Ascidies Littorales De Guadeloupe II. Phlébobranches

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Ascidies Littorales De Guadeloupe II. Phlébobranches Bull. Mus. nain. Hist. nat., Paris, 4e sér., 5, 1983, section A, n° 1 : 51-71. Ascidies littorales de Guadeloupe II. Phlébobranches par Claude MONNIOT Résumé. — Quatorze espèces de Phlébobranches ont été récoltées en Guadeloupe. Une est nouvelle pour la science, Ascidia tenue ; quatre étaient considérées comme très rares ou n'avaient jamais été retrouvées depuis leur description. Les synonymies des Perophoridae et de certaines Ascidiidae sont précisées. Abstract. — Fourteen species of Phlebobranchiata were collected in Guadeloupe. Ascidia tenue is a new species ; four were considered as rare or had never been found again since their description. In the Perophoridae and Ascidiidae some synonymies are stated precisely. C. MONNIOT, Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertébrés marins et Malacologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 55, rue Bufjon, 75005 Paris. Au cours d'une mission réalisée du 14 décembre 1980 au 3 janvier 1981, nous avons prospecté les milieux très littoraux de Guadeloupe, en prêtant une attention particulière à la mangrove et aux installations des ports de plaisance, lieux privilégiés pour les impor- tations d'Ascidies. Cette mission a été réalisée dans le cadre de l'action concertée DGRST « Mangroves et zones côtières » (Contrat Claude Bernard, EPIIE Salvat n° 79-7-0453). Elle a été gran- dement facilitée sur le terrain par les chercheurs du Centre Universitaire Antilles-Guyane que nous tenons à remercier ici pour leur hospitalité et leur aide. Les 27 stations prospectées ont été brièvement décrites dans la première note de cette série : MONNIOT F. (1983) ; nous ne les redécrirons donc pas. La faune des Ascidies simples a été autrefois plus récoltée que celle des Ascidies com- posées ; aussi toutes les espèces de Phlébobranches trouvées en Guadeloupe étaient déjà décrites mais sur les quatorze espèces présentes trois n'étaient connues que par leur des- cription originale ; deux autres n'avaient été trouvées que deux fois. Un certain nombre de mises au point de problèmes taxonomiques ont nécessité le recours aux types anciens, en particulier pour comprendre les Perophoridae et les Ascidii- dae. Nous avons réexaminé des espèces de SLUITER, conservées au Zoological Muséum d'Amsterdam, des espèces de TRAUSTEDT, au Muséum de Copenhague, et des espèces de HELLER, au Muséum de Vienne. - 52 - Famille des CIONIDAE Rhopalaea abdominalis (Sluiter, 1898) (Fig. 1) SYNONYMIE : Voir VAN NAME, 1945 : 157, fig. 77. RÉFÉRENCES ADDITIONNELLES : Rhopalaea abdominalis ; MONNIOT C, 1970 : 36, fig. 1, E — Côtes du Brésil ; MILLAR, 1977 : 203 — Côtes du Brésil. STATIONS : 20 — 23. Nous n'avons trouvé cette espèce que sur la pente du récif à l'îlet Pigeon entre 10 et 28 m de profondeur. L'espèce est très caractéristique, elle se présente sous la forme d'un cylindre ovale, nu, violet, terminé par une surface quasiment plane, percée de deux trous identiques. Sur l'animal étendu les lobes buccaux ne sont pas visibles. Le reste du corps, toujours gros- sièrement cylindrique, est fixé dans une fissure. Les exemplaires sont très résistants et diiliciles à détacher du corail mort. Nos spécimens sont beaucoup plus grands que ceux connus : 6,5 cm au lieu de 2 à 3,5 cm. La tunique est de consistance cartilagineuse dans la région thoracique, alors que dans la région abdominale elle devient de plus en plus fibreuse au point de rendre difficile l'extraction de l'abdomen. Le thorax est grand ; il peut être plus grand que l'abdomen. Il est séparé de celui-ci par une constriction nette. La musculature latérale (fig. 1 A) se dispose d'une manière régulière. Elle est formée sur le thorax de nombreux rubans parallèles qui se courbent vers l'endostyle et vers le raphé de manière à leur devenir perpendiculaires. C'est bien l'aspect figuré par VAN NAME (1945). En réalité, ce champ régulier est formé de fibres longitudinales provenant du siphon buccal qui se terminent au niveau de l'endostyle, dans les deux tiers antérieurs de la face ventrale, et de fibres circulaires du siphon cloacal sur le reste du thorax. Les siphons sont munis chacun de six lobes. Entre chaque lobe du siphon buccal il y a un ocelle rouge vif. On compte une quarantaine de tentacules de trois ou quatre ordres disposés assez régulièrement. La base de chaque tentacule est reliée au cercle tentaculaire par un double bourrelet de forme très caractéristique (fig. 1 F). Le bourrelet péricoronal est rectiligne. Il est proche du cercle de tentacules dans sa partie dorsale et éloigné dans sa partie ventrale ; au niveau du tubercule vibratile il forme une languette (fig. 1 F). Le tubercule vibratile a la forme d'un entonnoir béant. Le raphé est constitué de languettes pointues aplaties transversalement et réunies les unes