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Goodluck Recovered Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus AkpomuvireMukoro Professor, Department of Political Science Delta State University Abraka, Nigeria, John T. Kalama Ph.D, Department of Political Science Federal University Otuoke Bayelsa State, Nigeria And Love Obiani Arugu Ph.D Department of Political Science Federal University Otuoke Bayelsa State, Nigeria Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus ii © A. Mukoro, J. T. Kalama & O. L. Arugu 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or merchanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owners. DEMOCRACY AND LEADERSHIP IN AFRICA: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus Published and indexed by research for africa’s development research and capacity building accelerated academic development INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR POLICY REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, NIGERIA +234 8174380445, +234 767021763 [email protected]. www.internationalpolicybrief.org ISBN 978-016-751-0 iii Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus DEDICATION The issue of patriotic, committed and selfless leadership remains a major challenge confronting most African states. Hence, this work is dedicated to all men and women who have by their actions and character contributed to peace building and sustainable development in their respective countries and the world in general. Specifically, this volume is dedicated to Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, Nelson Mandela and other leaders who have demystified political power by embracing nonviolence and democratic values and principles while in office. Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks to our technical partners, directors and members of the International Institute for Policy Review and Development Strategies for graciously accepting to scrutinize and publish this work. We are equally grateful to Professor Seiyefa Brisibe, Supervising Professor of this project for his tireless efforts in ensuring that this work meets international standard. In the same vein, we wish to sincerely appreciate the contributors who worked assiduously to effect the corrections pointed out in their individual contribution. We admire their dedication to thoroughness and detail hence, we are happy to affirm that this book has passed through the scrutiny of our eyes and brain as the editors and to the best of our knowledge meets the high standard expected of it. Each author has been allowed to use the referencing style of his/her choice. Thus, each chapter is therefore both distinct and continuous with other chapters. We are presenting this volume to students, researchers, policy makers at all levels as well as the general public especially those that are interested in political engineering and development administration. Its multi-disciplinary approach and contents should endear it to many in all fields of human endeavour. The philosophy behind this work is to provide for students, youths, young and aspiring leaders a fairly comprehensive text that will launch them into the mainstream of leadership at the macro level and social sciences in particular. For colleagues in the social sciences, humanities, development studies, public policy analysis and public administration, this book will be a useful teaching and referencing material for their lectures. This work, therefore, traverses the labyrinth of political science, public administration, international relations, comparative politics, including the challenges of leadership, democracy and the democratization process in Africa. Every reader is sure to find this book a useful companion in their journey into the world of development studies, public policy analysis and leadership in particular. It is our belief and hope that this work will add to existing knowledge and also aid further research in related and other fields of study. Akpomuvire Mukoro, John T. Kalama & Love Obiani Arugu. v Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus FOREWORD Leadership is not a mythical wand, neither is it an esoteric epoch. It is rather a conscious course built on vision, wisdom and a purpose to achieve set goals and objectives. Its goal over a people must be for good, which in itself is a clarion call for emancipation, service and nobility. A good leader sees tomorrow because his time is short. He does not have forever because he is inside a tidal wave. And because there is a lifespan to his call, history will always lay in judgment for him. Therefore, what will the story be concerning you in and out of office? This must be food for thought for every leader whether at home, in the industry, or in the community and in the comity of nations. By hindsight, what legacy and picture will emanate from your person and character as a leader, will it be for edification or it will be for reproach? The cloud of today is always heavy over the heads of men. This inadvertently blurs their vision from the realities of tomorrow. The bane of leadership has