or less) 7 SC/STin a majority,own most command land 1 Total 50

12.4.7 Although self-explanatory, Table 12.3 needs some supplementary comments. It is evident that 52 per cent of the tanks have the dominant castes as the major landowners in the command. This is true as a pattern also of the lands outside the command. Indeed, it is from such dominant castesthat a few individual farmers own a major share of the lands in the command. In about 9 villages we have more than one dominantcaste having a major portion of the commandunder their ownership. We may note that in only one village out of the fifty we find farmers from SCor ST owning most of the command area of the tank, while in seven villages the SC or ST own about 50 per cent or less of the commandarea. As regardsthe OVCs(not listed in the Table 12.2) their shareof land in the command area is insignificant, ranging usually between 2 to 5 per cent. In any case, there is usually higher scale of their dependenceon the other so called higher castes, even if they do own land in the commandarea, for survival in rural communities.

4.-V4 iS . f

12.4.8 Out of the 17 different Taluks to which the study villages belong administratively, it is found that six taluks have SC population which is same as the average in the state. Five 7

talukshave slightly more than the stateaverage of SCpopulation, while an equalnumber havean SCpopulation which is morethan 25 per centof the total population.'

Graph 12.2: Proportion of SC Population: StudyVillages

!opuia;0tlon 10. 20. :: above t000;0i0 0:0

:i:0No SC.: 00;000 0000:50ito;0 4j0; t1.MO; to'.04 R\; 2C041.and ::t 0.0y:;0yf;0j ;Populition:06 :: 1f0;}1.0 ;: : At: 20o:MO ;4T l:ii 0; abevo"s0l iX f::: PeriCent

12.4.9Within the study villages(refer as eithertank-villages or tank areas),as seenin Graph 12.2, morethan half of them havea SCpopulation, which is morethan 25 per cent of the villagepopulation. Only in two of the 50 villagesstudied, there wereno Scheduled Castes.2 As regardsScheduled Tribes, in as manyas 20 villagesout of the 50 studied, there was no representationof their population(Table 12.3). Sixteenvillages had ST populationthat wasless than 10 per cent, whilesix villageshad ST populationbetween 20 to 25 per cent. Onlyfour villageshad an ST populationthat was morethan 25 per cent of the village'spopulation. In other words,only 15 villageshad an ST population that washigher than the Stateaverage.

Source for the three graphs, 12.1 to 12.3 is from Census1991, the latest processedofficial data availableat the time of reporting. The data on SCand ST population in these tables and Graphsdo not include the population that may have been lising in the villagessharing the tank's commandarea other than the one in which the tank is located for revenue official records purposes. It is possiblethat one or more of the hamletsof villages sharing the tank may have had SC population,having stakesin the tank. 8

Graph12.3: ST PopulationIn StudyVillages

20 '

l8-

16 ,/______,____

14 , .

12

No ST 5.01 to 10.0 15.01 to 25.01 and Population 20.0 above Per Cent

12.5 Economic Profile 12.5.1 As part of SEA, case studies of the 50 tanks were carried out and studied the population dependent on it for livelihood. From these case studies, we get a glimpse of their living conditions, while from a sub-sample of five villages we glean an impression of the consequenceof adverse effects of the project upon the indigenous population. In the following, we present the information gatheredfrom the 50 tanks.

12.6 Landownership 12.6.1 Land holding pattern: Accordingto 1995Agricultural Census, STs and SCsaccount for 8.8% and 12.2% of the total holdings respectivelyin the state and in terms of their share in the total operational holding is still at 15.6%, equally shared between them. In majority of the tank villages coveredunder SEA,stakes of the ST and SCcommunities in the tank as commandarea landownersis not significant.Of the 50 tanks coveredunder ESA,ST&SC own most of the commandin only 1 tank, less than 50% commandin 7 tanks and in the rest most of the lands are owned by other castes.STs have no lands in 18 tanks, and SCsin 22 tanks.

12.6.2 Encroachment: In the five tank villagescovered under SEAfor detailed studies, it is reported that nearly 94 families encroachingmostly grazing lands were 177 acres under land grant schemeat an averageof around 1.9 acres per family. Under the project, an economicrehabilitation entitlementpackage has been developed which will mitigate the adverseimpact, if any, on the lIvelihoodof individual encroachersof tank areas due to any project interventions.

12.6.3 In most parts of Karnataka,members of SC, ST and 'others' identified under the study have, from time to time, received support from the government. For instance, these have been in terms of conferring on them the rights of occupancyover lands that they 9

may havebeen cultivating unauthorisedly. In five villages,details of thesewere obtained with respectto the ScheduledTribes, the abstractof whichis presentedin Table12A

Table 12.4 Granting of Waste (Grazing) lands to Scheduled Tribes

Particulars Villages Total Obatti* SN Halli KK Halli [Halkurke Byalya Extent of Grazing lands 59.13 113.16 110.23 1222.24 479.04 983.8 GrazingLand Distributed 24.14 45 8.2 [42.02 58 177.36 Land remaining 34.99 68.16 102.03 180.22 421.04 .6.44 No. of FamiliesBenefited# 21 20 [201 29 94

(Note:# Beneficiariesinclude SCs, STs and Others. Land Area in Acres) 35 Householdsin thisvillage are Dasaru caste. They belong to BackwardCastes. In 1991, theyhave been considered as STs. Source: Records from Office of the VillageAccountants

12.6.4Land in the tank commandarea: Out of the 50 tanks,in onlyone tank therewas no SCpopulation. In 22 villages,even though there wasa substantialSC population, they heldno landsin the commandarea (see Table 12.5). Thusthe projectis unlikelyto bring abouta directbenefit to the SCfamilies in suchvillages, except when membersof such familiesundertake wage labour which is anticipatedto increaseowing to the project. In 13 tanksthe SCsheld lessthan 10 per centof landsin the commandarea. In only about8 tanksthey held morethan 30 per centof the commandarea, in whichcases there is likelyto be gooddirect benefits to the SCs.

Table 12.5 Tanks with SCs and STs land in the Command Area

Percentage of land in tank command owned SC ST Others* No land 22 18 22 Lessthan 2.5 per cent 8 1 5 2.6 to 5.00 per cent 2 3 7 5.01 to 10.00 per cent 3 Nil 2 11 to 20 per cent 6 4 4 21 to 30 per cent 5 Nil 2 31 to 55 percent 3 3 3 No Castes 1 21 5 Total 50 50 50 * represent other vulnerable sections 12.6.5Although in 27 villagesof the study,the SCsown varying extents of landin the command area,from the pointof view of IPDPwe needto notethat nearlyin all the villagesthere is considerableextent of landlessnessamong them. In about7 villagesthe extentof landlessis 75 to 90 percentof the SCfamilies living in them (SeeTable 12.6). In only9 villagesdo we find the extentof landlessto be lessthan 10 percent. This high incidenceof associatedwith landlessnessamong Scheduled Castes in the contextof a developmentproject such as TankRehabilitation calls for supportiveprograms to address theirsocial and economic needs. 10

12.6.6As regards the STs,in 19 of the villagesthey do not ownany landin the commandarea. In this respectthey aremore or lesssimilar to the SCs.In eighttanks they ownlands lessthan 20 per centof the commandarea. It is only3 tanksthat we find themowning landsmore than 20 per centof the commandarea.

Table 12.6 Landlessnessamong STs, SCs and others

No. of tankswith landlessness Extentof Landlessness among SCs STs Others* NoSCs 1 21 No landless 2 4 5 Lessthan 10 percent 9 4 16 11to 20 per cent 8 6 10 21to 30 per cent 11 3 3 31to 50 percent 7 4 8 51per cent or more 12 8 8 Total 50 50 50 * indicate other vulnerablesections

12.7 Livelihood pursuits among STs and SCs

12.7.1Conventionally, the SCsare knownto havebeen farm labourers. Until someyears ago their concentrationamong bonded labour was muchhigher. In the 50 studyvillages, it is foundthat despitetheir landownership,a majorityis engagedas agriculturallabourers as well (Table 12.7). Indeed this is true alsoof the STs and others, indicatingthat their dependenceon agricultureis not an exclusivesource of livelihoodfor them. Thuswe find a considerablenumbers of them are also engagedin livestockrearing, agriculture accompaniedby other occupations(artisans, petty trade, etc.), whilesome are reported to be migratingseasonally in searchof workelsewhere.

Table 12.7 Occupationamong SCs and STs(No. of tanks)

LivelihoodPursuits SC ST OVC Agricultureand Wage Labour 30 11 20 Agriculture,Wage Labour and Livestock 6 9 4 Agricultureand other occupations 4 2 Nil Agriculture,Wage labour and Migration 9 Nil Nil WageLabour 4 8 Livestock 3 Casteoccupation and Wage Labour 13 No castes 1 21 5 Total 50 50 50 11

12.8 Welfare Schemesfor STs,SCs and others in Karnataka 12.8.1Government of Karnatakahave formulated a numberof economicwelfare schemes both underthe Tribal Sub-Planand under the SpecialComponents Program for STsand SCs. Theseschemes include both centrally(GOI) sponsoredschemes under tribal sub-plan and SC specialcomponent funds and schemesplanned by the state (GOK).These schemescover almost all sectorsof developmentand are implementedboth as regular schemesof the respectivedepartments with focus on these sectionsas well as those which are plannedspecially for SC and ST. Followingare some of these schemes /facilitiesfor STsand SCs under different departments and components (Table 12.8).

