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2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020

“If you rake me over the coals…” - 1 The Emotional Intelligence of 2 The Prime Minister of , as Perceived by Israeli Citizens 3 4 5 Netanyahu, the Prime Minister of Israel, held the premiership for the longest period in 6 the history of the Jewish nation. He considered as a very strong and influential leader. 7 leadership has manifestations of EI. The study aims to construct new knowledge about 8 how Israeli citizens perceive the EI of Netanyahu. Questionnaire were sent to 414 9 Israeli participants who own first academic degree or above. Results show that the 10 Israeli citizens perceived Bibi’s EI as high, with average of 5.08 out of 7. It was 11 assumed that in order to achieve his goals, Netanyahu uses also dark side of EI. This 12 study demonstrated that EI could be used with positive-oriented and can also use with 13 negative-oriented. 14 15 Key words: Emotional intelligence, Leadership, Emotions 16 17 18 Introduction 19 20 Benjamin Netanyahu (Bibi), the Prime Minister of Israel, held the 21 premiership for the fourth time and for the longest period in the history of the 22 Jewish nation. Bibi is considered a very strong and very influential leader not 23 only in Israel but around the world. He was ranked by the Forbes, as one of 24 the world's 25 most powerful leaders (, November 4th, 15). Friends and 25 foes know him as no stranger to controversy (Pfeffer, 2018). He is the object, 26 however, of numerous criminal accusation. His legacy is mixed, and he is also 27 credited with bringing Israel to a place where it is viewed as a powerful 28 country by any standard and a good place in which to live (David, 2017). 29 Although Israel is a small state that has been facing existential threats from its 30 neighbors since its establishment, during Bibi’s time as prime minister, Israel is 31 a very strong country from many points of view. Israel has built a mighty 32 military machine that has successfully overcome many military threats and 33 deterred nuclear options. Israel has a strong economy and was admitted to the 34 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2010 35 and which brings together the most 33 developed countries that are committed 36 to democracy and market economies. 37 Israel is also an attractive site for overseas investors particularly in the 38 high-tech sector. Despite the long- simmering social rift, the Ashkenazi- 39 Sephardic cleavage, and religious-secular divide, Israel is a strong and mostly 40 unified society. It has a highest ratio of university degrees to the population in 41 the world, produces more scientific papers per capita than any other nation by a 42 large margin, and the highest rate per capita of patents filed (Inbar, April 18, 43 2018). 44 Netanyahu does have many admirers, but most of them are Sephardic, 45 right-wing people, religious and people from the periphery that support him 46 with a blind eye and no matter what he does, they will still support him and 47

1 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 vote for him. The other side, comprised of Ashkenazi educated left-wingers, 1 hate him and would do anything in order to get rid of him (Hecht, 2017). 2 Although commentators argue that even if his career would soon end and he 3 would not be elected again to premiership in Israel, his influence would endure 4 (Pfeffer, 2018). He is considered a very bright, organized, strong, and powerful 5 leader (Ball, 1996) but there is no research that investigated how the Emotional 6 Intelligence (EI) of Netanyahu is perceived by Israeli citizens. 7 EI is widely used in organizational leadership and graduate schools with 8 an increase in published research supporting its benefits (Boyatzis, 2018). EI 9 has varied definitions. Salovey & Mayer define it as the “ability to perceive 10 and express emotion, assimilate emotions in thought, understand and reason 11 with emotion, and regulate emotion in self and others, for the mutual benefit of 12 self and others” (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). EI can matters more than IQ 13 (Goleman, 1995). Leaders, managers, politicians and CEO's excel, not just 14 through cognitive skills and smarts, but also by emotionally connecting with 15 others. The EI construct was brought to the forefront of public attention 16 because the emotional task of the leader is primal, in two senses: it is the 17 original and the most important. Great leadership works through the emotions 18 (Goleman, Boyatzis & McKee, 2004). 19 However, there is no research that has explored the perceived EI (or 20 lack thereof) of Netanyahu, and it is important to investigate it mostly because 21 of his controversial personality in that some know him as very successful, 22 influential and high achieving leader and others view him as a failure. This 23 study aims to investigate how Israeli citizens perceive the EI of Netanyahu. 24 Understanding his perceived EI will help leaders understand what enables him 25 to be perceived as a success and/or failure. 26 27 28 Conceptual Famework 29 30 Benjamin Netanyahu, Bibi, was born in to secular Jewish parents 31 (Remnik, 2013) in 1949. His family lived in the United States (US) in 1956 - 32 1958 and in 1963 - 1967 in a suburb of Philadelphia, where he graduated from 33 high school. In 1967, he returned to Israel to serve in the 34 (IDF). Specifically, he served for five years in an elite unit, Sayeret Matckal, 35 and took part in cross-border assaults including the rescue of the hijacked 36 Sabena Flight 571 in May 1972 in which he was injured (Melman, 2010). 37 In late 1972, Netanyahu returned to US to study and graduated from the 38 MIT Sloan School of Management in 1976. His studies for a doctorate in 39 political science (Hartley, Lea & Cossali, 2004) was cut short because of the 40 death of his older brother Jonatan Netanyahu that was killed in Operation 41 Entebbe while fighting to rescue more than 100 hostages hijacked by terrorists. 42 After working for Boston Consulting Group between 1976 - 1978, he returned 43 to Israel to run the Jonatan Netanyahu Anti-Terror Institute between 1978 – 44 1980 and between 1980 - 1982 he was a marketing director for Rim Industries 45 in Jerusalem (Warshaw, 2009). Netanyahu has been married three times. His 46

