Kaleidoscope International Journal

Volume 5 Issue 1

Kaleidoscope International Journal, Boston College’s undergraduate-run publication focusing on international affairs and cultures, intends to: serve as an unbiased medium for students to publish research and opinions on international affairs; share personal experiences in regards to the cultures of the globe with the Boston College community; and promote a global outlook at Boston College. Editorial Staff Advisory Board

Editor-in-Chief Nick Gozik, Director of the Office of International Programs & Director of the McGillycuddy-Logue Center for Omeed Alerasool Undergraduate Global Studies

Timothy Karcz, Assistant Director of the Center for Human Managing Editor Rights and International Justice Madison Montgomery Hiroshi Nakazato, Professor of Political Science & Associate Director of International Studies Senior Copy Editor Adrienne Nussbaum, Director of the Office of International Patrick Reynolds Students and Scholars

Prasannan Parthasarathi, Professor of History & Director of Senior Layout Designer Graduate Studies Sacha Ramjit Laura Rumbley, Associate Director of the Center for International Higher Education Copy Editors Sean Babar Special Thanks Ray Bellis Mary Crane, Thomas F. Rattigan Professor of English & Director Christine Donohue of the Institute for the Liberal Arts Rebecca Gioioso Susan Dunn, Administrative Assistant of the Center for Centers Garrett Lau Willow Sommer Monetta Edwards, Program and Events Administrator of the Center for Centers

Layout Designers Michelle Muccini, Web Design and Communications Specialist Mirabella Daguerre of the Center for Centers Linda Yoonhye Kim Yasmin Nuñez, Finance and Administration Manager of the Yunqing Wang Center for Centers

Administrative Officers This publication is funded by the Institute for the Liberal Arts (ILA). Omar Eloseily Cover Photo: “26 Martyrs Memorial” by Mary Popeo

Emily Liddy The information provided by our contributors is not independently verified by Kaleidoscope. The materials presented represent the personal opinions of individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of Kaleidoscope or the Boston College community. Please direct any questions or comments to: [email protected] Letter from the Editor

Welcome back to another volume of the Kaleidoscope International Journal! The Fall 2013 journal marks the fifth issue that I have had the pleasure to work on as Editor-in-Chief. This semester we welcome Madison Montgomery and Patrick Reynolds as our new Managing Editor and Senior Copy Editor, respectively, along with seven new members of our staff. I would specifically like to thank the new members of our Advisory Board for their valuable advice and support. Featured in this issue is Mary Popeo’s fascinating insight into the Christian community in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Having spent time in Nagasaki pursuing her quest to understand Japan’s Christian heritage, she took several great photos, including that on this issue’s cover. Rounding off the culture section, Nicholas Volpe guides us through the failure of NFL Europe and the rise of the International Series, as he explains the past and present of American football in Europe and elsewhere. Ashley Dowd spent time in Argentina, exploring its dark history. In Memorializing Argentine State Terrorism, she explains how Argentina is promoting artistic and architectural expression as a means of remembering and understanding the period of military dictatorship known as the National Reorganization Process. The second article in the historical section recounts the various Soviet policies towards Central Asia and their residual effects on those societies and nations after the USSR collapsed. Our photo diaries this semester display three distinct and yet fantastic views from across the globe. Lastly, we end this issue with our current affairs section that focuses on the rising global power that is the People’s Republic of China. Katherine Ross explains the extent of Chinese internet censorship in the context of a post-Tiananmen society. Afterwards, Sean Ahn debunks the myth of a Chinese real estate bubble ready to burst. The entire Editorial Staff thanks you, our valued reader, for your continuing support. We hope you enjoy the Fall 2013 issue of the Kaleidoscope International Journal!

Omeed Alerasool Editor-in-chief Table of Contents

Cultural Japan’s Christian City 9 Mary Popeo

The NFL’s Strategy for Globalization 14 Nicholas A. Volpe

Historical Memorializing Argentine State Terrorism 23 Ashley Dowd

Soviet Legacy in Central Asia 28 Chelsea Mickel Photo Diaries

Taiwan 35 Angela Wang

Germany 38 J.H. Daniel Lee

New Zealand 40 Jessica Zuban

Current Affairs The Great Firewall 43 Katherine Ross

Chinese Real Estate “Bubble” 48 Sean Ahn

Endnotes & References 52

Cultural

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Japan’s Christian City: Exploring Nagasaki Through Public History By Mary Popeo

“As the Japanese saying goes, ikari no Hiroshima, inori no Nagasaki: while Hiroshima rages, Nagasaki prays”

Nagasaki’s Christian community gathers for a procession to Urakami Cathedral on the anniversary of the atomic bombing.

Nagasaki is a city largely overlooked by Nagasaki’s Christian past, I set out to explore tourists and academics alike. A mere footnote in how the Christian legacy of the city manifests Lonely Planet’s infallible Japanese travel guide, it itself through public history. By spending a is portrayed as the lesser of Japan’s two bombed month in Nagasaki visiting museums, churches, cities, unnecessary to see for those already and World War II commemorative sites, I hoped visiting Hiroshima. Hiroshima and Nagasaki to discover whether Japanese people living in may share a similar bomb history, but as the Japanese saying goes, ikari no Hiroshima, inori and cared to preserve or promote it. I began no Nagasaki: while Hiroshima rages, Nagasaki withNagasaki the 26 identified Martyrs Museum, with this where Christian director history Fr. prays. Unbeknownst to many, Nagasaki has one Renzo de Luca, S.J. generously offered me access of the most unique historical traditions in Japan; to his museum, library, and staff. a blend of Japanese culture and international imports, Nagasaki was the only point of entry to plan. I visited various museums with exhibits for foreigners during the Tokugawa isolation. pertaining My firstto weekChristian in Nagasaki history, went such according as the It served as an entrepôt for Jesuit missionaries Nagasaki National Museum and, of course, the in the 16th century and remains a center 26 Martyrs Museum. To experience active parish for Christian activity today. It is Nagasaki’s life, I attended Mass at Urakami Cathedral and distinctive history of diversity, suffering, and at Nakamachi Church. Additionally, I explored World War II-related sites, such as the Atomic and led me to visit. Bomb Museum and its accompanying Peace prayer that first piqued my curiosity last year Park. I visited Nyokodo, the one-room hermitage

Eager to assess the modern influence of Cultural 9 Japan’s Christian City

True to their name, kakure Christian churches are often tucked away in remote, mountainous areas. of Takashi Nagai, a survivor of the atomic kakure – or hidden – Christian martyrs and the bombing of Nagasaki, and heard speeches by bomb survivors at the Nagasaki National Peace I believed the Japanese to be reverent, balanced, Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims. andunquestionable in touch with influence nature. of ChineseOf the Buddhism,Christians Spending time at these sites provided in particular, I expected a small yet thriving me with a greater historical background of community that was determined to preserve this city. However, I became most interested in Christian traditions, was knowledgeable of the opinions of those who accompanied me to theology, and was passionately committed to religious formation. in my language skills, I made friends in the city What I found instead was that the whothese were places. happy As I to grew show increasingly me around. confident In my Japanese were fairly apathetic towards, not conversations with college students and with only Christianity, but organized religion in professors, I gained insight into the general general. The consensus among my new friends population’s relationship to Nagasaki’s Christian seemed to be that religion was unimportant history. With these dialogues as a new source and that most people living in Nagasaki would of information, I realized it would have been not peg themselves as religious or pious. Even the Christians that I encountered took a fairly public history alone. neutral stance as well. Through the Nagasaki difficultAlthough to gauge I enjoyed people’s these attitudes conversations through Junshin Catholic University, I met a junior named Izumi Miyazaki. I soon began to spend time with learned I had a different conception of Japanese her Catholic family. While the Miyazakis were spiritualityat first and thanwas mygrateful Japanese for the companions. company, TakingI soon incredibly welcoming and hospitable, many of into consideration the unfathomable faith of the their beliefs left me curious. For example, Mrs.

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Miyazaki did not rebuke Izumi for skipping However, Fr. De Luca also expressed Mass, reasoning that Izumi’s school and job regret over the condition of spiritual education in Japan. Unlike in the United States, Japan has Izumi deemed the differences between Catholics few forums for introducing spirituality or for andcommitments Protestants should unimportant, come first. even Additionally,discounting facilitating religious discussion. The primary the contrast in Marian veneration. After I asked education curriculum in Nagasaki teaches little what religion meant to her, Izumi replied that about the 26 Martyrs or Christian persecution. she only turned to religion in times of suffering. Furthermore, most Japanese universities focus Having expected a strictly devout Christian solely on preparation for the work force, leaving community, I wondered at the extent of Japan’s no room for religion classes. Because of this secularization. absence of spiritual conversation, Fr. De Luca Puzzled by my discussions with Nagasaki-dwellers, I often talked with Fr. De preserving Christian history, especially in his Luca about Japanese spirituality. He reminded campaignfound it difficult to declare to the convey Nagasaki the importanceChurch Group of me that many Japanese have every reason to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site. suspicious of organized religion. During World Searching for answers, I investigated War II, the Japanese government used Shinto the 26 Martyrs Library, soon exhausting its emperor worship to exploit the people. Fighting English volumes. Reading many works, mostly in the name of divine emperor Hirohito, millions by foreign authors, I learned of Japan’s high of Japanese died in battle. Ultimately, religious suicide rate and the disintegration of family life. conviction ended only with the devastation of I read that Japan’s honorable bushido code had the atomic bombs and unconditional surrender been replaced by materialism and opportunism. at the hands of foreign powers. Authors argued that, while the Japanese were

Outside the 26 Martyrs Museum, this memorial honors Christians killed during Japan’s period of Christian persecution.