Table12.8 WelfareSchemes for STsand SCsin Karnataka

Departments Schemes * Underspecial ST component free distribution of agriculturalimplements Agriculture worthRs. 2800, sprayers worth Rs. 2000, storage box, etc. andSubsidy for Agriculturalschemes under Special crop schemessuch as ICDP,OPP, NPDP,SUBACS etc. * Subsidyto the tuneof 75 percent(max, Rs. 50,000) for the purchaseof powertiller, improvedirrigation techniques like drip,sprinkler etc, * Supplyof Bullocks,Carts and supplyof Agriculturalinputs

* Developmentof half-acrecoconut garden, 1-acre fruit gardenand half- Horticulture acrecommercial garden for eachof the ST beneficiaries. * A stipendRs. 350 peracre for the first yearand Rs.650 in the second yeartowards the maintenancecost of the newlyplanted trees. * Fruitorchards are taken up nearthe tribal colonies.Training in Horticulturewas given for farmerswith stipendof Rs.150PM plus 100 PMtowards subsistence allowance for a periodof 12 Months.After Trainingfree supply of PlantingMaterials for takingof Horticulture. * Freetraining on inlandfisheries along with distributionof equipments Fisheries worthRs. 3000. * Specialincentives for takingup fish culturein villagetanks, ponds and for womenentrepreneurs. * 75 percent subsidyand remaining25 per cent loanassistance to take Animalhusbandry up smalldairy units. This includessupply of cattle shed,feed for 180 days,insurance, health coverage etc. Similar schemes exist for setting up sheepor piggeryunits. * To maintainblock plantation, Rs. 2500 for halfa hectareis beinggiven Forestry asmaintenance cost. Freedistribution of bamboos,canes for the handicraftST beneficiaries. * Supplyof woodworth Rs.10,000 for constructionof houses. * Trainingin logging,free supplyof bamboo,water supply and social securityplantation. * Distributionof 5 honeyboxes at the rateof Rs.350 to encourage apiculture. * Provisionof ashramschools Education * Studentfellowship * Higher educationfellowship * Joboriented training for the STyouth for three monthsin beekeeping, Industriesand carpentry,Black smithy and manufacturing of foodproducts and Commerce distributionof equipmentworth Rs.2500 to take up activities. * Under'Vishwa' scheme, financial assistance for unemployedyouth to take up self-employmentactivities. 12

* To encouragehousehold industries, subsidy (max.Rs.25,000) for constructionof 'Livingcum Work shed'. Sericulture * Subsidyof Rs.2000to take up mulberrycultivation. 60 per centsubsidy (max.Rs.25000) for constructionof reelingunits. * For mulberrygardens with drip irrigation,subsidy id 90% * Employingin the gardensof sericultureon dailywages. * Encouragingcommunity mulberry plantations selected tribal colonieson fallowlands belonging to tribalsor the government. KarnatakaPower * Rs.40,000 to electrifyST colonies. Power connection to the pumpsets Transmission of STs. CorporationLtd. * Householdelectrification under "Bhagyajyothi" Scheme. Karnataka Thiswas set up in 1975with an objectiveof providingeconomic assistance Scheduled to SCs/STsfamilies. Under it MarginMoney Scheme, it providesassistance to Castes/ widevariety of economicactivities in the fieldof agriculture,animal ScheduledTribes husbandry,industry, crafts and trade. This includes purchase of landfor Development landless,community and individual irrigation units, and other non-farm Corporation enterprises. Women& * StudentScholarships for Girlstudents of STsin rural areas. Children * Stipendfor Widowsunder "Navajeevana" Scheme. Development * Subsidyfor Rehabilitationof ChildLabours. * SpecialIncentives for Girlsunder "Jagruthi" Scheme. * Promotionof SHGsand micro-enterprises(both farm and non-farm) * Promotionof groupeconomic schemes under STEP program with Norad assistance Housing * Distributionof HousingPlots under "Ashraya" Scheme. Construction of housesunder "Ambedkar Housing" Scheme. * Housingunder Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corpn. * Replacementof ThatchRoof by tails under"Neralina Bhagya" Scheme * GroupHousing Scheme for STs. Rural Foreconomic upliftment of the STsthe followingprojects are being Development& implemented. PanchayatRaj * SwarnaJayanthi Shahari Rojgar Yojana ( SJSRY)in urbanareas * SawranaJayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) in ruralareas, * IndiraAwas Yojana, and * EmploymentAssurance Scheme (EAS).

Health * Separateprimary health centre ( PHCs)in the areahaving more STs. * MobileHealth Units for healthcheck-up for STs. * Healthcheck-up of STstwice in a year under"Yellow Card" Scheme. Employment& * Onemonth training on motorvehicles driving for unemployedST youths Training at freeof cost. * Stipendof Rs.500 to availtraining on stitching,electronics and computer.The training fee for thesecourses will be borneby the governmentfor the selectedtrainees. * Under"Navachetana" Scheme, job orientedskills are beinggiven to the unemployededucated ST youth. For the selectedcandidate Rs. 1000 stipendis being given during training period.

Cooperatives * Formationand strengtheningof largearea multiple societies (LAMPS) for procurementand distribution of minorforest products and other householdproducts. There are 19 LAMPsocieties in the state. * Subsidyfor the strengtheningof marketinglinkage. Other Welfare * Landowning scheme: Distribution of minimumtwo acreof dry landor Schemesby the oneacre of irrigatedland to the landlessST families. 50 percentof the Directorateof ST costis subsidyand remaining50 per centthrough loan at 6 percent interestrate. * Individualirrigation bore well scheme:100 percentsubsidy for ST families having minimum 2 acre of land. 13

* Self-employment scheme: Rs. 5000 grant and up to 25,000loan to take up self-employment activities. * GangaKalyana Scheme: Group Irrigation in the 8 to 15acre of landof STs. * Pumpset: Distributionof free pumpsets for the poorST families. BankingSchemes * UnderIRDP Programee 30 Percent of the total assistanceis earmarked ForSTs and SCs for thesegroups. * UnderDifferential Rate of InterestSchemes (DRI) 40 percent of the total advancesare earmarkedfor these groups. Source:1. Documentof The World Bank on Project Appraisal Document - Karnataka Watershed Development ProjectMay 29,2001. 2.Welfare of ScheduledCastes, Scheduled Tribes and Minorities in Kamataka, Government of Kamataka,1985. 3. Handbookfor women SHG prepared under RWDEP (Swashakti), July 2001

12.8.2 Most of these schemes and programs are made available to the eligible population though the Panchayat institutions, either at the village or district level. In order that the vulnerable sections in the project areas too get a proper share of these programs, it is necessary that the members of the PRIs are made aware of the different programs, and they are encouraged to lobby for the benefits to accrue to the tank-village on a priority.

12.9 Legal and Policy Framework 12.9.1 It may be mentioned that the Hindu society is based on caste system, which has originated on the basis of occupation. The difference between the caste and the tribe is that caste is a social group and tribe is a local group. When the tribe loses its territorial significance, it assumes the form of a caste. Keeping in view the social, cultural, political and economic situation of tribals, adequate provisions were made in the constitution for their safeguard and benefits, and, declared them as scheduled tribes. The scheduled Tribes are not practicing their traditional occupation but living in the main villages and are part of mainstream of society. However, as stated earlier, most of the ST communities continue to be backward, socially, politically and economically.

12.9.2 In compliance of the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India (Part X, Fifth Schedule that provides protection to the scheduled tribes on account of their disadvantaged position), the Government of Karnataka has taken various steps for improving the socio- economic status of scheduled tribes. These measures are of four types: a) measure intends to ensure that these groups do not lose their land, laws abolishing bonded labour, minimum wage act (Act providing rights to forest and common land and prohibition), b) tribal sub-plan schemes which is intended to be a comprehensive, integrated planned development towards alleviating among these groups and providing to their habitats, the basic infrastructure facilities c) various anti-poverty programs of the government with a mandate to earmark a part of the developmental funds for the welfare of scheduled tribes and d) earmarking of 3 percent of the annual budget of different departments for the benefits of these people. These are shown in Table 12.1t0.

12.10 A few key legislations safeguarding STs and SCs:

12.10.1 The Karnataka Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain lands) Act, 1978: Many non-tribal immigrants have fraudulently alienated large areas of Tribals, who are ignorant and helpless. Persons belonging to the affluent and powerful sections, to obtain sales or mortgages either for a nominal consideration or 14

for no considerationat all, have exploitedscheduled tribes granteesand they have becomethe victims of circumstances.Therefore, alienation of land has beena serious problemfaced by the Tribalsin Karnataka.To fulfill the purposesof the grant,the land evenif it has beenalienated, could be restoredto the originalgrantee or his aids. The state is fully awareof this problemand has taken numberof measuresto checkland alienation. The SC/STprohibition of transfer of certainland Act was passedby the LegislativeAssembly to prohibittransfer of landsby Tribalsto non-Tribalsand restoration of landalienated by suchmembers. This Act hasbend amended several times. 12.10.2The KarnatakaForest Act 1963: The KarnatakaForest Act 1963is modeledon the linesof the ForestAct of 1927. Protectionof wildlifeis throughthe WildlifeProtection Act of 1972formulated by the Centreand adoptedby the State. Relevantprovisions of the CattleTrespass Act of 1871in combinationwith the sectionof StateForest Act govern Cattlegrazing in forest. However,cattle grazingact permittedin naturalforest and the samehas resultedin the destructionof regenerationin the forestalarmingly. The regular areasof high incidenceof cattle grazinghave caused run- off rainwaterand compaction of soil. Developmentof Fodderand stall-feeding are receivingthe attentionof the forest department.The encouragementof throwingopen the whole of the naturalforests to grazing has resultedin a proliferationof non-productivecattle in forest rich districts, comparedto the drier tracts.

12.10.3Joint Forest Planning and Management(JFPM): Followingthe NationalForest Policy1988, then Governmentof India, Ministryof Environmentand Forestspassed a national resolutionin June 1990 providing more specific guidelinesregarding the formation, functioning,rights and responsibilitiesof communityforest management groups. It specifiessharing arrangements on which village forest committeesthat "successfullyprotect the forests,may be givena portionof the proceedsfrom the saleof trees whenthey mature,as well as nontimber forest productsf or subsistence.In this concept,the Governmentof Karnatakalaunched a JFPMin the state. For easier identificationand management purposes of JFM,forests a re dividedinto five zones.

12.10.4Tree Patta Scheme:As an innovativescheme to consolidatethe gains of the Joint Forestand Managementprocess the Tree Pattascheme was launched. The salient featuresof the schemeare to g rant "Tree Pattas"to the adjoininglandholders both in urbanand rural areas. If adjoininglandowners are not availableor not willing,then the tree Pattaswill be issuedto otherwilling beneficiariesof VFC. Beneficiariesare entitled for 100% usufructsfree of cost, providedthey protectthe trees. Nominalrent of Re.1 /tree/year is chargedfrom the tree Pattaholder/village Forest Committee. The final harvest shall be shared in the ratio of 75:25 between the beneficiariesand the Government.

