Tufted ( fuligula) movements

The Tufted Duck breeds across northern from Iceland to the Bering Sea, between 45°N and 70°N. A large proportion (probably more than 60%) breed in Russia (600,000 to 800,000 pairs) and neighbouring Fennoscandia (147,000 to 220,000 breeding pairs). It is mainly migratory, but some populations in are resident or perform only short-distance movements. Wintering areas are found in northwestern and south Europe, around the Caspian and Black Seas, northern Africa and across to Japan in the east.

Figure 1: Map depicting the movements of The ringing of Tufted in Europe has not Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) based on published been widespread and the largest numbers of information and ring recoveries in the recoveries available are from Britain, Switzerland, EURING Data Bank. Denmark and Latvia. During December – February recoveries are concentrated in west and central Europe, including the southern and western part of the Baltic. A decrease in recoveries from Iberia and SW France is recorded between January and February, with a tendency which becomes more intense between February and March. The most intense phases of return migration take place mainly during April and May. Recoveries during the breeding season (May – June) are spread out in northern Europe and eastward to the River Ob, east of the Urals, at about 70°E. Some recoveries are also found during the breeding season in west and central Europe as well as in Iceland. Autumn migration continues until October and most Tufted Ducks have left the Russian breeding areas by November.

Tufted Ducks are broad front migrants. breeding in Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and northwest Russia migrate to the Baltic and western and central Europe, a few also to southwestern Europe. Central Russian and western Siberian populations migrate to central and eastern Europe, the Black Sea, east Mediterranean and Caspian Seas. Birds breeding in Siberia and in the eastern part of the breeding range winter in the Caspian region, Pakistan, northern , and southeast China to Japan.

Male Tufted Ducks from the east of the range begin arriving in western Europe to moult shortly after breeding and return quickly after moulting. A second-year male ringed at Abberton Reservoir, Essex, on 28 May 1969 was shot on 14 April 1971 in Pakistan (6,153km). Such a record is probably not exceptional, and is almost certainly an example of moult migration. Of 54 adult birds ringed at Abberton in the period May-July and subsequently found in the same period, 50 were males. Of these, 34 were later found in Russia, with seven in Finland and only six found in Britain.

From: Delany, S., Veen, J. & Clark, J.A. (eds) 2006. Urgent preliminary assessment of ornithological data relevant to the spread of Avian Influenza in Europe. Report to the European Commission. Study contract: 07010401/2005/425926/MAR/B4. Authors: Atkinson, P.W., Clark, J.A., Delany, S., Diagana, C.H., du Feu, C., Fiedler, W., Fransson, T., Gaulthier-Clerc, M., Grantham, M.J., Gschweng, M., Hagemeijer, W., Helmink, T., Johnson, A., Khomenko, S., Martakis, G., Overdijk, O., Robinson, R.A., Solokha, A., Spina, F., Sylla, S.I., Veen, J. & Visser, D. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/nature_conservation/focus_wild_birds/avian_influenza/index_en.htm Table 1 Summary of the movements of Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) from the literature based on published information and ring recoveries in the EURING Data Bank.

Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula

Distribution: Palaearctic, across northern Eurasia from Iceland to the Bering Sea, between 45°N and 70°N. No discrete breeding populations defined but more separation in wintering areas: NW Europe (centred on the Baltic), central European lakes, the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea. Continuous distribution from central Europe through the Danube in Hungary to the Black Sea region

Moult: males end of June-Sep, female while breeding Population Autumn Migration Wintering / Non-breeding Grounds Spring Migration References (or part of population) direction / via during location during direction / via during Western Eurasian populations south to North Africa and the Gulf, few in West 8 and East Africa

W-Europe (mainly sedentary) 8 Iceland Denmark, Netherlands, Great Britain Mar-Apr 2, 5 Fennoscandia, Baltic region, Russia Baltic, around North Sea and Atlantic coasts, Nov 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, east to 65°E, Poland, Denmark Norway, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, 8, 9, 12 Great Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, SE-Denmark, archipelagos of eastern Sweden Sweden Sweden, Denmark Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Great 1, 4 Britain, Ireland, N-Mediterranean

NW European population in mild winters Baltics, northeast coast of Germany, W- 2, 3, 8 Poland, Switzerland, Netherlands

