DOI: 10.14393/SN-v32-2020-43458 Received: 13 August 2018|Accepted: 12 February 2020
Importance of river basin monitoring and hydrological data availability for the integrated management of water resources
Marco Alésio Figueiredo Pereira1 Bruno Lippo Barbieiro 2 Daniela Muller de Quevedo 3
Keywords: Abstract Sinos River basin Environmental conservation is essential for environmental and social Hydrometric stations maintenance, along with practices aimed at sustainable development that River basin committees can address the integrated administration of natural resources. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the possibility of implementing the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) program, based on hydrological data made available at the National Water Resources Information System (NWRIS) under the responsibility of the Brazilian National Water Agency (Agência Nacional de Águas). As such, this study presents the conditions for hydrometric monitoring of the Sinos River watershed, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and discusses the importance of making hydrological data available to the IWRM. Based on information made available in the NWRIS, a survey was carried out on the historical series of pluviometric, fluviometric and water quality stations installed in the basin to verify whether, based on the hydrometric monitoring carried out, it is possible to implement the IWRM. Based on the existing data, it was observed that the implementation and maintenance of the IWRM system is compromised. It appears that there are several entities that monitor water resources in the basin, however, when made available, the data observed by such entities are stored in each institution’s specific websites or are not made available at all, which makes it difficult for users to acquire the data. In addition, there is a need to expand and implement an automatic and telemetric monitoring network in the basin.
1 Feevale University – Graduate Program in Environmental Quality. Novo Hamburgo – RS, Brazil. [email protected] 2 Feevale University – Scientific Initiation Scholarship Holder. Novo Hamburgo – RS, Brazil. [email protected] 3Feevale University – Graduate Program in Environmental Quality. Novo Hamburgo – RS, Brazil. [email protected]
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INTRODUCTION Information System (NWRIS) data are from Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), the federal agency responsible for the implementation of Lack of planning for natural resources usage, Brazilian water resources management; and to especially water resources, often due to the propose sites for monitoring stations installation. illusion of abundant availability, generates a For the Sinos River basin case study, rainfall, cycle of negative consequences. It results in fluviometric and water quality monitoring economic, social and environmental losses, which stations were used. The stations were all located consequently causes decline in development and at the Sinos River watershed, in the state of Rio social well-being. Schewe et al. (2014) points out Grande do Sul, Brazil. that, due to the economic and population growth expected for the next decades, the demand for water resources tends to grow and intensify the WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT problems related to them, both in already suffering regions and in those highly probable to suffer from scarcity events in the near future. River Basin Committees (RBC) One way to try to adequately get around this possibility is to manage those resources and the The developed country to first concentrate efforts environment as a whole, through the Integrated on water pollution occurred at the beginning of Water Resources Management (IWRM) the 20th century in the Ruhr River basin, located (SHRUBSOLE et al., 2017; VEALE; COOKE, in Germany, when the Ruhr Basin Water 2017; LEIDEL et al., 2012; WMO, 2009; Association was created in 1913. At that time, it BISWAS, 2004). was established in an assembly that all its The paper published by the Global Water associates (companies, industries, commerce, Partnership (GWP) in 2000, states that IWRM municipalities and community) would follow the must promote the development and management water use policy, including paying for water use of water, land and related resources, to and pollution (RIBEIRO, 2006). Another maximize economic and social well-being on an experience worth noting was that of France, equitable basis without compromising the whose management policy has served as a model sustainability of vital ecosystems (GWP, 2000). for several countries in the world, including Benham et al. (2011) state that watershed Brazil. This model is one of the precursors in management can be a continuous, geographically applying fees for water usage, combined with defined, integrated, collaborative process of participatory and integrated watershed creating and implementing plans, programs and management. Lanna (1997) comments that, projects, developed to sustain and improve the among the various regulations introduced in the basins and their functioning ecosystems. French management water resources is Act Therefore, for an adequate management 1245/64, which defined the watershed as a basic plan to be successful, continuous and accurate management unit. To implement participatory monitoring (spatial and