12.10.5 Non Wood Forest Product (NWFP): Tribals living in and around the forests traditionallydepend upon huntingand NWFPcollection for the livelihood.Consequent to the nationalizationof forestsin 1974,hunting was banned and NWFPcollection entrusted to privatecontractors who employedmostly non-Tribals. This was changedafter a few yearsand collectionrights wereassigned to Tribals. Tribal cooperativesocieties were formedto take up NWFPcollections. This arrangementhas helped the Tribalsto secure attractivesale value for their products. 15

12.10.6Karnataka Land Grant Rule: The MysoreLand Improvement Act, 1961. This is an act to providefor the preparationand execution of schemesrelating to the construction of embankmentsand other works, the prohibitionand controlof grazingfor the purposes of preservationof soil, preventionof soil erosion, conservationof water resources, reclamationof tidal lands and other mattersin order therebyto protect and improve landsincluding khar landsand cropsin the State of Mysore(now, Karnataka)and for chargingcertain expenditure on the ConsolidatedFund of the state. This act provdes constitutionof boardsfor preparationof LandImprovement Schemes. The Boardmay direct the preparationof the land improvementscheme for any area within its jurisdiction.

12.11 Consultationwith STs,SCs and others 12.11.1Involvement of affectedcommunity is vital in planningand implementingTribal DevelopmentPlan (TDP) to ensuretheir acceptanceof activitiesplanned under the project.While preparing the presentTDP, extensive consultations were held with the localcommunities and otherstake holders including village elders, village level governmentofficials, NGOs and civil society.While the consultationmethods followed to elicit requiredinformation are detailedbelow (Table 12.9), details of the consultation processincluding the dateswhen the consultationswere held, place of consultation,no. of participants,issues raised and how these have been addressed in boththe TD strategy andTDP have been presented in AnnexI.

Table12.9 Methodsused during consultation

Stakeholders Method

ST/SCpeople Individual discussion,field level observations,transect walks

Localcommunity Focuseddiscussions, Village meetings,state level workshops

Electedrepresentatives Individual interviews,consultations on issuesrelating to ST and to local governments SC in respectof the project

Projectofficials and line Joint meetings,individual interviewsand consultations,state departments levelworkshops

NGOs/membersof civil Consultationsand individual meetings,state level workshops sodiety______

12.11.2Some of the specificissues that wereraised and addressed in the TDPare: * Landlessnessamong ST and SC and lack of employmentopportunities * Poorleadership * Inadequaterepresentation and participationin decisionmaking process at the villagelevel and community actions 16

* Inadequateaccess to governmentissues * Lessland in commandarea and in-equal access to tank waterfor irrigation * Lowliteracy * Inadequateawareness on variousaspects of healthand development process

12.11.3Involvement of ST/Sc in the implementation: Duringimplementation of this action plan,the field levelfunctionaries (TUG, CFT, village functionaries of the government) responsiblefor implementingthe projectat the tank levelwill involveST/SC communities in: * Undertakingsocial impact assessment at the tank level * Identifyingissues relating to STsand SCs in relationto the proposedproject activities

* Identifyingstrategies to be adoptedto enhancethe participationof andproject benefitsto STsand SCs * Identifyingspecific actions to be includedunder the project * Identifyingeconomic activities (already included under different components of the project)to supplementlivelihood sources

e Identifyinggovernment schemes that couldbe dovetailedfor the socio-economic upliftmentof STsand SCs

* Identifyingspecific actions to be includedunder TDP that couldbe supported underthe project 12.11.4Both TUG and CFT will ensurefull participationof the ST,SC and other vulnerable communitiesin bothplanning and implementing each of the activitiesunder TDP. The responsibilityof ensuringthe involvementof thesecommunities lies with the R&Rand TD Specialistwith the CFTwhile the responsibilityof coordinatingto ensuredovetailing of governmentdevelopment schemes for the socio-economicwelfare of STsand SCs lies with the R&Rand TD Specialistwith the DistrictProject Unit (DPU). Representatives of the PanchayatRaj institutions(Gram Panchyat, Taluka Panchayat and Zilla Panchayat) alsohave a majorrole underTDP to helpthese communities to accessgovernment programs. 12.12 Issuesconcerning ST and SC communities 12.12.1There are a few tank-villagesin whichthere are no SCs,or STs,although the presence of othervulnerable sections is to be foundin mostvillages. Whether or not thereare SCs,STs or othervulnerable sections in anytank projectvillage, it becomesnecessary to preparea TDP,especially since the instanceof landiessness,or not havinglands in the tank'scommand area is muchhigher among them than the restin the villagecommunity. Someof the specificissues, which need to be addressedunder the projectand to ensure 17

that STsand SCsare involvedin the project and derive benefits on par with others, are as follows.

* Given the high incidenceof landlessnessor not having lands in the command area, there is a likelihoodthat the vulnerable sectionsof the community may lag behind in being the equal beneficiariesof the project. * Traditional agricultural practices * Low returns from agriculture * Agriculturalextension is not focused * Exposureto emerging marketsis inadequate * Accessto institutional credit, farm inputs is limited * In most commandareas they are located in the tail end or at the periphery and have less accessto tank water, which affects even the normal crop production practices * Poor leadershipqualities and inadequaterepresentation in decisionmaking at the tanklvillage level may affect their participationin the project planning and implementation

12.12.2 Keepingthe above issuesin view, the question that arises is that how then should the objective of making the tribals and others as equal partners in the project design, implementationand in receivingthe benefits, be achieved.It is for this purposethat a TD strategy has been developedwhich will be implementedduring the project preparation and implementationat the individual tank level

12.13 Tribal Development strategy

12.13.1 It would be too idealistic and utopian to expect that the Project will address all the above issueswithin its project design. Especiallywhen there are several programsof the GOKand GOI addressingthe same issues,it is realistic that the project aims at creating implementation strategies to dovetail such programs to the benefit of indigenous population in the project area. Further there are several sub-components (especially those relating to the income generation activities) that could be focused on ST and SC communitiesfor their socio-economicwelfare. Further, consciousefforts will be made to offer wage employmentopportunities under the project to these communitiesparticularly the landlessamong them.

12.13.2 Strategiesspecific to issuesidentified are presentedin the following matrix.

Issues Strategies Responsibility Inadequate Ensure adequate * JSYS SPU and DPU to ensure and effect necessary representatio involvementand changesrequired in the by-laws of TUG/TUC n in decision representationin * CFT will work with STs and SCs to ensure their making TUC through involvementin the formationof TUG/TUC process necessary changes in * R&R and TD Specialist at all levels will coordinate the by laws with CFT and TUG on the aspects relating to ST and SC groups * Projectwill provide the first year membershipfee of TUG for thoseBPL among STs and SCs Poor Organize tailor * CommunicationManager in JSYS and 18 leadership made training Communication& Training Specialist in DPU will qualities programs on developtraining modules to meet specificneeds of leadershipand STs and SCs communities communityaction * CFT will organize specifictraining programs for these groups on communitydecisions and actions. Less land in Promote irrigation * Agricultureand Water Resource Specialist (A&WRS) the command and improveddry both in JSYS SPU and DPU will provide technical area land farm practices guidanceon this aspect throughtying up the * CFT will encourageTUG to undertake annual existingprograms of desilting of wellsbelonging to STs and SCs, the government * CFT will work with relevantgovernment agenciesfor dovetailingtheir programs for and to access credit by STs and SCs * CFT will ensurethat agricultureextension program (includingtraining in allied activities) is focusedon the specificneeds of these communities Traditional Ensure need based * A&WRSboth in JSYS SPU and DPU will agricultural agriculture - help facilitate changes to more suitablecropping practices and extensionand patternsand farm practices low returns support services; - provide interfacebetween CFTINGOand the from promote suitable AgricultureDepartment at the district and taluk agriculture croppingpattern and levels (includinglinks with the new Farmer improvedfarm KnowledgeCenters) practices * CFT/A&WRSwill (in collaborationwith UAS) particularlydry land - organizedemonstration on improved farm farming; assist in practices suiting soil conditions soil testing and - arrange specifictraining on dry land farming and treatment;support customizetraining on irrigated agriculture for market linkages - ensuresupply of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides,and access to farm credit Inadequate Support for market * CFT/A&WRSwill exposureto linkages - establish linkageswith the Taluk agriculture the market marketingnetwork, provide logistic support - provide market informationon prices Inadequate Targeting the tank- * JSYS will work with NABARD and local banks on access to villagesand STs for the possibilitiesof prioritized lending to STs and SCs farn inputs institutionalcredit * A&WRS will liaise with District AgricultureOffice and and supply of farm to ensuresupply of required farn inputs institutional inputs * CFT will work with taluk level Agricultureoffice to credit ensure timely supply of farm inputs Tail-end Mandatory * CFT will work with TUG/TUCto evolve appropriate command membershipfor tail water distributionsystem emphasizingon equity in farmers get end farmers among terms of locationof land held irregular/inad SCs and STs in * TUG/TUCwill monitor water-flow in different equate TUG and adequate reaches of the command irrigations representationin * CFT will emphasize field distributionchannels in TUC place of floodingwater from field to field * Project will bear the first year membership of TUG for all landlessfamilies High Ensure wage earning * TUGITUCwill provide wage employmentto STs and incidence of opportunitiesduring SCs (along with displaced households)on a priority landlessness constructionand basis in all constructionand maintenanceactivities &subsistence maintenancework * CFT will recommendto TUG/TUCthat SCslSTs level of under the project on have priority access to the small enterpriseprograms living with priority basis to STs in fisheries, livestock.and forestry that have been 19

no and SCs and in fisheries, livestock, and forestrythat have been diversificatio promote off-farm developedas part of the project. CFT will identify n in and non-farm educatedunemployed youth among STs and SCs for economic occupations job oriented skill trainingand then tie up with DIC, activities ST/SC corporation,etc. to help in taking up self employmentactivities Inadequate * Project will bear the cost of trainingthose who are employment coveredunder incomegeneration schemes opportunities * CFT will promote animalhusbandry schemes like sheep,goat and pig rearing, dairy and poultry farming and tie up with the Animal husbandry departmentat district and taluk levels, IRDP and the banks * DPU and CFT will help landless STs and SCs to accessTree Patta Scheme * CFT will form of self help groups and help them access credit facilities for IG activities * The Gender and CapacityDevelopment Specialist at all levels will provide necessary guidance in forming and assisting self groups