aux autres par une crête basse. Les languettes du raphé correspondent à des sinus transverses mais on observe plus de deux fois plus de sinus que de papilles. La branchie est fine, régulière et les papilles sont pigmentées en rouge. Chez un indi- vidu de 6,5 cm on compte de chaque côté environ quatre-vingt-dix sinus longitudinaux et une centaine de sinus transverses. Les sinus transverses sont étroits mais élevés, les papilles sont aplaties et portent un sinus longitudinal très fin sur leur face dorsale. Les FIG 1. — Rhopalaea abdominalis (Sluiter, 1898) : A, zoïde sorti de sa tunique ; B, C, abdomen plus déve- loppe faces droite et gauche ; D, coupe de l'abdomen au niveau d ; E, coupe au niveau e • F détail des tentacules, du tubercule vibratile et du raphé. (bm, bandelette musculaire ; c, cœur • e 'estomac • îa, intestin antérieur ; ip, intestin postérieur ; ls, lacune sanguine ; o, ovaire : od, oviduète'- sn sner- miducte ; t, testicule.) ' F' F - 54 - mailles branchiales sont allongées longitudinalement et contiennent deux à quatre stig- mates. L'abdomen débute par un rétrécissement. Les organes ne sont pas visibles de l'exté- rieur, l'ensemble du tube digestif et des gonades est emballé dans un tissu épais. Seul le cœur, très volumineux, et les lacunes sanguines sont visibles (fig. 1 B-C). L'estomac est situé dans la moitié antérieure de l'abdomen ; il est plissé intérieurement. Il se prolonge par un intestin complètement inclus dans les tissus. Le rectum est long et s'ouvre par une papille lobée à la base du siphon cloacal. Les gonades sont un peu visibles de l'extérieur sur l'abdomen du côté opposé au cœur ; les parties mâles et femelles sont mélangées. La portion la plus importante des gonades est située entre les deux branches de l'intestin (fig. 1 E). TOKIOKA (1971) décrit de la côte Pacifique du Costa Rica Rhopalaea birkelandi qui semble très abondant « one of the most important members of the benthic communities at the place » (TOKIOKA, 1972 : 390). Cette espèce est d'un bleu brillant. Elle se distingue aisément de R. abdominalis par la brièveté de son abdomen dont la longueur est inférieure au dixième de la longueur du thorax. Famille des CORELLIDAE Corella minuta Traustedt, 1882 (Kg- 2) SYNONYMIE : Voir VAN NAME, 1945 : 211, fig. 123. STATIONS : 4 — 10 — 13 — 14 — 17. Cette espèce très délicate et difficile à voir n'a jusqu'à présent été signalée que quatre fois : Saint-Thomas, Curaçao, Port-au-Prince et à l'ouest de la Floride. Nous l'avons trouvée dans cinq stations différentes autour de la Guadeloupe : à la Pointe des Châteaux, à la Porte d'Enfer, à l'îlet à Cochons et sur des secs au sud-ouest de l'îlet Fajou. Elle n'est jamais abondante et se confond avec de jeunes Ascidia. Elle vit étroitement fixée au rocher par l'ensemble de sa face droite ; elle est transparente et incolore. La tunique est assez épaisse et peut être recouverte d'épibiotes. Les siphons sont tous deux situés sur la face dorsale, le siphon buccal aux trois quarts et le cloacal à la moitié. La face droite du corps est plus développée que la face gauche. Les siphons ne sont pas saillants ; le siphon buccal a huit lobes arrondis, le siphon cloacal cinq et dans chaque interlobe on trouve une tache pigmentaire jaune. La musculature (fig. 2 C) est formée d'un nombre réduit de grosses fibres longitudinales courtes et asymétriques. On compte de trente à cinquante-cinq tentacules de trois ordres, les plus grands étant dorsaux. Ils sont implantés sur un anneau saillant. Le bourrelet péricoronal est très net, élevé. Il forme une grosse languette au niveau du raphé (fig. 2 D). Le tubercule vibratile a la forme d'un simple trou, en urne. Le raphé est constitué de languettes aplaties trans- versalement qui se raccordent aux sinus transverses. - 55 - FIG. 2. — Corella minuta Traustedt, 1882 : A, exemplaire détuniqué face gauche ; B, face droite ; C, ouvert branchie enlevée ; D, détail de l'insertion des tentacules et du complexe neural. La branchie est fine et régulière. On compte environ vingt-cinq sinus longitudinaux complets de chaque côté. Ceux-ci sont portés par des papilles aplaties. Les mailles sont carrées et contiennent chacune un infundibulum hémisphérique formé d'un stigmate spi- rale qui décrit deux à trois tours de spire. Il est parfois interrompu à la base. Bien que le siphon buccal soit reporté du côté droit, l'endostyle n'est pas plus long que le raphé. Il se termine au niveau de la boucle intestinale. Le tube digestif (fig. 2 C) débute par un œsophage très courbé ; l'estomac nettement élargi est marqué par une dizaine de sillons longitudinaux. Il possède une structure en forme - 56 - de cœcum pylorique à la base duquel débouche le canal de la glande pylorique. L'intestin isodiamétrique se termine par un anus à lobes obtus. Chez tous nos exemplaires nous n'avons observé que la partie femelle des gonades.
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