2 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 first wife was Miriam Weizmann and they have one daughter, Noa. His second 1 wife, Fleur Cates, converted to Judaism for him and his third wife is Sara Ben- 2 Artzi with whom they have two sons, Yair and Avner. (Kalman, 2013). 3 4 Political Career 5 6 In 1982, Netanyahu was appointed as Deputy Chief of Mission at the 7 Israeli Embassy in Washington D.C. and in 1984, he was appointed the Israeli 8 ambassador to UN (Benjamin Netanyahu archive, 2012). In 1988, he joined the 9 party and became the head of the Likud party in 1993. After the 10 assassination of in 1995, Bibi won the election and became the 11 youngest and the first Prime Minister (PM) who had been born in Israel. 12 Netanyahu's victory over surprised many, mainly because 13 shortly before the elections on March 3 and 4th 1996, carried out 14 two suicide bombings, killing 32 Israelis. Unlike Shimon Peres, Netanyahu did 15 not trust Yasser Arafat, the head of the Palestinian Liberation Organization 16 (PLO) and conditioned any progress in the peace process with the PLO 17 on fulfilling its obligations to fight terrorism. At the election of 1999, 18 Netanyahu was defeated by and he moved to the private sector and 19 returned to politics in 2000. 20 On 2003 during uncertain economic times in Israel, PM , 21 appointed Netanyahu as Finance Minister and commentators accredited him as 22 having achieved an “economic miracle” (Scott, 2015). He liberalized the 23 markets, capped the budget deficit at 1%, reduced individual tax rate from 64% 24 to 44% and the corporate tax rate from 36% to 18%. He privatized state assets 25 worth billions of dollars, including banks, oil refineries, the national 26 airline, Zim Integrated Shipping Services and the ports in and 27 (Coren, 2014). Commercial banks were forced to spin off their long-term 28 savings, increase competition, and the currency exchange laws were 29 liberalized. He ended welfare dependency by requiring people to apply for jobs 30 or training. The retirement age was raised and unemployment declined while 31 economic growth soared, the debt-to-GDP ratio dropped to one of the lowest in 32 the world, and foreign investment reached a record high (Asa-El, 2014). 33 Netanyahu resigned from government in 2005, over disagreements regarding 34 the Gaza disengagement plan (Hoffman, 2005). Netanyahu won his second 35 premiership between 2009 - 2013, the third premiership between, 2013 - 2015, 36 (Baum, Zrahyiya & Coren, 2013) and the fourth premiership, 2015 - 2019, 37 (, 2015) and in the elections on April 2019, he won the election for the 21 38 but was not able to build a coalition, missing one mandate (Sanger, 39 2017). 40 41 Israel Palestinian Conflict 42 43 In general, PM Netanyahu emphasized a policy of "three no(s)": no 44 withdrawal from the , no discussion of the division of Jerusalem, 45 no negotiations with the Palestinians under any preconditions (Akram, 2011). 46

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He opposed the commitments made by previous Israeli governments and the 1 PLO under the Oslo accords that were signed in Washington, D.C., in 2 1993 and Oslo II, that was signed in Taba, , on 1995 (Remnik, 2013); 3 both were aimed at achieving peace between Israel and the Palestinians. In his 4 Bar-Ilan speech from June 14th 2009, Bibi expressed his willingness to accept a 5 Palestinians state alongside Israel (Leigh, 2009). He indicated, however, that 6 any negotiations with the Palestinians, would be under a few conditions: (a) 7 The Palestinians recognize Israel as the homeland of the Jewish people; (b) The 8 Palestinian State would be demilitarized; (c) Jerusalem would remain the 9 united capital of Israel; (d) Palestinians would give up demand for a right of 10 return; (e) Security settlements; (f) A "natural growth" in the existing Jewish 11 settlements in the (Efune, 2014). A July 2009 survey 12 by Ha'aretz found that most Israelis supported the Netanyahu government, 13 giving him a personal approval rating of 49% (Friedman, 2009). Another study 14 that was done by The Israeli Democracy Institude found overal support for 15 Netanyahu’s solution reached 63% among Jewish Israelis. However, since than 16 support has fallen dramatically. In August 2018 th support has fallen to 47% 17 (Cubbison, 2018). 18 The reaction from the international community for the Bar Ilan Speech 19 was mixed (Yamany & Gongzheng, 2009). The Palestinians, the , the 20 Islamic Jihad the Arab League, (Whatley, 2009) Egypt (Mark, 2009) , 21 Lebanese, and rejected the conditions. The Czech Republic praised 22 it while Sweden saw it as a small step forward. Russia saw it as a sign of 23 readiness for dialogue, but did not accepted the conditions and France praised 24 it but called on ceasing the settlements in the West Bank. President Barak 25 Obama stated that solution must ensure both Israel's security and the 26 Palestinians' aspirations for a state (Yamany & Gongzheng, 2009). 27 In April 2014 and again in June, Netanyahu expressed his deep concerns 28 when Hamas and the Palestinian formed a unity government. He was severely 29 critical of the decision of the US and European governments to work with the 30 Palestinian coalition (Leas, 2015). He blamed Hamas for kidnapping and 31 murdering three Israeli teenagers in June 2014 (Haaretz, 2014) and in a round 32 of television shows in the US, he described Hamas as "genocidal 33 terrorists" (Cohen & Scheer, 2016). As to Iran, since 2007, Netanyahu opposed 34 the Iranian regime, asserting that they were seeking to obtain a nuclear weapon 35 and once it has them will then start a world war (Byers & Hider, 2009). Since 36 he first became a PM of Israel in 2009, he described Iran as the greatest threat 37 that Israel has ever faced (Bergman, 2016). 38 Netanyahu has close ties with US president (Maev, 2012), 39 with Republican Senator Mitt Romney (Bernstein, 2011), with former US Vice 40 President, a Democrat, Joe Biden (White House, 2010) and was a friend of 41 Trump's father (Sherman, 2016). His relationship with previous president of 42 US, Barak Obama, was problematic. They reportedly did not like and did not 43 trust each other. Obama's administration wanted to stop the settlements in the 44 West Bank and Netanyahu accused Obama of "acting contrary to American 45 values" (, 2014) and blamed him as failing to protect Israel 46