12.14 ActionPlan 12.14.1The precise nature of the interventionsand the additionalactivities needed to address anyspecilfc problems of tribalsand other vulnerablesections would be determrinedwhen the strategicsocial assessment will be carriedout at individualtank level for preparing IntegratedTank Development Plan (ITDP). The modelTDP prepared for six tank areas andappended to this documentwill helpthe individualTUG to prepareTDP as an integral part of the ITDP. 12.14.2Social assessment: The first andforemost in this processis that whenthe Cluster FacilitationTeam (CFT) start working with the communities,they shouldensure the involvementof STsand SCs in formingTUG. For this purpose,CFT will undertake awarenessand communication program to explainabout the participatorynature of tank rehabilitationand management and the processof formingTUGs. In areasinhabited by tribals,Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaigns will be designedand tailoredto meettheir socio-culturalsituations and will be takenup moreintensively to ensuretheir participationand a fair andadequate representation in TUGand its ManagementCommittee (MC). 12.14.3This processof socialimpact assessment will alsobe carriedby TankUsers Group (TUG) facilitatedby ClusterFacilitating Team (CFT) which will haveone R&R Specialist and Tribal DevelopmentSpecialist, when the tank communitystart preparingIntegrated Tank DevelopmentPlan (ITDP) under the project. 12.14.4Criteria for selectionof CFTwill includetheir abilityto addressissues related to tribal andother vulnerablegroups. CFTs will liaisewith and mobilize,as required,other governmentagencies in the areato providesupport and dovetailrelevant government schemesfor the developmentof STsand others and also seek focused attention of staff workingwith variousline departments.For this purpose,capacity would be built under the projectto encourageand equip CFTs to workwith the weakersections and provide 20

adequateresources for their fieldoperations in tank schemeshaving large tribal communities. 12.14.5The projectis basedon the fundamentalpremise of synchronizinginvestment in tank schemeswith the formationof TUGs.While adult members of the tankcommunity would be membersof TUG,in selectionof membersto the executivecommittee called Tank UsersCommittee (TUC), special efforts would be madeto ensuretribal andother weaker sectionsto get adequaterepresentation. In orderto ensurea fair representationto these weakersections, members from this communitywould be co-optedin TUCs(this will form part of the By-lawsof suchTUGs ). Thiswill help ensurethat the weakersections arefully involvedin the decisionmaking process. The roleof NGOsand CFTs assumes importancehere when they take up awarenesscampaigns to explainthe needfor their activeinvolvement in the formationof TUGsand facilitate their participationin the process.

12.15 Actions plannedat the tank level

12.15.1 At the village/tankcommunity level, following actions are envisaged both during planningand implementation of TDP - Participativelydefine and identify the tribals and other vulnerablesections including SCs at the community/tanklevel wherever the project is to be implemented. * Determinetheir economicstatus, in terms of the landlessand householdsbelow andabove poverty levels, and their livelihoodstrategies. * Ensurethat eachhousehold with landsin the tank commandarea are enrolledas membersof the TUG,and women from suchhouseholds are membersof groups that areto be formedamong women. * Eachmember shall be givena repayableinterest free loan towardsbecoming a memberof the TUG. * If the numberof householdsis substantialenough, i.e., put togetherthe different typesof indigenouspeople, at least 15 households,organise a separateself-help groupamong them so as to benefitfrom their socialand culturalcapital. * JSYSshall, through appropriateinstitutions, make arrangementsto providean initial membershipfee and supportfor them to activelytake part in the groups thus formed. * While forminga TUG,at leastone personfrom the groupsidentified as hailing from ST andSC communities shall be madean office bearerof the tank MCsuch that their interestsare takeninto accountin all decisionmaking processes. Such a membershould be preferablya woman, and need not necessarilybe a commandarea farmer. * The TUGshould be encouragedto act as pressuregroup or lobby in procuring supportand benefitsfor the membersof the Indigenouspopulation, through the Panchayatand otherstate bodies. * The CFTresponsible at the TUGlevel should take the initiativein strengthening their livelihoodthrough tank improvementactivities. 21

12.15.2TDP an integralpart of ITDP: As statedearlier, the overall approachin planningand implementingTDP at the tank level is to extendprograms already inbuilt in the project designon a prioritybasis to STand SC communities under the project.Further, all efforts will be madeto dove tail governmentdevelopment programs for the socio-economic welfareof ST andSC communities. It is in this regardthat JSYSand its staff at different levelshave major responsibilitiesto ensurethat STsand SCsbenefit from the activities underthe project.Specifically, JSYS staff at the DPUlevel together with CFTsand TIUGs, shouldensure the following. * TDP shouldbe an integralcomponent of the ITDP,and accordinglyensure that the financialallocation for tank rehabilitationwork is inclusiveof the requirement for TDPin the respectivetank-community. * Identify and amalgamateGOI and GOK programs/schemes meant for tribalsand othervulnerable communities and examine the meansof augmentingthe delivery systemin their favourin projectvillages. * TUGwill ensurethat wage employmentopportunities under the proposedITDP actionsto STand SC communities on a priority basis * Similarly,the incomegeneration activities planned under the project wil be extendedto the STand SC communities on a prefrentialbasis * Designgroup and householdtargeted development plans at the tank level. * A portionof supportmoney meant for TUGshould be kept asidefor lacingup the above two proposals, in such a way that the beneficiary community/group/householdrepays the moneyreceived to the TUG. * Keepa blockfifteen persons/household in mind, the sumset asideshall be 10 per cent of what the TUGreceives as supportmoney. * As a part of monitoringand evaluation process, JSYS should initiate a half-yearly assessmentto reviewthe progressmade. * The R&Rand TD Specialistwith both DPUand CFT will coordinateand monitor the activitiesof TDPat the tank level.

12.16 Approval process

12.16.1TDP will form an integralpart of ITDPand its implementationwill be synchronizedwith the physicalconstruction activities planned under it. The responsibilityof approvingTDP as part of ITDPwill be with the DPU.The R&RSpecialist in DPUwill ensurethat TDPs conformto the agreedTD strategyof the project. 12.16.2At the projectlevel, the R&Rand TD Unit in JSYSwill be responsibleto ensurethat TDPs preparedat the tank levelare in accordancewith the agreedTD strategyof the project. However,to havean impartialreview of TDPand to ensurethat theseplans at the tank levelconform to the agreedTD strategyof the project,an externalagency experienced in the preparationand implementation of resettlementand TD ActionPlans will be contractedto undertakethe reviewof all TDPsas well as resettlementplans. The agency will be in placeat the time of projecteffectiveness. The budgetfor engagingthis agency is alreadyinbuilt under resettlement component of the project.

12.17 Institutionalset up: Theinstitutional arrangements for the implementationof TDPwill be on similarlines of the resettlementcomponent. This will involvethe following: 22

1) An R&Rand Tribal Development(TD) Unit will be establishedwithin JSYS,which will coordinatewith the departmentsconcerned in GoKto facilitate the smooth and timely implementationof the TDPand also ensure availability of required funds for TDPactivities under the project This Unit will have a TD Specialistto coordinate all TDP activitiesunder the project, monitor the preparationand implementationof TDPsat the individual tank level and ensure that these conform to the agreedTD strategy of the project. The TD Specialistwill also monitor the work of an external agencythat will be hired to review all TDPsto ensure their conformity with the agreedTD strategy.TheTD Specialistwill also be responsible for developingand managingdata base of the project in respect of ST and SC communitiesas a tool for preparation,implementation and monitoring of TD activitiesunder the project 2) At the District ProjectUnit, an R&Rand TD Specialist will be postedto work closelywith the Chief ExecutiveOfficer (CEO)of the Zilla Panchayat(ZP) and the Deputy Commissionerof the District to coordinateand facilitate the implementationof TDP with the departmentsconcerned at the district level. He will also be responsibleto facilitate dove tailing of on-going governmentschemes in the area for the economicwelfare of these communities. 3) Responsibilityto facilitate the assessmentof socialimpacts of the project interventionsat the tank level lies with the Cluster FacilitatingTeam (CFT)which will have an R&Rand TD Specialistas one of the functionaries.The CFTwill guide TUG in the planning and implementingTD activitiesfor individualtank. 4) At the tank level, TUG,will work closelywith the CFTto assessthe impact of the projects on ST and SCcommunities, identify specificissues in respectof their participationin the project and to accessproject benefits on par with others, hold consultations with them to find out measuresto enhancetheir participationin the project and benefits to these communitiesunder the project. With the help of CFTand Gram Panchayat, TUG will arrangeto extend project benefitson preferentialbasis and to dovetail governmentschemes for the socio-economic upliftment of these vulnerablecommunities. 5) The organizationalset up for planning, implementingand monitoring TD activities under the project is presentedin the flow hiart(Annex II).

12.18. Capacity building to handle TD activities:

12.18.1 Since most of the staff in JSYSteams (both at the state and district levels) and functionariesof CFTwill have little exposureto TD issues,under the project they will be trained in skills required to handleTD programs.Besides, JSYS staff and CFT functionaries,TUG managementcommittee membersand other field level functionaries of Zilla Panchayat,departments of rural developmentand minor irrigation associated with the project will also be trained on different aspectsof TD issuesassociated with the project. The training modulesto be developedwill focus on:

* Strategy and proceduresin TD planning and implementation

* conductingsocial impact assessmentto identify issuesrelated to ST/Sc communities 23

* ensuringincome generation activities and other benefits under the project reachthe ST/SCgroups among the tank communities * dovetailinggovernment schemes for the socio-economicbenefits of ST/SC andother vulnerable sections among the tank communities

* data basemanagement for M&Eof TDPprograms

12.18.2 A consultantwill be engagedto assessthe trainingneeds and prepare training modules andmaterial on issuesrelating to TDP.Training will be organizedboth at JSYSand DPUs.Each training module will be repeatedto covera largenumber of thoseassociated with TD activitiesunder the project.Besides, customized training will be organizedin reputedtraining institutions, both within Karnatakaand outside for R&Rand TD Specialistsin JSYSand DPUs.

12.18.3In addition,exposure visits will alsobe organizedfor the staff of JSYSand DPUs to projectsites within the stateand outside where R&R programs are beingmanaged successfully.

