DOCSLIB.ORG

AAMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1034 the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY June 26, 1939 New York City

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AAMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1034 the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY June 26, 1939 New York City AAMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1034 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY June 26, 1939 New York City A STUDY OF TETRAMERYX AND ASSOCIATED FOSSILS FROM PAPAGO SPRING CAVE, SONOITA, ARIZONA BY EDWIN H. COLBERT AND ROBERT G. CHAFFEE INTRODUCTION During the summer of 1934, Messrs. of its horns. Not only is Tetrameryx of Quentin Roosevelt and J. W. Burden ex- interest because of its anatomnical features, plored a limestone cave near Papago Spring, but also because of its association, for some two and one-half miles southwest of Roosevelt and Burden found pottery frag- Sonoita, Santa Cruz County, Arizona, and, ments and other artifacts in Papago Spring as a result of their field work, discovered cave that would seem to point to the fact various skull and skeletal remains of the that Tetrameryx onusrosagris was contem- Pleistocene antilocaprid, Tetrameryx. poraneous with early man in southwestern These fossils were sent to the American United States. Moreover, among the as- Museum, where they were prepared and sociated mammalian remains is a bone of stored. In November of the same year, the Pleistocene North American horse, Roosevelt and Burden' described some of Equus, which also once lived in the South- the material that they had collected, allot- west with early man. Evidently these ting it to a new species of the genus Tetra- fossil animals, now extinct in North Amer- meryx, namely: Tetrameryx onusrosagris. ica, persisted on this continent to within a In the spring of 1936, these two gentle- few thousands of years ago, as did many men made an additional exploration of the other typically "Pleistocene" mammals, Papago Spring cave, with the result that and the discovery at Papago Spring cave additional specimens of Tetrameryx were constitutes one more record of the post- discovered, so that we now have fairly Pleistocene persistence of Pleistocene types. complete skull and skeletal material of The purpose of this contribution is to Tetrameryx onusrosagris, as well as a few make a detailed study of Tetrameryx onus- other fossils that were associated with this rosagris, comparing it point for point with extinct antelope. the recent Antilocapra americana, and so Because of the complete series of fossil far as the known material permits, with skulls and skeletal remains from Sonoita, other fossil antilocaprids. The fossils as- we are able for the first time to make an sociated with Tetrameryx in the Papago adequate comparative study of this now Spring cave will also be described. extinct genus. This form is of particular Acknowledgments are due to Messrs. interest in that it resembles very closely Roosevelt and Burden for the interest they the modern pronghorn (as will be shown have shown in the Papago Spring cave de- in posit, and for their laborious and careful below) most of its structural characters, work of collecting the fossils hereinafter yet is quite different as to the development described. The American Museum of 1 Roosevelt, Quentin, and Burden, J. W., 1934, Natural History is also indebted to these "A New Species of Antilocaprine, Tetrameryx onus- rosagris, from a Pleistocene Cave Deposit in Southern gentlemen for their kindness in presenting Arizona." Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 754. the fossils to this institution. OCCURRENCE OF THE FOSSILS Papago Spring cave is located in a lime- Arizona. This locality is in the basin stone hill in the Canelo Hills, some two range section of western United States, and a half miles southwest of Sonoita, characterized by block mountains an(d 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NO VITA TES[[No. 1034 igneous cores separated by wide bolson is probably of a relatively recent geologic deposits. Faulting, folding and tilting of date, having been formed by solution dur- the sedimentary beds is common in this ing Pleistocene, or perhaps late Tertiary region, and the deposits in which Papago times. Certainly the