Cultural 11 Japan’s Christian City

polite, so too were they cold, mechanical, and disdainful of foreigners. Yearning for a change in scenery, I went to dinner with a professor from the Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies. This professor, who soon became a close friend, suggested that I take a few days to visit Goto, an island chain off the coast of Nagasaki. He explained that the islands were home to countless kakure (Hidden Christian) churches. In a spontaneous leap of faith, I boarded the ferry to Goto only a few days later. My experience in Goto was arguably the most formative part of my stay in Nagasaki. I gained insights into kakure history that Since it was dangerous for the kakure to keep statues of astounded and amazed me. Through a strange Mary, they used these awabi shells to represent her. twist of fate, I ended up staying in a convent with nine Japanese Catholic nuns. After hearing After my time in Goto, I returned to about my interest in Japanese Christianity, a Nagasaki rejuvenated and armed with a new Sister Tashita graciously offered to give me a outlook. I realized that my personal experience tour of the churches of the island; we saw a total with the Japanese contrasted many of the things of sixteen in the span of two days. I had previously read. Though a large portion With each church we visited, my appreciation for kakure history themselves as spiritual, I have never grew. As an American Christian, “While mostof the peopleseen more of Nagasaki evidence may of God. not Having define I have never felt marginalized or Japanese come as an outsider, I was taken oppressed. Although I had heard do not belong to in by the Japanese in Nagasaki and of the Hidden Christians, I never cared for by complete strangers. grasped the reality of their suffering a particular faith, What I found, person to person, was and devotion. One church had a they all belong to warmth, concern for others, and an museum containing fumie, or images the religion of individuality that none of my books of Mary or Jesus. During the time of ‘Japaneseness’” had touched on. Although most of my the kakure, the government required Japanese friends were non-Christian, suspected Christians to trample on a fumie, or they were certainly men and women for others. else be killed. Those who complied lived in great One night, my Japanese roommate drove me an anguish, believing themselves damned without hour to visit two natural onsen – hot springs – access to priests or the sacraments. Also on and proceeded to pay for my ticket, my dinner, display were the pearly awabi shells, that and several gifts. In another instance, a woman I represented Mary for kakure who had no altars met at the Nagasaki Junshin Catholic University or statues to worship. These Christians had an intense devotion to Mary and picked only the doctor when I got sick, emailing me every day to most beautiful shells for her. checkworked in tirelesslyand make tosure find I was an getting English-speaking the care I

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needed. If God is love, then I cannot doubt that I was the largest Catholic church in East Asia and found Him in Nagasaki. served as a beacon of hope for the future. Years In my last week, I also came to value the later, it was completely destroyed by the atomic Japanese people’s religious tolerance, which I bomb, which killed two thirds of the Catholics in originally mistook for apathy. It is the practical habit of the Japanese to adopt only the pieces of

This results in a wonderful blend of traditions; Catholicreligious families traditions like that the benefit Miyazakis the collective.welcome Buddhist and Shinto festivals each year. At lunch with Izumi after my return from Goto, I asked what Catholicism meant to her. She replied that she was proud to be Catholic, and that leading a Catholic life made her a better person. At that moment, I realized that I had been asking the wrong questions. Striving to understand the amorphous Japanese psyche, I had disregarded the personal opinions of the individuals I met. Illustrating the devastating blow dealt to Nagasaki’s Christian population, these rosaries were Although they may deny it, I have come warped by the heat of the atomic bomb. to believe that the Japanese do have spirituality, one that is communal and abstract. Japanese the area. Sadly, today the kakure population is author Ama Toshimaro calls it “natural religion.” nearly extinct, dwindling each year. Unlike institutionalized religions, natural Drawing upon Nagasaki’s rich cultural religion is experienced subconsciously through history, American Christians could learn so participation in rituals and culture. While most much from this vulnerable yet especially Japanese do not belong to a particular faith, legitimate community. Pope John Paul II said they all belong to the religion of “Japaneseness,” of Nagasaki, “In this holy place, people of all a blend of religious traditions that best walks of life gave proof that love is stronger serve the needs of the Japanese people. The than death.” Echoes of this proof can be found all principles of Japanese religion are not exotic: an throughout Nagasaki’s history, from the kakure, understanding of our reliance on others and a to the bomb victims, to those working for peace willingness to put others above ourselves. today. A story of true, tested faith, Nagasaki’s On August 9th, the anniversary of the history has the potential to inspire people of all atomic bombing, I attended several events, beliefs and creeds. including an evening procession with the Catholic community. Torches in hand, we silently walked from the bomb hypocenter to Urakami Cathedral, a place of great importance Mary Popeo is an International Studies major, for the Nagasaki Christians. When the ban on Class of 2014 persecution, the Hidden Christians marked their newChristianity freedom was by building finally lifted Urakami. after At centuries the time, of it

Cultural 13 The NFL’s Strategy for Globalization By Nicholas A. Volpe

“It’s the most complicated team sport on the planet… If we can create an understanding, that will make a huge difference.”

The New York Giants practice before their 2007 game at Wembley Stadium, which was the first NFL game played in Europe.

The National Football League currently as an effective means of furthering European stands as the most popular and lucrative interest in the sport as he attempts to increase professional sports organization in America. the NFL’s popularity and marketability in the During the 2011-2012 season, the NFL’s revenue region. This represents a progression in the grew by $500 million, reaching an estimated $9.5 strategy of the league for internationalization billion. This number puts the NFL nearly two after the failure of NFL Europe. In his own words, billion dollars ahead of its closest competitor, “Each year, the different barometers indicate Major League Baseball.1 Yet, those in charge of that our popularity continues to rise… I think the next step will be multiple games [in Europe]. over the American market. The National Football And if that is successful then I think the idea of a League’sthe league worldwide do not seem presence satisfied withis, overall, domination quite franchise here is realistic.”2 limited. NFL commissioner Roger Goodell and The NFL International Series does not his team are making it a top priority to change this. They feel that so-called “American football” international territory. From 1995 to 2007, NFL has the potential for further growth outside of Europerepresent attempted the first at globalizing foray of the the game, league while into the United States. Since 2007, the NFL has hosted serving as a developmental league for the NFL’s one regular-season game in London each year as primary teams. At the time of its disbanding in part of its International Series. Goodell sees this 2007, the league consisted of six teams. Five

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of them were based in Germany, and one was was never much of a fan base. It is hard to rally located in Amsterdam.3 The league was wrought behind a team of less-than stellar players, even with instability. During its time of operation, in a sport that you know and love. Therefore, it teams would frequently relocate or disband is no surprise that there was not a huge amount altogether. The failure of NFL Europe serves as an of support for NFL Europe. important case study in light of the current goals Another essential difference lies in the of the league for expansion. Questions of how fact that the NBA and MLB developmental and why the past project was so unsuccessful are leagues are actually necessary. Since playing vital in determining future success for American baseball in college prior to joining a professional football abroad. The league was undoubtedly team is infrequent, a developmental league is valuable for the MLB – contrary year of operation, NFL Europe “NFL commissioner to football, where virtually wasa financial losing failure.somewhere By its in finalthe Roger Goodell and his all professional players have neighborhood of $30 million team are making it a top successful college careers before a season.4 Even in Germany, priority to change this. being drafted by the NFL. In the where the league was by far the They feel that so-called case of the NBA, teams maintain most popular, games received small rosters of only 13 active little television exposure. Actual ‘American football’ has attendance was also mediocre at the potential for further team adds depth. NFL teams, growth outside of the however,players, soare having already an allowed affiliate exceeded 20,000 spectators.5 United States” incredibly deep rosters of 53 Whilebest. Attendancethe people figures that rarelywent players, as well as additional reportedly seemed to enjoy the more relaxed practice squad players.6 The farm system aspect “party” atmosphere of the games, relative to of NFL Europe never really panned out. The soccer, there still was not a large enough fan league hardly produced any notable players. The base to support the league. biggest names to come out of NFL Europe were Several factors contribute to the lack quarterbacks Kurt Warner and Jake Delhomme, of support for NFL Europe. On the surface, the but those are only two noteworthy players to core idea of the league seemed to destine it emerge in more than a decade. Therefore, it is for failure. The purpose of NFL Europe was no surprise that the NFL was willing to pull the to serve as a developmental league. Bringing plug on the league. The owners were pouring this type of organization to a region without a money into the organization and seeing little to history of the actual sport being played seems no results. quite puzzling. Developmental leagues for other NFL Europe was largely an exercise American professional sports struggle even in experimentation for the National Football within our own borders. Most people would be League. In fact, the attitudes of the league hard-pressed to name even one NBA D-League toward the project seem to represent this fact. team. The case of Minor League Baseball is very NFL Europe was essentially treated as a testing much the same. The stadium of the local minor ground. For example, “when the NFL’s powerful league team in my region, the New Britain Rock competition committee wanted to sample a Cats, was a frequent site for elementary school potential rule change, to see how it affected the birthday party outings. Other than that, there game in application instead of theory, it could

Cultural 15 The NFL’s Strategy for Globalization

tinker with those changes by enacting them in 7 This was often praised as one of the positive aspects of the league. While it was NFL Europa first.” message. In order to get another country (let alonebeneficial an entire in some continent) ways, it interestedalso sent thein awrong sport that is utterly foreign to them, it makes much more sense to introduce them to competition at the highest level. By using NFL Europe in order to test out possible rule changes for the “real” NFL, the league was essentially acknowledging the inferiority of the overseas organization. Add this to the fact that the league was comprised of the players that were not seen as possible contributors to the American teams, and one NFL Europa Logo starts to understand why NFL Europe was not a permanent solution to the NFL’s attempts at four seasons, perhaps in an effort to position globalization. them for relocation to London. The market for actual NFL games abroad The overall success of the International Series is yet to be seen. Up to this point, everything seems to be going well. The outcome inwas Mexico first tested City. Thein 2005, game when was athe huge league success, held of the multiple-games-per-season strategy will drawingits first regular the largest season crowd game anoutside NFL gameof the hadU.S. likely be the determining factor. In the words of ever seen. A total of 103,467 were in attendance Lou Imbriano, who served as the New England at this international event.8 The annual games in London represented the next step, and they have since been surprisingly successful. The games “OnePatriots’ game Chief is easy…everyoneMarketing Officer, can as stop well foras Chief that have averaged an attendance of over 80,000 oneOperating time of Officer year. ofIn the the New next England year or Revolution, two you’ll spectators at London’s Wembley Stadium. see them playing two games. That will really be the test.”11 If the NFL is able to sell a substantial attendance at an NFL game in the U.S. is about number of tickets to both of the Wembley games 66,000.These numbers9 Television are numbers significant, in Europe as the have average also over the next few seasons, then the option of increased tremendously since the NFL began having a franchise in London will more than hosting games at Wembley. Super Bowl ratings likely be pursued. According to Chris Parsons, have increased 74% since 2006, and viewership the Vice President of International Business for of Sunday games has risen 154% over the same the NFL, the current fan base in London would period.10 The NFL plans to ride this success and have to be doubled before considering having a further their growth by hosting multiple games team based in the city.12 in London. Starting with the 2013 season, two It is possible that the international regular season games will be played in Europe growth of the NFL will be limited, however. each year. The Jacksonville Jaguars are scheduled The process of introducing a sport to a region to play one home game at Wembley for the next where there is no substantial history or culture