12.18.4Good practices will be identifiedduring preparation and implementation of TDPsand thesewill be documentedand disseminated widely among project functionaries, CFMs andTUGs. This will be coordinatedby Manager,Communications in JSYS. 12.18.5External agency for M&Lthat will be engagedunder the projectwill developa database relatingto TD activities,train JSYSstaff, both at projectand district level,sin managing the data baseand its periodicupdating, and assist in preparingdata formats and monitoringreports.

12.19 GrievanceRedressal mechanism 12.19.1The R&Rand TD Specialistboth with the districtproject unit andCluster Facilitating Teamwill assistthe ST/SCcommunities in resolvingtheir problemsby referringthem to the relevantagencies. The CFT will recordthe grievancesof thesecommunities with TUGsand resolve them with the helpof DPUstaff. 12.20Monitoring and evaluation 12.20.1Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) of the TDPis necessaryto monitor the progressand to ensure adequateand timely implementationof the proposedTD activities.This providesfeedback to the planfor mid-coursecorrective measures. The monitoringwill be both internaland external.Broadly, the monitoringand evaluationprocess is similarto what is recommendedfor the projectas a wholeat the Tank level,in particularin the context of RAP. Specificallyfor M and E of TDP, it is necessarythat at the commencementof the project in each village a detailed baselinedata is gathered concerningthe lives and livelihoodof the tribal population,and of their linkagewith tanks. 12.20.2At the JSYS(project) level, the TD Specialistwith the JSYSwill carryout the internal monitoringfocusing on physicaland financial aspects. At the districtlevel, this 24

responsibilitylies with the R&Rand TD Specialist.The external Learningand Monitoring agency, which will be selectedand engaged for the entire project, will also cover TD aspectsat the tank level. At the tank level, the TUGalong with representativesof ST/SC communities,will be responsibleto monitor the implementationof tank level TDP.

12.20.3 Externalagency for M&L will developa data base, train JSYSstaff, both at project and district level, in managingthe data base and its periodic updating, and assistin preparing data formats and monitoring reports

12.20.4Monitoring indicators:A set of indicatorshave been identified and presentedbelow. However,the external Monitoring& Learningagency for the project which will also be monitoring the implementationof TDP activitiesunder the project will update the monitoring parametersand develop monitoringformats to be used at different levels.

Items Indicators Frequency Agency Economic Income: First, prior to Independent Conditions * Projectrelated the project agency/Internal * Independentmeans but assisted Subsequently, monitoring by by the project after every six DPUand JSYS Housing:Changes in quality over a period months. of time

FoodSecurity

Changesin occupation

Skill portfolio

Migrationprofile SocialConditions Representationin Communitybased Commenceme Independent institutions: nt of the agency/Internal project; and monitoring by Indicatorsof participation subsequently DPUand JSYS along with Empowerment TUG monitoring Schoolenrolment

Health and morbidity

Householdinfrastructure: electricity, potable water, living space, etc.

12.21 Implementation schedule

12.21.1The immediate activitiesthat are plannedare establishingof an R&Rand TD Unit in JSYS and posting of TD specialistsin both JSYSand DPUsand TUGsto undertakesocial assessmentand prepare tank based TDPs.Before the TUGsinitiate socialassessment and prepare TDPs,training programsshould be organizedto equip them with requiredskills. Similarly, no income generationactivities will be establishedunless the requiredtraining 25

hasbeen organized for the familiesbelonging to ST/SCcommunities. The detailed implementationschedule is shownin An III.

12.22 Costsand Budgetfor TDP

12.22.1The budgetas proposedhere assumesthat it is for implementationat the tank level. Sincethe numberof householdsor individualsbelonging to the IP is not knowna priori,it is calculatedfor a groupof 15 households,which shall be the minimumfor formationof a self helpgroup among them. Any lessor morethan this numbershall be takenat a pro- rata basisof whatis assessedto be madeavailable at eachtank level.

12.22.2The costitems and norms used in developingthe budgetfor the TDPare asfollows:

a) TUGsundertaking social assessment and preparing TDP - will be part of the socialassessment cost included under RAP b) Assistancetowards membership at Rs50 perTUG member belonging to ST/SC c) Fieldexposure trips at Rs2,000 per tank with ST/SCpopulation d) Capacitybuilding (of JSYS/DPUstaff, CFT functionaries, TUG members, and othervillage level government functionaries concerned with TDPactivities) at Rs 2,000per tank (Rs600 perTUG member and Rs 4,000 per trainee - staff andCFT functionaries) e) Awarenesscampaigns at Rs2,000 per tank overthe projectperiod f) Promotionof nutritionand horticulture (through training and supplyof seed- fertilizerkits) at Rs2,000 per tank. g) Contractingan externalagency to reviewall TDPs- alreadyinbuilt in RAPs h) Contractinga HRDagency to assesstraining needs, and develop training modulesand materials - budgetalready inbuilt under RAP i) TrainingST/SC members in incomegeneration activities at Rs10,000 per tank j) Contingencyat 5%

The total budgetfor the TD componentworks out to Rs48.1 million,details of which overthe projectperiod is presentedin nexuI. 12.22.3The budgetof TDPwill form the integralpart of ITDP,and therefore will comefrom the project. 26

Annex I

Consultationsand the Processin TDP Preparation Date Place No. of Type of Participants Issues Raised How TDP Participa addressesthe ______nts issues? January JSYS 164 Experts, Consultants, Various social The inputs are 4 - 5, Representativesfrom aspectswith taken in to 2001 NGO's,Academic and referenceto considerationto Research Institutions, community evolve formats for Engineersfrom Minor participation,issues field studiesand Irrigation Dept. and Zilla of equity, feed back Panchayat, Media Persons marginalized rural & JSYS Officials populace February ISEC 15 Representativesfrom World Discussionon issues FormulatingTD 22, 2001 Bank, ISEC,JSYS and relating to vulnerable strategy and plan NGO's section to address issues relating to vulnerable sections March JSYS 52 Stake holdersfrom 18 Exposureto the Specificmeasures 13-14 & & Field Tanks includingPRI Social Issues with are planned to 18-19, Representatives,Women referenceto enhance the 2001 and SC/ST's conflictingdemands participationof and of various users benefit to ST/SC groups. March ISEC 22 Representativesfrom World Discussionson TD strategy 27, 2001 Bank, ISEC, IIM, JSYS & involvementof all formulated NGO's sections of the tank addressesspecific community issuesof ST/SC particularly and TDP gives vulnerableamong specific plans for them the same. July 17- ISEC 53 Experts,World Bank Team To discuss the Discussionsduring 18, 2001 members,Consultants, interrim SEA report the meeting Representativesof the and various providedinput to NGOs, PRis, Stake holders, components the TD strategy JSYS officials, Engineers and plan. from DMI & Reps from Line depts. 27

August 2 Kereky 95 SC members(29) STs (36) Issues pertaining to Someof the - 3, 2001 athana Landless(2) their dependenceon livelihoodissues halli ComandArea Farmers of the tank, proposed particularlyof the two tanks rehabilitation encroachershas Village Panchayatleaders measures, livelihood been addressedin and Local officials issues RAP.TDP also outlines measures to improve the livelihoodof SCs and STs

August Byalya 139 SCs (19), STs (74), Issues pertaining to Someof the 4- 5, Landless(1) their dependenceon livelihood issues 2001 Comand Area Farmers16 the tank, proposed particularlyof Village Panchayatleaders rehabilitation encroachershas and Local officials measures, livelihood been addressedin issues RAP. TDP also outlines measures to improve the livelihoodof SCs andSTs

August Halkur 121 SC (26), ST (30), Livelihoodissues of TD strategy 6- 7, ke Landless(8) ST/SC groups and includesprovision 2001 ComandArea Farmers of their participationin of IG activitiesand the two tanks the project dove tailing of Village Panchayatleaders government and Local officials programsfor the benefit of ST/SC roups 9-Aug-01 Chikka SC: 12 SC: 12, ST: 14, Others: 31, Role of Panchayat Strategicsocial nayaka ST: 14 Commandarea farmers and TUGs assessmentto be nahalli Others: (14), Commandfarmers of In TDP carried out by TUG 31 other tanks not in the along with project(30), Village Panchayats.TUG to PanchayatLeaders and preparetank Local officials, Ex- specficTDPs. panchayat members (2) 9-Aug-01 Obatti SC: 6 SC: 6, Others 39, command Role of Panchayat Strategicsocial Others 39 area farmers (23), Village and TUGs in TDP assessmentto be PanchayatLeaders, Local carriedout by TUG officialsand TUG Members along with Panchayats.TUG to preparetank I_____ specific TDPs. Sep 7- 8, Hotel 83 Experts,Consultants, To discuss the Suggestionsto 2001. Capitol Representativesfrom findings of the draft improveTD NGO's,Academic and S&EA report. strategy and plan B'lore. ResearchInstitutions, Engineersfrom Minor IrrigationDept. and Zilla Panchayaths,Media Persons & JSYS Officials 28

Sep 26 - JSYS 45 Reps from ANGOs, To discuss social & Explainedabout 28, 2001 Potential Hoast NGOs, reps technical issues for TD strategy and TD of line Depts., Consultants ITDPs plan under the from ISEC & IIM(B). project Annex II ORGANISATIONAL FLOW CHART INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S DEVELOPMENT PLAN

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-inL3 'L L-rrDr- A Io XIV VxA F3

F~ I I

Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It

I I I I Annex III TRIBAL DEVELOPMENTPLAN- IMPLEMENTATIONSCHEDULE

Apr01 - Mar 02 Apr 02-Mar 03 A r 03-Mar 04 A r 04-Mar 05 A 5 - Mar 0 Apr 06 - Mar 07 Apr 07 - Mar 0 Si. Activities YEAR 0 YEAR 1 _ YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR4 YEAR 5 YEAR 6 No. Q1 Q2031 Q4 01 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q112Q3Q4 I Q2 Q3 04 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1 Assistancetowards membershi

2 Field exposure trips:

3 Capacitybuilding

Campaign Awarness(Health, 4 Education)

5 Promotion of nutrition/horticulture

6 Training for IGAs

7 Crop demonstrationkits/materials 3 1

AnnexIV

Table - 4 Indegenous People's Development Plan Physical Trget Bdget (Rs.'OOj

SI.No. Activity Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Total Ui Unit lst 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Toa Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr Ativities Cost Yr Yr Yr Yr Yr YrToa

I Assistance towards membership 30412000121000 18000 6000 0 600001 Person 50 1501 6001 1050 9001 300 01 3000 2 Field exposure trips: (Rs 1001 4001 700 6001 200 0 20001 Tank 2000- 200 800 1400 1200 400 01 4000

3 Capacity building 1001 400 -700 600 200 0 2000 Tank 2000 200 800 1400 1200 400 0 4000

Campaign Awamness (Health, ,__Education) 50 200 350, 300 100 01 1000 Campaigns 5000 2501 1000 1750 15001 500 0, 5000

5 Promotion of nutrition /horticulture 1001 400 -700 600 200 0 2000 Tank 2000 200 800, 1400 1200 400 0 40001

6 Training for IGAs 100 400 700 6001 2001 0 2000 Tank 10000 1000 4000 7000 6000 2000 0 20000

7 Crop demonstration kits/materials 100 400 700 600 200 0 2000 Tank 2500 250 1000 1750 15001 500 0 5000

18 IContingencies @,5% ______112.5 450 787.5 675 225 0 2250

Total 2363 945011653814175 4725, 0 472501 SEA/Final/ISEC/12-11-01 12-1

CHAPTER13 MODELTRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

13.0 Tribal DevelopmentPlan

This Tribaldevelopment plan is basedon detailedstudies carried out in six tanksin five villages (two tanksin KKHalli, and one each in Obatti,C.N. Halli, Halkurke, and Byalyavillages).

