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La Libération : Les Canadiens En Europe Publié Aussi En Anglais Sous Le Titre Liberation BILL McANDREW • BILL RAWLING • MICHAEL WHITBY LesLA Canadiens LIBÉRATION en Europe LA LIBÉRATION ART GLOBAL LIVERPOOL PREMIÈRE ARMÉE CANADIENNE MANCHESTER IRL LE NORD-OUEST DE L’EUROPE 1944-1945 MER DU NORD BIRMINGHAM Cuxhaven Northampton WILHELMSHAVEN BARRY EMDEN BRISTOL OXFORD THAMES ANGLETERRE OLDENBOURG UXBRIDGE WESER Ysselmeer BRÊM LONDRES Frinton SALISBURY ALDERSHOT Amsterdam LYME REGIS D OW Bridport GUILDFORD NS LA HAYE FALMOUTH PLYMOUTH AMERSFOORT ALLE SOUTHAMPTON D O REIGATE SEVENOAKS W Rotterdam N MARGATE RHIN PORTSMOUTH S Crawley BAS- CANTERBURY WORTHING WAAL Portslade ÎLE FOLKESTONE Shoreham DOUVRES ARNHEM DE Peacehaven RYE FLESSINGUE MINDEN WIGHT NIMEGUE EMS NEWHAVEN Hastings MEUSE OSTEND BOIS-LE-DUC HANOV WESE Erle DUNKERQUE Lembeck CALAIS BRUGES PAS DE CALAIS Wesel R LA MANCHE Boulogne BELGIQUEANVERS PAYS-BASEINDHOVEN RHINE Hardelot GAND HAMM YPRES VENLO HAZEBROUCK RUHR Lippstadt ARMENTIÈRES BRUXELLES München-Gladbach DÜSSELDORF Cherbourg ROER LE TREPORT St. Valery-en-Caux ABBEVILLE Jülich SOMME Aachen COLOGNE DIEPPE Düren MEUSE Le Havre BREST AMIENS Rouen NORMANDIECAEN LISIEUX St. Quentin Remagen BRETAGNE ST. MALO SEINE L AVRANCHES ORNE JUIN 1940 U FALAISE X AISNE E OISE SEDAN M NANTES- B F R A N GASSICOURT C E O U R G TRIER Mainz RENNES REIMS ALENÇON PARIS MOSELLE LAVAL ALLEMAGNERHIN CHARTRES CHATEAUBRIANT LE MANS Sablé-sur-Sarthe ST. NAZAIRE Parcé LO BILL MCANDREW BILL RAWLING MICHAEL WHITBY Édition commémorative du 60 e anniversaire de la libération des Pays-Bas et de la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale en Europe Édition originale ART GLOBAL Données de catalogue avant publication (Canada) McAndrew, Bill, 1934- La Libération : les Canadiens en Europe Publié aussi en anglais sous le titre Liberation. The Canadians in Europe. Comprend des références bibliographiques. ISBN 2-290718-58-4 1. Guerre, 1939-1945 (Mondiale, 2e) — Canada. 2. Canada. Forces armées canadiennes — Histoire — Guerre, 1939-1945 (Mondiale, 2e) 3. Canada — Histoire — 1939-1945. I. Rawling, Bill, 1959-. II. Whitby, Michael J. (Michael Jeffrey), 1954-. III. Titre. D768.15.M3214 1995 940.53’71 Coordonnateur du projet : Serge Bernier Reproduit par la Direction de l’Histoire et du patrimoine des Forces canadiennes, 2005 Photographies des tableaux de guerre : William Kent Illustration de la jaquette : Stéphane Geoffrion, d’après L’Infanterie, près de Nimègue, Hollande, d’Alex Colville Imprimé et relié au Canada par Lowe-Martin Printing This work was published simultaneously in English under the title Liberation. The Canadians in Europe. Publié à l’origine par Art Global. 384, avenue Laurier Ouest Montréal, Québec Canada H2V 2K7 Tous droits réservés. La reproduction totale ou partielle de cet ouvrage, par quelque procédé que ce soit, tant électronique que mécanique, ou par photocopie, est interdite sans l’autorisation écrite et préalable du ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada. © Sa Majesté la Reine du chef du Canada (1995) Numéro de catalogue : D61-4-1995F TABLE DES MATIÈRES PRÉFACE DE LA GOUVERNEURE GÉNÉRALE 9 MOTS DES MINISTRES DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE ET DES ANCIENS COMBATTANTS 11 CHAPITRE I LA POURSUITE 13 CHAPITRE II L’ESCAUT 35 CHAPITRE III L’HIVER 59 CHAPITRE IV EN MER 95 CHAPITRE V LA RHÉNANIE 125 CHAPITRE VI CONCLUSION 145 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 169 LES AUTEURS Après une carrière dans l’infanterie canadienne, le Dr Bill McAndrew s’est tourné vers l’histoire et a dirigé de nombreuses visites guidées sur les champs de bataille en Europe. Il est l’auteur de Les Canadiens et la campagne d’Italie, 1943-1945, et co-auteur de Normandie 1944 : L’été canadien (rédigé avec Donald Graves et Michael Whitby) et de Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (avec Terry Copp). Le Dr Bill Rawling est un historien employé à la Direction de l’Histoire et du patrimoine et est le co-auteur des histoires officielles de la Marine royale du Canada et de l’Aviation royale du Canada. Il est également l’auteur de plusieurs études sur le Génie militaire et sur l’histoire médicale. Son livre Survivre aux tranchées. L’armée canadienne et la technologie (1914-1918), est devenu un ouvrage de référence sur le Corps d’armée canadien durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Historien de la Marine militaire canadienne, Michael Whitby est co-auteur de Normandie 1944 : l’été canadien. Ses nombreux articles sur l’activité navale militaire ont paru dans des publications spécialisées. Il est actuellement l’historien naval responsable de la réalisation des trois tomes de l’histoire officielle de la Marine royale du Canada à la Direction - Histoire et patrimoine. (PA 173416) (PA CHAPITRE I LA POURSUITE C’est vraiment quelque chose de traverser ces n’étions pas assez nombreux pour explorer toutes villes; nous sommes toujours les premiers soldats les maisons. Je me suis alors