deposits within the Spring cave is formed are tilted to an angle cave are all of Pleistocene or post-Pleisto- of some thirty or forty (legrees. The cene age. Fig. 1. (Above) View to the northwest from the summit of the cave-hill. (Below) View of the cave-hill from a point one-fourth of a mile southwest of the cave entrance. The cave entrance is on the side of the hill facing the observer, but is screened from view by the trees. limestones of the Canelo Hills are of De- Mr. Burdlen's (lescription of the cave is vonian, Carboniferous and Permian age,. presented at this point, to serve as an ex- relate(d to the Martin and Tornado lime- planation for the figure of the cave, shown stones of a(djacent regions. In this con- in the accompanying illustration. nection it rnight be saidl that some pro- Entrance "A" is the largest of the two known ductids found in the wall of the cave would entrances and is simply a direct drop of approxi- mately twenty-five feet. Its walls bear signs indicate a probable Permian age for the of water erosion and it seems likely that a beds containing them. The cave, itself, stream once ran through it into the cave. At 1939 ] TETRAMERYX AND OTHER FOSSILS FROM ARIZONA 3 its northwest end big rocks and boulders have and then goes up at a 15 degree angle as far as fallen in. Its mouth is about sixty feet up the the one hundred and sixty-five foot mark. It hillside and is sheltered by overhanging rocks and then continues on a level as far as the two a tree. hundred and ninety-five foot mark, where it Entrance "B" is the one we used all the time, drops directly down in a corkscrew shaped and it is exceedingly narrow. Its mouth is tunnel. about forty feet above the ground (i.e., up the The height of the tunnel varies from three feet hill) and is almost hidden by a dense clump of to about twenty feet, while the main cavern is bushes. This entrance consists of a narrow about thirty feet high in its widest part. bending passage between large, loose boulders, The first fossil deposit contained the first and it descends at an angle of 45 to 60 degrees skull we ever discovered, together with three I Fig. 2. (Left) View from the top of the tunnel, showing fragmentary fossils exposed on a ledge. (Right) Interior of Papago Spring cave, near the main fossil deposit. for about twelve feet and then turns northeast other skulls and numerous bones. This deposit into a small cavern. This in turn opens first was apparently connected with deposit 2, be- into a still larger cavern, and, finally, into the cause the strata seemed to continue up to the main room of the cave. The floor, all the way tunnel mouth. The second deposit has ap- down the cave, from the first small cavern to parently been exposed to the air too long, for the sixty foot mark, descends at an angle of the bones it contains are exceedingly brittle. 25 to 30 degrees and is composed of loose rocks The third deposit has furnished us with most of and soft earth. From the sixty foot to the our bones. It is a "jutting-out" promontory eighty foot mark it dips still more to about of hard limestone-cemented rubble almost en- 45 degrees. It then levels out (down the tunnel) tirely undermined, and was probably a section to about a 10 degree angle as far as the one of the old cave floor. (Burden, J. W., Letter to hundred and ten foot mark, drops a bit more Walter Granger, dated April 29, 1936.) Tunnel continue-s approximately 80 feet and then becomes impassa6le 2' Ii0'- N MAP of PAPAGO SPRING CAVE by J.W. Burden and Quent;n Roosevel+ Loos0 6one fragments Pottery 6 First Fossil deposit .Se,.nvIA X \ Third I.I <> ~)Entfance B Distance in feet approximate Fig. 3. Map of Papago Spring cave, near Sonoita, Arizona. (Drawn by J. W. Burden and Quentin Roosevelt.) Ca) fti 4) cs .2 c3 k C; cq -. ~al -4- N Nq E.4- 0a) nN "3 ,0 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1034 DESCRIPTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS Tetrameryx onusrosagris Roosevelt uppermost Pleistocene or subrecent. Papago and Burden Spring cave, south of Sonoita, Arizona. DIAGNOSIS.-Approximately equal to Anti- Tetrameryx onusrosagris, ROOSEVELT AND locapra in size, but with shorter, stockier limbs BURDEN, 1934, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 754. and a heavier body. Orbits less protruding Stockoceros onusrosagris, FRICK, 1937, Bull. than in the modern pronghorn, and but slightly Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., LXIX, p. 527. turned anteriorly. Canine-premolar diastema TYPE.