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AER/AGS Open File Report: Mapping Formation-Top Offsets in The AER/AGS Open File Report 2020-02 Mapping Formation-Top Offsets in the Southwestern Alberta Plains, Canada: Methodology and Results AER/AGS Open File Report 2020-02 Mapping Formation-Top Offsets in the Southwestern Alberta Plains, Canada: Methodology and Results S. Mei and R. Schultz Alberta Energy Regulator Alberta Geological Survey October 2020 ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Alberta, 2020 ISBN 978-1-4601-4606-07 The Alberta Energy Regulator / Alberta Geological Survey (AER/AGS), its employees and contractors make no warranty, guarantee or representation, express or implied, or assume any legal liability regarding the correctness, accuracy, completeness or reliability of this publication. Any references to proprietary software and/or any use of proprietary data formats do not constitute endorsement by the AER/AGS of any manufacturer’s product. If you use information from this publication in other publications or presentations, please acknowledge the AER/AGS. We recommend the following reference format: Mei, S and R. Schultz (2020): Mapping formation-top offsets in the southwestern Alberta Plains, Canada: methodology and results; Alberta Energy Regulator / Alberta Geological Survey, AER/AGS Open File Report 2020-02, 34 p. Publications in this series have undergone only limited review and are released essentially as submitted by the author. Published October 2020 by: Alberta Energy Regulator Alberta Geological Survey 4th Floor, Twin Atria Building 4999 – 98th Avenue Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3 Canada Tel: 780.638.4491 Fax: 780.422.1459 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ags.aer.ca AER/AGS Open File Report 2020-02 • iii Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ vi 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 7 2 Geological Background ........................................................................................................................... 9 3 Data and Sources of Error ...................................................................................................................... 15 4 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Data Cleaning and Refinement ...................................................................................................... 16 4.2 Mapping Structural Features .......................................................................................................... 17 4.3 Initial Characterization of Offsets .................................................................................................. 18 4.4 Comparison with Conventional Methods ...................................................................................... 18 5 Results and Interpretation ...................................................................................................................... 19 5.1 Comparison to Previously Reported Faults ................................................................................... 27 6 Conclusions............................................................................................................................................ 30 7 References.............................................................................................................................................. 31 Tables Table 1. Offsets of faults F1–F5 as shown in Figure 13. ............................................................................ 30 Figures Figure 1. Location of the study area in southwestern Alberta. ..................................................................... 8 Figure 2. Stratigraphic nomenclature for the study area. .............................................................................. 9 Figure 3. Bedrock geology map of the study area. ..................................................................................... 11 Figure 4. Generalized geological cross-section of the study area. .............................................................. 12 Figure 5. Previously reported structures in the study area. ......................................................................... 14 Figure 6. The trend surface modelled for the lower Bearpaw Formation flooding surface, clipped to the erosional edge to the east, and the data limit and deformation front to the west. .................................. 20 Figure 7. Residual map of the lower Bearpaw Formation flooding surface, clipped to the erosional edge to the east: (a) includes control wells and (b) map of (a) with interpreted offsets. .................................... 21 Figure 8. Residual map of the Milk River Formation top in the study area: (a) includes control wells and (b) map of (a) with interpreted offsets. .................................................................................................. 22 Figure 9. Residual map of the base of the Fish Scales Formation (BFS) in the study area: (a) includes control wells and (b) map of (a) with interpreted offsets....................................................................... 23 Figure 10. Structure cross-section showing the horizons and log characteristics of the lower Bearpaw Formation surface, the Milk River top and the base of the Fish Scales Formation, as well as the offsets of faults F1 to F4 and possibly the southern extension of fault F5 of Lemieux (1999). ........................ 25 Figure 11. Isopach map of the interval from the base of the Fish Scales Formation (BFS) to the Milk River Formation top: (a) includes control wells and (b) map of (a) with interpreted lineaments. ......... 26 Figure 12. Interpreted offsets from the lower Bearpaw Formation flooding surface, Milk River Formation top, and base of the Fish Scales Formation (BFS) overlain on the isopach map of the interval from the BFS to the top of Milk River Formation. ............................................................................................... 27 Figure 13. Comparison of mapped subsurface linear offsets with previously reported faults. ................... 28 AER/AGS Open File Report 2020-02 • iv Acknowledgements We wish to thank D.I. Pană, D. Palombi, K.E. MacCormack, T.E. Hauck, M. Grobe, and K. Haug, whose editorial review and technical commentaries considerably improved the manuscript. AER/AGS Open File Report 2020-02 • v Abstract This report presents the results of subsurface bedrock structure mapping in southwestern Alberta, Canada, using a methodology that assesses formation-top offsets. Three stratigraphic horizons were selected for mapping subsurface bedrock offsets: the base of the Fish Scales Formation, the top of the Milk River Formation, and the lower Bearpaw Formation flooding surface. The selected surfaces represent, or are close to, marine flooding surfaces in this area and can be considered to approximate a flat-lying surface (datum) and, therefore, are ideal for mapping post-depositional structures. A bedrock offset is defined in this report as any lineament or possible vertical displacement of a bedrock horizon that has been detected using geostatistical analysis of well-log data. This methodology identified numerous potential offsets which have been highlighted using residual maps of these three surfaces. The offset features identified from these surfaces were compared to each other, and to an isopach map of the interval from the base of the Fish Scales Formation to the top of Milk River Formation to evaluate whether these offsets represent potential growth faults. Some of the offsets mapped in this report were found to coincide with previously reported faults, which were identified at isolated riverbank outcrops and interpreted from seismic reflection surveys, and allow for determination of fault orientation and extent. The other offsets highlighted in this report may represent potential faults or differential compaction and highlight areas of geological interest for future structural analysis. AER/AGS Open File Report 2020-02 • vi 1 Introduction In recent years, the Exshaw Formation and adjacent units, the underlying carbonates of the Big Valley and upper Stettler formations and the overlying basal Banff Formation, have emerged as unconventional tight oil resource plays in southwestern Alberta with the advent of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) techniques in horizontal wells. As a result, this area has experienced increased oil and gas development activities and capital investment since 2009 (Zaitlin et al., 2011). The AGS seismicity monitoring network detected a cluster of earthquakes in southwestern Alberta, which may be related to fault reactivation potentially induced by hydraulic fracturing (Schultz et al., 2015). Further investigation into this cluster of earthquakes requires detailed study of the bedrock structure, which may have significant impact on induced seismic events in this area. This study attempts to map subsurface formation-top offsets in southwestern Alberta using well-log data and geostatistical analysis. We define an offset as any lineament of relatively abrupt elevation change of a formation top or bedrock horizon that can be detected using the methodology proposed by Mei
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