13.1 Baselinedata:

Table 13.1 Distribution of households Villages SC ST Others Total Obatti 0 8 65 73

C.N.Halli 35 45 60 140 KK Halli 63 136 149 348 Halkurke 65 70 465 600 Byalya 65 380 187 632 Total 228 639 926 1793 % 12.7 35.6 51.7 100

In thesefive villages,51 per cent householdsbelong to the other castes,more than 35 per cent householdsbelong to ST,with another12 per cent belongto SC.In Byalyaand KKHalli tank villages,SC and ST togetherconstitute 70 and 57 per cent respectively.However, in terms of landholding,SC and ST do not haveproportionate share in the commandarea as can be seen from the followingtable 13.2.

Table 13.2 Distribution of householdsowning land in the command area Villages SC ST Others Total Obatti 2 0 16 18

C.N.Halli 2 2 6 10 KK Halli 0 8 10 18 Halkurke 0 8 592 600 Byalya 11 4 183 188 Total 5 22 807 834 % 0.6 2.6 96.8 100 It is evidentthat the extentof dependenceof SCsand STsupon tank for irrigationpurposes is significantlylesser than the othercastes. Rehabilitationof thesetanks, however, will benefitthe SCsand STsby way of labour employmentopportunities, since they are the main sourceof wagelabour in thesevillages. Forthe present,and given the conditionof thesetanks, access to irrigationby the SCand STcommand area farmers is limitedboth becauseof inadequateinflow of water into the tanks and their landsbeing located in the tail end of the command.In the absenceof normsfor equitabledistribution of water, the SCs,and STstend to be vulnerableto the dominanceof more powerfulsections in the community. Sucha vulnerabilitybecomes evidentwhen one comparesthe incidenceof encroachmentof tank areaby differentsections of the community(Table 13.3). While in one tank the encroachersare all from other castes (Doddegowdanakatte),in the other villages,the SCsand STs are outnumberedby the other SEA/Final/lSEC/12-1 1-01 12-2

castesin this respect. The exceptionis only in Madanakereof CN Halli, in which all the encroachersare SCs.

Table13.3 Shareof SCsand STsin Encroachment

Tank No.of Socialcompsition Encroachers ST SC OC 3 1 1 1 Sorammanakere(KK Halli)

5 - - 5 DoddegowdanaKatte(KK Halli) 19_4_4_11 19 4 4 11 ByalyaDoddaKere 31_30 31 1 30 UrumundianKere(H Kurke)

Madanakere(CN Halli) 13 1 2 10 ObattiKere 76 6 13 57

Total______

Literacy Level. Generally,literacy levels for scheduledtribes are lower when comparedto generalpopulation. This is true for scheduledtribes in the the six tank areas also. For instance, the generalliteracy rate for Karnatakais 67.04percent (2001, Census) whereas for scheduled tribesin the areais between18 to 43 percent.Female literacy rate is also lowerthan the male literacyrate in the area.

Consultation with stakeholders. Wide ranging consultationswere held with the stakeholders.They include community leaders, local village level officials, Panchayat representatives,progressive farmers, field staff of variousline departments,neerganti (tank water regulator),tank usersgroup, and localNGOs. Methods of consultationsincluded individual interviews,focused group (landless,women, SCs, STs, land holders,command area farmers, encroachers)discussions, and village level meetings.The data was collectedthrough both structuredand unstructuredformats. Secondarydata was collectedfrom populationcensus documents,village revenue records, and Panchayatoffice.

Field observations:Consultations with the local community,the scheduledtribes and the Panchayatmembers revealed the following features pertaining to the STs: Nayakasare predominantin the six tank area. Agricultureis their mainoccupation. Althoughclassified as ScheduledTribe, noneamong them engagein the traditionaloccupation associated with them, namelyhunting and dependenceon forestsfor a livelihood. By virtue of being STs,they are entitled to a preferentialaccess to variousanti-poverty programmes and job reservation. As suchin thesevillages Nayakas may be viewedas beingpart of the mainstream society.

Land Holding:The sizeof land holdingboth in the villageand in the tank'scommand is small. They pursueagricultural practices like any otherfarmers. However, the pooramong them do not haveresources to purchaseinputs to increaseproductivity and lookfor governmentassistance for supply of seeds,fertilisers and pesticidesat subsidisedrates. Fifteen ST households cultivate land by leasingin from others, or by sharecroppingwith others. In the latter, SEA/Final/ISEC/12-11-01 12-3 expenditureand incomeare equallyshared by both the cultivatorand landowner. Farmers without adequatewater for their cropsengaged in buyingor taking water from other farmers with independentsources of water. In returnthey are expectedto pay one-thirdsof the harvest of paddy,Rs. 6 to 10 per hourof watersupply in caseof othercrops.

Low return from agriculture. Besidesthe small land holdings,and low accessto alternative sourcesof irrigation, SCsand STs use less of improvedfarm inputs (HYV seeds,chemical fertilisers,and pesticides). Even the accessto institutionalcredit is low. All thesecontributed to lowerreturns from agriculture.One of the major reasonsfor suchlow returnsfrom agricultureis alsoowing to their inadequateexposure to the marketboth in terms of marketprice and timing.

Health and Sanitationconditions: The healthand sanitation conditions in generalare poor in the villages. However,a few householdshave individual sanitary latrines. The weakersections have been given these facilities along with the housesdistribution under various housing schemes. Most of the villagersprefer open spacefor the purpose.Open manurepits and drainagesare noticedin the area.During consultations people reported that waterbornediseases like cholera,jaundice, typhoid, malaria, etc., to haveoccurred frequently.

Recently,the World Bank has supportedthe IntegratedRural Water Supplyand Sanitation (IRWSS) project. This programme is in progress in two villages viz. Halkurke and Kerekyathanahalli.Under this programmeseveral families have been given latrines. Whereasin Chikkanayakanahalliand Obatti95 per cent of the familiesdepend on openspace for purposes of defecation. Eventhe familiescovered under this schemedo not makeuse of the facilities, dueto lackof awarenessof the benefits.The resthave not comeforward to availof the scheme dueto pooreconomic conditions, lack of spaceand sufficient water.

Cooking Devices:Smokeless stoves (Astra Chulas) have been distributedto most families; includingSCs and STs.However, many beneficiaries do not makeuse of them as they feel that useof them are not suitable,and haveretained the useof traditionalChulas.

Poorleadership. In villageswhere SCs and STs numerically outnumber the rest, the scopefor their participationand representationin decision-makingprocess (within their villages) is apparentlyadequate, but they lack leadershipin dealingwith issuesbeyond their villages.In other villages where they are numericallylow, their role in decision-makingprocess is inadequate.

Accessto developmentprogrammes. In all the villages,the SCs and STs have been beneficiariesof various state, centraland centrallysponsored programmes of development. They includeschemes meant for the communityas a wholeor individualhouseholds (see Table 13.4). SEA/Final/ISEC/12-1 1-01 12-4

Table 13.4 List of Various Development Programmes Individual Beneficiary Programmes Community/Group Oriented Programmes/Schemes Weakersection housing BoreWells with hand pump Old age pensions Mini Water supply Assistanceto PhysicallyHandicapped Stree Shakthi(Women self-help group) Widow Pension GangaKalyan Yojana (Group irrigation well) Income generating programmes SwatchaGrama Yojana(Village infrastructure) Bhagyajyothi(rural poor households JRY(rural employmentand asset creation) electrification) Individual Latrines SwarnaJayanthi (combination of women group formation, asset creation, and employment generation) GobarGas (Biogas) Integrated RuralWater Supply and Environment _ SanitationProject FinancialAssistance for HouseRepair Supplyof Improved Astra Chulas

During the field observations, it was found that the majority of the SCs and STs beneficiaries covered under the individual beneficiary programmes did not benefit to the desired level, owing to inadequate follow up. In some programmes (e.g. sanitary units, smokeless chulas) benefits were either under utilised or abandoned.

Granting of rights over common property: In recent years there has been a series of granting of common property, usually consisting of the catchment of the tank and other grazing lands. The SCs, STs and other weaker sections have been the chief beneficiaries. In the project area, there have been many SCs and STs who have thus gained land rights.