-Amer. Mus. No. 22488, a broken skull and muzzle relatively shorter than in Antilo- with the horn cores, cranium, basicranium, capra. Two pairs of subequal horn cores with cheek-teeth and nasals preserved. Maxillae elliptical cross-sections, arising on either side broken, premaxillae missing. from a common base above the orbit. These REFERRED SPEcIMENs.-(Referred to this horn cores branch in an antero-posterior plane species in the original type description.) and at an angle of about 45 degrees. (T. Amer. Mus. No. 22489, a broken skull with shuleri, the generic type, has a long posterior right horn cores, occiput, basicranium, right branch; T. (Stockocero8) conklingi has horn upper M3, left upper M2 and M3, maxillae cores more nearly parallel to each other; T. and nasals broken, premaxillae missing. onu8rosagris ref. from Burnett cave has a 27 Amer. Mus. No. 22484, fragment of occiput, degree angle between the branches; five detached horn cores, and four fragments Hayoceros of has an elongated cross-section of the anterior rami. core as in Antilocapra, and a sub-rounded Amer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Genus-Level Phylogenetic Analysis of Antilocapridae And
    A GENUS-LEVEL PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ANTILOCAPRIDAE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF HEADGEAR MORPHOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY by HOLLEY MAY FLORA A THESIS Presented to the Department of EArth Sciences And the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partiAl fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MAster of Science September 2019 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Holley MAy Flora Title: A Genus-level Phylogenetic Analysis of AntilocApridae and ImplicAtions for the Evolution of HeAdgeAr Morphology and PAleoecology This Thesis has been accepted and approved in partiAl fulfillment of the requirements for the MAster of Science degree in the Department of EArth Sciences by: EdwArd Byrd DAvis Advisor SAmAntha S. B. Hopkins Core Member Matthew Polizzotto Core Member Stephen Frost Institutional RepresentAtive And JAnet Woodruff-Borden DeAn of the Graduate School Original Approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School Degree awArded September 2019. ii ã 2019 Holley MAy Flora This work is licensed under a CreAtive Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Holley MAy Flora MAster of Science Department of EArth Sciences September 2019 Title: A Genus-level Phylogenetic Analysis of AntilocApridae and ImplicAtions for the Evolution of HeAdgeAr Morphology and PAleoecology The shapes of Artiodactyl heAdgeAr plAy key roles in interactions with their environment and eAch other. Consequently, heAdgeAr morphology cAn be used to predict behavior. For eXAmple, lArger, recurved horns are typicAl of gregarious, lArge-bodied AnimAls fighting for mAtes. SmAller spike-like horns are more characteristic of small- bodied, paired mAtes from closed environments. Here, I report a genus-level clAdistic Analysis of the extinct family, AntilocApridae, testing prior hypotheses of evolutionary history And heAdgeAr evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
    [Show full text]
  • LA BREA TAR PITS Name______
    LA BREA TAR PITS Name_________________________ Please answer the following questions about the La Brea Tar Pits (George C. Page) Museum. The answers for these questions will be found inside the museum. Just after entering the museum, there is a movie theater. Go catch the movie (it is short), and write any five important facts from this movie. Name of movie_________________ F1: F2: F3: F4: F5: 1. How old is this deposit of tar? Era_______________ Period_______________ Epoch_______________ 2. Describe how “tar” traps animal and planet life. 3. Who was Glossotherium harlani? How big did it get? 4. What kind of human bones have been found at La Brea? How old are these bones? How old was the human when he or she died? 5. What was Smilodon californicus? What were its eating habits? 6. At La Brea, they found at least 159 skeletons of what large plant eater? 