over the years become the scourge of underdevelopment in many African countries. Very few African leaders are adjudged exception to this malevolence. The seeds they sow do not always bring forth good fruits. It is therefore very rare to see one of them who will become a shining star. For this reason, the drums must be rolled out in celebration if an exception to the rule can be identified. This is the very big task before contributors to this volume, bothering on how to be able to find a needle in a haystack. Chapter one of this book alludes to the fact that leadership is service. It is a challenge and a responsibility built on trust and contract. Being able to respect this contract itself is a burden which leaders must bear. Flowing from this point of understanding, Chapter Two selected two political icons from Africa (Mandela and Jonathan) as epitomes of good leadership that respect the tenets of democracy. Chapter Three talked about the restoration of democracy in the Nigerian Nation and the journey that this phenomenon has so far undergone. Specifically, Chapter Four bemoaned the attitude of many African leaders who will want to remain in power for life even though they have long out Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus vi lived their usefulness in office. Chapter Five stretched the concept of democracy to cover governance amongst nations in Africa, in such a way that the democratization process is put to test. Chapter Six is focused on elections and electoral reforms in Nigeria between 1999 and 2015. This is to enable readers understand how well, transition from regime to regime has been managed in Nigeria. Chapter Seven examines the foreign policy posture of the Nigeria Nation since the birth of the Fourth Republic and highlightedthe impacts that have been achieved over the years. The fight against corruption has become an unending war in the Nigerian Nation. This was what Chapter Eight is mainly focused on. It examined how this battle has been fought, won or lost over the years. Chapter Nine tried to show what remarkable difference has been made in matters of policy over the years. This chapter enables readers to have a clear view of policy direction at the Federal Level between 1999 and 2015. Chapter Ten was very explicit in trying to make readers know the very onerous task that civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations play side by side a legitimate government in place. For governments to succeed and be seen to operate within a broad spectrum of ideas and competence, then she has to work hand in hand with professionals and technocrats. This is the task which Chapter Eleven strived to achieve. The Twelfth and final Chapter looked at democratic governance in Africa. It went further to educate both the leadership and the followership on the milestones covered in the journey of democratization in Africa. Succinctly put, all the chapters in this volume are relevant and timely. It can only be hoped that they become relevant compass in the hands of our leaders. This is to avoid mistakes of the past so that the path to democratic consolidation in Nigeria can be paved and nurtured without hiccups, without strife and within the rubric of acceptable standards. Prof. A. Mukoro December, 2018. vii Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus CONTENTS PAGE Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv v Foreword CHAPTER ONE The Burden of Leadership in Nigeria – Professor Akpomuvire Mukoro 1 CHAPTER TWO Advancing the Course of Democracy in Africa: The Mandela–Jonathan Experience – John T. Kalama Ph.D & Arugu Obiani Love Ph.D - 24 CHAPTER THREE Restoration of Democracy in Nigeria, 1999- 2018 Chilaka Francis Chigozie Ph.D - - - - - 56 CHAPTER FOUR Overcoming the Attitude of Sit-tight Leadership in African Politics – Jacob Ogedi Ph.D - - - - 76 CHAPTER FIVE Democracy and Democratization in Africa: Issues and Challenges – Okoye Anthony ChukwuebukaPh.D - - 92 CHAPTER SIX Elections and Electoral Reforms in Nigeria, 1999 – 2015 Okoye Anthony Chukwuebuka Ph.D - - - - 106 CHAPTER SEVEN Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Outlook in the Post-Military Era, 1999-2018 Chilaka Francis Chigozie Ph.D - - - - 129 CHAPTER EIGHT Anti-Corruption War in Nigeria: Reflections on Present and Past Administrations (1999-2018) – John T. Kalama Ph.D - 153 Democracy and Leadership in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa in Focus viii CHAPTER NINE Major Policy Actions of the Federal Government in Nigeria (1999-2018) – Jacob Ogedi Ph.D - - - - - 181 CHAPTER TEN The Role of Civil Society Groups and Non-Governmental Organizations in National Development in Nigeria Arugu, Obiani Love Ph.D - - - - - - 205 CHAPTER ELEVEN The Role of Technocrats in Democratic and Economic Development: An Analysis of Key Members of President GoodluckEbele Jonathan’s Economic Team – Okereka Onofere Princewill Ph.D - - 233 CHAPTER TWELVE Leadership and the Challenges of Democracy and the Democratization Process in Africa: The Nigeria Experience – John T.
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