temporal), as well as management, collegiate bodies were defined, data evaluation, is essential in all phases. The which had the power to manage and approve World Meteorological Organization (WMO) programs. These bodies were denominated River published the Guide to Hydrological Practices, Basin Committees (RBC). Vol. 1, in 2009, in which the entity emphasizes According to Porto and Porto (2008), in that, without systematic monitoring, followed by Brazil, the first records of river basin committees evaluation, the opportunity to learn from were made based on the complex and eminent experience is reduced, as well as the opportunity sanitary demands of the Alto Tietê and Cubatão to make adjustments in the light of new basins, in the state of São Paulo. In 1978, the information, knowledge and experience. Special Committee for Integrated Studies of According to the GWP (2000), the assessment of Hydrographic Basins was created and, water resources conditions must address surface subsequently, the Paraíba do Sul, São Francisco and groundwater occurrence in a space-time and Ribeira de Iguape basins executive dynamic, in order to give a preliminary appraisal committees were created as well. Since then, of water requirements for the development several decentralized management initiatives project being considered. have appeared, such as the Santa Maria/Jacu As such, it is this article’s objective to Intermunicipal Consortium, in the state of assess whether it is possible to implement the Espírito Santo, and the Piracicaba, Capivari and IWRM, based on hydrological data made Jundiaí consortia, also in the state of São Paulo. available at the National Water Resources In 1988, as a result of community initiative, and
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with the support of the State Government of Rio committee based on the French model (ANA, Grande do Sul, the Sinos and Gravataí Basin 2011). Figure 1 shows the growing number of Committees emerged, both affluents of the state and interstate river basin committees Guaíba Lake, which is considered the first implemented in the national context. Brazilian experience of instituting a basin
Figure 1 - Number of river basin committees created in Brazil from 1988 to 2010.
Source: Adapted from ANA (2011).
Correlating geographic, demographic, to the NPWR, is the basic unit for the planning socioeconomic and sanitation variables versus and management of water resources. Watanabe Brazilian states that have RBCs, Feil et al. et al. (2014) affirms that the decision-making on (2017) concluded that the existence of river basin water resources management in the watershed committees is related to population size, which must be well evaluated, since once the changes promotes greater pressure as it increases in are processed, returning to the previous state is number. The existence of river basin committees much more difficult due to losses and gains is also due to several factors, such as economic resulted from subsequent environmental and growth, the number of conflicts arising from social processes. The authors also state that the multiple uses, sewage collection and the level of group components responsible for the decision- environmental quality degradation. making process must include government, Santos et al. (2015), Dourojeanni (2002) business, society and financial institutions and Lanna (1996) point out that a basin representatives. Korfmacher (2001) warns that committee is a state entity, with normative, the main threats to management credibility with deliberative and consultative characteristics, different users are groups that are at a imbued with decision-making powers in disadvantage in relation to others, non- situations where many individual and collective representativeness, power struggles, among interests coexist. With the basin committees others. To that end, Rauber and Cruz (2013) listed, they must act as a representative body for address that, to enact water management, the various water users, both public and private, integrated river basin management should be acting in their interest. According to Senra and used, with a focus on the multiple uses and the Nascimento (2017), within the IWRM, a broader shared responsibility for quantity and quality. range of stakeholders from water-related sectors should be considered, not only the traditional Importance of hydrometric monitoring “water professionals”, which favors a more holistic view. The premise for a successful IWRM According to the National Policy on Water implementation and maintenance is to know the Resource (NPWR), the RBC is an essential body quantity and quality of water available in the for the implementation, maintenance and basin in question. Therefore, hydrological development of a policy articulated between monitoring is of paramount importance for different municipal, state and national determining the water balance and knowledge of management levels. Therefore, the RBC aims at the various processes interrelations and managing water resources in a territorial unit aggregations. These processes comprise the called the watershed. The watershed, according various forms the water enters the basin, such as