7. What was Mammuthus columbi? How big was it? 8. Who is Bison antiquus? How many skeletons of this critter did they find? How do they compare to the modern Bison? 9. Who was Mammoth americanum? To which modern day critter are they related? 10. Who was Capromeryx minor? 11. The “wall of jaws” is an awesome display of the jaws of what critter? What did they eat? Why do you think so many got stuck in the tar? 12. Who’s bigger, the American Lion or the California Saber Tooth Cat? Compare their sizes. 13. What was Equus occidentalis? What modern day animal is it related to? 14. How many different species of dinosaurs have been found in the tar pits? Why? 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Ppsad~A. Calif~Ia. ' 1 Corit1'ibut!On No
    ' . With two ~figures ' .. ,, , [RepriD.ted from Ca.rnegie Institution of W~n Pu'blicatioJl No. 4<K Pag~ 4$> to 53. Iseub~ AugJst, 1930] I ' I Balth{(iraduqte 1 Scfw~l of tM G'f.l.ogic~l S'*"'­ Cqlifornif.i rlnstitilte of Tedinol.off - Ppsad~a. Calif~ia. ' 1 Corit1'ibut!on No.,. ,a g· 1 I v CAPROMERYX MINOR TAYLOR FROM THE McKITTRICK PLEISTOCENE, CALIFORNIA By EUSTACE L. Fum.oNG With two text-figures 49 CAPROMERYX MINOR TAYLOR FROM THE McKITTRICK PLEISTOCENE, CALIFORNIA INTRODUCTION The occurrence of a Pleistocene vertebrate fauna in an e.sphalt deposit near McKittrick, California, has been reported by J. C. Merriam and C. Stock. Since the publication of the provisional list of mammals from this locality, several types new to the assemb­ lage have been discovered in the deposit. Among these should be recorded the small antilocaprid, Capromeryx minor. This species occurs here in association with the prong-horn antelope Antilocapra. Three species of the genus Capromeryx are now known from the Pleistocene of North America. The type, C. furcifer, was described by Matthew 1 from Hay Springs, Nebraska. C. minor Taylor 2 occurs at Rancho La Brea, and C. mexicana Furlong 8 is recorded from Tequixquiac, Mexico. The occurrence of C. minor at McKittrick extends the range of this species during the Pleistocene from the Los Angeles basin to the Great Valley of California. Members of the family Antilocapridre are apparently sparsely represented in the McKittrick fauna, as only one individual of Capromeryx has been found, while several individuals of Antilocapra are known to occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Geology of Eastern South Dakota
    Pleistocene Geology of Eastern South Dakota GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 262 Pleistocene Geology of Eastern South Dakota By RICHARD FOSTER FLINT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 262 Prepared as part of the program of the Department of the Interior *Jfor the development-L of*J the Missouri River basin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1955 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $3 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract_ _ _____-_-_________________--_--____---__ 1 Pre- Wisconsin nonglacial deposits, ______________ 41 Scope and purpose of study._________________________ 2 Stratigraphic sequence in Nebraska and Iowa_ 42 Field work and acknowledgments._______-_____-_----_ 3 Stream deposits. _____________________ 42 Earlier studies____________________________________ 4 Loess sheets _ _ ______________________ 43 Geography.________________________________________ 5 Weathering profiles. __________________ 44 Topography and drainage______________________ 5 Stream deposits in South Dakota ___________ 45 Minnesota River-Red River lowland. _________ 5 Sand and gravel- _____________________ 45 Coteau des Prairies.________________________ 6 Distribution and thickness. ________ 45 Surface expression._____________________ 6 Physical character. _______________ 45 General geology._______________________ 7 Description by localities ___________ 46 Subdivisions. ________-___--_-_-_-______ 9 Conditions of deposition ___________ 50 James River lowland.__________-__-___-_--__ 9 Age and correlation_______________ 51 General features._________-____--_-__-__ 9 Clayey silt. __________________________ 52 Lake Dakota plain____________________ 10 Loveland loess in South Dakota. ___________ 52 James River highlands...-------.-.---.- 11 Weathering profiles and buried soils. ________ 53 Coteau du Missouri..___________--_-_-__-___ 12 Synthesis of pre- Wisconsin stratigraphy.