4 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 against the UN. Because of Netnyahu’s accusations Secretary of State John 1 Kerry phoned Netanyahu to clarify that his blames are disgraceful, 2 unacceptable and do not reflect the position of the US. (Keinon, 2014). 3 Netanyahu has been described as very bright, organized, strong, and 4 powerful leader (Ball, 1996). Another study describes Netanyahu as seeing 5 himself as more qualified than others and as very gifted politician. He loves the 6 good life that his position and his power have offered him. He has been 7 described as using manipulation in order to promote his goals, mostly to insure 8 his political survival. He is very suspicious and perceives himself as a victim, 9 as if all the political world is always against him. He has problems in making 10 important decisions about basic questions regarding the Israeli-Palestinian 11 conflict. His ambitions to keep his premiership comes from the will to stay in 12 power no matter what. He is very fluent speaker with a great ability to bestow 13 his message (Kimchi, Yehoshua & Uliel, 2017). 14 Since January 2017, Netanyahu has been investigated by Israeli police in 15 four cases and is also considered suspicious in three cases. Netanyahu was 16 suspected of bribery, among other things. His former chief of staff, Ari Harow, 17 had signed a deal with prosecutors to become state's witness and testify against 18 him. In case 4000, Netanyahu intervened with regulators to help the 19 group, which was controlled by Shaul Elovitch. In exchange, Elovitch, a friend 20 of Netanyahu’s, allegedly ordered Bezeq’s Walla news site to provide 21 favorable coverage of the PM and his wife Sara (Ziv, 2018). 22 23 What is Emotional Intelligence? 24 25 Emotional Intelligence (EI) is widely used in organizations and graduate 26 schools with an increase in published research supporting it (Boyatzis, 2018). 27 EI has varied definitions. Salovey & Mayer observe EI as the ability to 28 “perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion thought, understand and 29 reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in self and others, for the mutual 30 benefit of self and others” (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). 31 According to Golelman, Boyatzis and McKee, (2004) EI is also evident in 32 leadership competencies of primal leaders that excel in the art of relationships. 33 They defined leadership in interpersonal terms and argue that the best focal 34 point to look at it is through a set of social skills, which can organize in four 35 general clusters and 18 sub-scales: The first general competence is Self- 36 Awareness which consists of three sub-scales: (a) Emotional self-awareness - 37 Leaders high in emotional self-awareness are attuned to their inner signals, 38 recognizing how their feelings affect them and their job performance. They are 39 attuned to their guiding values and can often intuit the best course of action, 40 seeing the big picture in a complex situation. Emotionally self-aware leaders 41 can be candid and authentic, able to speak openly about their emotions or with 42 conviction about their guiding vision. (b) Leaders with high self-awareness 43 typically know their limitations and strengths, and exhibit a sense of humor 44 about themselves. They exhibit a gracefulness in learning where they need to 45 improve and welcome constructive criticism and feedback. Accurate self - 46

5 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 assessment lets a leader know when to ask for help and where to focus in 1 cultivating new leadership strength. (C) Self-confidence - Knowing their 2 abilities with accuracy allows leaders to play to their strengths. Self-confident 3 leaders can welcome a difficult assignment. Such leaders often have a sense of 4 presence, a self- assurance that lets them stand out in a group. 5 The second general cluster is Self-Management with six sub-competences: 6 (a) Self-control - Leaders with emotional self-control find ways to manage 7 their disturbing emotions and impulses and even to channel them in useful 8 ways. A hallmark of self-control is the leader who stays calm and clear-headed 9 under high stress during a crisis and remains unflappable even when 10 confronted by a trying situation. (b) Transparency - Leaders who are 11 transparent live their values. Transparency, an authentic openness to others 12 about one's feelings, beliefs, and actions, allows integrity. Such leaders openly 13 admit mistakes or faults, and confront unethical behavior in others rather than 14 turn a blind eye. (c) Adaptability - Leaders who are adaptable can juggle 15 multiple demands without losing their focus or energy and are comfortable 16 with the inevitable ambiguities of organizational life. Such leaders can be 17 flexible in adapting to new challenges, nimble in adjusting to fluid change, and 18 limber in their thinking in the face of new data or realities. (d) Achievement - 19 Leaders with strength in achievement have high personal standards that drive 20 them to constantly seek performance improvements - for both themselves and 21 those they lead. They are pragmatic, setting measurable but challenging goals, 22 and are able to calculate risk so that their goals are worthy but attainable. A 23 hallmark of achievement is in continually learning - and teaching ways to do 24 better. (e) Initiative - Leaders who have a sense of efficacy - that they have 25 what it takes to control their own destiny - excel in initiative. They seize 26 opportunities - or create them - rather than simply waiting. Such a leader does 27 not hesitate to cut through red tape or even bend the rules, when necessary to 28 create better possibilities for the future. (f) Optimism - A leader who is 29 optimistic can roll with the punches, seeing an opportunity rather than a threat. 30 Such leaders see others positively, expecting the best of them and their "glass 31 half full." 32 The third general competence is Social-Awareness with three sub- 33 competencies: (a) Empathy - Leaders with empathy are able to attune to a 34 wide range of emotional signals. Letting them sense the felt, but unspoken, 35 emotions in a person or group. Such leaders listen attentively and can grasp the 36 other person's perspective. Empathy makes a leader able to get along well with 37 people of diverse backgrounds or from other cultures. (b) Organizational 38 awareness - A leader with a keen social awareness can be politically astute, 39 able to detect crucial social networks and read key power relationships. Such 40 leaders can understand the political forces at work in an organization, as well 41 as the guiding values and unspoken rules that operate among people there. (c) 42 Service - Leaders high in the service competence foster an emotional climate 43 so that people directly in touch with the customer or client will keep the 44 relationship on the right track. Such leaders monitor customer or client 45

