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French and Francophone Narratives of Race and Racism University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2019 Writing Verdicts: French And Francophone Narratives Of Race And Racism Andrea Lloyd University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Recommended Citation Lloyd, Andrea, "Writing Verdicts: French And Francophone Narratives Of Race And Racism" (2019). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3538. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3538 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3538 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Writing Verdicts: French And Francophone Narratives Of Race And Racism Abstract Inspired by Didier Eribon's La société comme verdict, this dissertation examines how the novelistic representation of racism and racialization in French-language texts can push back against a collective social verdict in France that stigmatizes non-white peoples as lesser and as other. Though discussing the existence of race is still taboo in France, I show that this stigmatization is in fact a racial verdict, or one that operates through racialization, as opposed to a verdict predicated on sexuality, gender, or class. To do so, I analyze the representation of racial hierarchies and the experience of racism in six novels written in French: Daniel Biyaoula's L'Impasse, Gisèle Pineau's L'Exil selon Julia, Leïla Sebbar's Le Chinois vert d'Afrique, Zahia Rahmani's "Musulman" roman, Cyril Bedel's Sale nègre, and Bessora's 53 cm. As I argue, these authors resist racial verdicts by writing about and examining the place of the ethnic minority individual in French society. In so doing they also issue counter verdicts that condemn society, individuals, and the state for their complicity in maintaining an unjust status quo. I first demonstrate that the racial hierarchies introduced during the colonial era to justify the exploitation and domination of non-white peoples continue to mark French society, operating as a collective societal verdict that marks those perceived as "colored" according to the sign of stigma. This judgment is first and foremost tied to phenotype–the inescapable physical body–but also includes fluid markers like religion, speech, dress and culture. Second, I examine this racial verdict through three lenses–"blackness," "arabness," and "whiteness"–interrogating both how the authors present its impact on society and individuals–, thus proving its very existence–and how they refute it. Once exposed, verdict is countered through the rehabilitation of stigmatized identities such as blackness, the indictment of the impulse to categorize individuals based on race, the condemnation of the French state for its exclusion of its own citizens, and the revelation that whiteness–the source of the racial hierarchy–is both colored and founded on emptiness. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Romance Languages First Advisor Gerald Prince Keywords beur, blackness, Francophone literature, postcolonial studies, whiteness This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3538 WRITING VERDICTS: FRENCH AND FRANCOPHONE NARRATIVES OF RACE AND RACISM Andrea Lloyd A DISSERTATION in French For the Graduate Group in Romance Languages Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 Supervisor of Dissertation ____________________ Gerald J. Prince , Professor of Romance Languages Graduate Group Chairperson ____________________ Gerald J. Prince, Professor of Romance Languages Dissertation Committee Gerald J. Prince, Professor of Romance Languages Lydie Moudileno, Professor of French and Professor in American Studies and Ethnicity Scott Francis, Assistant Professor of Romance Languages ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor, Lydie Moudileno, for her continual and exceptional support and guidance over the years. Though I cannot possibly list here all the ways in which she has contributed to my formation as a scholar, I want to explicitly acknowledge the gentle nudge that pushed me in the direction of studying race, without which this particular dissertation would not have come to be, as well as her invaluable feedback throughout the writing process. Second, I am deeply grateful to Gerry Prince, who so graciously gave me extra feedback, who has served on every committee from my MA exam to acting as my dissertation chair, and whose lessons on narratology both shaped me as a reader and as a teacher. Thank you as well to Scott Francis, who helped shape my dissertation from the earliest days of its creation, and who stepped in as my third reader, and to Heather Sharkey for her suggestion that I pursue the angle of music in my first chapter, whose course on North African history helped inspire this project, and who provided invaluable guidance on how to survive the dissertation process. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Department of Anthropology, and specifically to Deborah Thomas and Richard Leventhal, for allowing me to participate in their year-long colloquium created for second year anthropology PhD students, the topic of which just so happened to be race. This course is directly responsible for shifting my focus from immigration to race more generally, and the knowledge I gained from the invited speakers and readings proved invaluable to my research. Thank you to FSS as well for inviting me to give a works in progress talk on my third chapter, and to all those who attended and provided feedback and questions. Last but not least I would like to thank my friends and family, who offered advice and support throughout this process: Leah–as the one who went before–for serving as a sounding board at all hours of the day, for answering my endless questions about writing, and for being one of the best "buddies" one could wish for; Fiona, for those hours spent writing together; Rob, for your continual support and for keeping me sane; my parents for inspiring me to pursue a PhD ii through their example, and Dad specifically for his professorial guidance from the time I applied to graduate school until the end; and Allison for your constant support and faith in me. iii ABSTRACT WRITING VERDICTS: FRENCH AND FRANCOPHONE NARRATIVES OF RACE AND RACISM Andrea Lloyd Professor Gerald J. Prince Inspired by Didier Eribon's La société comme verdict, this dissertation examines how the novelistic representation of racism and racialization in French-language texts can push back against a collective social verdict in France that stigmatizes non-white peoples as lesser and as other. Though discussing the existence of race is still taboo in France, I show that this stigmatization is in fact a racial verdict, or one that operates through racialization, as opposed to a verdict predicated on sexuality, gender, or class. To do so, I analyze the representation of racial hierarchies and the experience of racism in six novels written in French: Daniel Biyaoula's L'Impasse, Gisèle Pineau's L'Exil selon Julia, Leïla Sebbar's Le Chinois vert d'Afrique, Zahia Rahmani's "Musulman" roman, Cyril Bedel's Sale nègre, and Bessora's 53 cm. As I argue, these authors resist racial verdicts by writing about and examining the place of the ethnic minority individual in French society. In so doing they also issue counter verdicts that condemn society, individuals, and the state for their complicity in maintaining an unjust status quo. I first demonstrate that the racial hierarchies introduced during the colonial era to justify the exploitation and domination of non-white peoples continue to mark French society, operating as a collective societal verdict that marks those perceived as "colored" according to the sign of stigma. This judgment is first and foremost tied to phenotype–the inescapable physical body–but also includes fluid markers like religion, speech, dress and culture. Second, I examine this racial verdict through three lenses–"blackness," "arabness," and "whiteness"–interrogating both how the authors present its impact on society and individuals–, thus proving its very existence–and how they refute it. Once exposed, verdict is countered through the rehabilitation of stigmatized identities such as blackness, the indictment of the impulse to categorize individuals based on race, the condemnation of the French state for its exclusion of its own citizens, and the revelation that whiteness–the source of the racial hierarchy–is both colored and founded on emptiness. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................................II ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... IV INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1–BECOMING BLACK AND ARAB: A HISTORY OF RACE-MAKING IN THE FRANCOPHONE CONTEXT ........................................................................................................19 Noir, nègre, esclave: Inventing Race, Creating Blackness............................................................22 From North African to Arabo-musulman........................................................................................33 Contemporary
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