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Hybrid Material of Structural DNA with Inorganic Compound: Synthesis

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Hybrid Material of Structural DNA with Inorganic Compound: Synthesis Shin et al. Nano Convergence (2020) 7:2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0211-4 REVIEW Open Access Hybrid material of structural DNA with inorganic compound: synthesis, applications, and perspective Seung Won Shin1*, Ji Soo Yuk1, Sang Hun Chun1, Yong Taik Lim1,2 and Soong Ho Um1,2* Abstract Owing to its precise manipulation in nanoscale, DNA as a genetic code becomes a promising and generic material in lots of nanotechnological outstanding exploitations. The nanoscale assembly of nucleic acids in aqueous solution has showed very remarkable capability that is not achievable from any other material resources. In the meantime, their striking role played by efective intracellular interactions have been identifed, making these more attractive for a variety of biological applications. Lately, a number of interesting attempts have been made to augment their marvelous diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, as being integrated with inorganic compounds involving gold, iron oxide, quantum dot, upconversion, etc. It was profoundly studied how structural DNA-inorganic hybrid materials have complemented with each other in a synergistic way for better-graded biological performances. Such hybrid materials consisting of both structural DNAs and inorganics are gradually receiving much attention as a practical and future- oriented material substitute. However, any special review articles highlighting the signifcant and innovative materials have yet to be published. At the frst time, we here demonstrate novel hybrid complexes made of structural DNAs and inorganics for some practical applications. Keywords: Hybrid nanomaterial, Structural DNA nanotechnology, Inorganic compound, Disease treatment and diagnosis 1 Introduction such organism metabolism [3–5]. To efectively scruti- With the advent of advanced and state-of-the-art detec- nize it, in general and in the most usages, complemen- tion techniques developed, an unsolved and mysterious tary DNA sequences coupling specifcally with targeted biomolecular mechanism working on many living organ- oligonucleotides in organisms have been designed and isms have been clearly turned out [1, 2]. Te interactive explored directly in some biological system which is in networks among biological substances such as phospho- inquiry [6–8]. A number of methodologies for enhanced lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins are now organizing the signaling of specifc DNA hybridization have been ingen- basic principle regarding the mechanism of living organ- iously contrived, in which there are a simple fuorescent isms. A nucleic acid, which is represented as DNA, RNA, detection of antisense hybridizations and an elaborate and referred widely to the genome, is commonly regarded kinetics of strand displacements [9, 10]. as a genetic information storage which is mostly signif- Since 1980s, Nadrian Seeman has frstly introduced a cant for a routine cellular operation and furthermore for new idea about DNAs’ use for a generic material, well population sustainability. Accordingly, DNA’s deepen known to be a structural DNA nanotechnology in a tech- understanding may be a prerequisite in clarifcation of nological view [11, 12]. With his indebted and innovative labors, DNA oligonucleotides, which were solely thought *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] to be a genetic code for survival of all living beings in 1 School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Earth, have been recognized gradually as a polymeric Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea nanostructure with repetitive functional residues. Its Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Shin et al. Nano Convergence (2020) 7:2 Page 2 of 12 uses have been exploited into several academic and followed by the second topic discussing their hybrid even industrial felds, not just in a fundamental biology. complexes and some related applications. Together with the fast development of structural trans- formations, structural DNAs have been assembled into 2 Materials as a basic building block for hybrid diferent forms including X- or Y-shaped DNAs [13–17] complexation and complicated DNA origami of RNA-templated struc- Prior to more discussion about hybrid complexes, we tural DNAs interwoven internally [18, 19]. Tey are now will briefy introduce some representative basic materials put into availability for efective drug delivery, cell meta- used as a building-block in this subject. First, we discuss bolic manipulation and so on [20–22]. By some chal- a principal feature and application of structural DNA lenges for increasing their magnitudes, structural DNAs nanotechnologies, followed by a variety of inorganic are even becoming a colloidal material. While basic prop- compounds that can be crossbred with DNA materials. erties of most of colloidal materials depend heavily on a Especially, signifcant contributions have been made with change of their own sizes, interestingly, a dimension of the beneft of a gold, iron oxide, quantum dot, upconver- structural DNA nanomaterials are determined primar- sion nanoparticle, and carbon nanotube. Each nanoma- ily by a diference of DNA sequences as well as the size terial has been defned well in its characters involving of DNAs. It is claimed that DNA materials may be made some physicochemical properties such as sizes and sur- simple in a desired form, with all sequences designed face charges, and widely used for the strategic design of intentionally. Te fnal product may be varied greatly some functional nanocomplexes for a few of practical depending on its use [23–27]. Hence, structural DNA applications. nanomaterials are obviously distinguishable from other conservative materials. However, that is not the case 2.1 Structural DNA nanotechnology that structural DNAs may be a sole independent consti- Te concept of structural DNA nanotechnology was tute in a manner which could not be shufed with other introduced frstly by Nadrian Seeman in the 1980s. He, materials. who is the greatest pioneer in the feld, has realized that To date, there has been more than a hurdle to vault DNAs can be identifed to be a new biopolymer design- over in lots of biomedical issues involving a new diag- able in an accurate nano-level [11, 12]. Here, DNA is nosis and disease treatment for countless diseases. It is only appreciated to be a tinker-toy material assembled by strongly commanded that an ongoing biomedical system some nanotechnologists (Fig. 2a). While three or more should take more than a function to efectively respond strands of DNAs are combined via a thermal fuctua- to some situations seriously broken. No single materials tion, a junctional motif is formed among three diferent used nowadays, even in their progress, have performed strands. Owing to their topological properties, the syn- all of things at a time. Tus, it is usually acknowledged thetic DNA constructs have been distinguished clearly that bright strategies on new material’s design is inevi- from natural DNA forms in the formation process [13– tably necessitated [28, 29]. Owing to the unique char- 17]. Such DNA nanostructures are simply designated as acteristics including a superior electromagnetics and an X- or Y-shaped DNAs. Tey hold a dimensional structure intrinsic biocompatibility, inorganic nanomaterials have with single stranded overhangs at the end. Te end-over- been exploited a long while for biological uses. To apply hangs vary greatly with their sequential designs, and they them into cytosolic level, it has been issued to get them can be equipped with some functional modules through smaller [30–32]. As engaged with structural DNA nano- a chemical or enzymatic modifcation. It then enables materials, the detection power of inorganic compounds to some practical applications involving a pathogenic has been substantially boosted. A hybrid material made biomolecular detection [13, 33–35]. Also, together with of structural DNAs and inorganics has received much the end-to-end mutual binding of DNA building blocks attention as a future material substitute for some practi- in response to specifc cue signals, new hydrogel forms cal bioapplications. However, any special review articles composed of only DNAs have been produced [36, 37]. highlighting a signifcant breakthrough of such materials When a long single-stranded RNA fragment originated science and engineering have yet to be published. Here from natural viruses or bacteria is used as a scafolding we have demonstrated the up-to-date hybrid materials platform and then can react with staple DNA strands composed of structural DNAs and inorganic compounds which are shorter in length and complementarily hybrid- at the frst time and furthermore showed their progresses ized, a large-scaled sheet-like DNA assembled construct for many cutting-edge exploitations including some bio- can be completed; it is simply referred to as a DNA ori- logical applications (Fig. 1). A type of nanoparticles used gami [18, 19, 23–27]. Te technique allows the forma- commonly as a building block and their characterizations tion of any desired and synthetic DNA structures. With are
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