6 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 satisfaction carefully to ensure they are getting what they need. They also make 1 themselves available as needed. 2 The fourth cluster is Relationship-Management that contains five sub 3 competencies: (a) Inspiration - Leaders who inspire both create resonance and 4 move people with a compelling vision or shared mission. Such leaders embody 5 what they ask of others, and are able to articulate a shared mission in a way 6 that inspires other to follow. They offer a sense of common purpose beyond 7 the day-to-day tasks, making work exciting. (b) Influence - Indicators of a 8 leader's powers of influence range from finding just the right appeal for a given 9 listener to knowing how to build by in from key people and a network of 10 support for an initiative. Leaders adept in influence are persuasive and 11 engaging when they address a group. (C) Developing others - Leaders who are 12 adept at cultivating people's abilities show a genuine interest in those they are 13 helping along, understanding their goals, strengths, and weaknesses. Such 14 leaders can give timely and constructive feedback and are natural mentors or 15 coaches. (D) Change catalyst - Leaders who can catalyze change are able to 16 recognize the need for the change, challenge the status quo, and champion the 17 new order. They can be strong advocates for the change even in the face of 18 opposition, making the argument for it compellingly. They also find practical 19 ways to overcome barriers to change. (e) Conflict Management - Leaders who 20 manage conflicts best are able to draw out all parties, understand the differing 21 perspectives, and then find a common ideal that everyone can endorse. They 22 surface the conflict, acknowledge the feelings, view of all sides, and then 23 redirect the energy toward a shared ideal. (f) Teamwork and Collaboration - 24 Leaders who are able team players generate an atmosphere of friendly 25 collegiality and are themselves models of respect helpfulness and cooperation. 26 They draw others into active enthusiastic commitment to the collective effort 27 and build spirit and identity. They spend time forging and cementing close 28 relationships beyond mere work obligations. 29 Gross (1988) and Wong & law definitions of EI are match. They argue that 30 before people can regulate their emotions, they should have a good 31 understanding of these emotions (Self Emotional Appraisal - SEA). Since 32 many of our emotional responses are stimulated by the emotions of other 33 individuals, our understanding of our own emotions is related to our ability to 34 understand the emotions of other’s (Other’s Emotional Appraisal, OEA). Just 35 after understanding our own and other’s emotions, we can modulate how to 36 experience these emotions and how to regulate them (Regulation of Emotions, 37 ROE) as well as how to express them (Use of Emotions – UOE). Therefore, 38 according to the definitions of EI and emotional regulation, a person with high 39 EI should be more able to modulate his response tendencies and have more 40 effective emotion regulation processes (Gross, 1988b; Wong & Law, 2002). 41 The authors dicided to use this definition for the research. 42 All the emotional competencies involve some degree of skill in the realm 43 of feelings and cognitive elements, emotions and cognition combined 44 (Goleman et al., 2004). Emotions play a critical role in developing and 45 maintaining social relationships (Ashkanasy, 2003). While intellectual 46

7 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 intelligence is the pre-eminent predictor for individual work performance, 1 group performance is more a function of emotional than intellectual 2 intelligence (Ashkanazy & Dause, 2005) According to Goleman: "EI counts 3 more than IQ or expertise for determining who excels at any job" (Goleman, 4 2006, p. 13). "Outstanding leaders' emotional competencies make up 85% to 5 100% of the competences crucial for success (Goleman, 1995). Understanding 6 emotions can make people more satisfied and happier and happy people tend to 7 function better in life than less happy people. They are more productive, more 8 socially engaged, tend to be more enhancing and enabling than those low in 9 subjective well-being. Positive emotions can lead to positive cognitions, which, 10 in turn contribute to positive emotions as well (Huppert, 2009). 11 12 Hypothesis 1: The Israeli citizens who support Bibi would perceive his 13 EI above average and his opponent will perceive his EI as law. 14 15 Dark side of EI 1716 18 Although there are many positive sides of EI, there are also studies 19 exploing the dark sides of the EI (Furnham & Rosen, 2016). For example: 20 Individuals can use their EI to fabricate favorable impressions of themselves, to 21 advance their self-interest and welfare at the expense of others (Kilduff, 22 Chiaburu & Menges, 2010). Emotionally intelligent individuals with dark 23 sides, are prone to utilize their EI to influence strategically important targets, to 24 disguise and or display certain emotions to maximize personal gain to shape 25 others’ emotions via misattribution and to strategically control emotion-laden 26 information (Miao, Humphery, Qian & Pollack. 2019). Research also shown 27 link between EI and Dark Triad traits such as taking advantage of others by 28 manipulating their emotions and prone to engage in callous exploitation 29 (Nagler, Reiter, Furtner, & Rauthmann, 2014). EI can also associate with 30 antisocial impulsive features, managing others’ emotions to achieve personal 31 goals, ingratiating supervisors by reporting successes and hiding failures and 32 mortifying others to maximize personal gain (Fix & Fix, 2015). 33

