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Remotely Sensed Hydrological Isolation: a Keyfacto R Predicting Plant Speciesdistributio N in Fens Promoter: Dr.Ir

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Remotely Sensed Hydrological Isolation: a Keyfacto R Predicting Plant Speciesdistributio N in Fens Promoter: Dr.Ir Remotely sensed hydrological isolation: a keyfacto r predicting plant speciesdistributio n in fens Promoter: dr.ir. M. Molenaar hoogleraar in de geo-informatica en de ruimtelijke gegevensinwinning Co-promotor: dr. G.B.M. Pedroli senior wetenschappelijk onderzoeker, DLO-Instituut voor Bos- en Natuuronderzoek aMo^^v 26^ Remotely sensed hydrological isolation: a keyfacto r predicting plant species distribution in fens M.E. Sanders PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Wageningen Universiteit, dr. CM. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 1 oktober 1999 om 13.30 uur in de Aula. \- Contents PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 Background of the present study 9 1.2 Objectives 10 1.3 Strategy 11 1.4 Synopsis 13 2 SITE DESCRIPTION OF DE WEERRIBBEN NATURE RESERVE 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Geology 16 2.3 History and land use 17 2.4 Soils 20 2.5 Hydrology 21 2.6 Vegetation 23 3 THEORY AND CONCEPTS 26 3.1 Hydrology 26 3.1.1 Hydrological scales 26 3.1.2 Hydrological models 28 3.2 Vegetation structure 30 3.2.1 Hierarchical vegetation classification 30 3.3 Vegetation and its geographical and remotely sensed characteristics 33 3.3.1 The thematic aspect 34 3.3.2 The geometrical aspect 35 3.3.3 Methodology for deriving remotely sensed vegetation characteristics 36 3.3.4 The ecological significance of the remotely sensed vegetation characteristics 39 3.3.5 Further spatial analysis 41 3.4 Statistical methods 42 3.4.1 Nominal, quantitative and ordinal variables 43 3.4.2 Presences and absences 43 3.4.3 Point distribution 46 3.4.4 Empty classes 46 3.5 Accuracy and reliability 47 3.5.1 Geometrical data 47 3.5.2 Thematic data 48 4 REMOTE SENSING AND VEGETATION STRUCTURE 52 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Material 52 4.2.1 Remotely sensed imagery 52 4.2.2 Maps 55 ^tiotlo\ <?^& STELLINGEN 1. Remote sensing is voor moerasgebieden een efficient hulpmiddel bij het modeleren van hydrologische isolatie {ditproefschrifi). 2. Hydrologische isolatie biedt een eenvoudig en betrouwbaar concept om het v66rkomen van plantensoorten en daarmeehu n potentigle habitat tevoorspelle n {ditproefschrifi). 3. Digitale waarden van gescande "false colour" luchtfoto's zijn direct bruikbaar voor classificatie van verschillen inbiomass ae n natheid inmoerasgebiede n {ditproefschrifi). 4. De "overall" classificatie-nauwkeurigheid is een slechte maat voor de waardering van een classificatie omdat de gebruiksmogelijkheden van remote sensing verschillen per vegetatietype {ditproefschrifi). 5. Beschikbaarheid van gegevens over verdamping van natuurlijke vegetatie vergroot de bruikbaarheid van remote sensing voor het modeleren van hydrologische isolatie {dit proefschrifi). 6. Vegetatietypen hebben geen fuzzy karakter: noch in ruimte en noch in tijd. De vegetatie zelf heeft dit echter wel. W.J. Droesen (1999), Spatial modelling and monitoring of natural landscapes (Thesis WageningenAgricultural University). 7. De opleiding van "Assistent in Opleiding" en "Onderzoeker in Opleiding" sluit niet aan bij de huidige vraag op de arbeidsmarkt. Hun wordt geleerd zelfstandig onderzoek te doen, kennis te vergaren en daarover te publiceren. Modern onderzoek vereist een flexibele marktgerichte instelling, gericht op samenwerking. 8. Het groeiend gebruik van computertechnieken in ecologisch onderzoek heeft een verschuiving van veldbiologie naar ecologische modellering teweeggebracht. Geografische bestanden rijzen alspaddestoele n uit de bodemkaart. Verontachtzaming van de afkomst van deze bestanden zorgt voor redundantie van gegevens waardoor een adequate toetsing van de modellen aan dewerkelijkhei d wordtbelemmerd . 9. De stelling dat door uitbreiding van het oppervlak moeras de kans op malaria en door uitbreiding van het oppervlak bos de kans op de ziekte van Lyme toeneemt, getuigt van een onrealistische en pessimistische kijk op natuurontwikkeling. 10. Onderzoekers en beleidsambtenaren verschillen van mening over de mogelijkheden van remote sensing voor het in kaart brengen van natuurlijke vegetatie. Voor sommigen is het een universele detectiemethodiek en voor anderen heeft zij weinig toegevoegde waarde. Beidemeninge nberuste n op vooroordelen ennie t opee n actuele beoordeling. 11. Hetgekoze n referentiekader bepaalt de ernstva n een probleem. 12. Natuurbeheer is met hamer en nijptang een fijn uurwerkje gelijkzetten, natuuronderzoek is met muis en toetsenbord het mechanisme van een digitale klok bestuderen, natuurbeleid is aan de hand van de digitale tijd hamer en nijptang aansturen het uurwerkje een uur voor te zetten; dewintertij d wordt zomertijd zodat het langer licht blijft. NaarMidas Dekkers, VroegeVogels 1990. Stellingenbehorende bij het proefschrifi vanMarlies Sanders: Remotely sensed hydrological isolation: a keyfactor predicting plant species distribution in fens. Wageningen, 1 oktober 1999. 