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of why they are kicking an object through two In the case of American football, things are yellow posts. It is clear that this was chosen as particularlyof playing the problematic. game is difficult Football no matteris one ofwhat. the a starting point because many European fans most rules-based, strategic sports in the world. are said to identify with the kicking and punting There are literally thousands of rules in the aspects of the game due to their familiarity with NFL, the majority of which most American fans rugby and soccer. would be unable to name. Each team plays a Many advocate a more grassroots different style of both offense and defense based approach for the spread of American football on its roster and coaching staff. The outcomes of abroad. Such a method would increase both games are heavily based on play calling, which the popularity and understanding of the game again, varies dramatically between teams. A in many ways. Jack Bechta of the National greater understanding of the game absolutely Football Post says that most of the European needs to be brought to Europe if the NFL wants NFL fans that he has met while attending the International Series games became fans in one of three ways. They picked up the game either by heldto become in London, a fixture the in NFL the region.committed a portion attending college in America, living or working of the theDuring game the to first educating International fans on Series the sport. game in the United States, or by watching the NFL on Segments shown during TV timeouts explained European television with American friends. NFL 13 It Europe served to increase exposure to a degree, is interesting that the NFL went about educating but according to Bechta, “several fans told me somethe fans of the in finerthis fashion. points and It seems rules of almost the game. as if it they would go just to see the cheerleaders, do were an afterthought. An understanding of the the wave and watch the kicks.”15 game, even if only basic, should logically come before one actually purchases tickets and gets my experiences studying abroad at Venice to the stadium. Few people want to watch a International Bechta’s University. findings The match only up foreign with sporting matchup they cannot understand or classmate I found who was an NFL fan picked up with which they cannot identify. In between the game during the time he spent living in New the 2007 and 2008 International Series games, Jersey. He then brought his passion for the game it seems as though the NFL realized how much home with him when he moved back to Japan and played for his private high school’s American understood what was going on. Their solution football team. He continues to follow the New wasit might an online-based, benefit them interactive if Europeans seminar clearlycalled York Jets, and purchases the NFL’s Gamepass so Coach Stilo.14 This activity can still be found that he can tune in to the online game streams on the NFL’s website today, but it is far from every Sunday. The NFL should embrace and help perfect. It makes a large effort to be comical, to foster such occurrences. Bechta proposes that the point that one cannot help but think that it the NFL make an effort to educate international is overdone. It involves Coach Stilo belittling the students living in the U.S. by selling books on “rookie” (the viewer) by whipping the ball at him the basics of football in college bookstores, and developing (hopefully more straightforward) to him in general. It also inexplicably starts with instructional webpages on their website.16 This as he walks into his office, and just talking down strategy seems as though it would be successful. preface to this at all, leaving the viewer unsure Since American football is so engrained in our an activity in kicking a field goal. There is no

Cultural 17 The NFL’s Strategy for Globalization

between the sport and society in general is United States would make them more likely tosociety, enjoy having it and people sustain experience their enthusiasm it first in andthe interest when they return home. foreignerscertainly difficult visiting to the accomplish U.S. into devout overseas. football This It is remarkable how many aspects of fans.is why Still, the steps NFL can would be taken benefit toward by developing converting American culture are associated with the sport a support system for American football overseas. of football. It is deeply rooted in the Thanksgiving A stronger presence of ESPN programming in tradition, as millions of families tune in to watch the games following dinner. Sundays in America “ESPN America” airs in the U.K. and its lineup have become a day more focused on the NFL than includesEurope wouldAmerican be beneficial.football highlights. A channel Further called on any sort of religious observance. Kevin Quirk, expanding the availability of this station within in his discussion of “Sports Glut USA,” points out Britain, as well as the rest of Europe, would help the saturation of American culture with sports. saturate the television market with American Much of his discussion is centered football. One of the common on the growth of the NFL and its European criticisms of the sport commercial marketability. The “The furthering of the is that it is too slow-paced and emergence of ESPN eventually grassroots expansion involves too much inactivity led to an explosion of sports of the NFL would aid and stoppage time. Showing programming, and in turn NFL more highlight reels and top ratings soared. This caused the in the effort to engrain plays would help to condense Super Bowl to become “more of the sport in European the material and get Europeans a national holiday than a mere culture” focused on the most exciting football game.” Then, Monday aspects of the game, all while Night Football eventually came increasing exposure. into the mix and proved that sports could The furthering of the grassroots occupy primetime television. Now, “the tardy expansion of the NFL would aid in the effort to rates at work and school on Tuesday morning engrain the sport in European culture as well. stand among many enduring symbols of this Currently, the NFL puts on clinics for about entrenched ritual.”17 The diction Quirk uses 100,000 children around the world each year is telling. Football truly is imbedded within in order to teach them the sport of American American society and culture. Videos such as football.18 If this number were increased, perhaps it would lead to the development of interest in is SportsCenter” commercials demonstrate the European youth leagues. As it stands, European deep“Terry connection Tate Office Linebacker”between American and ESPN’s football “This schoolchildren choose soccer across the board as and society. The line between celebrity and the sport to play in their leisure time. If interest NFL star is also increasingly blurred. Players in American football can be fostered among the such as Chad “Ochocinco” Johnson and Terrell European youth, then this might be an effective means of disseminating the sport throughout and reality TV-show stunts as they are for their the continent. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell playingOwens areabilities. as famous Therefore, for their the NFL off-field represents antics recognizes the importance of this, saying, “That much more than just a sporting organization. is one of our challenges, how do we promote a Replicating such a cultural crossover sport that is not played by the youth in each of

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those markets? But I think that is where media the NFL to undertake efforts in India similar to and bringing our game to those markets meets the European International Series. “You can’t those challenges.”19 One of the biggest issues impose a sport on the Indian audience. You have with the development of American football in to build it up. Bring your stars here, play one of the European market is that there is no real those games like they do in England. Otherwise, system for players to partake in the sport. There there is no point.”20 is no set path that a kid interested in the sport A system of progression for developing can follow from youth leagues, to junior high, players is particularly important for American all the way through high school and college. football relative to other major sports. This The creation of such a system in the area, while is because of the equipment barrier. Football equipment is both extremely expensive and taking hold. The only way to start the process is todifficult, continue would getting be people instrumental interested in thefrom sport the outside of the United States, let alone shoulder ground up, preferably by focusing on the youth. pads,difficult helmets, to find. girdles One and can cleats. barely Football find ais ballnot One country where American football a sport that you can just casually decide to get is surprisingly taking hold is India. The Elite up and play. Pickup games exist, but they are Football League of India represents one of severely bastardized versions of the sport. Since these grassroots efforts to introduce a system of American football requires separate squads American football abroad. While not funded by the NFL directly, the league has managed to raise techniques depending on position, there is no $8.5 million, and continues to expand. Investors suchfor offense thing as and a meaningful defense, pickup and specific game. A playing soccer include former NFL players who believe that game between friends with just a ball and two there is much potential for the game to take makeshift goals is much closer to the real sport hold in the region. The case in India echoes the than a two-hand touch football game with one expansion of the NFL into Europe. The biggest challenge has been getting people to understand Mississippi”. Even serious American football the sport. Many of those interested in the league, playerslineman inon theeach U.S. team usually and blitz do notcounts own of their“five similarly, picked up their interest from time own equipment, so athletes are dependent on a spent in the United States. Take the case of Amit league or team to provide pads and helmets. The Paranjape, who studied in Wisconsin and then development of additional clinics, camps, school lived in Dallas for twelve years. Paranjape is a teams, and leagues abroads would hopefully huge fan of both the Packers and the Cowboys, help to overcome this equipment barrier. but when he tuned into the Elite Football League’s Due to the equipment barrier and the games on television, he was sorely disappointed strict rules that regulate American football, the at the low level of competition. While the league certainly will not serve as a replacement for the needs of players in some regions. Technique can NFL, what it does do is create a system where game cannot be adapted significantly to meet the people can cultivate their interest in American can be developed, players can choose whether football. People love the game so much, in fact, be modified to a certain degree. Different plays that numerous players took a pay cut, leaving must work within a certain framework. For this desirable day jobs in order to play for the league. reason,to use a Americanpower or finessefootball style, cannot but experienceeverything Indian sports columnist Venkat Ananth wants a true process of “tropicalization” like soccer.

Cultural 19 The NFL’s Strategy for Globalization

Soccer in South America was played “by the poor who enriched it while they appropriated it… this foreign sport became Brazilian, fertilized by the creative energies of the people discovering it.”21 With its more open soccer allows for greater variation infield style and than continuous American style football. of play, It would prove interesting to see how to meet the strengths of European certain techniques can be modified the structured set of regulations thatplayers, American while football still fitting maintains. within Perhaps special teams can play a Members of the Mumbai Gladiators team complete an off-season workout in preparation for the Elite Football League of India season. larger role, with rugby and soccer players contributing their kicking and punting skills. Since rugby is similar to abroad as well. Perhaps international factors can American football in many ways, these players be part of the solution in terms of player safety. could also bring new ideas and strategies for If the crossover between rugby and American running and passing the ball. Although it seems football increases, then there may be an that overall the game would remain the same innovative middle ground in terms of protective since there are such strict playing guidelines. gear. Players could wear enough equipment to Interestingly enough, rugby could feel protected in the short run (as opposed to the bareness of rugby), without having to be American football has a reputation for being subjected to the lifelong consequences that can violent,be quite it influentialis not too infar termsoff from of safety.rugby, which While result from the excessive amount of equipment is also an extremely rough sport. Rugby has far currently used in the NFL. fewer serious injuries, however. An important A huge portion of the American factor in this is that rugby players wear population grows up in a culture of football. I substantially less protective equipment. While personally was brought up with elements of it seems counterintuitive, the use of helmets the game surrounding me on many levels. My and pads can actually add to the risk of injury. friends and I played the EA Sports Madden Essentially, the equipment becomes a sort of videogames each year, we watched NFL weapon. Matters of player safety, at this point, highlight reels on SportsCenter before school, are a primarily domestic issue for the NFL rather and we participated in youth league football. All than an international one. As more and more of these things helped foster an appreciation for, research is done on brain trauma associated and an understanding of, the game of American with the sport of American football, changes may football. While it is unrealistic to expect similar need to be implemented in the game. Whatever cases to start popping up in Europe right away, these changes may be, they will be implemented a movement geared toward expanding the