Hypothesis 2: The Israeli citizens would perceive that Netanyahu 34 knows highly how to use and regulate his emotions in order to achieve 35 his goals. 36 37

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Ethodology 1 2 Description of the Sample 3 4 Four hundred fourteen (N=414) Israeli legal citizens participated in the 5 study, 275 women (67.2%) and 134 men (32.8%). All the participants are 6 currently living in Israel and eligible to vote for the Israeli government. All of 7 them have earned one or more academic degrees. Additional information about 8 participants in table 1. 9 10 Table 1: Participants Matrix 11 Participants Total Percentage (N = 414) 100% Gender: Men 134 32.8% Woman 275 67.2% Other 0 0% Age: 22– 30 54 13.1% 31 - 40 121 29.4% 41 – 50 111 27% 51 - 60 71 17.3% 60 and Above 61 13.1% Academic Education: BA, B.Ed 224 59.6% MA, M.Ed 123 32.7% PhD, Ed.D 29 7.7 % Religion Jewish 366 79.7% Muslim 29 7.1% Christian 6 1.5% Other 7 1.7% 12 Table 2: Participants Political Belonging 13 Lik Kac Av Haya Cha Bal Yah Sh MIfl Isra Kul Mer Ges Zeh ud hol oda min dsh ad adut as agot el anu etz her ut Lav Chad Taal Raa Hato Haya Bete an ash m ra min mu

97 136 27 18 9 9 17 20 15 5 6 23 6 10 24. 34.2 6.8 4.5% 2.3 2.3 4.3% 5 3.8% 1.3 1.5 5.8 1.5 2.5 4% % % % % % % % % % 14 Research Tools 15 16 We used a structured questionnaire that was developed by Wong & Law 17 (2002). The questionnaire was validated to measure EI of incumbents and 18 contains 16 items, which divided to four clusters. The response format was a 19 7-point Likert-type scale, with an open-ended question for the participants to 20 write additional information that she or he thinks that is important to know 21 about Netanyahu. The questionnaire was translated from English to Hebrew 22 and from Hebrew to English and to Hebrew again by one of the authors. In the 23

9 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 introduction of the questionnaire, the authors explained the meaning of the 1 term EI. The authors also included basic demographic data including gender, 2 age, academic education, religion, and political belonging. In addition, they 3 further questioned as to how they perceive the EI of Benjamin Netanyahu. 4 Reliability estimates of Alfa Cronbach for the four dimensions of EI 5 according to Wong and Law: Self-emotion appraisal (SEA) .89, Other emotion 6 appraisal (OEA) .89, Use of emotion (UOE) .76, and Regulation of emotion 7 .85. According to our examination, the Alpha Cronbach reliability is .94.7. The 8 Factor Analysis test of the four clusters as divided by Wong and Law, 9 confirmed by us. Reliability estimates of Alfa Cronbach for the four 10 dimensions of EI according us: Self-emotion appraisal (SEA) .92, Other 11 emotion appraisal (OEA) .93, Use of emotion (UOE) .89, and Regulation of 12 emotion .93 Questionnaire was distributed either by email or online, using a 13 Google doc format. It was sent to people who have a BA degree and above 14 such as to students who participated in a Masters degree program in 15 educational leadership and to faculty members in three colleges and in a big 16 university in central Israel. It was also sent to nurses and physicians in two big 17 hospitals one in south Israel and one in the center of Israel. 18 19 Statistical Analysis 20 21 The purpose of the study was to construct new knowledge about how 22 Israeli citizens perceived the EI of their PM in his fifth term, over 10 years 23 in power. The auhors converted the information that collected through 24 google forms to SPSS software, then we calculated the following data: the 25 reliability and the descriptive data about demographic information. In 26 order to check the perception of the Israeli citizens about the EI of their 27 PM, we used descriptive statistics to calculate the means and standard 28 deviations for each question and for each cluster separately. We also used 29 the T-Test, Person Correlation, to check the correlation among the 30 variables. 31 32 33 Results 34 35 The purpose of the study was to construct new knowledge about how 36 Israeli citizens perceived EI of their PM Binyamin Netanyahu. From the 37 descriptive data, we learn that the Israeli citizens perceived the mean the four 38 clusters that consists the EI of Bibi as 5.08% out of 7. Which means, the Israeli 39 citizens perceived Bibi’s EI as high and above average. The highest grade that 40 was given to Bibi among the four clusters was on cluster number three, UOE, 41 with scores of 6.02% out of 7. On the second-place ranked cluster number one, 42 SEA, with grade of 5.24%. On the third place, ranked cluster number four, 43 ROE, with grade of 4.98% and on the fourth place ranked cluster number two, 44 OEA, with grade of 4.10%. Table number three demonstrates the Mean and 45 SD of the four clusters of Bibi’s EI as described by the participants. 46

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Table 3. Mean and SD of the four clusters of Bibi’s EI, as described by 1 participants 2 Descriptive Statistics of |Bibi’s EI Four Cluster of EI Mean Std. Deviation Self-emotional 5.24 1.47 appraisal Others’ emotional 4.10 1.79 appraisal Use of emotions 6.02 1.24 Regulation of 4.98 1.55 emotion 4 Graph Number 1: The mean of Netanyahu’s EI as perceived by participants 5

6 7 Gender Differences as Perceived Netanyahu ‘s EI by Participants 8 9 The T test for independent samples was used in order to find if there were 10 differences in the perceptions between men and women. Significance 11 differences were found between man and women as on cluster number 1, SEA, 12 t(171) = -2.017, p<.05 and cluster number 3, ROE, t(172) = -2.526, p<.05. That 13 means, women rated Netanyahu in cluster 1 and 3 significantly higher than 14 rated him. Table number four demonstrates the mean of genders differences, 15 SD, T test and DF. 16 17 Table 4: Gender’s Differences between man and women in cluster 1 and 3 18 MAN WOMAN t DF Cluster1 Mean 4.75 5.30 -2.017* 82.12 SD 1.75 1.39 Cluster3 Mean 4.64 5.31 -2.526* 71.26 DS 1.91 1.38 *p<.05**p<.01 19 20 21 Age Differences in Perception of Netanyahu’s EI 22

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1 In order to check if there were age differences as to the perception of 2 Netanyahu’s EI, we used a one-way ANOVA test. In the analysis we found 3 significant differences in the perception of Netanyahu’s EI: In cluster number 4 one, SEA, F(4,402)=2.84, p<.05 and in cluster number three, ROE, 5 F(4,403)=6.51,p<.01. In Scheffe analysis was found a significant different 6 between cluster one, SEA and cluster number three ROE. ROE, was found 7 significantly higher. Group age of 25 – 36, rated Netanyahu significantly 8 lower, compare the other age groups. See table number five. 9 10 Table 5: Age differences between cluster SEA and ROE 11 AGE N MEAN SD F DF GROUP Cluster1, 2.837** (4,402) SEA 1 53 4.75 1.75 2 120 5.30 1.39 3 110 5.53 1.23 4 70 5.19 1.64 5 54 5.07 1.46 Cluster3,ROE 6.515** (4,403) 1 54 5.31 1.87 2 120 6.00 1.14 3 110 6.31 .99 4 70 6.07 1.15 5 54 6.17 .99 *p<.05**p<.01 12 13 Political inclination: Differences between Left and Right 14 15 In order to check possible differences of the political affiliation and 16 perception of Netanyahu’s EI, we used a one-way ANOVA test. In the analysis 17 we found significant differences between the parties. In all the four clusters, it 18 was found that the political right significantly rated Netanyahu higher in EI 19 compared to the political left. See Table six. 20 21 Table 6: Political inclination: Comparison between left and right 22 MEAN SD F DF Cluster Tendency 5.76 1.16 53.502*** (1,392) 1, SEA to right Tendency 4.75 1.54 to left Cluster Tendency 5.07 1.428 164.728*** (1,392) 2, OEA to right Tendency 3.13 1.57 to left

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Cluster Tendency 6.36 6.9 30.220*** (1,393) 3, ROE to right Tendency 15.7 1.37 to left Cluster Tendency 5.73 1.19 119.930*** (1,392) 4, UOE to right Tendency 4.25 1.48 to left *p<.05, **p<.01 1 2 Academic Educational differences of Netanyahu’s EI 3 4 In order to check if there were differences in the academic education belonging as 5 to the EI of Netanyahu, we used one-way ANOVA test. In the analysis was not found 6 different among those who own first, second or third academic degree. 7 Additional results were given as open-ended question. People were asked to write 8 their opinions of Netanyahu. 63 participants out of the 414 wrote their opinions about 9 him. 7 people wrote a mixed opinions, 26 people wrote negative opinions about 10 Netanyahu and 30 people wrote a positive opinion about him. Among the negative 11 opinions were statements such as: Questionnaire number 3: “He is A liar who ignored 12 injured people in the battle field. His personal interest is above all for those who are 13 loyal to him, mostly the Druse people”; Questionnaire number 8: He is corrupted and 14 discasting”; Questionnaire number 9: “He is competitive, narcissistic, only serves the 15 rich people, and is manipulative.” 16 Among the positive opinions were statements such as: Questionnaire number 6: 17 “The best prime-minister in the history of the Jewish nation"; Questionnaire number 18 14: “Excellent prime-minister even though I’m not among the people who voted for 19 him.”Questionnaire number 52: Netanyahu is a very sophisticated politician. He is 20 educated, intelligent; his IQ is very high. He is a genius who has high speech 21 qualifications and brought the country to beautiful and impressive achievements. It is 22 not surprising that he was elected for the fifth time. He has charisma.” 23

24 25 Discussion 26 27 The purpose of the study was to construct new knowledge about how 28 Israeli citizens perceive the EI or the social intelligence of their PM Netanyahu. 29 From the descriptive data, we have learned that the Israeli citizens have been 30 perceiving the mean of the four clusters that construct the EI of Bibi as 5.06% 31 out of 7. That means, the Israeli citizens perceived Bibi’s EI as high and above 32 average. Not only the mean of the four clusters was high, but also that mean 33 that was given to each cluster, has been rated above average. The highest grade 34 that was given to Bibi among the four clusters was on cluster number three, 35 UOE, with scores of 6.02% out of 7. The cluster that was rated on the second 36 place was cluster number one, SEA, with grade of 5.24%. On the third place, 37 rated cluster number four, ROE, with grade of 4.98% and on the fourth and the 38 lowest place rated cluster number two, OEA, with 4.10%. 39

