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Facultad De Filosofía Y Letras FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LINGÜÍSTICA GENERAL, LENGUAS MODERNAS, LÓGICA Y FILOSOFÍA DE LA CIENCIA, TEORÍA DE LA LITERATURA Y LITERATURA COMPARADA ÁREA DE TEORÍA DE LA LITERATURA Y LITERATURA COMPARADA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO “ESTUDIOS ARTÍSTICOS, LITERARIOS Y DE LA CULTURA” TESIS DOCTORAL “Traducción literaria y cambio social: la poesía rusa de la Edad de Plata” Presentada por: Alexandra Cheveleva Dergacheva Dirigida por: Dr. Iván Martín Cerezo Dr. Tomás Albaladejo Mayordomo Madrid, enero de 2018. 1 Resumen de la tesis doctoral Traducción literaria y cambio social: la poesía rusa de la Edad de Plata Directores: Dr. Iván Martín Cerezo Dr. Tomás Albaladejo Mayordomo Presentada por: Alexandra Cheveleva Dergacheva Este trabajo está dedicado a la historia de la traducción de la poesía de la Edad de Plata rusa (el período comprendido entre los finales del siglo XIX y los años 30 del siglo XX) al español en el contexto del diálogo de dos culturas (rusa e hispanohablante) y de los procesos sociales de los países hispanohablantes donde fueron realizadas estas traducciones. A pesar de que la poesía rusa de este período ha tenido un papel significativo tanto en la cultura poética como en las investigaciones de la teoría de la literatura en los países de habla inglesa, francesa y muchos otros y, además, sirvió de sustrato alimenticio para varias escuelas teóricas (sobre todo, el formalismo ruso y sus sucesores), lamentablemente, no podemos decir lo mismo sobre la poesía y la teoría literaria en los países hispanohablantes. Las traducciones de los poetas rusos de este período (Vladímir Mayakovski, Alexander Blok, Marina Tsvetaeva, Serguéi Yesenin y otros) al español son escasas, y muchas veces se realizan a través de un tercer idioma o por traductores con conocimientos insuficientes del ruso. Tampoco son numerosos los trabajos teóricos dedicados a este tema, y la Edad de Plata rusa como fenómeno sociocultural queda, por desgracia, casi desconocido para la teoría de la literatura hispanohablante. Uno de los objetivos de este trabajo es compensar —en la medida de lo posible en el marco de una sola tesis doctoral— este vacío. Para ello hemos incluido en el Capítulo II una breve descripción y análisis del marco sociocultural de la Edad de Plata rusa, y en el Capítulo III de la Tesis el análisis de las corrientes literarias y el legado poético de diferentes autores y las obras más importantes. El Capítulo IV contiene también la traducción de los textos de algunos manifiestos, artículos y otros documentos importantes para el desarrollo de la cultura poética en este período que antes no tenían traducciones al castellano. Entre estos textos podemos mencionar varios manifiestos literarios de los futuristas, imaginistas o acmeístas, así como los artículos de Víctor Shklovski, Dmitri Merezhkovski o Valeri Bryúsov. El segundo objetivo de este trabajo consiste en estudiar las traducciones de estos textos al español. Al examinar los catálogos de más de las 20 bibliotecas más importantes de España y otros países hispanohablantes, Rusia y los Estados Unidos, así como las bibliotecas y catálogos en internet (Worldcat, Bookfinder, Google Books, etc.) hemos encontrado y localizado todas (o casi todas, teniendo en cuenta que algunas ediciones salían en tiradas muy pequeñas y ni siquiera tienen ISBN, por lo tanto no pueden ser localizadas a través de los buscadores de libros) las traducciones existentes de la Edad de Plata rusa, los listados de las cuales están reproducidas en el Anexo I del presente trabajo. En el capítulo III de la Tesis estudiamos y analizamos la mayor parte de estos libros (su contenido, características de la traducción, contexto de la creación, las obras seleccionadas y sus traducciones anteriores y posteriores, otras traducciones de los mismos traductores etc.). El análisis de los textos está enfocado en dos aspectos: las tendencias de las dificultades existentes en la traducción poética entre el ruso y el español (la transmisión del metro y la rima, así como de las otras características del zaum propio para la poesía rusa, como, por ejemplo, las onomatopeyas o rechevaya mímica de Ajmátova, de los neologismos y las realidades de la cultura) y las características de las traducciones vinculadas con la formación —o no-formación— de la tradición traductológica (traducciones realizadas por aficionados o profesionales, errores típicos, influencias de las traducciones de un traductor a las traducciones posteriores, etc.) Analizando el corpus existente de las traducciones de la Edad de Plata, podemos concluir que la tradición de percibir y traducir la poesía rusa de este período todavía no está formada, con la única excepción, quizás, de las obras de Mayakovski, que se traducen