Britain and Ireland NW-France, Netherlands, Denmark abmigration to 1, 3 Scandinavia and Russia Belgium, Netherlands France, Netherlands, Great Britain, NW-Africa, 1, 7, 12 Spain, Austria, Italy

Central Europe, Germany Netherlands, Great Britain, Ireland and further 1 SW through Mid Europe; few Baltic birds stay in the Baltics NE of European Russia, NW-Siberia Danube Delta in Romania, Central Europe, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, east 1, 3, 8, 11 Ob River Russia Mediterranean, Caspian coast of Iran

Czech Republic Switzerland, Germany, as far as Spain 13 W-Siberia, Central Asia, Eastern part Volga Delta, SW Caspian Region, as far as Egypt, Pakistan, 1, 3, 8, 11, 12 of breeding sites Northern India, southeast China to Japan, Italy birds usually wintering in the Baltics in cold winters move to Netherlands, Britain, Ireland 8 References consulted in drawing up the movement summary tables. Number in tables indicate which reference was used in drawing up each line of data in the tables.

Number in Tables Reference 1 Bauer, H.G., Bezzel, E. & Fiedler, W. (eds.) 2005. Kompendium der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Aula- Verlag, Wiebelsheim. 2 Speek, B.J. & Speek, G. (1984). Thieme’s vogeltrekatlas. Thieme, Zutphen. 3 Wernham, C., Toms, M., Marchant, J., Clark, J., Siriwardena, G. & Baillie, S. (eds.) 2002. The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 4 Fransson, T. & Pettersson, J. (2001): Svensk ringmärkningsatlas. Vol. 1. Stockholm. Including preliminary printouts for volume 2 (unpublished, 2006) 5 Bønløkke, J., Madsen, J.J., Thorup, K., Pedersen, K.T., Bjerrum, M. & Rahbek, C. in press. Dansk Trækfugleatlas. The Danish Migration Atlas (to be published spring 2006). Rhodos International Science & Art Publishers Ltd., Holtegaard, Humlebæk, Denmark. 6 Unpublished printout of recovery maps from the Helsinki Bird Ringing Scheme. 7 Roggeman, W., Huisseune, D., Vangeluwe, D., Vandenbulck, P. & Vandousselare, P. 1995. Belgian Ringing Scheme Databank. Gaviidae to . Studiedocumenten van het K.B.I.N., Brussels. 8 Scott, D.A. & Rose, P.M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia. Wetlands International Publication 41. 9 Bakken, V., Runde, O. & Tjørve, E. 2003. Norsk Ringmerkings Atlas. Lommer - Alkefugler. Ringmerkingssentralen, Stavanger Museum. 10 Bianki, V.V. & Dobrynina, I.N. 1997. , Dabbling ducks. In: Pavlov, D.S. (series ed.): Migrations of Birds of eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Nauka, Moscow. 11 Veen J., Yurlov, A.K., Delany S.N., Mihantiev, A.I., Selivanova, M.A. & Boere, G.C. 2005. An atlas of movements of Southwest Siberian waterbirds. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 12 Recovery maps from the Italian Bird Ringing Scheme 13 Czech Duck Ringing project. URL: http://www.mujweb.cz/veda/aythya/menu/records.htm 14 McClure (1998): Migration and Survival of the Birds of Asia. White Lotus Press, Thailand. 15 Kishchinskii, A.A. (1978): Gaviiformes to Ciconiiformes. Migrations of birds of eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Nauka, Moscow. 16 Kishchinskii, A.A. (1982): Falconiformes to Gruiformes. Migrations of birds of eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Nauka, Moscow. 17 Svazasn S., W. Meissner, V, Serebryakov, A. Kozulin & G. Grishanov (2001): Changes of wintering sites of waterfowl in central and eastern Europe. OMPO, Vilnius.

SF - 226 SV - 467

NO - 2

DK – 1,421

LV – 1,167 NL - 359

LI - 6 GB – 3,161

ER - 21 PL - 54

BL - 6 DE - 383

FR - 21 CZ - 33 HE – 5,547 AU - 3 ES - 2 IA - 15 PO - 2

Figure 2. Country of ringing and numbers of recoveries of birds featured in maps of finding locations - Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula).