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Catholic Evangelization Among Black Nashvillians, 1898-1908 University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2019 “YOU HAVE MADE NO MISTAKE IN SEEKING TO SAVE SOULS AMONG US”: CATHOLIC EVANGELIZATION AMONG BLACK NASHVILLIANS, 1898-1908 Susan Alice Kennedy University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Kennedy, Susan Alice, "“YOU HAVE MADE NO MISTAKE IN SEEKING TO SAVE SOULS AMONG US”: CATHOLIC EVANGELIZATION AMONG BLACK NASHVILLIANS, 1898-1908. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5943 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Susan Alice Kennedy entitled "“YOU HAVE MADE NO MISTAKE IN SEEKING TO SAVE SOULS AMONG US”: CATHOLIC EVANGELIZATION AMONG BLACK NASHVILLIANS, 1898-1908." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. Daniel Feller, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Ernest Freeberg, Luke Harlow, Thomas Haddox Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) “YOU HAVE MADE NO MISTAKE IN SEEKING TO SAVE SOULS AMONG US”: CATHOLIC EVANGELIZATION AMONG BLACK NASHVILLIANS, 1898-1908 A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Susan Alice Kennedy August 2019 Copyright © 2019 by Susan A. Kennedy All rights reserved. ii To the honor of Almighty God iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Sister Ann Marie Karlovic and Mother Anna Grace Neenan who assigned me to begin and complete these studies and to the entire St. Cecilia Congregation who have supported me these many years by prayers and tuition payments and in the needs of every day. I could never express enough gratitude to my parents, Paul and Margaret Kennedy, who gave us life, raised us in the Catholic faith, and taught us how to live by the magnificence of their lives. Their generous love is an anchor to windward. In finishing this degree, I am hoeing out an academic row as I learned in Mt. Vision. I am grateful to my brothers and sisters: Paul, Andy, Meg, Betsey, John, Tricia, Owen, Jim, Katie, Joe, and Anne for their prayers, example, and love. Sister Mary Angela, model of hope, confidence, and ready obedience, helped me through. Dr. Steve Ash and Dr. Dan Feller have shaped my approach to history. Dr. Feller has been a steady, encouraging mentor. Dr. Ernie Freeberg has helped me with independent studies and advice. Dr. Lynn Sacco suggested this dissertation topic. I am grateful to Dr. Feller, Dr. Freeberg, Dr. Luke Harlow, and Dr. Tom Haddox for serving on my committee. I am grateful to fellow UT seminar students, especially Josh Hodge and Brad Phillis, for advice along the way. Deacon Hans Toecker granted me permission to access the Nashville Diocesan Archives. Barbara Baltz, archivist for the Diocese of Nashville, acquainted me with the collections and helped me sift the Bishop Thomas Sebastian Byrne Papers. Carla Canady, archivist for the Josephite Fathers, assisted me hospitably, sharing her vast knowledge of their collection. Stephanie Morris, archivist for the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, kindly helped me to encounter Mother Mary Katharine Drexel and find relevant sources. The Josephite Fathers and Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament extended warm hospitality the weeks I spent in their archives. The Sisters with whom I have lived have given friendship, help, and support. Sr. Marian, Sr. Mary, Sr. Mary Andrew, Sr. Patrick Stephen, Sr. M. Sarah, Sr. M. Esther, Sr. Mary Peter, Sr. Andrea Marie, Sr. Anna Laura, Sr. M. Rebekah, Sr. Maria Joseph, Sr. Margaret Mary, Sr. Angela Marie, Sr. Mara Rose, Sr. Joanna, and others helped with various aspects. Sr. M. Blanchette, Sr. Grace Dominic, Sr. Susanna, Sr. Casey Marie, and Sr. Anna Ruth kept things running smoothly. I am grateful for the support of the faculty, staff, and administrators of Knoxville Catholic High School. My whole department has supported me with prayers and encouragement. Fr. Michael Hendershott translated, helped reorganize, and incisively proposed a new approach. Fr. Christopher Manning loaned me his office and his ear. Bradford Bosarge reminded me of the goal. Kathy Ferowich’s kind smile helped me to endure. Jane Walker was unfailingly understanding. My students brightened every day. St. Mary’s Convent in Oak Ridge has been home to me during these years; I am grateful to the people of St. Mary’s School and Parish, past and present, for their goodness to me. The staff and students of the St. John XXIII Catholic Center gave me a friendly place to park, pray, and work. Kelsey Wicks hammered ideas and motivated me. Courtney Barnes believed in this project. Virginia Wenzel remained a faithful friend. Sister Elaine’s desire to see me finish “that ol’ paper” was an incentive to persevere. Thanks be to God, source of every grace, and to Our Lady. iv ABSTRACT In 1905, Catholic Bishop Thomas Sebastian Byrne of Nashville, Tennessee announced that the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament would open an academy and industrial school for black girls in a recently purchased mansion formerly inhabited by wealthy white Nashville banker Samuel J. Keith. Keith and hundreds of white Nashvillians protested the move, but Bishop Byrne and his collaborators refused to give up their plan and established Immaculate Mother Academy. Many black Nashvillians supported the new school, seeing Byrne’s efforts as a challenge to racial prejudice. This study tells the story of the establishment of the first stable black Catholic institutions in Nashville and their reception by white and black Nashvillians. The history of Immaculate Mother Academy shows the complex interconnection of race, religion, segregation, education, and urbanization in Nashville in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The school’s establishment was one step towards remedying the double bind in which black Catholics found themselves—required as Catholics by the Catholic bishops to educate their children in Catholic schools, they found the doors of most Catholic schools closed to black students. The school’s founding took place at a time of serious discussion in Nashville and throughout the U.S. of models of black education and dispute as to whether black students should be denied avenues to higher education. It likewise took place at a time of rapid demographic change in the city of Nashville, as the city center was changed by the expansion of railroads, industry, and the advent of electric streetcars, while segregation became more pronounced. This study demonstrates that while anti-black prejudice trumped anti-Catholicism as a motivating factor for white Nashvillians such as Keith, Catholic efforts in the face of such prejudice served as an invitation to black leaders to consider the merits of the Catholic position, and to see Catholics as allies in challenging racial prejudice. The school once successfully established was painted by some white Nashvillians as doing good service in the training of future servants, but by many black Nashvillians as offering black students an opportunity for academic learning and musical education as well as industrial training. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter One: The Intersection of U.S. Catholic Educational Norms and the Black Apostolate……………………………………………………………………………...….5 Chapter Two: Nashville: The Diocese, the City, and the Bishop...……………………...49 Chapter Three: A Catholic “Mission” in Nashville…….………………………………..90 Chapter Four: Planning for a Black Catholic School: Debating the Model for Black Education………………………………………………………………………….……123 Chapter Five: The Keith Affair: White Nashville and Immaculate Mother Academy…157 Chapter Six: “Checking the growth of the spirit of caste prejudice”: Catholic Efforts through the Eyes of Black Nashvillians………………………………………………...195 Chapter Seven: Immaculate Mother Academy and Industrial School Underway……...231 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..….262 A Note on Some Archival Material…………………………………………………….275 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………276 Vita……………………………………………………………………………………..292 vi ABBREVIATIONS ADN Archives of the Diocese of Nashville Byrne Papers Bishop Thomas Sebastian Byrne Papers Drexel Box Mother Mary Katharine Drexel Box FP Flanigen Papers, Aquinas College, Nashville, Tennessee JOS Josephite Fathers Archives, Baltimore, Maryland SBS Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament Archives, Bensalem, Pennsylvania vii INTRODUCTION On an evening in late January 1905, Mother Mary Katharine Drexel, erstwhile Philadelphia debutante and heiress, now the superior of a growing Catholic religious community, stepped off a train in Nashville, Tennessee. Drexel had come to join Nashville’s bishop, Thomas Sebastian Byrne, in evaluating a bit of South Nashville property she and Byrne wished to secure for the establishment of an academy for black girls.
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