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precipitation, snow and hail, through watershed’s behavior and tendencies due to evaporation and evapotranspiration, infiltration, climate changes and land use. Thus proving the percolation, storage of water in the soil, importance of constant monitoring and subsurface formation and surface runoff. Added equipment implementation that performs data to these there is also flow generation, through measurement continuously and in a time erosion caused by transit and sediment interval that is able to accurately measure the deposition, and by organic and inorganic hydrometeorological phenomena. substances transports, until its effluvium at the As this data set has great intrinsic value, basin’s outfall. hydrological data monitoring is, therefore, an The WMO (2008) guide states that important work in itself. As such, to maximize hydrological data collection’s ultimate goal, the results of the investments placed for its whether it is precipitation and discharge acquisition and the possibility of being effectively measurements, water level records, groundwater used it must be carried out effectively. monitoring or water quality sampling, is to Data management can be approached from provide a set of indicators with sufficient quality two complementary points of view: one aiming at to be used in the decision-making process of all preservation and degradation control, making it water resource management aspects, in the wide accessible, disseminating data sets that have range of operational applications, as well as in been collected, and another aiming at increasing research. its value to users, which includes data Field monitoring is an arduous and consistency and fault filling, to generate expensive task, since measurement equipment calculated data (e.g. evaporation or liquid implementation and field teams capable of discharge), or to aggregate (e.g. average carrying out hydrometric monitoring training discharge) (WMO, 2008). Figure 2 presents a requires investment. Despite the difficulties, procedural organization chart to be adopted for Stahli et al. (2011) argue that a long historical hydrological data’s implementation, operation series of precipitation and flow is essential to and availability. determine correct conclusions about the
Figure 2 - Organization chart for data implementation, operation, storage, transmission and availability from a hydrological monitoring network.
Source: WMO (2009).
Automatic measuring equipment equipment automation. Among the variables monitored, precipitation and river level could be Since the 1980s, with information technology measured in a more discerning way, and telecommunications expansion, hydrological consequently allowing for more accurate information can be acquired in real time, knowledge of the hydrological phenomena. improving data measurement. These Currently, tipping containers is the most improvements happened due to measurement used automatic pluviograph. In this equipment,
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the water collected by a cylinder with a capture the network within shorter intervals and at the area of 400 cm² is directed to a set of two same time. containers articulated by a central axis. A Consequently, a holistic view of the basin’s seesaw effect is then set off as each container is hydrological conditions is provided. Accurate filled and emptied and the device records the data, when used as hydrological models’ feed number of movements and how many sources, can enhance the model’s movements are executed. Each container has representativeness. 0.25 mm in volume. This equipment’s advantage is that it has a data logger capable of storing data for a finite time. The storage capacity is CASE STUDY: SINOS RIVER BASIN directly linked to data acquisition, in which the log storage capacity will be shorter if time intervals between recordings are also shorter. The Sinos River watershed is located in the Generally, the measurement interval occurs Northeastern portion of the state of Rio Grande according to the degree of detail required, due to do Sul. It has an area of approximately 3,746.68 the basin’s concentration time and the intervals km², covering 32 municipalities, and has an between technical team’s visits to the equipment. estimated population of 1,350,000 inhabitants The equipment set consists of the pluviograph (Figure 3). The main rivers that drain the basin itself, a data logger, a power battery and a solar are the Rolante River, the Ilha River, the panel. Detailed information on automatic Paranhana River and the Sinos River. The latter equipment and indirect measurement methods has its source in the municipality of Caraá and such as weather radars and remote sensing can its mouth in the Jacuí Delta. Due to its be found at the WMO (2017) guide. Automatic socioeconomic development level, the basin equipment has, among other advantages, the presents several problems related to water possibility of more accurately measuring the resources and the environment. These are due to intensity, duration and precipitation timeframes. the demand for water usage, such as For river level measurement, there are consumption, industry and irrigation, which is several measurement principles, ranging from often greater than the availability. Its float sensors, ultrasonic sensors and water tributaries and its main river receive large column pressure sensors, the latter being the amounts of untreated industrial and domestic most used. This type of sensor measures the waste, in addition to being contaminated by water column