a lo largo de varias generaciones con cierta contundencia estilística y (gracias al apoyarse en los trabajos de los predecesores, por ejemplo, las magníficas traducciones de José Fernández Sánchez) con menos errores a nivel léxico-cultural y semántico. También discutimos y estudiamos los diferentes métodos y estrategias de la traducción poética, especialmente en el tema de la transmisión del componente transracional, partiendo —sobre todo en el Capítulo I— tanto del marco teórico (teorías de la traducción poética de Efim Etkind, André Lefevere, Ezra Pound, Lubomir Dolezhel, Jacques Derrida, Dámaso Alonso, Hans Vermeer y otros) como de los ejemplos concretos de la traducción ruso-española. Vemos que el zaum, que para muchos —desde los trabajos teóricos del OPOYAZ y de las escuelas procedentes del formalismo ruso— es la esencia de la poesía, a pesar de no ser traducible, es transducible, y estudiamos unos casos de ello. El tercer objetivo de la tesis es el estudio de las influencias socioculturales en la traducción de la poesía: analizando la cronología y la geografía de la aparición de las traducciones de los diferentes poemas, poetas y corrientes literarias, podemos concluir que la aparición de la demanda para la traducción de una u otra obra —y, sobre todo, una obra poética creada en el período de la revolución sociocultural que refleja diferentes aspectos de ello— está claramente vinculada con los procesos sociales en la cultura y el país del idioma destino. Aunque la escasa cantidad de textos, así como las dificultades metodológicas propias para un objeto de estudio tan complejo como son las obras poéticas, no nos permiten aplicar los métodos cuantitativos o establecer unas relaciones de causación y una validez predictiva, podemos concluir que en varias ocasiones hemos encontrado tendencias de interconexión entre el interés hacia cierto tipo de textos poéticos y el proceso social. Así, las búsquedas del nacionalismo cultural en América Latina y la poesía de Yesenin, la popularidad de Mayakovski durante los períodos de incertidumbre social en varios países, las obras de Ajmátova en el contexto de la Perestroika rusa y la Transición española nos pueden indicar que el vínculo entre la traducción poética y los procesos sociales es bastante fuerte para poder utilizar este material no solo en el contexto de los estudios literarios "Ding an sich" sino también en la sociología de la literatura. En resumen, en este trabajo estudiamos, sobre todo, los porqués y los cómos de la influencia cultural a través de la traducción de la poesía, el fenómeno de la aceptación y no aceptación de las obras literarias extranjeras por otra cultura, transformación del significado e importancia de cada una de estas obras durante su recepción en la cultura destino y la evolución de sus características internas: estilísticas, valorativas y semánticas utilizando el ejemplo de las traducciones al español de las obras poéticas de la Edad de Plata de la poesía rusa. Esperamos que este trabajo sea en algunos aspectos el primer paso para establecer un vínculo más contundente entre las dos culturas poéticas y sirva de apoyo para los posteriores investigadores de este tema. Краткое содержание докторской диссертации Литературный перевод и социальные изменения: русская поэзия Серебряного века Научные руководители: д-р. Иван Мартин Сересо д-р. Томас Альбаладехо Майордомо Докторант: Александра Шевелева Дергачева Данная работа посвящена истории перевода поэзии русского Серебряного (период с конца девятнадцатого по тридцатые годы ХХ века) на испанский язык в контексте диалога двух культур (русско- и испаноязычной) и социальных процессов испаноязычных стран, в которых эти переводы были созданы. Хотя русская поэзия этого периода сыграла значительную роль как в поэтической культуре, так и в теории литературы в англоязычном, франкоязычном мире и многих других странах, а также послужила в качестве "питательного субстрата" для нескольких теоретических школ (особенно это касается русской формальной школы и направлений, из нее развившихся), к сожалению, мы не можем сказать то же самое о поэзии и литературоведении в испаноязычных странах. Переводы русских поэтов этого периода (Владимира Маяковского, Александра Блока, Марины Цветаевой, Сергея Есенина и др.) на испанский язык редки и часто выполнены с языка-посредника или переводчиками с недостаточным знанием русского языка. Этой теме также посвящено мало теоретических работ, и Серебряный век русской поэзии как социокультурный феномен остается, к сожалению, почти неизвестным в испаноязычном литературоведении. Одной из целей настоящего исследования является компенсация - насколько это возможно в рамках единственной докторской диссертации - этого пробела. Для этого мы включили в главу II краткое описание и анализ социокультурных факторов, определявших
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