20 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Volpe

sport with a grassroots approach would likely watered down NFL Europe games produced. be effective. Developing a system for European The simple fact is that if the NFL has players to get involved would also be vitally an opportunity to make money abroad, it will in the region. Europeans are currently extremely commercialization of modern professional sport underrepresentedimportant if the NFL in wantsthe NFL, to become and even a fixture when meanspursue that it in the order NFL to will pursue do whatever greater isprofits. necessary The NFL Europe existed, there were a limited number of players from European countries. Fan interest that they have seen in the international market to continue increasing its profits. The success relate to the games that are being played. There outside of the U.S. If their strategy of playing arein a strongsport isties definitely between limited sport andif people nationalism, cannot twothus international far indicates games that they per year can beis successful, profitable so Europeans have to feel actively engaged in then the NFL is making it quite clear that they the sport of football, rather than being force-fed are seriously considering bringing a franchise to an American game. London. However, whether this will be the best The general consensus within the NFL strategy is unclear. The logistics of the situation is that Europe is the next frontier. The owners and top decision makers feel as though they are close to tapping out “The generalwould be difficult:international scheduling team games,would arrangingall prove the American market, which the consensus within challenging.flights, and luring free agents to an NFL clearly dominates. In the eyes the NFL is that To be successful, the NFL is going of the league, there is going to be a to need an exceptionally inclusionary time when expansion to Europe is Europe is the next approach toward globalization. necessary if they want to continue frontier.” Games that are not so heavily growth. It is more a question of how regulated by rules like soccer and to go about conducting the expansion, than if it basketball are undoubtedly easier to transplant should be carried out at all. The failed case of NFL across nations. However, that is not to say that Europe helped to increase European exposure American football cannot be successful abroad. to the sport, even if only marginally. The new The NFL has to tread carefully, taking one step strategy of playing regular NFL games abroad at a time. Doing so will ensure that they do not represents a positive progression, and sends a get ahead of themselves and set themselves better message to European audiences. In many up for failure again, as was the case with NFL ways, the NFL’s current strategy for globalization Europe. In the words of Senior Vice President of seems more promising. The hosting of regular Sales, Marketing, and International Affairs Mark NFL games overseas allows foreign populations Waller, “It’s the most complicated team sport on to experience the most intensely competitive the planet… If we can create an understanding, American football. Even if the European fans do that will make a huge difference.” not understand all the intricacies of American football, it is quite easy to distinguish between amateur and professional levels of competition. It would then stand to reason that hosting the Nicholas A. Volpe is an International Studies and best gridiron matchups possible abroad would English double major, Class of 2014 lead to more interest and success than the

Cultural 21 Historical

22 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Dowd

Memorializing Argentine State Terrorism By Ashley Dowd

“It is not as important how the sites are commemorated, but simply that they are commemorated, and done so without government interference.”

Memorial tile marking a former detention center

effort to honor and preserve the memory of the that held the Argentine military responsible for individuals and families affected by those events gross violationsDespite theof human important rights, legal subsequent findings presidential amnesties weakened the Nunca Más (“never again”). discussion of military accountability. This has has advancedThis article the post-conflict explores commitmentthe effort in of only contributed to the silence and impunity Argentina to memorialize the past through the surrounding the National Reorganization use of art, particuarly sculptures, murals, and Process military dictatorship in Argentina, which memory spaces. I interviewed four individuals was in power from 1976 to 1983. Recent efforts who worked at clandestine centers that have to prevent repetition of the past include the since been converted into learning and memorial construction of monuments, memorial spaces, sites. Most of these individuals were historians or and murals. During the military dictatorship, workers previously in the realm of human rights the government was responsible for gross advocacy. In order to gain a local perspective of violations of human rights that claimed the lives of over 20,000 Argentinians, many of whom also interviewed a dozen psychology students at were tortured and murdered. Los Desaparecidos the memorializationUniversidad de Buenos process Aires and andits difficulties, individuals I (“the disappeared”) was the name given to the whose family members disappeared during the numerous individuals—notably social workers, internal turmoil of the period. professors, students, and political activists—, Internationally, this period of violence who were secretly kidnapped, detained, and oppression is often refered to as the Dirty tortured, and often killed during the Process. The War, but state terrorism is a more accurate term.

Historical 23 Memorializing Argentine State Terrorism

Referring to the Process as a Dirty War has led in the park give recognition to the victims and to the Teoría de los dos Demonios (“Theory of their families who have suffered. These artists the Two Demons”) that morally equates the are helping to slowly uncover the past and piece violence of a small group of subversives, the together a shattered society. Montoneros, with the illegal and inhumane actions carried out by the government against society as a whole. According to Ivan, a tour guide at the Parque de Memoria (Memory Park), “the government was responsible for killing its own people, and citizens were forced to rise up and defend themselves.”1 While groups of vigilantes existed and fought the military, the majority of the desaparecidos were non-violent social workers, professors, and students. “This was not a war. This was not a civil war. In a war you at least are able to bury your dead. You are at least told that someone died,” explained Roberto Ungaro, nephew of Horacio Ungaro, a desaparecido of Noche de los Lapices (“the Night of the Pencils”).2 For many families who suffered the loss of loved ones during the dictatorship, there is no closure. Bodies are still missing and, while most are presumed dead, the families will never know how they died or who is responsible. Aizenberg’s sculpture, Sin Título A large monument in the park’s center hosts the names of the victims. It is composed of four stone walls in the shape of a jagged cut, symbolizing the wound that was created by the Roberto Aizenberg, a prominent violence of the military regime. To date, there Argentinian artist, designed a sculpture known are over 9,000 names on the wall in alphabetical as the Sin Título (“Unnamed”), located in the and chronological order beginning in 1969 and park, commemorating victims of the military ending in 1983. The list begins prior to 1976— regime. After his death, a sketch of three human

Reorganization Process—because of the violent shapes of the bodies are simple outlines, but policiesthe official under starting then-President year of the deadly María National Estela theirfigures identities was found could among be hisinterpreted possessions. as Thehis Martínez. There is still a list of over a hundred children that disappeared during the period of names to be added to the walls as funds are granted for expansion. Memory Park is the allows for a universal representation of any desaparecidostate terrorism.. The The Rio de ambiguity Plata River of can the be figures seen desaparecidos and all the other victims of state terrorism.first memorial The artists in the whose country works dedicated are displayed to the through the figures, a haunting composition that portrays the figures as translucent bodies that

24 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Dowd

are now at one with the sea, their permanent resting place. While the bodies appear empty, the souls still remain. The essence of a person as well as his or her ideals are captured in the 3 With the help of this composition, the memory of those lost will remainsolid heads long ofafter three their figures. deaths. In reality, there is no way of knowing exactly what Aizenberg intended. Sin Título allows visitors the chance to explore their own interpretations and give have been forcibly taken from them. characterNicholas to the Guagninithree figures designed whose 30,000identities, a vertically arranged on a grid to form a cube. Themonument prisms contain of twenty-five a painting rectangular of a photograph prisms from the 1970s. The subject of the photograph is Guagnini’s father, who disappeared along with the artist’s uncles during the state terrorism.4 At the time, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo carried black and white photos in demonstrations calling for the return of their Guagnini’s monument, 30,000 loved ones. Guagnini’s grandmother adopted “A journalist came to this practice and carried the photo of her interview me. I suddenly became missing son for years. In order to clearly see the we were doing. We had heard so slight movement from this spot can distort the manyso aware testimonies, and reflective listened of to what so imageface, one until must it disappears stand at a entirelyspecific intoangle. the Even river a many voices of people who were landscape. kept here, read so many stories, A belief exists that former clandestine and we have the task to make centers should be used to remember and respect their memory known to others. I all the desaparecidos. Formal recognition of was very humbled.” memorial space throughout Argentina is the Before the plaques and information centers had documentation of testimonies, however, is been established in Olimpo, Maria recalled, offirst equal step importance. in an effort Buildings to move forward.will not Thelast forever, it is the memory that endures. Maria, a “when we gave tours all we had former professor and tour guide at the Olimpo was our voice and our voice clandestine center, recalled the instance had to represent what so many she understood the importance of sharing people had lived. That was our Argentina’s cruel past. responsibility and duty.”5

Historical 25 Memorializing Argentine State Terrorism

The Olimpo clandestine center

For others, the conversation is too The past cannot be forgotten, yet life simple. It is impossible to fully grasp the concept marches forward. Many former clandestine of what happened in the recent past, because centers have been transformed into schools, clear answers are not always available. Mariela, police stations, and work buildings, but for those a psychology student at the Universidad de like Mariela and her family, a simple plaque Buenos Aires recalled the exasperation and eventual numbness the dictatorship left upon and then go on with their lives, but for just a her family. will suffice. “People can go into these places there.”7 For others, it is not as important how “Only once did I ask my themoment sites theyare commemorated, will reflect on whatbut simply happened that mom about the desaparecidos. they are commemorated, and done so without government interference. Álvaro, a psychology my cousin was taken but I do not student at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, rememberShe briefly the explained details. to We me never how agreed that if these places of memory are used for spoke about it again. I think it the purpose of knowledge and understanding,

believes the current Kirchner administration, oneis difficult. helped Theythem, tried so fornow a they long however,then something is using beneficial these places can for be its gained. own political Álvaro aretime stuck to find in silence. this cousin They anddo not no gain. It is perfectly acceptable and even essential talk about it anymore and they to put buildings aside and erect monuments, as have tried to move on. It is like the they teach the younger generations. secret of the family.”6

26 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Dowd

“But the way the government used 1983, the remnants of the hostility and anxiety these places will only extend the still linger. There is no certainty as to how to misery and hate from the period overcome this past. The only hope is to confront of the dictatorship. They use the same language and same terms Argentina. It has given society a voice that was as the military. We do not need to onceit and silenced, look to allowingthe future. the Art fragile has memoryflourished that in carry on with that. Argentinians permeates Argentine history to strengthen. need a different way of thinking.”8 Lessons of the past are no longer being written exclusively in the terms of the perpetrators. The I observed the Kirchner propaganda excessively focus of history now illuminates the dignity of displayed at memorial sites such as ESMA. the victims, and denounces the atrocities that Álvaro explained that the current government cannot be afforded again. problems in Argentina. Many of the people whouses disappeared these past conflictsduring the to dictatorship hide the current were Ashley Dowd is an Political Science major, that continue to exist today. Class of 2014 merely Argentine social workers society trying suffered to fix problemsterribly under the National Reorganization Process.