over it, as level oscillations are pesticides (PETRY et al., 2016; BENVENUTI et recorded at predetermined times. With the al., 2015). exception of the level sensor, the other The data used in this work were obtained components are the same as the pluviometric from the ANA website in the Hydrological system. Detailed information about the different Information System (HidroWeb) section. This types of sensors can be found at the WMO (2010) website is part of the National Water Resources guide. Both rainfall and river level data can be Information System (NWRIS), in which access to transmitted remotely, if they are equipped with the database regarding information collected by specific transmitting equipment (modem). the National Hydrometeorological Network Remote data transmission, a telemetric station, (NHN) is made available. To verify the available is essential for a river basin preventive planning, data (precipitation, elevation, flow and water as they can have a warning system implemented quality), a survey was carried out verifying the to prevent natural disasters, such as landslides pluviometric, fluviometric and water quality and floods, according to Reis et al. (2016). In stations located in the respective basin, as shown Brazil, according to the Critical Events Alert in Figure 3. It should be noted that only the System - SACE, 16 river basins have stations that presented their condition as “in hydrological alert systems in operation. In operation” were considered for the IWRM addition to this potential, automated monitoring analysis. The access period to the respective provides other benefits, such as improving data website was from August 2017 to March 2018. quality through data gathering at all stations in
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Figure 3 - Sinos River basin location and pluviometric, fluviometric and water quality stations spatialization in the basin.
Source: the Authors (2017).
Rainfall Monitoring the Sinos River basin, made available on the ANA website, are collected directly, with Precipitation data, collected continuously and conventional and automatic rain gauges. Of the without fail, are essential for determining 23 stations shown in Figure 3, only four have rainfall’s spatial and temporal behavior. Kaiser data available for download, (Table 1). The and Porto (2005) comment that, traditionally, Canela and Campo Bom stations are disabled. rain is measured in pluviometric stations, but it Thus, only the Taquara Montante and the can also be measured indirectly by remote Sapucaia do Sul stations have available data and sensing, through satellites and weather radars. are in operation. The data related to rainfall monitoring in
Table 1 – Sinos River basin’s basic data for pluviometric stations located in municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Responsible Latitude Longitude Historical Code Name City body (S) (O) series 01/05/41 - 2950009 Canela Canela CEEE 29°48'00" 50°48'00" 31/12/78 Taquara 01/10/09 - 2950068 Taquara ANA 29°43'15" 50°44'06" Montante 01/01/18 Sapucaia do 01/01/64 – 2951028 Sapucaia do Sul ANA 29°49'12" 51°09'40" Sul 01/01/18 01/01/85 - 2951069 Campo Bom Campo Bom INMET 29°41'00" 51°02'00" 31/12/98 Source: the Authors (2018).
Fluviometric Monitoring river level variation monitoring over time can be carried out conventionally with linimetric rules The stations’ fluviometric monitoring includes or automatically through sensors (linigraphic). river level - elevation (m), liquid discharge - Q The flow can be determined directly with (m³/s), solid discharge - Qs (ton/day), measuring measurements made in the field, and indirectly section transversal profile survey (m) and water through the key curve equation, or else, through quality parameters - WQ measurements. These synthetic time series (DETZEL et al., 2013) and parameters are correlated with each other, but satellite images, which is called remote sensing. not all of them are measured every time. The Sichangi et al. (2016) and Birkinshaw et al.
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(2014) report that several researchers have used
Table 2 – Sinos River basin’s fluviometric stations in operation located in municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Station 87318000 87380000 87376000 87393000 87382000 87385000 87374000 Code Foz do rio Station Arroio Campo Foz do São Siderurgica Taquara dos Sinos Name Caraá Bom Paranhana Leopoldo Riograndense Montante 59 Responsible SEMA-RS ANA SEMA-RS DMAE ANA DEPRC ANA body Campo São Sapucaia do City Caraá Taquara Canoas Taquara Bom Leopoldo Sul Last 08/04/2016 05/07/2017 08/04/2016 25/04/2006 05/07/2017 25/04/2006 05/07/2017 update Active Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Average Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes quotas Average Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes flow Sediments No Yes No No Yes No Yes Water No Yes No No Yes No Yes quality Telemetric Yes Yes Yes No No No No Latitude 29º 47' 24" 29º 41' 24" 29º 41' 24" 29º 55' 48" 29º 45' 36" 29º 49' 12" 29º 43' 12" (S) Longitude 50º 25' 12" 51º 03' 00" 50º 48' 36" 51º 13' 48" 51º 09' 00" 51º 10' 48" 50º 44' 24" (O) Not Not Not 01/11/1939 01/07/1973 01/08/1996 Historical available available available Not available - - - series for for for for download 01/01/2018 01/10/2017 01/01/2018 download download download Source: the Authors (2018).