Table 13.5 Granting of Land Rights in the Sample Villages (In Acres)

Village Extentof landgranted No.of Beneficiaries Obatti 24.35 ! 21 CN Halli 45.00 20 KKHalli 8.50 4 Halkurke 42.03 20 Byalya 58.00 29 Total 177.88 94

Issues identified 1. A high incidence of landlessness among SCs and STs. 2. Less land in command area owned by SCs and STs. 3. Low literacy levels 4. Tail-end command farmers and irregular/inadequate availability of water 5. Low return from agriculture owing to inadequate access to farm inputs, alternative sources of irrigation and institutional credit 6. Inadequate exposure to the market 7. Poor leadership qualities and lack of opportunities to participate in decision-making process 8. Lack of awareness about health and sanitation SEA/Final/ISEC/12-11-01 12-5

13.2 ActionPlan

Followingfrom the aboveissues, strategies and actionplan have been drawn up. Theseare presentedin the followingformat. The overall approachpursued is that the advocacy,training, etc. will be aimed at all the ST and SC communitiesat the individualtank levels. For the economicactivities recommended here, group approach covering SC / STfamilies below poverty line will be pursued. The projecthas a componenton incomegeneration activities under which STs and others will be coveredunder preferentialbasis. Therefore, the budget requiredfor incomegeneration activities will comefrom that component.Similarly, the budgetrequired for activitiesfocusing on womengroups as includedin this plan hasnot beenspecifically accounted sincethe fundswill be availableunder the genderaction plan.

Issues Strategies Action Plan Agency Responsible 1. A high * Strengthen off- . Identify educated unemployed youth for job-oriented skill TUG, CFT, R&R inddence of farm and non- training programmes, tying up with DICs and NGOs, and and TD landlessness farm KSCSTDC and/or KSFC. specialist at occupabons . TUGs tank-ilus activities* to be oriented for inclusion of DPU SC/ST. . Promote animal husbandry: sheep, goats, cows and Buffaloes, tie up with the Director of Animal husbandry and the District's lead lending bank. The KMF to be requested to include the tank-villages in the Milk route to encourage dairying among the SC/ST. . Implement Tree Patta Scheme for trees grown in the tank property with landless among SC/ST as main beneficiaries. . Formation of self-help groups, sponsored by the local NGOs and TUGs. . Membership fee should be provided by the Project for BPL members. 2. No land . Promote . Tie up with the department concerned for either individual or TUG, CFT, R&R owned in the irrigation community irrigation scheme, with emphasis on drip irrigation. and TD command * Improve dryland * Promote TUGs to undertake, with the participation of specialist, and area farming community, in renovating the open wells belonging to the agriculture . Integrate with SC/ST. specialist at animal * Promote mixed farming in rain fed conditions in consultation DPU husbandry and with agriculture and animal husbandry departments. watershed development Drowrammes 3. Low retum * Need based * Facilitate exposure to improved agriculture practices, with TUG, CFT, R&R from agricultural support from the line departments and research institutes: and TD agriculture extension and supply of seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and technical know how spedalist, and support services . Periodic soil testing and demonstration of techniques to make agriculture the best use of soil conditions. spedalist at . Organise spedal training programmes and demonstration plots DPU with the help of KVKs and other line departments . Organise exposure trips to agricultural farms, research stations progressive farmers. . Facilitate access to institutional credit . Establish linkages with the Taluk agriculture-marketing ______network, provide logistic support. 4. Tail-end * Mandatory * Emphasize on equity for distribution of water TUG, CFT, command membership for * Partidpatively determine the water-flow dimensions in the spedalists in farmers and representatves command. R&R and TD, irregular/inad of SC/ST in the * Insist on field distribution channels in place of flooding water agriculture and equate TUG executive from field to field. irrigation availability of committee. engineer at SEA/Fina]/SEC/1 2-1 1-01 12-6

water . Evolve DPU appropriate water distribution

.system 5. Poor a Advocacy and . Work withspecific groups of SC/STto communicatethe goals, TUG,CFT, R&R leadership communication strategiesand plans of TUGand the project. and TD qualities of TUG norms . Ensureadequate representation for membersof SC/STin the specialist,and andprinciples. executivecommittee of theTUG. training . Training in . Designand organisespecific capacity building programmes specialist at organizational amongSC/ST DPU development 6. Lowliteracy . Promote . Integratewith masseducation and total literacy programmes TUG, CFT, functional * Extensionprogrammes to include audio-visualaids and specialists in literacy participatoryleaming methods. R&R and TD, . Extension . Customisetraining programmes to meetthe needsof illiterate agriculture, programmesto andneo-literate SC/ST family members gender, and focus on the trainingat DPU needs of the illiterates 7. Inadequate * Promote health * Organisehealth campaigns,health camps (general and TUG, CFT, awarenesson awareness referral)in associationwith linedepartments and local medical specialists in healthand . Increaseaccess institutions R&R and TD, sanitation to health and . Promote nutritional gardens with the support of line agriculturen sanitaton departments.Distribute seed material kit andsaplings. gender, imnedia facilities and trainingat DPU Note: * TankPlus Activities refer to all thosesocial and community oriented activities under the project,covering those beyond the mere physicaldevelopment of the tanks. Thus,tank plus activitiescover advocacy, training, capacity building, income generating activities,etc.

13.3 Schedule of Implementation Activity Q-1 Q0-3 -4 Q-5 Q-6 Q-7 Q-8 OrganiseSC/ST - - - groups ensuringfair representation Identify needs and schemes,plans through PRAs Training needs assessment Ratificationof Micro _ plans by DPU Organisetraining __ programmes Identify credit needs _ _ and facilitate access Organiseexposure _ _ tri Implementation of - - - schemes]activities Forward and backward linkages Functionalliteracy ------programmes Organise health and ------sanitation Drogrammes _ Followup activities ------Monitoring and _ _ _ - -_------SEA/Final/ISEC/1 2-11-01 12-7

Evaluation Note:* PPP:Pre-Project Phase

13.4 Monitoringand Evaluation

Broadly,the monitoringand evaluation process is similarto what is recommendedfor the projectas a wholeat the Tanklevel, in particularin the contextof TDP. Specificallyfor M andE of TDP,it is necessarythat at the commencementof the project in each villagea detailed baselinedata is gatheredconcerning the livesand livelihoodof the tribal population,and of their linkagewith tanks. Specificindicators for monitoringand evaluation have been listed below:

Items Indicators Frequency Agency Economic First,prior to the Independ conditions * Projectrelated income changes project ent * Independentmeans of incomebut assisted Subsequently, agency by the project after every six * No. of persons borrowing from formal months. institutions. * Changesin assets possession(agricultural andothers) * No. of unemployedyouth identifiedfor skill developmenttraining and no. trained. * No. of beneficiariesfor variousschemes (e.g., tree pattas,animal husbandry, etc.) * No. of SHGsformed, savingsmobilised and creditadvanced. * No.of IGAbeneficiaries and unitsfunctioning * Renvovationof irrigationsources of SC/ST families. * Exposuretrips made * Quantity of seeds, fertilisers and others inputssupplied, and incidenceof adaption. • Changesin croppingpattern * Extentof fieldchannels erected

Social Representationin Community-based institutions: Commencement Independ conditions of the project; ent Indicatorsof partidpation and subsequently agency Empowerment along with TUG Schoolenrolment monitoring Healthand morbidity Household infrastructure: electricity, potablewater, living space, etc. No. of complaintsreceived and conflictsresolved in respectof waterdistribution. Attendencein total literacyprogrammes Incidenceof waterborne diseases No.of familieswith nutritionalgardens No.of visitsmade by officialsof CFT,R&R and TD Specialistswith ]SYS and DPU. SEA/Final/ISEC/12-11-01 12-8

13.5 Budgetfor TDP

The budgetworked out hereassumes that it is for the implementationat the tank level. The budgethas been developed for all six tanks. Sincethe numberof householdsor individuals belongingto the SC/STis not knowna priori, it is calculatedfor two groupsof 15 households;,15 householdsis the minimumfor the formationof a self help group. Any lessor morethan this numbershall be taken at a pro-ratabasis of what is assessedto be madeavailable at eachtank level.

Item Unit Cost (Rs.) Rs. Assistancetowards membership 30 personsx 50 x 6 tanks 9,000 fee Supportfor SHGactivities As part of genderaction plan GoI and GOK schemes/programmes Constructionof field channels As part of other civil activities under the project Field exposuretrips 5,000 per tank 30,000 Advocacyand other tank plus As part of other project activities activities Training costs (Leadershipand 5,000 per tank 30,000 capacity building) Health campaigns 3,000 per tank per year (2 36,000 campaignsper tank) Organisinghealth camps Dovetailwith health departrnent Supply of seedsand other inputs 2,000 per tank (200 per 12,000 for nutritionalgardens family) Training costs (Economic Dovetailwith GoK Actities) programmes M and E costs To be built into other M and E programmes of the Project Personnelcosts To be built into other personnel costs of the project Total _ 117,000

13.5.1The budgetof TDPwill form the integralpart of ITDP,and therefore will comefrom the project

13.6 InstitutionalArrangements

The institutionalarrangements for the implementationof TDPinvolves the following:

a) R&Rand Tribal Development(TD) Unit in JSYS,will ensurethe availabilityof required fundsand coordinate with the departmentsconcerned in GoKto facilitatethe smoothand timelyimplementation of the TDP. b) R&Rand TD Specialistin DistrictProject Unit will work closelywith the CEOof the ZPand the DeputyCommissioner of the Districtto coordinateand facilitatethe implementation of the TDPwith the departmentsconcerned at the districtlevel. SEA/Fina1/ISEC/12- 1-01 12-9

c) Responsibilityto facilitatethe assessmentof the needsof SCsand STsin the project implementationat the tank level lies with the ClusterFacilitating Team (CFT), which has R&Rand TD Specialistas one of the functionaries.The CFTwill guide TUG in the planningand implementationof the TDP. d) TUG, in liaisonwith the CFT will hold consultationswith the SC/STcommunities to facilitatetheir greaterparticipation and help accessingproject benefitson par with the rest of the communities. CFT will help TUG in dovetailingvarious development programmesof the governmentfor the purposeof implementingTDP as outlinedabove. SEA/FinalISEC/12-11 -01 12-10

LIST OF PAFs

Si. Tank Name Name of the farmer Caste family Literate Main Landholdingsize Own Land Land % loss No. size Occup land loss loss operatio ation (ha) (Ha) nal holding ,______(h a) _ _ _ 1 SorammanakSANNASWARAPPA SC 5 2 Agr- Marginal(Below 0 0 0.81 0.81 100 ere Labour 1.0) 2 Sorammanak KARIYANNA OC 6 4 Agricul Medium(4.0- 7.28 0 0.2 7.49 2.67 ere ture 10.0) 3 SorammanakSRINIVAS ST 6 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.72 0 0.2 1.92 10.42 ere ture 4 DoddegowdaK H MARIYAPPA OC 5 5 Agricul Large(Above 12.14 0.1 0.05 2. 19 0.41 na Katte ture 10.0) 5 Doddegowda K H DODDANNA OC 9 4 Agricul Large(Above 20.23 0.22 0.03 '0. 27 0.15 na Katte ture 10.0)