4.3 Methods 55 4.3.1 Pre-processing 55 4.3.2 Analogue interpretation 60 4.3.3 Digital processing 62 4.4 Results 63 4.5 Evaluation 64 4.6 Discussion 67 4.6.1 Material and methods 67 4.6.2 Results 68 5 GIS AND INDICATIVE PLANT SPECIES 69 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Indicative plant species 69 5.3 Spatial environmental data (site factors) 71 5.3.1 Site factors obtained by remote sensing techniques 73 5.3.2 Site factors on available maps 73 5.3.3 Site factors generated by GIS procedures 74 5.4 Statistics 79 5.4.1 Random points 80 5.4.2 Site factors 80 5.4.3 Logit multiple regression 82 5.5 Results 82 5.5.1 Regression analyses 82 5.5.2 Probability maps 84 5.6 Validation 87 5.6.1 Stability test 87 5.6.2 Accuracy test 87 5.7 Discussion 89 5.7.1 Material and methods 89 5.7.2 Results 89 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROSPECTS 92 6.1 Annotated conclusions 92 6.2 Recommendations 94 6.3 Prospects 95 SUMMARY 96 SAMENVATTING 99 REFERENCES 102 ABRREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 108 APPENDIX 1 109 APPENDIX 2 110 APPENDIX 3 113 APPENDIX 4 115 CURRICULUM VITAE 121 Aan mijn ouders ISBN 90-5808-073-0 Van dit proefschrift is ook een editie verschenen als IBN Scientific Contribution 17 bij het DLO-Instituut voor Bos- en Natuuronderzoek onder ISBN 90-76095-11-6 REMOTELY SENSED HYDROLOGICAL ISOLATION / PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Preface and acknowledgements This thesis is the result of a PhD project that started in 1993,wa s funded by the DLO Institute for Forestry and Nature Research and supervised by Prof.dr.ir. M. Molenaar of the Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing of Wageningen Agricultural University. During this period, Iworke d on three projects related to my PhD project. The first, 'sequential vegetation mapping' was for the Survey Department of Rijkswaterstaat. In the other two projects I worked with Anne Schmidt. One was a project for the National Forest Service called 'wetland vegetation mapping' and the other was a BCRS project called 'monitoring nature target types'. I wish to thank many people for their contribution one way or another to the realization of this thesis. First of all Iwis h to thank my supervisor Martien Molenaar and co-supervisor Bas Pedroli for their inspiration and confidence. My special thanks go to Anne Schmidt, Ruut Wegman and Pieter Slim. They were always there, through good times and bad times. Geert van Wirdum I thank for giving me the opportunity to start this project. Without the motivating guidance of Han van Dobben Iwoul d never have finished it. Jan Clevers is acknowledged for his valuable comments. Cajo ter Braak from the DLO Centre for Biometry Wageningen proposed the statistical methods. Arjan Griffioen helped me with some of the GIS work. I thank Dick Verkaar for doing the right thing at the right moment. I had many stimulating discussions with the other PhD students of WAU and my colleagues in the Ecohydrology section: Wieger Wamelink, Eric Schouwenberg, Diana Prins, John van Smalen, Sytze de Bruin and especially Elisabeth Addink who always had a listening ear. I wish to thank the students and volunteers, who have helped me: Jacqueline, Veronique, Ciska, Dieuwke, Ingeborg, Phil, Mark and Rene. This thesis has come about by the help of Ruut Wegman, Jan van Beek, Roel van Beek, Mieke Pijfers, Joy Burrough-Boenisch and Thorn van Rossum. Iwis h to thank them for their contributions. In two seasons I learned so much about De Weerribben. I enjoyed every second. I want to thank the people of the National Forest Service: Piet op het Hof, Edo Jans, Harry Veenstra, Jeroen Bredenbeek and Dirk Hoen. They were always prepared to help me and to tell me many things about the area and kindly let me use their false colour aerial photographs. 7 REMOTELY SENSED HYDROLOGICAL ISOLATION / INTRODUCT 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the present study Wetlands are one of the world's most important and most threatened environmental resources (Maltby 1991). Studies expressing concern regarding the decline of conservation values of wetland nature reserves are not new (Vermeer & Joosten 1992; Hogg et al. 1994). In The Netherlands, fens face many threats. First, they are at threat from acidification, which is enhanced by acid rainwater. Secondly, heavy fertilization in agricultural areas is polluting groundwater and surface water, causing wetland reserves to become eutrophied. Another threat is water loss to surrounding polders that have a lower water table. Furthermore, fens are being isolated or lost due to an increase of roads, built-up area, etc. Disturbance by tourists and hunters can be added to this list. Traditional management practices, such as reed cutting by hand to harvest reeds for thatch, have been abandoned for economic reasons. Nowadays, reed fens are mown with machinery, irrigated with pumps and sometimes even herbicides are used. When the yield of a reed-bed is too low, it will be abandoned and change into woodland within a couple of years.
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