Water Quality Monitoring adequate for the intended use. The WMO (2013) guide presents a series of actions provided With society’s advancement, the demand for directly by water quality monitoring, useful to water resources increased considerably and, as a define usage potential and to make decisions result, monitoring had to follow this evolution. regarding the IWRM. Regarding monitoring in Besides the quantitative part, water availability the Sinos River basin, Table 3 presents stations is also intrinsically linked to water quality, since that perform it as well as monitoring parameters water source pollution can make different types and the number of measurements for each of uses unfeasible (WWAP, 2017). In this sense, parameter. water quality monitoring aims at verifying Of the stations presented, it is worth whether its physical-chemical conditions are noting that the Novo Hamburgo (87380015) and
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the São Leopoldo (87382000) stations have a Taquara Montante (87374000) stations monitor greater number of parameters and measured only the water parameters and measure data, but they still have a small historical series. temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical The São Leopoldo station (87382000) presents a conductivity and dissolved oxygen by sampling. discrepancy between the numbers of The parameters are measured, usually, when the measurements for each parameter, which station measures liquid discharge. indicates that the water quality monitoring is The Campo Bom (87377800), Caraá not continuous. And at the Novo Hamburgo (87318500), Parobé (87376800), Portão station (87380015), no liquid discharge (87382020), São Leopoldo (87380030), São measurement is recorded. Consequently, it is Leopoldo (87381800), São Leopoldo (87382010) impossible to determine the polluting load, and and Sapucaia do Sul (87382025) stations thus impossible to determine the medium’s presented only two measurements, from 2016 to effective contamination. 2017. Hence, they are not shown in Table 3. The Campo Bom (87380000) and the
Table 3 – Sinos River basin’s water quality parameters measured in the stations located in municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Station Code 87380000 87380015 87382000 87374000 Taquara Station Name Campo Bom Novo Hamburgo São Leopoldo Montante Responsible ANA FEPAM ANA ANA 11/02/2000 - 01/01/2001 - 12/07/1976 - 09/02/2002 - Historic series 23/01/2018 17/04/2017 24/01/2018 16/11/2017 Air temperature 54 - 59 45 Sample temperature 54 36 88 47 pH 55 36 84 47 Turbidity 30 36 47 34 Electrical conductivity 50 - 81 45 DQO - - 15 - DBO - 36 10 - OD 49 36 71 44 Total Solids - 36 1 - Total Suspended Solids - - 15 - Total Dissolved Solids - - 1 - Chlorides - - 1 - Total Phosphate - 36 3 - Total Nitrogen - 36 1 - Ammoniacal Nitrogen - 36 14 - Nitrates - 36 14 - Nitrides - 36 15 - Fecal Coliforms - 36 15 - Total Alkalinity - - 14 - Total Orthophosphate - - 14 - Organic Nitrogen - 36 -
Net Discharge 73 - 42 46 Solid Discharge 73 - 1 35 Total Phosphorus - 36 - - Total Nitrogen - 36 - - Source: the Authors (2017).