rappelé la vieille à y pénétrer, et les Français sont fous de joie chanson de l’équipe de hockey des Canadiens, en nous apercevant. À peine y sommes-nous entrés et j’ai hurlé à pleins poumons : que chaque maison arbore des drapeaux « Les Canadiens sont là! »1 Le résultat a dépassé français et alliés et que les habitants bombardent toutes mes espérances : en cinq minutes, une littéralement nos chars de fleurs. Il y a quelques foule compacte de Français a envahi les rues, et jours, j’ai moi-même vécu toute une aventure. je n’ai rien fait d’autre, durant l’heure qui a Nous avions fait route toute la journée et, vers suivi, que boire du vin et embrasser de jolies filles.2 20 heures, nous nous sommes arrêtés juste devant Fin août 1944, lorsque les Alliés se répandent en une ville du nom de Béthoncourt-sur-Mer. Nous France à partir de Falaise, la campagne du nord-ouest devions y passer la nuit, mais il fallait d’abord de l’Europe change irrévocablement de visage. découvrir si elle abritait ou non des ennemis. Après le débarquement massif du 6 juin, les L’officier responsable de notre peloton, le sergent Canadiens, les Britanniques et les Américains, à et moi-même avons donc reçu l’ordre de prendre partir de leur tête de pont exiguë, affrontent tout une jeep et d’aller en reconnaissance; nous avons l’été un ennemi déterminé à les rejeter dans la placé une mitrailleuse à l’avant de la jeep, et je Manche. Au début d’août, les Allemands montent me suis chargé du poste radio. L’idée, c’était de une funeste contre-offensive pour disloquer la base foncer à pleins gaz jusqu’au centre de la ville : d’opérations alliée, mais les Américains entravent leur si personne ne nous tirait dessus, parfait; dans le action en envoyant des chars et des fantassins cas contraire, nous devions revenir. Nous avons opérer un vaste mouvement tournant vers la Loire foncé à travers champs jusqu’à la route, puis nous et la Seine. Les Canadiens et les Britanniques sommes entrés dans la ville sans le moindre attaquent ensuite vers le sud à partir de Caen pour problème. Nous nous sommes arrêtés en plein centre et nous sommes descendus sans voir âme qui vive. 1 En français dans le texte. Nous ne savions pas quoi faire; nous ne pouvions 2 DSH, le soldat R.E.C. Bradley à sa mère, pas revenir simplement raconter ça, mais nous le 6 septembre 1944. 13 aller à la rencontre des Américains et prendre les contre des objectifs limités, ils doivent maintenant se Allemands au piège dans la brèche de Falaise. Aidés lancer, derrière un ennemi apparemment vaincu, dans de leurs chasseurs-bombardiers qui attaquent les une poursuite extrêmement mobile où la vitesse Allemands sans relâche, les Alliés transforment leur est le facteur primordial. Le général Montgomery, qui bataille en une poursuite spectaculaire. Avant même commande encore les armées alliées, déclare qu’ils que le piège se referme, les chars et l’infanterie du doivent d’abord général Omar Bradley ont atteint Orléans, Chartres et faire obstacle au repli des ennemis survivants à Dreux, et, le 25 août, la 2e Division blindée française travers la Seine et, en second lieu... avancer du général Leclerc pénètre dans Paris. D’autres forces rapidement le long de la côte du Pas-de-Calais remontent la Seine vers Rouen pour faire leur jonction afin de s’emparer des ports, pour faciliter notre avec les unités de tête de la 1re Armée canadienne ravitaillement, et des bases de lancement de bombes du général H.D.G. Crerar. volantes, pour réduire l’effet que ces armes « V » Bien que la défaite des Allemands en Normandie ont sur le Royaume-Uni.3 soit décisive, ils l’ont fait payer cher à leurs Les Canadiens occupent le flanc gauche de adversaires. Les pertes conjuguées des trois armées la charge à travers la France. Ils ont à leur droite alliées s’élèvent à plus de 200 000 hommes, et immédiate la 2e Armée britannique du général M.C. les Canadiens n’ont pu faire autrement que verser Dempsey et, à droite de celle-ci, la 1re Armée un prix cruellement élevé pour l’acharnement américaine du général Courtney Hodges et la 3e du avec lequel ils se sont livrés à des actions de fixation général George Patton, qui appartiennent toutes autour de Caen. La campagne de Normandie a deux au 12e Groupe d’armées du général Bradley. démontré à maintes reprises la manière dont quelques À l’extrême droite, se trouve la 7e Armée américaine mitrailleuses ou mortiers ennemis judicieusement du général Alexander Patch, qui a débarqué sur le disposés pouvaient, en quelques minutes, réduire en littoral méditerranéen de la France à la mi-août et pièces une unité bien entraînée et parfaitement rodée. est en train de remonter la vallée du Rhône. Les bataillons d’infanterie ont perdu plus de la moitié Après la fermeture de la poche de Falaise, les de leur effectif initial de soldats, et une proportion Canadiens ont pour tâche première d’éliminer au moins égale de sous-officiers et de commandants les Allemands qu’ils pourront encore trouver au de pelotons ou de compagnies.
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