While the State Terrorism officially ended in

Truth and justice for the desaparecidos

Historical 27 Soviet Legacy in Central Asia By Chelsea Mickel

“The abrupt concept of independence caused an identity crisis amongst much of the indigenous population.”

The Registan in Samarqand, Uzbekistan, a city known for its location in the heart of the Silk Road.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union The USSR warped certain remnants in 1991 forced the Central Asian Republics to create lawful governments, militias, and efforts to constrain nationalist sentiments. These liberated national identities virtually overnight. effectsof pre-existing pervaded cultural society influencesfollowing the through removal its Decades of economic exploitation and cultural of Russian forces, and were perpetuated by the oppression initiated a panic in the minds of ineffectiveness of the new pseudo-democratic political leaders when suddenly faced with governments. Thus, means for developing a their newfound freedom. These leaders became truly liberal democracy were hindered.1 The fearful of a mass anarchy that may have ensued culture that emerged was transformed by the as the façade of communist equality and struggle for identity and community into kinship prosperity dissolved. networks of clan elites, radical Islamism, and The inveterate corruption of their conservatism. As a result, the general public leaders was revealed to the Central Asian felt intimately in tune with the consistency of a populations by Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforming strong authoritarian government. policies of glasnost and perestroika. The people, Unfortunately, these authoritarian regimes provided the roots for many of the ensuring their livelihoods and breeding a sense problematic radical groups that have formed ofnow purpose. disillusioned, In the turnedvarious to republics, find new meansdifferent of under their leadership. The politicians needed an enemy to unite the public against in order societal groups tended to fill these voids. 28 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Mickel

to distract citizens from the reality of their this “ideal” lay in the fact that the Soviet Union own ineffectiveness. This same initiative led was acting precisely as an imperialist nation. the governments to oppress the citizens in a The Soviets were manipulating the region by way that encouraged them to identify with and taking its raw resources and creating products join extremist organizations. The abruptness of that they would sell back to their subjects as independence caused an identity crisis amongst the sole supplier. The Soviets sought to present much of the indigenous populations. During the image that communism would lead to Soviet rule, any cognizance of their original the fruition of ethnic harmony and economic development.3 Communism instead incentivized with a veneer of ethno-nationalism glossily black markets for people to buy and sell goods orchestratedidentification to was best strippedperpetuate and the repainted political on the side. Black markets became the only interests of Moscow. way that Central Asian citizens could receive goods that the government failed to supply. Divide and Rule This corrupt system has remained in many of The Central Asian steppe has been host the authoritarian republics today as a lasting to many civilizations. Thus, Central remnant of the Communist era. Asia developed into a region “The Soviet Union Ironically, the breakup of the with many layers of people co- appealed to Soviet Union revealed the kind of existing. Interaction was minimal, the indigenous abject poverty that its policies were however, mainly because it was not supposed to have removed, further geographically feasible. The Pamir population through calling into question the motives Mountains and various deserts socialist ideals of of Soviet governance.4 The Soviet disallowed vast communication economic equality” fear for the spread of pan-Turkism networks, thereby ruling out the and pan-Islamism had led them to possibility of forging a uniform identity. create new identities for the citizens of Central When the Soviets assumed control Asia. This policy was instituted in such a way of Central Asia, they exploited the region’s that would restrict the possibility of uprising, resources, both natural and human. By creating dislocate any feeling of brotherly sentiment, and a destructive cotton monoculture (known as fabricate the cultural arts that Moscow believed “white gold”), the Soviet Union forced the Central were necessary to establish a Soviet identity in Asian republics to abandon their production of the region. grains and other food crops.2 Thus, Central Asia Moscow believed that in giving each became dependent on the Soviets for their grain supply. Moscow, being aware of its dominant subside. Thus, attention would be drawn to the position over the republics, was able to set the “correct”nation a distinct type of homeland, struggle: ethnic disparity conflict between would prices of most products, securing an economic social classes.5 Through ethnogenesis, the monopoly for Soviet trade. Soviet Union sought to create various ethnicities The Soviet Union appealed to the with which the Central Asian population could indigenous population through socialist ideals of economic equality in contrast to the in, from ethnographers to historians, to create imperialist relationships Western empires had notidentify. only countries, Experts of but various also languages, fields were histories, called established with their colonies. The hypocrisy of folklores, and literatures. In sum, a puppet

Historical 29 Soviet Legacy in Central Asia

Figure 1: Central Asia in 1922 Figure 2: Modern Central Asia cultural identity was set in place in order to by the changing of alphabets, which limited the proceed with the socialist mission of “equality”, new generations’ access to texts of those before which necessitated that everyone had a place, them.8 Another damaging effect was the creation knew their place, and blended in with the of autonomous regions, such as Karakalpakstan. community.6 This is still seen in today’s clan At the same time, some regions of one republic networks, in which a child excelling academically were appended as exclaves to another for the is viewed unfavorably, as it brings attention to purpose of isolating and weakening these a single individual and disrupts the cohesion of societies. Once the Soviet Union collapsed, the unit. these constructed communities had no true Soviet planners instituted these policies source of identity and turned to the vestige of in a way that actually tore apart existing ethnic collectivization. groups and forged smaller ones that best suited the Soviets’ political interests. This strategy Rise of the Clan Networks revealed the underlying reason for the re- In order to institute cotton production assignment of identities to be the elimination of effectively, the Soviets created and ran collective the threat of a strong and united Central Asia. farms, or kolkhoz, that had to meet established The regional understanding of nationalism quotas to ensure maximum productivity. In this became increasingly politicized. Compulsory process, environmentally damaging irrigation schooling and propaganda were used to institute techniques were instituted, which has led to this model of homogenization. Furthermore, both the drying of the Aral Sea in Uzbekistan languages were altered for certain groups of people in order to justify them as a distinct ethnic group.7 This ethnogenesis led to the overuse,and increased which desertification killed crops and across contaminated the region. formation of societal groups that were hollow freshMore specifically,drinking water. the soil9 When became collectives salinized werefrom and fragile. Thus, upon independence from the Soviet Union the citizens of the region were left frustration by many nomadic tribes that were without clear identities. An effect of this is seen forcedfirst established, into a sedentary they were lifestyle. met In with protest, mass

30 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Mickel

many nomads slaughtered their entire herds.10 acted as, extended families. Urban divisions, or This dramatic and forced transformation of mahallas, were formed and eventually became lifestyle led to a pandemic starvation that nearly the focal point of their residents’ livelihoods. eliminated many tribal populations. Despite Elite leaders were elected and a structure these negative effects, Central Asians came to depend on the institution of collectivization for the people. After the Soviets left Central Asia their primary means of identity, seeing as it was andwas the instituted republics in ordergained to their fulfill independence, the needs of the only establishment that remained constant governments could not provide dependable and stable after independence. The kolkhoz, healthcare, stable wages, or various goods. Class to this day, remains an expression of rural solidarity, and has become an entrenched actor clan networks.13 Being a member of a kinship in the economic sector.11 conflict transformed into a struggle between and ensured citizens had an established identity.group signified Clan networks a sense ofbecame security more and desirable stability, as they reached beyond both national and regional politics. Politicians adapted to balance the power of clan elites in order to maintain legitimacy and stability in their regime. In this way, an individual’s political voice came to rely 14 In addition, clans established complete controlentirely uponover theclan socialidentification. lives of their citizens,

as marriage, education, and elections. Clans allowedhaving the traditionalism final say on aand range conservatism of issues, such to One of the famous Aral Sea shipwrecks that now not valued because they were needed to work clutter the landscape due to the desertification of flourish. For example, education of children was the sea from damaging irrigation techniques used in kolkhoz farming. sellin the hand fields. made Women goods through especially the black found market. it more15 In the division of the ethnic groups Nepotismprofitable toand work bribery part time became in agriculture widespread and in Turkestan, Joseph Stalin strategically and are today the accepted methods by which dismembered the Ferghana Valley, which was a clan can insert their youth into universities the cultural epicenter of Central Asia. The now isolated Pamir localities were forced to look inward, creating a sense of clannish identity. Soviet policies tended to reinforce this sense of a divided and scattered society, which collectivization institutionalized through the break up of traditional valley loyalties.12 Through A young girl the kolkhoz, clan kinship networks formed in in traditional these sequestered communities that were, or Tajik dress

Historical 31 Soviet Legacy in Central Asia

or political positions.16 There was no incentive for children to work hard in school due to the state-approved Islam with appointed clergy.21 lack of value placed on grades and on learning communism.Since Islam was Thus, under they state instituted control, an citizens official in general. The system bred rewards for loyalty began to feel that their only means of expression and patronage, rather than innovation and and identity were being taken from them. In its creativity.17 within the smaller clans, further strengthening A Strict Traditionalism theirplace, bonds. unofficial22 Radicalization forms of Islam became began to extremely take root Within the clan, each member was rampant in the prison system. Typically, men designated a particular role that was usually would enter prison well aware that they would based on that clan’s perceived notion of Islam. likely never leave, so they often turned to Women were often designated as second-class religion as their only source of hope. Radical citizens. As kalin, or daughters-in-law, they Islamist groups such as Hizb-u-Tahrir and the were treated very poorly, Islamic Renaissance Party used often doing a majority of the “The policies of this to their advantage. These collectivization and parties also targeted migratory the household. Marriage was religious repression during laborers who, upon returning hard labor in the fields and in almost always arranged and the Soviet regime helped from abroad, faced bleak was often conducted between prospects of employment. accentuate the power They often turned to radical strengthen clan bonds.18 In of the clan, and enabled organizations as an outlet for directfirst cousins opposition in anto the effort ideals to the future rise of radical their anger and frustration. of the Islamic community, organizations.” Only the most strict and the Bolsheviks believed that conservative Islamic groups women would only be able to realize their full directly opposed the Soviet regime, considering potential by enlisting in the workforce.19 Thus, it actually encouraged the same ideals of following the fall of the communist regime, education, employment, and redistribution many women stopped working, renouncing of wealth as Islam.23 The United States saw former Soviet ideals. Women who continued Islamism as an antidote to socialism and thus to work were frequently harassed or treated hoped to use these groups to defeat the Soviets, with suspicion by their husbands.20 The men, as was done in Afghanistan. The main issue with who were unaccustomed to the idea of an this was that, as stated above, only the most independent woman, often feared that their radical groups opposed the regime. Thus, the U.S. wives were carrying out affairs while at work. sent support to the same radical organizations that now directly threaten regional security.24 to result from Soviet policies was radical Islamism,One which of the was most initially significant spurred themes by Moving Beyond the Soviet Era religious repression during communist times. The policies of collectivization and Authoritarian leaders used Islam both as a tool to religious repression during the Soviet regime legitimize oppressive rule and as a scapegoat for helped accentuate the power of the clan, and economic and social problems. Moscow feared enabled the future rise of radical organizations. Islam could be a unifying force against Soviet In the interest of their own political and