6 Doddegowda E DODDANNA OC 6 5 Agrcul SemiMedium 2.83 0.01 0.15 2.98 5.03 na Katte ture (2.0-4.0)

7 DoddegowdaDASAPPA OC 8 3 Agri- Marginal(Below 0.61 0 0 0.61 0.00 na Katte Labour 1.0) 8 DoddegowdaTHIMMANNA OC 8 2 Agricul Medium(4.0- 4.05 0.1 0 4.05 0.00 na Katte ture 10.0) 9 Byalya KEMPANNANAYAK ST 8 1 Agri- Marginal (Below 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.71 42.25 Labour 1.0)

10 Byalya CHINNAPA SC 6 2 Agricul Medium (4.0- 5.26 0 0.1 5.36 1.87 ture 10.0) 11 Byalya P SHANKARAPPA OC 3 3 Pensio Marginal (Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 n 1.0)

12 Byalya B GANGADARAPPA OC 4 4 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 ture 1.0)

13 Byalya MALLAMMA OC 2 1 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 ture 1.0) 14 Byalya NAGARAJAPPA OC 3 1 Agn- Marginal (Below 0.1 0 0.1 0.2i 50.00 Labour 1.0) 15 Byalya KRISHNAPPAB BC 4 3 Tailori Marginal (Below 0.17 0 0.02 0.19 10.53 ng 1.0) 16 Byalya VENKlTA SOMAPPA ST 8 6 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.01 0 0.1 1.11 9.01 ture 17 Byalya NARAYANAPPA BC 4 2 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.17 0 0.02 0.19 10.53 ture 1.0) 18 Byalya NARAYANASWAMY BC 11 7 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.92 0 0.1 2.02 4.95 ture 19 Byalya DASARATH ST 2 1 Driver Marginal(Below 0 0 0.71 0.71 100.00 1.0) 20 Byalya GOVINDARAGU SC 5 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.34 0 0.1 1.44 6.94 ture I SEA/Final/ISEC/12-11-01 12-11

21 Byalya HANUMANTA SC 4 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.34 0 0.1 1.44 6.94 RAYAPPA ture

22 Byalya TAMMAIAH SC 4 2 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.34 0 0.1 1.44 6.94 ture 23 Byalya BYLAPPA OC 6 4 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.81 0 0.02 0.83 2.41 ture 1.0) 24 Byalya RAMAIAHIBC 4 2 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.43 0 0.08 1.51 5.30 ture 25 Byalya RAMAIAH BC 5 4 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.01 0 0.06 1.07 5.61 ture 26 Byalya NAGESHAPPA BC 6 6 Agricul Large (Above 16.19 0 0.2 16.39 1.22 ture 10.0)

27 Byalya NAGARAKNAMMA ST 4 4 Agncul Marginal(Below 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.3 66.67 ture 1.0)

28 Madana Kere MUNISWAMAPPA SC 5 4 Agri- Marginal(Below 0.4 0 0.3 0.71 42.25 Labour 1.0) 29 MadanaKere SHEEKALAMMA SC 3 0 Agri- Marginal(Below 0.08 0 0.01 0.09 11.11 Labour 1.0) 30 MadanaKere VENKETESH SC 2 0 Agri- Marginal(Below 0 0 0.1 0.1 100.00 Labour 1.0) 31 MadanaKere VENKATESHAPPA SC 4 1 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.42 0 0.05 1.47 3.40 ture 32 MadanaKere REDIYAPPA SC 7 1 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.91 0 0.09 1 9.00 ture 1.0) 33 Obatti Kere RAMANNA OC 6 4 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.97 0.06 0.06 1.03 5.83 ture 1.0) 34 Obatti Kere NARAYANAPPA OC 8 5 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.97 0 0.06 1.03 5.83 ture 1.0) 35 Obatti Kere VENKATAPPA OC 7 5 Agricul Semi Medium 3.84 0 0.05 3.9 1.28 ture (2.0-4.0)

36 Obatti Kere MUNIYAPPA OC 4 3 Agricul Semi Medium 2.19 0.1 0.1 2.29 4.37 ture (2.0-4.0)

37 Obatti Kere VENKATARAMANAPPAOC 11 8 Agri- Medium(4.0- 6.07 0 0.1 6.17 1.62 Labour 10.0)

38 Obatti Kere LAKSHMIPATHI OC 2 1 AgriNculMedium (4.0- 6.07 0 0.1 6.17 1.62 ture 10.0) 39 Obati Kere GOPPANNA OC 1 0 Agricul Medium(4.0- 6.07 0 0.05 6.12i 0.82 ture 10.0) 40 ObatWKere GOPALAGOWDA OC 2 1 Agricul Medium(4.0- 4.05 0 0.3 4.35 6.90 ture 10.0) 41 Obati Kere G VENKATESH OC 4 2 Agricul Large(Above 42.49 0 0.1 42.59 0.23 GOWDA ture 10.0)

42 Obati Kere APPAIAHGOWDA OC 3 3 Agricul SemiMedium 3.24 0 0.3 3.54 8.47 ture (2.0-4.0)

43 Obat, Kere MUNIYAPPA BC 7 4 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.21 0 0.02 1.23 1.63 ture SEAlFinal/ISEC/12-11-01 12-12

44 Obatti Kere NARAYANSWAMY SC 8 2 Agn- Marginal (Below 0.81 0 0.4 1.21 33.06 Labour 1.0) 45 Obatti Kere VENKATESHSWAMY ST 7 5 Agricul Small(1.0-2.0) 1.11 0 0.02 1.13 1.77 ture

46 Halkurke LAKSMAMMA SC 6 3 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.71 0 0.05 0.76 6.58 ture 1.0) 47 Halkurke JAYAMMA BC 3 1 Agricul Semi Medium 2.83 0 0.05 2.88 1.74 ture (2.0-4.0)

48 Halkurke GANGADARAPPA OC 7 6 GovJ Small (1.0-2.0) 1.57 0 0.04 1.61 2.48 ob _ 49 Halkurke KUMARAPPA OC 5 3 Agricul Medium (4.0- 4.65 0.05 0.05 4.7 1.06 ture 10.0) 50 Halkurke RA3ANNA OC 6 6 Agricul Medium (4.0- 4.65 0.05 0.05 4.7 1.06 ture 10.0) 51 Halkurke KUMAIAH OC 10 10 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.55 0 0.05 1.6 3.13 ture 52 Halkurke VISHWANATH OC 7 5 Gov) SemiMedium 3.48 0 0.05 3.53 1.42 ob (2.0-4.0)

53 Halkurke VISHWANATH OC 3 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.82 0 0 0 ture _ 54 Halkurke SOMASHEKAR OC 5 4 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.61 0 0.01 0.62 1.61 ture 1.0) 55 Halkurke GOWRAMMA OC 1 0 Agricul Marginal (Below 0.4 0 0 0 0 t_re 1.0) 56 Halkurke RENUKAREY OC 4 4 Agricul Small(1.0-2.0) 1.72 0.2 0.2 1.92 10.42 ture 57 Halkurke BASAVARAJU OC 4 4 Agricul Medium(4.0- 4.45 0 0 0 0 ture 10.0) 58 Halkurke RANGAPPAA OC 6 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0 0.02 1.64 1.22 ture 59 Halkurke GIRISH OC 3 3 Agricul SemiMedium 2.02 0 0.01 2.03 0.49 ture (2.04.0) 60 Halkurke PONNAPPA OC 5 5 Agricul SemiMedium 3.14 0 0.01 3.15 0.32 ture (2.0-4.0) 61 Halkurke NINGAPPA OC 5 4 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.92 0 0.02 1.94 1.03 ture 62 Halkurke HUCHIRAPPA OC 4 4 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0.05 0.01 1.63 0.61 ture 63 Halkurke NAGARA] OC 3 3 Busine Small (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0 0.1 1.72 5.81 Ss 64 Halkurke BASAVARA] OC 5 4 Agncul Semi Medium 3.04 0 0.1 3.14 3.18 ture (2.04.0) 65 Halkurke SHAGARAPPA OC 5 3 Agricul Small (1.0-2.0) 1.62 0 0.02 1.64 1.22 ture 66 Halkurke PANCHAKSHARAPPAOC 14 11 Agricul Semi Medium 2.04 0 0.01 2.05 0.49 ture (2.04.0)

67 Halkurke PANCHAKSHARAPPAOC 7 6 Agricul Semi Medium 2.63 0.04 0.1 2.73 3.66 _ture (2.04.0) SEAlFinaVISEC/12-11-01 12-13

68 Halkurke VIRABHADRAPPA OC 5 2 Agricul Semi Medium 2.53 0 0.02 2.55 0.78 ture (2.0-4.0)

69 Halkurke PALLARAPPA OC 8 6 Agricul Semi Medium 2.44 0 0 2.44 0.00 ture (2.04.0)

70 Halkurke PALLARAPPA OC 7 7 Agricul Semi Medium 3.44 0.03 0.03 3.47 0.86 ture (2.0-4.0) 71 Halkurke SHIVANNA OC 6 2 Agricul SemiMedium 2.33 0 0.03 2.36 1.27 ture (2.0-4.0) 72 Halkurke HALAPPA OC 6 4 Agricul SemiMedium 3.24 0.05 0.05 3.29 1.52 ture (2.0-4.0) 73 Halkurke BASAPPAM OC 4 4 Agricul SemiMedium 3.08 0 0.02 3.1 0.65 ture (2.0-4.0)

List of six families eligible for rehabilitation grant

No. Tank Name Occupation 1 KK halli Sannasurappa agril labour 2 Byala Kempannanayak agril labour 3 Byala Nagarajappa agril labour 4 Byala Dasarat Driver+agril labour 5 Madankere muniswamappa agril labour 6 Obatti Narayanswamy agril labour

List of adult members eligible for rehabilitation grant

No. Tank Name A e Occu ation 1 Byala Rangappa 35 Agriculture 2 Byala Rangaswa 30 Agriculture my 3 Obatti Venkatesha 32 agriculture SEA/Final/ISEC/12-11-01 12-20

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