Assessing the current situation in the Sinos Tables 1, 2 and 3, it appears that there are only River basin two pluviometric stations, three fluviometric stations and four water quality stations There are 23 pluviometric stations, seven operating effectively and with available data fluviometric stations and 12 water quality (Figure 4). The fluviometric and pluviometric stations along the basin. However, as shown in monitoring stations are in the basin’s middle and
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lower part. No station has data available in the (precipitation, elevation, flow and water quality) basin’s highest part or in the Sinos River do not present a robust historical series. tributaries. This concentration in the Therefore, it is not possible to draw reliable downstream locations causes a space-time gap in conclusions on the basin’s trophic state behavior water resources’ qualitative and quantitative over time and space. knowledge. Therefore, it is difficult, for example, Because the Paranhana River and the to study water balance as well as geographical Rolante River are the Sinos River main locations of organic and inorganic contamination tributaries and because of these sub-basins, they points. present small and medium-sized cities around Regarding pluviometric stations, of the 23 their rivers. As a suggestion, fluviometric stations listed in Figure 3, only the Sapucaia do stations should be installed, for measuring Sul (02951028) and the Taquara Montante levels, flow, water quality and telemetry at the (02950068) stations are in operation and with respective rivers’ mouths, as shown in Figure 4. downloadable data (Table 1). These stations, The pluviometric stations shown in Figure 3 however, are in the basin’s middle and lower monitor rainfall in the basin’s middle and upper part. As a result, precipitation events that occur parts. However, the data collected are not at the basin’s headwaters are not generating available on the NWRIS website. For water available data. quality monitoring, it is recommended to Concerning the fluviometric stations, of reactivate the monitoring points, mainly in the the seven monitored stations, only the Campo basin’s middle and upper parts, as well as Bom (87380000), the São Leopoldo (87382000) implement parameters that diagnose the and the Taquara Montante (87374000) stations watercourse trophic state. A viable and present quota and flow data, with a historical economical way to operate the network and series (daily) of 78 years, 44 years and 22 years, make data available is the communication respectively. between the various entities operating the As for the water quality stations, of the 12 system. In addition, it is essential to implement stations listed on the NWRIS website, only four and maintain a telemetric hydrological network stations have relatively continuous monitoring, in the Sinos River basin for more consistent which is an insufficient number in a basin with monitoring, providing robust information for so many environmental problems. adequate integrated water resources For the most part, the monitored data management.
Figure 4 - Monitoring stations scattered along the Sinos River basin that are actually in operation and with data available for download at
Source: the Authors (2017).
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FINAL CONSIDERATIONS environmental conservation and sustainable development. Therefore, for an IWRM system in the Sinos River watershed effective It is expensive to register and collect implementation, from the hydrometric hydrological data (WMO, 2014), but its monitoring perspective, the maintenance of the availability is of great value to society. stations in operation, along with their data being Therefore, monitoring continuity, new stations made available, as well as implementing new implantation and enough parameter collection stations are indispensable actions for the success would provide a better understanding of the of such an undertaking. In this sense, financial water resources space-time dynamics in the resources should be made available by funding watershed. Consequently, subsidies for the best sources and research support is essential, as well way to implement an IWRM system could be as the effectiveness of the National Policy on made available. In addition, continuous Water Resources. monitoring provides an understanding of possible long-term changes, such as consumptive uses of water, climate change or land use and REFERENCES occupation, which may occur in the watershed, causing hydrological series to become stationary. Senra and Nascimento (2017) state that the lack ALVES, D. D.; RIEGEL, R. P.; QUEVEDO, D. M. of knowledge on these changes affects water de, OSÓRIO, D. M. M.; COSTA, G. M. da; infrastructure planning and operation to serve NASCIMENTO, C. A. do, TELÖKEN, F.; multiple uses, such as power generation, Seasonal assessment and apportionment of navigation, irrigation, water supply, flood surface water pollution using multivariate control, among others. statistical methods: Sinos River, southern This study has shown that there are Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and several entities that monitor water resources in Assessment. v. 190, n. 384, p. 13, 2018. the Sinos River basin, however, when made Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661- available, the data observed by such entities are 018-6759-3 stored on each institution’s specific websites or ANA - Agência Nacional de Águas (Brasil); O are not made available to the general public at Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica: o que é e o que all, which makes data acquisition difficult for faz? – Cadernos de capacitação em users. It is evident that hydrological monitoring Recursos Hídricos, v.1, Brasília: 64 p. 2011. in the Sinos River basin is precarious, due to Available at: little or even lack of hydrological information.
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