32 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Mickel

continue to turn towards radical organizations crippled through nepotism, corruption, and and clan networks for employment, pay, and theeconomic manufacture profit, theof fake Soviets identities. left Central Following Asia household goods. In addition, if the prevalence the collapse of the USSR, the locals’ needs for of repression in mahallas continues to be consistency and stability induced them to turn overlooked, the nation’s citizens will sink deeper into poverty and ignorance from the poor independent, authoritarian regimes created. quality of education and the lack of appreciation Unfortunately,to clan networks theseto fill theclosed voids thatcommunities, the newly or reward for intelligence and ingenuity. The through their control over all aspects of life, continuous repression of individuality and cut members off from many modern ideas and creativity will stunt hopes for development of inhibited any concept of individualism. a real national identity. The Soviet era policies Most of the Central Asian nations are of collectivism and religious repression have now ruled by repressive authoritarian regimes led the Central Asian nations to settle into the while the relevance of kinship networks, radical disconnected and dependent republics that Islamism, and the traditionalism of the countries exist today. continue to inhibit any progress. If these nations truly want to become economically stable and independent, the regimes must be willing to change their propensity towards corruption and Chelsea Mickel is a Political Science major, provide necessary goods to their populations. Class of 2015 Without a dependable government to ensure and provide for their livelihoods, citizens will

Cotton kolkhoz, or collective farming, is done by hand. Children are often pulled out of school during harvest season to work in the fields.

Historical 33 Photo Diaries

34 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Wang

Taiwan By Angela Wang, CSOM ‘16

One of many Buddhist temples scattered around the old city of Tainan Usually when people think of Taiwan, they picture famous landmarks, such as the iconic Taipei 101 skyscraper. After spending three months in Taiwan, however, I found that some of my most memorable experiences took place during my travels to the less modernized and less crowded areas around the beautiful island. These pictures are just a few of many that will always remind me of the places, people, cuisines, religions, and languages that I encountered on my journey. Here is a taste of what one would miss if under the impression that the sprawling northern city of Taipei is all that Taiwan has to offer.

Photo Diaries 35 Taiwan

Top: The crisp, cool air deep in the forest of Alishan is a refreshing break from the heat, humidity, and noise of Taipei.

Left: Lu Rou Fan is possibly the most delicious and typical Taiwanese food.

36 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Wang

Top Left: Sunrise at Sun Moon Lake is remarkably serene, with the calm waters not yet disturbed by human activity.

Top Right: Taiwan takes on the feel of a tropical island at Sun Moon Lake, just after the sun has set.

Bottom: The famously beautiful view of the sunrise from the top of Alishan Mountain

Photo Diaries 37 Germany By J.H. Daniel Lee, A&S ‘14

My experience abroad in Bavaria provided me with a new international perspective and understanding of the world. Munich and the state of Bavaria are distinctly different from the German capital city of Berlin. Southern Germany values its independent culture, and the state of Bavaria is considered a “free state” within the Federal Republic of Germany. While multiculturalism is recognized as the color of Berlin, Munich values its local culture more than anything. At the same time, Bavarians are well educated and internationally aware. This is perhaps best demonstrated by their welcoming attitude and proud introduction of their special culture to visitors.

38 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Lee

Left Top: Protesters gather in Marienplatz, under the slogan “München ist bunt” (Munich is colorful), to protest against racism.

Left Bottom: The beautiful sunset of Dresden, in the Free State of Saxony

Top: During the Frülingsfest in Munich, these humorous men, originally from the south of Bavaria, visited to celebrate a wedding.

Right: Midnight serenity by the Altmühl river near the small city of Eichstätt

Photo Diaries 39 New Zealand By Jessica Zuban, A&S ‘15

Overlooking the Red Crater in Tongariro Alpine Crossing, in the North Island

New Zealand is the size of Colorado, and there are more sheep than people. The “highways” are single-laned and kiwis (New Zealanders) consider a line of five cars to be traffic. In only one hour you can go from surfing along the beach to ice climbing on mountainous peaks. In my time here, I’ve white-water kayaked, skied steep slopes, stepped into hobbit holes, and rock climbed in Narnia. No other place in the world is as beautifully diverse and exciting as Champagne Pool in Waimangu Volcanic Valley at Wai-O-Tapu New Zealand. Geothermal Wonderland in the North Island

40 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Zuban

Above: Bilbo Baggins hobbit hole in Hobbiton, Matamata in the North Island

Above: Bouldering in Castle Hill in the South Island (filming site of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe)

Right: Water taxi ride along the Coastal Track to Split Apple Rock, Abel Tasman National Park in the South Island

Photo Diaries 41 Current Affairs

42 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Ross

The Great Firewall Post-Tiananmen Online Censorship and Dissent By Katherine Ross

“The Chinese have found a new platform for dissent that leaves them less vulnerable to violent repression.”

China not only has the world’s largest number of internet users, but also the world’s largest market for internet cafes.

While the phrase “Tiananmen Square Square Massacre in China is hard to assess. Massacre” has become a buzzword in the The lack of demonstrations that “approach the West for the Chinese government’s perpetual 1989 movement in number of participants, violation of its citizens’ human rights, it has a far the duration of the protests, or the number more complex connotation in China. Canadian of cities in which demonstrations occurred journalist Jan Wong says of the immediate simultaneously”4 might indicate indifference, an aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square inability to discuss sensitive events, or simple Massacre: “Although it had been years since I ignorance in modern-day China. had been a Maoist, I still harbored some small If the Chinese government succeeds hope for China. Now even that was gone.”1 in the erasure of Tiananmen Square from According to Asian Studies scholar Belinda China’s shared historical narrative then the Kong, “The term ‘Tiananmen Square Massacre’ underlying causes behind the protests may of the later twentieth century’.”2 Today it is cannot be understated. Accounts such as that impossiblehas firmly entered to talk aboutinto the the ‘political incident, vocabulary let alone ofbe a lost young forever. factory The technician significance “whose of such right a lossear search Baidu (the Chinese equivalent of Google) was torn off and right arm crushed”5 by a tank at for Tiananmen Square-related terms, such as “six four”, “23”, “candle”, and “never forget.”3 the collective Chinese consciousness, it will be Therefore, the true legacy of the 1989 Tiananmen forgottenTiananmen that Square he feared will becomeleaving hisinsignificant. home for six In

Current Affairs 43 The Great Firewall

months following the massacre. He is a “living in China’s efforts to modernize its economy, he contradiction to the government’s Big Lie”6 that purportedly said, “I think, none.”8 no tanks had crushed students that day. In January of 1987, Hu resigned. The The death of Hu Yaobang, a disgraced after recognizing his mistakes on major issues member, provided the impetus for the 1989 ofofficial political party principle, line was such that as he his had “tolerance done so protests.ex-government Jan Wong official expresses and high-ranking bewilderment CCP for dissidents”.9 Rather than being dismissed at the fuss over Hu’s death, describing him as for his failure to contain protests, Hu was “a political has-been” and “party hack.”7 Hu forced to resign. Within two years, the Chinese had been purged two years earlier as Deng government was able to twist the political Xiaoping’s heir-apparent after failing to contain narrative of Hu Yaobang so that his fall from the 1986 student demonstrations. Although Jan grace was the result of an ugly combination of Wong contends that the relationship between ambition and incompetence. The smearing of protestors and the media was symbiotic, the Hu’s name in 1989 gave students a reason to New York Times’ obituary is dated months stage protests in Beijing, calling for his name to before Tiananmen Square, and could not have be cleared and his reputation restored.10 been written as a result of the event. Hu Yaobang There are two conditions encouraging is described as being “the exception” in a nation individuals to actively participate in where caution is often over-valued. When asked demonstrations: if the state is unlikely to which of Mao Zedong’s thoughts were applicable respond to a protest with repressive violence

Figure 1: Timeline of online censorship in China v 44 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Ross

and if there are enough other participants in the vulnerable to violent repression. They are now protest that, should the state choose to act, the able to protest out of the government’s reach via likelihood of any particular individual becoming the online community. a victim is reduced.11 In 1989, mild government Perhaps China’s vibrant internet action in response to demonstrations in 1978 community is the legacy of the Tiananmen and 1986 led students to wrongly believe that Square Massacre, and protest demonstrations their government would not send the army to have taken on a uniquely Chinese form. slaughter unarmed protestors in the streets. Instead of gathering in the streets to shame Today, the possibility the government into adopting still remains of the Chinese “Perhaps China’s vibrant more progressive policies, their government erasing the bloody internet community objections are channeled online. events of June 4, 1989 from the is the legacy of the collective consciousness of the Tiananmen Square Chinese internet users have thus Chinese people. Yet whether Massacre, and protest beenIs it possibleable to exercise that the is solely influence the China still has such a tight grip demonstrations have consequence of an increasingly on the voices of its populace smaller world? remains to be seen in light of taken on a uniquely Chinese authors who recent technological advances. Chinese form.” choose to write about Tiananmen For example, in spite of the supposedly strict censorship of material pertaining to Tiananmen censorship of June 4th, their audience is not Square, some users of the Twitter-like Sina primarilySquare are composed keenly of aware readers that, in the given PRC, official but of Weibo were able to upload photos evocative Chinese and non-Chinese audiences around the of the event on its 23rd anniversary.12 A few world.16 Ren Bumei, the former student activist, months ago, Chinese internet users petitioned the U.S. White House to “investigate and deport” 15 years of callous indifference, 15 years of a suspect in the case of a poisoned university concluded that “15 years without self-reflection, student in China in 1994.13 On May 3rd, 2013, Chinese government censors blocked searches and posts about the case. When “online furor 14 By May 7th, Global Times, a state-run newspaper, wrotegrew, thethat floodgatesChinese citizens were opened.”should not use the

suggested that the case would no longer be White House as a “foreign petition-office”, and reneged on its decision to censor sensitive material.covered up.When This censors is not disabled the first the time ‘comment’ Beijing function on local microblogs in the spring of last Riot police on streets of Urumqi, China to deal year, restrictions were removed after only three with ethnic Uighur protestors in 2009; as a direct days.15 This suggests that the Chinese have found consequence, the government blocked off all internet a new platform for dissent that leaves them less access in the region until the following year. v Current Affairs 45 The Great Firewall