    [Show full text]
  • Carnegie Institution of Washington Monograph Series
    BTILL UMI Carnegie Institution of Washington Monograph Series BT ILL UMI 1 The Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. 1902. Octavo, 16 pp. 2 The Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. Articles of Incorporation, Deed of Trust, etc. 1902. Octavo, 15 pp. 3 The Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. Proceedings of the Board of Trustees, January, 1902. 1902. Octavo, 15 pp. 4 CONARD, HENRY S. The Waterlilies: A Monograph of the Genus Nymphaea. 1905. Quarto, [1] + xiii + 279 pp., 30 pls., 82 figs. 5 BURNHAM, S. W. A General Catalogue of Double Stars within 121° of the North Pole. 1906. Quarto. Part I. The Catalogue. pp. [2] + lv + 1–256r. Part II. Notes to the Catalogue. pp. viii + 257–1086. 6 COVILLE, FREDERICK VERNON, and DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL. Desert Botani- cal Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution. 1903. Octavo, vi + 58 pp., 29 pls., 4 figs. 7 RICHARDS, THEODORE WILLIAM, and WILFRED NEWSOME STULL. New Method for Determining Compressibility. 1903. Octavo, 45 pp., 5 figs. 8 FARLOW, WILLIAM G. Bibliographical Index of North American Fungi. Vol. 1, Part 1. Abrothallus to Badhamia. 1905. Octavo, xxxv + 312 pp. 9 HILL, GEORGE WILLIAM, The Collected Mathematical Works of. Quarto. Vol. I. With introduction by H. POINCARÉ. 1905. xix + 363 pp. +errata, frontispiece. Vol. II. 1906. vii + 339 pp. + errata. Vol. III. 1906. iv + 577 pp. Vol. IV. 1907. vi + 460 pp. 10 NEWCOMB, SIMON. On the Position of the Galactic and Other Principal Planes toward Which the Stars Tend to Crowd. (Contributions to Stellar Statistics, First Paper.) 1904. Quarto, ii + 32 pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for Authors
    GUIDE TO MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION FOR THE JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Adherence to the Guide to Manuscript Preparation provided here is mandatory. Do not rely on older issues of the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (JVP) as a style guide. All manuscripts must be submitted electronically through the ManuscriptCentral/ScholarOne man- uscripts submission site at https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jvp. For assistance with this process, please use the help tools provided through links at the web site. Note also that strict adherence to the fle-format, resolution, and size requirements for fgures is absolutely essential for fnal acceptance to JVP. Note also that JVP has stricter requirements for data sharing and open access to data than those posted on the journal web page, which are those imposed by the publishers, TAylor & Francis, on all their journals. MANUSCRIPTS Manuscript Categories The Journal publishes two categories of papers: Articles and Short Communications. Authors must indicate during submission in which category they wish their manuscript to be considered. The JVP no longer publishes book reviews. Book reviews should be submitted to the Society of Ver- tebrate Paleontology Newsletter. Monographs can be considered for publication as supplements to the Journal; consult the Mono- graphs Editor prior to submission. Articles—Manuscripts intended as Articles (papers of 6 or more printed pages in the Journal) must not exceed 100 pages of double-spaced typescript including references, tables, and appendices at US Let- ter (21.5 by 28.0 cm; 8.5 by 11.0 in) or A4 (21.0 by 29.7 cm) page size. Longer manuscripts, or ones with an unusually large number of fgures or tables, may be considered, but the Senior Editors must be consulted prior to submission.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 TABLE S1 Global List of Extinct and Extant Megafaunal Genera By
    Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.. 2006. 37:215-50 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate Koch and Barnosky TABLE S1 Global list of extinct and extant megafaunal genera by continent. STATUS TAXON TIME AFRICA Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Acinonyx Panthera Hyaenidae Crocuta Hyaena Ursidae Ursusa Primates Gorilla Proboscidea Elephantidae C Elephas <100 Loxodonta Perissodactyla Equidae S Equus <100 E Hipparion <100 Rhinocerotidae Ceratotherium Diceros E Stephanorhinus <100 Artiodactyla Bovidae Addax Ammotragus Antidorcas Alcelaphus Aepyceros C Bos 11.5-0 Capra Cephalopus Connochaetes Damaliscus Gazella S Hippotragus <100 Kobus E Rhynotragus/Megalotragus 11.5-0 Oryx E Pelorovis 11.5-0 E Parmulariusa <100 Redunca Sigmoceros Syncerus Taurotragus Tragelaphus Camelidae C Camelus <100 1 Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.. 2006. 37:215-50 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate Koch and Barnosky Cervidae E Megaceroides <100 Giraffidae S Giraffa <100 Okapia Hippopotamidae Hexaprotodon Hippopotamus Suidae Hylochoerus Phacochoerus Potamochoerus Susa Tubulidenta Orycteropus AUSTRALIA Reptilia Varanidae E Megalania 50-15.5 Meiolanidae E Meiolania 50-15.5 E Ninjemys <100 Crocodylidae E Palimnarchus 50-15.5 E Quinkana 50-15.5 Boiidae? E Wonambi 100-50 Aves E Genyornis 50-15.5 Mammalia Marsupialia Diprotodontidae E Diprotodon 50-15.5 E Euowenia <100 E Euryzygoma <100 E Nototherium <100 E Zygomaturus 100-50 Macropodidae S Macropus 100-50 E Procoptodon <100 E Protemnodon 50-15.5 E Simosthenurus 50-15.5 E Sthenurus 100-50 Palorchestidae E Palorchestes 50-15.5 Thylacoleonidae E Thylacoleo 50-15.5 Vombatidae S Lasiorhinus <100 E Phascolomys <100 E Phascolonus 50-15.5 E Ramsayia <100 2 Supplemental Material: Annu.
    [Show full text]
  • A Part of Juniper Ridge Adjacent to the Squaw
    CORDILLERAN SECTION MEETING AT CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY IN APRIL IGNEOUS FEATURES OF JUNIPER RIDGE, OREGON BY JOHN ELIOT ALLEN * A part of Juniper Ridge adjacent to the Squaw Butte Ranch, in Harney County, Oregon, discloses extrusive or shallow-intrusive masses of igneous rock with internal structures so complex that all features could not be mapped at a scale of 1000 feet to the inch. These features were studied in an area of about a square mile in sec. 36, T. 23 S., R. 25 E., and sec. 1, T. 24 S. Rocks of five igneous types, all closely related, were discriminated in the mapping: Porphyritic obsidian, light-gray; mostly as float. Porphyritic obsidian, red; as dikes. Perlitic obsidian, largely black but red in part, lithophysae abundant at many places; as small lenses. Porphyritic andesite, gray or red and gray in fine bands; commonly has platy parting between bands, which are contorted at places. Porphyritic andesite, dark-gray to reddish, massive, lithophysae abundant at many places. Flow banding in and lenses of the above types of rock may vary rapidly in attitude within tens of feet; in a few places the finely banded phase is so contorted that attitudes could not be plotted on the scale used. Similar sequences of rock types occur in several sections, which, together with centripetal dips of flow banding, are interpreted in two localities as indicating centers of plug dome intrusion, fan-shaped in cross section. The original volcanic extrusive structures were eroded to produce a fairly level surface. Four northwest-southeast trending splinter faults broke this surface, with the downdropped side of each fault to the north and vertical displacements of 50 to 250 feet.