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Table number 3 displays the mean and SD of the four clusters of Bibi’s EI, 1 which shows that his EI is high. Bibi knows to apprise his emotions and have 2 good understanding of these emotions (SEA). He knows how to use his 3 emotions, experience them, modulate them and regulate them (ROE). As well 4 as a charismatic speaker (Fisher-Ilan, 2015) he knows how to express his 5 emotions (UOE), the best and the highest part of his EI. These emotions 6 reinforced by Boal and Hooijberg (2000), as behavioral complexities that 7 articulate a core element of leader effectiveness, since leaders need to play 8 different roles at different times and need to have the ability to select the right 9 roles for the situation. EI or social intelligence is the underlying ability that 10 governs the behavioral complexity of leaders, and viewed in the leadership 11 literature as a core variable that affects leader effectiveness. People with high 12 levels of EI as perceived Netanyahu, can make Use of Emotion Regulation 13 mechanism effectively and promote emotional and intellectual growth (Wang 14 & Law, 2002, p. 247). 15 16 The political inclination: Between left and right: 17 18 In order to examine how the political inclination of the participants 19 possibly connected to how they evaluated Netanyahu’s EI, we used one-way 20 ANOVA test. Significant differences were found between the political 21 inclination and perception of EI. In the mean of all the four clusters, it was 22 found that people from the right block rated Netanyahu significantly higher 23 thanthe left block voters. However, the lefet wingers also pecieved him with 24 high EI since the mean of the EI was high, 5.06% out of 7 (See Table six). 25 Although it was expected that Bibi who leads a historic right-wing political 26 party would be evaluated with high EI only by the right wing voters, he was 27 perevieved with high EI also by the left voters. Which means that our first 28 hypothesis was confirmed partially, since we hipothesised that the left voters 29 will perceive him with law EI. 30 However, it is interesting to examine who are the majority of right-wing 31 voters, where are they from and why they vote for Netanyahu. The majority of 32 people who vote for Netanyahu are lifelong Likud voters, Sephardic people, 33 Jews of Middle Eastern decent, or Jews who immigrated to Israel from north 34 Africa such as Morocco, Tunis, Libya etc. The Sephardic people, or 35 Spharadim, who also known as Mizrahim, (Rider, March 11, 2015), are 36 disproportionately poorer than Israel’s with roots in Europe 37 and descendants of the founding elite of the State of Israel. Most of the 38 Sephardim are from lower-income areas and from the periphery of Israel. They 39 can also be found in Jerusalem’s Mahaney-Yehuda market, Haifa marketplace, 40 and other law-income areas. 41 Most of the Spharadim migrated to Israel in the fifties after years of 42 yearning to come to the homeland of their ancestors and after long journeys. 43 They come to fulfil the Jewish dream, to build a Jewish country and crushed to 44 the left political leaders from Mapai, the Labor Zionist governments who 45 deprived them by sanding them to Ma’abara, a kind of poor villages in places 46

14 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 that no one wants to live, with bad education and no access to jobs. Despite the 1 abaundant heritage and beautiful culture of the Spharadim, the Labor Zionist of 2 Mapai despised their culture and heritage, and looked at it as primitive or 3 barbarian behavior. Thay treated them disrespectfully and when Netanyahu 4 took the election, they saw him as their own salvation. But, he also ignores 5 them (Fisher-Ilan, March 10, 2015) letting them feel like “strangers in their 6 own land” (Hochschild, 2019, p. 12). Despite it, they still vote for him and the 7 question is why. 8 The Likud’s liberal capitalists approach opened a path for many Mizrahim 9 through the nepotist economy set up by the Labour Zionists. While the Labour 10 party tends to frown on any mention of the Ashkenazi-Mizrahi divide, the 11 Likud emphasized individual opportunity, rather than collective rights, and 12 never bothered with affirmative action or systemic reforms. It made it easier 13 for an ambitious individual to overcome discrimination but did not do enough 14 to prevent the discrimination. The Mizrahim are still deprived, under- 15 represented in upper-middle class professions and in academia (Reider, March 16 11, 2015). So again, why despite the fact that Bibi is ruling the government 17 more than ten years do they still vote for him? 18 It is interesting to compare Likud voters in Israel to Republican voters in 19 the USA. Hochschild (2016) described the Republicans voters who immigrated 20 to the USA in the nineteenth to fulfil the “American Dream” (p. 209), settled in 21 the south, feeling culturally marginalized and part of the demographic declined, 22 besieged minority (p. 221), in the lowest of social ladder (p. 222). As the 23 Republicans the Likud voters, migrated to their Homeland, to fulfil the Jewish 24 Dream of building a Jewish country for the Jewish nation in Israel. They were 25 settled in the Ma’abara and in the Peripheries of Israel, discriminated by 26 getting bad education, being far behind in economy, education and in the lower 27 level of the society (Reider, 2015). The common denominator between Bibi 28 and Trump is that their speeches evoking national pride and personal uplift, 29 inspiring an emotional transformation. Like the Republicans, the Likud voters 30 yearn to feel pride but instead have felt shame (p. 225). Netanyahu, a 31 charismatic speaker like Trump, shifted despair to hope, depression to elation 32 and shame to pride promises them prosperity (Fisher-Ilan, 2015). Like Trump 33 (Hochschild, 2016, p. 226) he promises them to be lifted up from bitterness, 34 despair and depression, promising them secure and safe. These speeches are 35 not impressing the younger voters of group of 25 – 36, whose rated Netanyahu 36 significance differences from older groups. They rated Netanyahu in cluster 37 SEA and on cluster ROE, significantly lower than all older groups. This group- 38 age did not born yet in the period of Mapai, the Labour Zionists who created 39 the deprived reality of the Mizrahim and they did not remember their suffer 40 and were not part of these bad reality who cause a lot of suffer to the 41 Mizrahim. We assume that this is the reason of why they rated Netanyahu 42 lower than the older voters. 43 According to Mina Tzemach, one of the national pollsters for the last 42 44 years in Israel, there is another answer to this question beyond the issue of 45 Ashkenazi-Mizrahi divide and beyond the economic issue. The Likud voters 46