Figure 2: Websites and terms blocked by Chinese authorities speechless rage or rageless speech…shows that China, he states that “the populace’s cry for June 4 [1989] was not really a turning point for democracy arose from a desire not for political [China].”17 deposition but for socioeconomic equality… Wang Hui, a former participant in the for a guaranteeing [of] social justice and the Beijing protests and one of the last students to democratization of economic life.”18 Hui’s leave Tiananmen Square on June 4th, supports paper continues to give life to the memory of this supposition in his paper about the event. Tiananmen, making us aware that the Chinese His paper has never been published in the people must be conscious of the tragedies of mainland, but circulates widely on the internet the past. The crux of his argument was that the and in translations abroad. In his insight on protests at Tiananmen Square were peaceful the 1989 massacre and its impact on modern and democratic, and that they represent the moment the possibility for true socialism in China died. Although Tiananmen seems to be of less interest to most youth today, it is typical to

media for being “reliant and rebellious, cynical andfind Chinesepragmatic, youth self-centered under attack andin the equality- Chinese obsessed.”19 It is also worth noting that Chinese youth “can lay claim to having a [long] tradition of revolutionary credentials.”20 This could be one explanation for the attempts by the state- controlled media to discredit their actions, Tiananmen Square preemptively. The specificity of the censored 46 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Ross

from behind the scenes, to abdicate.24 This was actually a thinly veiled demand for Deng

of dissent has continued in Chinese microblogs inXiaoping spite of to thestep “Great down fromFirewall.” office. Until This recently, method it was impossible to even type the name of the President or any of the high-ranking government

when a politically controversial event occurs, micro-bloggersofficials’ surnames make into use the of searchpuns and engine. alternative Thus, spellings to get around government censors in order to critically discuss the issue at hand. According to the Chinese government’s “Protecting China’s Innocents from Smut, own estimates of June 1989, “demonstrations Violence, and the Dalai Lama” occurred in each of China’s twenty-nine Tiananmen Square-related terms such as “six provinces and in eighty-four of its cities. Over four”, “23”, “candle” and “never forget” would two million students from over six hundred imply that Chinese internet users are already institutions of higher learning nationwide familiar with the details of Tiananmen.21 participated.”25 Ren Bumei said that, in regards to the massacre that followed, “all my writing government protest in Chinese Communist history”, During22 the theChinese first “spontaneous,people indirectly anti- or lesser extent, there is nothing that does not expressed their anger at the reign of Mao originatehas been influencedfrom that by seething this tragedy spring – to anda greater that and the Gang of Four. The Monument to the blood-soaked dawn.”26 To say that the impact of People’s Heroes in Tiananmen Square was Tiananmen Square can be reduced to a death toll covered with poems attacking of 3,000, or that it was a blight on both Empress Wu Zetian, a “Whether consciously or China’s path to modernization, seventh-century Tang dynasty not, the Chinese people would be a mistake. Whether have continued the consciously or not, the Chinese emperor, who executed scholars people have continued the andempress, used andcorvée the labor first to Chinese build legacy of Tiananmen legacy of Tiananmen Square by the Great Wall of China. These Square by expressing expressing dissent even under poems used the Tang empress dissent even under oppression, and perhaps today and Qin emperor as surrogates oppression.” they are more aware of what that for Chairman and Madame Mao, means than they were in 1989. implementing a very Chinese technique of dissent: using the past to attack the present.23 This practice was used again during the protests in 1989, when crowds in front of the Central Katherine Ross is a Political Science and Committee headquarters called for the Empress Economics double major, Class of 2015 Dowager Ci Xi, infamous for controlling politics

Current Affairs 47 Chinese Real Estate “Bubble” By Sean Ahn

“What appears to be frenzied real estate speculation... is simply natural growth in a developing economy.”

China’s rapid development has led to massive construction projects across the country.

It is a monstrous threat looming over the world economy, a real estate bubble ready not fully capturing the Chinese phenomenon, andmarket thus behavior rendering and the capitalist very notion financial of a systems, Chinese economic tremors throughout the global real estate bubble irrelevant? economy.to burst. For It will almost be a a decade, financial these shock images sending have gradually permeated the minds of economists Origins and Causes around the world, as real estate prices in In the mid-2000s, the Chinese stock China have soared higher and higher. What is market plummeted, as the key index, a major interesting about these images and predictions indicator of the overall performance of the is that homebuyers in China, middle-class and market, fell by more than 50%.1 It was apparent savvy as they may be, totally dismiss much of the world’s warnings and keep on buying. Are not (and some argue, still cannot) provide the masses caught up in what world-renowned alternativethat China’s investment outdated venues financial for sectorpeople couldwith economist John Maynard Keynes would call money in their hands. There is simply the bank animal spirits? Is there an irrational expectation or the real estate market. The government- of endless wealth resulting in a frenzy of real estate speculation? Or are the “conventional” economic models, designed to explain Western owned banking system offers fixed interest rates below the inflation level, in order to offer cheap finance to the massive government-owned 48 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Ahn

industrial sector. This may be good for the A Deeper Look at Market Forces industrial sector, but it is bad for the individual While on the surface the Chinese depositor who hopes for high interest rates on phenomenon may have eerie similarities to the his monetary accounts. Since the bank interest dysfunction and consumer over-optimism, China could be as high as 10% in a given year, any pre-2008 U.S. situation, with financial sector moneyrate is belowdeposit the is annual depreciating, inflation or rate, losing which value, in social factors that make the Chinese situation rapidly. Thus, the collapse of the stock market ratherthere aredifferent. significant As government underlying economicdecisions and forced people with savings to turn to buying real estate, which unlike a bank deposit will, at money towards real estate, a 300 million strong Chinesefaulty financialmiddle class, mechanisms the size of werethe entire pushing U.S. land and property prices doubled in those early population, was simultaneously emerging. The yearsthe very of the least, Chinese keep upreal with estate inflation. As a result, Chinese economy has been boom, as a massive amount growing at an average of 8% a of money was reallocated to “As government decisions year over the past 3 decades. real estate. A second wave and faulty financial With such dizzying economic of price explosion (doubling mechanisms were pushing growth comes a hunger for or tripling, depending on money towards real estate, consumption, and the number location) started in early 2009, one goal of any Chinese when the government put a 300 million strong Chinese family is to own a home. In forth a 4 trillion Yuan ($635 middle class, the size of the addition, quick and massive billion) stimulus package entire U.S. population, was rural-to-urban migration has in response to the global simultaneously emerging.” generated a waitlist of eager real estate buyers.3 In other mandated new lending and words, much of what appears authorizedfinancial crisis. new Theinfrastructure stimulus projects (i.e. the to be frenzied real estate speculation (in the world’s most extensive bullet train network).2 context of advanced economies) is simply In economics terminology, this increase in natural growth in a developing economy. This government spending had a multiplying effect on output and income, which rippled through the economy and kept it red-hot. Eventually, the economic equilibrium moved to an even higher level of output and income. Simply put, the stimulus was a government overreaction that resulted in a frenzy of real estate buying. This frenzy has not exactly ended, but has rather been kept at bay by government restrictions on home ownership. Another round of frenzied purchases occurred in early 2013, when new leadership promised wage increases for the general work force. U.S. dollar and Chinese renminbi notes

Current Affairs 49 Chinese Real Estate “Bubble”

difference is important because natural growth has a sustainable foundation, while speculation is destined to collapse. To further clarify, we must take a closer look at the numbers.

By the Numbers According to the 2012 IMF Global Stability Report, the house price to income ratio for Shanghai was 15.9 and 22.3 for Beijing, which is almost triple and quadruple the ratios for L.A. and New York, respectively (Figure 1).4 Such Figure 1: Ratio of House Price to Annual Household numbers in a developed world economy would Income for Selected Cities, 2011 surely suggest the market is over-priced, but since China is an emerging economy growing at out. Again, the situation in China is remarkably an unprecedented pace, long-term commodities, different from that of the U.S. before the 2008 such as real estate, are managed in anticipation meltdown. Firstly, Chinese banks have a stringent of future values. The economic growth rate in standard for loan applicants, and, depending on China for the past 30 years has been roughly 8% which category a borrower falls into, require a a year (15% in some regions). Wage increases 30-50% down payment for a mortgage. Secondly, between 1998-2010 were 13.8% (12.3% for the ability of the buyer to pay back the mortgage 2011, 14% for 2012). Simply put, is a key difference, though tough to the high ratios for a unique case “Real estate in China measure quantitatively. Besides a like China do not necessarily mean may naturally be high saving tendency, the Chinese the market is overpriced.5 6 worth more because household can also rely on a A concept to further of different cultural reservoir of extended family and consider is that real estate in sentiments.” friends who offer no-interest loans China may naturally be worth (grounded in personal trust and more because of different cultural sentiments and consumer preferences. In China, home unique difference in the Chinese social structure, ownership is not only the center of the Chinese comparedfamily relationships) to most of the and Western flat-out world, grants. affects This dream, but also the foundation of a family’s sense real economic outcomes and must be given its of security. In fact, the prerequisite for most place in analysis models. An astounding 50% marriages in China is that the groom (sometimes of the homes bought in China were paid in with the bride’s help) must purchase a home. full with cash at the time of purchase.7 Finally, People avoid renting at any cost, which leads to the next question. central banks have the backing of a determined governmentas a last shield with against the world’s financial largest collapse, foreign the Is There A Bubble? currency reserve in U.S. dollars. After all is said and done, the crucial The World Bank has concluded that real question is whether the Chinese homeowner estate price increases are supportable thanks has the ability to pay back the loans he has taken to the rapid urbanization and income gains in

50 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Ahn

People’s Bank of China China.8 Nevertheless, this does not mean the Chinese market is healthy. As previously stated, behaviors of a Western, capitalist society. China the government-controlled banking system is isare neither designed Western to interpret nor a marketcomplete and system financial of free market capitalism. Considering the relative sustainability of China’s real estate market, a cheapdysfunctional. loans to It state-ownedprovides fixed industries. rates below In the inflation rate that are geared towards providing be reformed to provide more transparency and andmore GDP likely catches scenario up isover a gradualtime, rather deflation, than asa investmentlong term, the products Chinese for financial money sector holders. needs Right to catastrophicthe government collapse. curbs inflationary pressures now, the most effective action to take would of market forces. Setting loose interest rates wouldbe allowing weaken interest real ratesmoney to bedemand, more reflective pulling Sean Ahn is an Economics major, money out of the real estate sector and back into Class of 2014