    [Show full text]
  • LA BREA TAR PITS Name______F16 Please Answer the Following Questions About the La Brea Tar Pits (George C
    LA BREA TAR PITS Name_________________________ F16 Please answer the following questions about the La Brea Tar Pits (George C. Page) Museum. The answers for these questions will be found inside the museum. 1. How old is this deposit of tar? You may need to look this up in your textbook… Era_______________ Period_______________ Epoch_______________ 2. Describe how “tar” traps animal and planet life. 3. Who was Glossotherium harlani? How big did it get? 4. What kind of human bones have been found at La Brea? How old are these bones? How old was the human when he or she died? 5. What was Smilodon californicus? What were its eating habits? 6. At La Brea, they found at least 159 skeletons of what large plant eater? 7. What was Mammuthus columbi? How big was it? 8. Who is Bison antiquus? How many skeletons of this critter did they find? How do they compare to the modern Bison? 9. Who was Mammoth americanum? To which modern day critter are they related? 10. Who was Capromeryx minor? 11. The “wall of jaws” is an awesome display of the jaws of what critter? What did they eat? Why do you think so many got stuck in the tar? 12. What types of plants are fossilized here in La Brea? Give the scientific name and common name for at least three: Scientific Name Common Name __________________________ ________________________ __________________________ ________________________ __________________________ ________________________ 13. What is the American Lion’s new name? Who is bigger, this one or the California Saber Tooth Cat? 14. What was Equus occidentalis? What modern day animal is it related to? 15.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Animal Weapons
    The Evolution of Animal Weapons Douglas J. Emlen Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2008. 39:387-413 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on animal diversity, sexual selection, male competition, horns, antlers, tusks September 2, 2008 The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Abstract Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org Males in many species invest substantially in structures that are used in com- This article's doi: bat with rivals over access to females. These weapons can attain extreme 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173 502 proportions and have diversified in form repeatedly. I review empirical lit- Copyright © 2008 by Annual Reviews. erature on the function and evolution of sexually selected weapons to clarify All rights reserved important unanswered questions for future research. Despite their many 1543-592X/08/1201-0387$20.00 shapes and sizes, and the multitude of habitats within which they function, animal weapons share many properties: They evolve when males are able to defend spatially restricted critical resources, they are typically the most variable morphological structures of these species, and this variation hon- estly reflects among-individual differences in body size or quality. What is not clear is how, or why, these weapons diverge in form. The potential for male competition to drive rapid divergence in weapon morphology remains one of the most exciting and understudied topics in sexual selection research today. 3*7 INTRODUCTION Sexual selection is credited with the evolution of nature's most extravagant structures, and these include showy male adornments that are attractive to females (ornaments) and an arsenal of outgrowths that function in male-male combat (weapons) (Darwin 1871).
    [Show full text]
  • Nmg25n2: New Mexico Geological Society Spring Meeting Abs 2003
    analyses of these and other stalagmites for ele- tional reconstructions over the “collapse,” iden- mental variations. Ultimately this study will tification of the last paleo-water table (base of Abstracts constrain specific relationships between physi- porosity), and circular seismic anomalies (possi- cal, mineralogical, elemental and possibly iso- bly representing deepest preserved cave devel- topic variations in speleothems and changes in opment) deeper within the platform suggest effective precipitation. several periods of exposure in which the El Abra New Mexico Geological Society reef was sub-aerially exposed to altitudes of sev- spring meeting eral thousand feet. The Santa Agueda field 3-D seismic survey and interpretation was the first The New Mexico Geological Society annu- TIMING OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE acquisition and mapping along the western al spring meeting was held on April 11, SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES edge of the Faja de Oro atoll. Special thanks to 2003, at New Mexico Institute of Mining AROUND THE YOUNGER DRYAS, by Vic- PEMEX Exploration-Alfredo Guzman for per- and Technology, Socorro. Following are the tor J. Polyak, [email protected], Jessica B. T. Ras- mission to present this work. abstracts from all sessions given at that mussen, and Yemane Asmerom, Department of meeting. Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 ROLE OF EVAPORITE KARST IN REGION- Session 1—Caves and karst p. 41 Speleothem growth in moisture-limited regions, AL GROUND WATER CIRCULATION IN Session 2—Paleontology p. 43 such as the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexi- THE LOWER PECOS VALLEY, by Lewis A. Session 3—Sedimentology/stratigraphy p.
    [Show full text]