15 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 believe that if the left wing will win the elections, they will harm the security 1 of the country, while the left wing believes that if the right wing will win the 2 elections, the democracy of the country will be harmed. Security was always a 3 fragil issue in Israel because of the anamies that the coountry surranded with, 4 and security and fear as said Mina Tzemach are “stronger than thirst or hunger” 5 (Makover-Blikov, 2019). Additionaly, the Israeli electorate do not forget the 6 fear of the wave of Palestinian susiced bombings in the first years of the 21st 7 century. According to Friedman, (2019) much of what we see in 2019, and 8 every election since, has been held in its shadow these attaks which killed 9 hundred of Israeli civiliance. Edding to these, Bibi embedding in his speeches 10 over and over the fear from the Iranians (Makover-Blikov, 2019). So, the 11 reason that the Mizrahim still vote for Bibi is because of the fear of the security 12 situation in Israel. 13 It is important to highlight the competencies that associated to people with 14 high EI and confront them with Bibi’s reality. Leaders with high EI allows 15 integrity, admit mistakes and confront unethical behavior (Goleman et al. 2004, 16 p. 254). They listen attentively and keep relationships on the right track (p. 17 256). They are model of respect, helpfulness and cooperation (p. 256). In 18 reality Bibi did not demonstrats those competencies and we will prove by two 19 examples: Orna Peretz, a political activist in the Likud party and a lifelong 20 Likud voter from one of the north periphery of Israel, Kiryat Shmona, became 21 sick with head cancer. She interrupted Netanyahu when he was speaking about 22 the rights of all citizens to receive adequate medical treatment no matter where 23 they are. “Then why did you take away the emergency room?” she shouted, to 24 which Netanyahu responded: “You’re not interesting. You’re boring us.” 25 Peretz said in interviews that she did not deserve to be treated disrespectfully 26 by the PM (Bollag, 2018). In his answer to Peretz, Netanyahu did not apply 27 any of the competences that highlighted above. Another demonstration of an 28 unexpected behavior to follower was while Ayoob Kara, , a Likud 29 minister, who was blindly committed and loyal to Bibi, supported him along 30 the way and even supported the nation-state law, which abandon the Druze 31 rights and upset much of the Druse population. (The Jerusalem Post, July 4, 32 2019). Kara announced his resignation as a communication minister after 33 withdrawing his candidacy to serve as the next ambassador to Egypt. 34 According to him: “I was Netanyahu’s shield, for months now I am being 35 deceived using all short of tricks to embarrass me and drive me out. I have a 36 problem with a leader who do not know to protect his people” (Bachner, 2019). 3837 Despite the radical left seems concerned about country’s future, according 39 Ephraim Inbar (April 18, 2018) Israel in age of 71 is successful more than ever 40 from every point of view mainly because of the Likud party and Netanyahu the 41 PM. However, we cannot ignore the participants in our study who wrote severe 42 statements against Netanyahu. We cannot also ignore the fact that Netanyahu 43 has been suspected in crimes, including bribery and intervention with 44 regulators to help the Bezeq group to provide favorable coverage of the 45 Netanyahu and his wife Sara (Ziv , 2018).

16 2020-3648-AJSS – 21 APR 2020 1 Apparently, these accusations against Netanyahu, are not suitable with the 2 characteristics that the research relate to leader with high EI . Studies 3 demonstrate that emotionally intelligent leaders use effective leadership 4 behavior to influence their followers in positive ways (Walter, Cole & 5 Humphrey, 2011) and studies are clear with regards to many positive sides of 6 EI. However, there are also dark sides of the EI (Furnham & Rosen, 2016). For 7 example: Individuals can use their EI to fabricate favorable impressions of 8 themselves, to advance their self-interest and welfare at the expense of others 9 (Kilduff, Chiaburu & Menges, 2010). Emotionally intelligent individuals with 10 dark sides, are prone to utilize their EI to influence strategically important 11 targets, to display certain emotions to maximize personal gain to shape others’ 12 emotions via misattribution and to strategically control emotion-laden 13 information (Miao, Humphery, Qian & Pollack. 2019). Research also shown 14 link between EI and Dark Triad traits such as taking advantage of others by 15 manipulating their emotions and prone to engage in callous exploitation 16 (Nagler, Reiter, Furtner, & Rauthmann, 2014). EI can also associate with 17 antisocial impulsive features, managing others’ emotions to achieve personal 18 goals, ingratiating supervisors by reporting successes and hiding failures and 19 mortifying others to maximize personal gain (Fix & Fix, 2015). That means 20 that our second hypothesis was confirmed. Netanyahu would do everything to 21 reach his own goals. 22 In conclusion, Netanyahu’s EI is high according to the perceptions of the 23 Israeli citizens. However, it does not prove that his high EI demonstrates 24 positive sides of the EI. Some scholars have claimed that people high on EI can 25 use their emotionally skills to manipulate others (Miao et al. 2019) in order to 26 achieve their own goals (Kimchi et al. 2017). 27 28 Limitation, Meaning and Further Research 29 30 Our study provides some preliminary support for researchers who have 31 high EI that know how to utilize dark sides of his EI. However, there is 32 limitation for these statements since the study was done during two period of 33 time that was around the election for the premiership. We started to collect data 34 on February 2019 and on April 2019 were elections and Netanyahu failed to 35 build a coalition. The Knesset was dismissed and next elections supposed to be 36 on September 17, 2019. Because people were eager to win an election, they 37 may not have been able to be objective. Further research is needed to be done 38 in other neutral times and not around elections. We believe that there are both, 39 theoretical and practical implications of this study. Theoretically, we have 40 applied the high EI of Benyamin Netanyahu as perceived by the Israeli 41 citizens. We hypothesized that the perception of Netanyahu’s EI and his ability 42 to use his emotions is high. However, we assume in order to achieve his goals, 43 he uses also his dark side of his EI. Practically, this studies demonstrated that 44 EI could be used with positive-oriented and can also use with negative- 45 oriented. 46

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