The trade-off is that the massive, state-owned banks, dramatically deflating real estate prices. themselves in the broader market. industrialWhile firms on wouldthe surface then havethe Chinese to fend real for estate boom has certain characteristics of a housing bubble, there are some crucial differences in the Chinese case that escape the conventional definition. Many key indicators Current Affairs 51 Endnotes & References

The NFL’s Strategy for Globalization By Nicholas A. Volpe

1. “Sportsother-major-sports-2012-10. Chart of the Day: NFL Revenue is Nearly 25% More Than MLB,” Last Modified October 9, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/sports-chart-of-the-day-nfl-revenue-still-dwarfs-

2. “Roger Goodell supports Euro expansion,” Last Modified October 29, 2012, http://sports.espn. go.com/nfl/news/story?id=5741331 4.3. Ibid.“NFL Europa to cease operations,” Last Modified June 29, 2007, http://web.archive.org/ web/20070703064828/www.nfl.com/news/story/10240829 www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/sports/25iht-NFLE.html 5. Carlson, Mike. “NFL Europe struggles with German issue,” Last Modified April 26, 2006, http:// size.html 6. Abari, Tonya, “NFL Rules for Squad Size,” http://www.ehow.com/facts_4794004_nfl-rules-squad-

7. Pasquarelli, Len. “NFL Europa failed to produce players, profits,” Last Modified June 29, 2007, http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/story?columnist=pasquarelli_len&id=2920635 8. “NFL commissioner says Super Bowl may someday be held in London,” Last Modified October 15, 2007, http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=nfl&id=3065083. 9. Jane,working-in-london/ Spencer. “Is The Annual NFL International Series Working in London?” Last Modified May 21, 2012, http://cippinonsports.com/2012/05/21/is-the-annual-nfl-international-series-

10. Dosh,europe-2 Kristi, “NFL tries home-team approach in Europe,” Last Modified January 20, 2012, http:// 11. Ibid.espn.go.com/blog/playbook/dollars/post/_/id/262/nfl-tries-home-team-approach-in- 12. Ibid.

http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1677240,00.html 13. Altman, Alex. “NFL Brings a Different Football to Europe,” Last Modified October 29, 2007, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122350239608216819.html 14. Futterman, Matthew. “Football Tries a New Play to Score Overseas,” Last Modified October 9,

16.15. Ibid.Bechta, Jack. “How NFL Can Expand Abroad,” Last Modified October 25, 2012, http://www. 17. Quirk,huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/25/how-nfl-can-expand-abroad-london_n_2016085.html Kevin. Not Now, Honey, I’m Watching the Game (Fireside Books, 2007), 17-21. 18. Futterman, Matthew. “Football Tries a New Play to Score Overseas.”

52 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 19. “Roger Goodell supports Euro expansion” ESPN.

2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/05/sports/football/pro-football-makes-a-play-for- 20. Bajaj,india.html Vikas, and Ken Belson. “Pro Football Makes a Play for India,” Last Modified December 4, 21. Galeano, Eduardo. Soccer in Sun and Shadow (Verso, 2003), 30-33.

Image 1: http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/miscellaneous/3933/the_snapshot_ny.html Image 2: http://americanfootball.wikia.com Image 3: http://www.nytimes.com

Memorializing Argentine State Terrorism By Ashley Dowd

1. Núria and Roberto. Personal Interview. 26 June 2012. 2. Roberto U. Personal Interview. 9 July 2012. 3. Núria and Roberto. Personal Interview. 26 June 2012. 4. Roberto U. Personal Interview. 9 July 2012. 5. María. Personal Interview. 7 July 2012. 6. Mariela. Personal Interview 2 July 2012. 7. Ibid. 8. Álvaro. Personal Interview. 12 July 2012.

Endnotes & References 53 Soviet Legacy in Central Asia By Chelsea Mickel

Worldwide. International Crisis Group, 12 Feb. 2009. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. On the Road 16 to Failure.” International Crisis Group: Working to Prevent Conflict 2. Critchlow, James. Nationalism in Uzbekistan: A Soviet Republic’s Road to Sovereignty. Boulder: Westview, 1991. Print. 62 3. Khalid, Adeeb. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. 88 4. Ibid., 95. 5. Ibid., 94. 6. Roy, Olivier. The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations. London [u.a.: Tauris, 2007. Print. 61 7. Ibid., 74. 8. Ibid., 61. 9. Critchlow, James. Nationalism in Uzbekistan: A Soviet Republic’s Road to Sovereignty. Boulder: Westview, 1991. Print. 62 10. Khalid, Adeeb. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. 76 11. Roy, Olivier. The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations. London [u.a.: Tauris, 2007. Print. 185 12. Johnson, Robert. Oil, Islam and Conflict: Central Asia since 1945. London: Reaktion, 2007. Print. 81 13. Khalid, Adeeb. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. 79 14. Ibid., 87. 15. Lubin, Nancy, and Murray Feshbach. “Who Gets Hired for What?” Labour and Nationality in Soviet Central Asia. London: Macmillan [usw., 1984. Print. 172 16. Ibid., 163. 17. Johnson, Robert. Oil, Islam and Conflict: Central Asia since 1945. London: Reaktion, 2007. Print. 33 18. Massell, Gregory J. “Moslim Women as a Surrogate Proletariat: Soviet Perceptions of Female Inferiority.” The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1974. Print. 19. Khalid, Adeeb. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. 73 20. Massell, Gregory J. “Moslim Women as a Surrogate Proletariat: Soviet Perceptions of Female Inferiority.” The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1974. Print.

54 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 21. Johnson, Robert. Oil, Islam and Conflict: Central Asia since 1945. London: Reaktion, 2007. Print. 63 22. Khalid, Adeeb. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. 105-7 23. Ibid., 17. 24. Ibid.

Image 1: http://www.mirutadelaseda.com Figure 1: Wikipedia adaptation from Edward Allworth (1967)

Image 2: http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mbltm4BUAK1rs45nwo1_500.jpg ImageFigure 3:2: http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/15/http://writersteppe.files.wordpress.com f2/67/15f267a02160e30b3764c034686f0aff.jpg Image 4: http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/47311000/jpg/_47311183_kazakh-cotton13.jpg

Endnotes & References 55 The Great Firewall: Freedom of Speech on the Internet in China By Katherine Ross

1. Wong, Jan. Red China Blues (New York: Anchor Books, 1996), 259. 2. Kong, Belinda. “Conclusion: The Square Comes Full Circle” in Tiananmen Fictions outside the Square (Philadelpha: Temple University Press, 2012), 237. 3. Moskvitch, Katia. “China bans Tiananmen Square-related web search terms”, BBC News, June 4, 2012. 4. Mason, T. David and J. Clements, “Tiananmen Square Thirteen Years After: The Prospects

5. Wong, 257. 6. Ibid.for Civil Unrest in China” in Asian Affairs 29. 3 (Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 2002): 159. 7. Ibid., 225. 8. Kristof, Nicholas D. “Hu Yaobang, Ex-Party Chief in China, Dies at 73”, The New York Times, April 16, 1989. 9. Ibid. 10. Mason, 164. 11. Ibid., 163. 12. Moskvitch. 13. “Who you gonna call?” The Economist, May 8, 2013. 14. Ibid.

May 1, 2012. 16.15. Kong,Moskvitch, 241. Katia. “Cracks in the Wall: Will China’s Great Firewall backfire?”, BBC News, 17. Ibid., 238. 18. Ibid., 245. 19. Rosen, 360. 20. Ibid. 21. Moskvitch, Katia. “China bans”. 22. Ibid., 167. 23. Ibid., 168. 24. Ibid., 226. 25. Mason, 164. 26. Kong, 238.

Image 1: The New York Times, 20 Dec. 2012. Figure 1: The Economist, 6 Apr. 2013. Image 2: BBC News. “In photos: Xinjiang Protests”. 2009. Figure 2: The Economist, 6 Apr. 2013. Image 3: article.wn.com Image 4: The Economist, 25 July 2009.

56 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1 Chinese Real Estate “Bubble” By Sean Ahn

1. Chenard, Marty. “China Stock Market Crash Update: The Real Story ...”. Marketoracle.co.uk. May 30, 2007. 2. Barboza, David. “China Unveils Sweeping Plan for Economy”. The New York Times. November 9, 2008. 3. “China: Degree of urbanization from 2002 to 2012”. statista.com. 5-3-2013. 4. “Global Financial Stability Report, April, 2012: The Quest for Lasting Stability”. International Monetary Fund. 52. 5. Orlik, Tom. “Rising Wages Pose Dilemma for China.” The Wall Street Journal Online Edition. May 17, 2013, 8:01 p.m. ET 6. Li, et al. “The End of Cheap Chinese Labor.” Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 26, Number 4, 59. 7. Powell, Bill. “China’s Property: Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble”. Time Magazine. Mar. 22, 2010 8. “China Quarterly Update - November 2009”. World Bank. www-wds.worldbank.org.

Image 1: Bahe, Jonathan. http://www.di.net

Figure 1: International Monetary Fund. “Global Financial Stability Report, April, 2012: The Quest for Image 2:Lasting http://blogs.r.ftdata.co.uk/beyond-brics/files/2012/09/renminbi-dollar.jpg Stability”. Image 3: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/4283203.jpg

Endnotes & References 57 Guidelines for Kaleidoscope Submissions

1. Any topic relating to international affairs, cultures, and history, as well as personal cultural experiences, is acceptable. Any graduate and undergraduate student may submit to Kaleidoscope, although Boston College students are preferred.

2. Papers should be submitted in Microsoft Word format. Single-spaced, size 12 font, and submissions should not exceed 10 pages. At least three relavent photos, with captions and sources, are required.

3. Photo diaries and other creative submissions are encouraged. Photo diaries should include at least 5 photos with captions and a brief description of the photo set.

4. Please submit, along with your submission, your name, school, department, year, and contact information.

5. Any and all material that is not your own must be cited, including photos and images, using Chicago Citation Style.

6. Submissions should be emailed to [email protected] with the word “Submission” included in the subject line.

58 Kaleidoscope Journal Vol. 5 Issue 1