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Review Article Important Genes in the Pathogenesis of 5Q- Syndrome and Their Connection with Ribosomal Stress and the Innate Immune System Pathway

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Review Article Important Genes in the Pathogenesis of 5Q- Syndrome and Their Connection with Ribosomal Stress and the Innate Immune System Pathway Hindawi Publishing Corporation Leukemia Research and Treatment Volume 2012, Article ID 179402, 14 pages doi:10.1155/2012/179402 Review Article Important Genes in the Pathogenesis of 5q- Syndrome and Their Connection with Ribosomal Stress and the Innate Immune System Pathway Ota Fuchs1, 2 1 Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic 2 Center of Experimental Hematology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Institute of Pathological Physiology, 128 53 Prague 2, Czech Republic Correspondence should be addressed to Ota Fuchs, [email protected] Received 25 September 2011; Revised 6 November 2011; Accepted 14 November 2011 Academic Editor: Daniela Cilloni Copyright © 2012 Ota Fuchs. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with interstitial deletion of a segment of the long arm of chromosome 5q [del(5q)] is characterized by bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, atypical megakaryocytes, thrombocythemia, refractory anemia, and low risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared with other types of MDS. The long arm of chromosome 5 contains two distinct commonly deleted regions (CDRs). The more distal CDR lies in 5q33.1 and contains 40 protein-coding genes and genes coding microRNAs (miR-143, miR-145). In 5q-syndrome one allele is deleted that accounts for haploinsufficiency of these genes. The mechanism of erythroid failure appears to involve the decreased expression of the ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14)gene and the upregulation of the p53 pathway by ribosomal stress. Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli1) is one of the target genes of miR145. Increased Fli1 expression enables effective megakaryopoiesis in 5q-syndrome. 1. Introduction putative tumor suppressor and a transcriptional activator of interferon and interferon-stimulated genes. IRF1 dosage ex- Approximately 15% of patients with MDS have abnormali- periments demonstrated that 2 patients with 5q-syndrome ties of chromosome 5 [1]. These abnormalities include inter- retained both copies of this gene [12]. Thus, IRF1 maps out- stitial deletion of a segment of the long arm of chromosome side the common deleted segment of the 5q-chromosome, 5q [del(5q), 5q-syndrome], monosomy, and unbalanced and the same result was obtained in the case of EGR1 (epi- translocations. 5q-syndrome as MDS category was defined dermal growth receptor 1) [13, 14]. by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2],anditischar- Molecular mapping techniques defined the region of acterized by refractory macrocytic anemia with dyserythro- gene loss in two patients with the 5q-syndrome and unchar- poiesis, transfusion dependence, normal to elevated platel- acteristically small 5q deletions (5q31–q33) [14]. The allelic et counts, hypolobated and nonlobated megakaryocytes, loss of 10 genes localized to 5q23-qter [centromere-CSF2 female preponderance, a favourable prognosis, and low risk (colony-stimulating factor 2/granulocyte-macrophage/)- of progression to AML compared with other types of MDS EGR1 (early growth response1)-FGFA (fibroblast growth [3–10]. Many research groups analysed chromosome 5q factor acidic)-GRL (glucocorticoid receptor)-ADRB2 (β-2 deletions in patients with 5q-syndrome. We will shortly adrenergic receptor)-CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1)- describe these studies from historical point of view and not SPARC (secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich/osteonectin/)- for relevance in the pathogenesis. GLUH1(human glutamate receptor 1)-NKSF1 (NK-cell- Deletion of interferon regulatory factor-1 gene (IRF1) stimulating factor chain 1)-FLT4 (Fms-related tyrosine mapped to chromosome 5q31 was detected [11]. IRF1 is a kinase 4)-telomere] was investigated in peripheral blood cell 2 Leukemia Research and Treatment fractions. Gene dosage experiments demonstrated that 5q23.2 Cytokine cluster CSF2, EGR1, NKSF1, and FLT4 were retained on the 5q23.3 (IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, GM-CSF) 5q-chromosome in both patients and that FGFA was 5q31.1 PP2A 5q31.2 MDS/AML retained in one patient, thus placing these genes outside the (CTNNA1, EGR1, CDC25C) CDR1 critical region. GRL, ADRB2, CSF1R, SPARC,andGLUH1 5q31.3 were shown to be deleted in both patients. The proximal 5q32 5q33.1 5q-syndrome CDR2 breakpoint is localized between EGR1 and FGFA in one 5q33.2 (RP514, SPARC) patient and between FGFA and ADRB2 in the other, and the 5q33.3 5q34 distal breakpoint is localized between GLUH1 and NKSF1 NPMI 5q35.1 in both patients [14]. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was 5q35.2 used to map the 5q deletion breakpoints, and breakpoint- 5q35.3 specific fragments were detected with FGFA probe in the granulocyte but not the lymphocyte fraction of one patient. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of human chromosome 5q map This study has established the critical region of gene loss of showing commonly deleted regions. the 5q-chromosome in the 5q-syndrome, giving the location for a putative tumor-suppressor gene in the 5.6 Mb region between FGFA and NKSF1 [14]. Boultwood et al. [15] characterised the commonly delet- mDia1 acts as a node in a tumor-suppressor network that in- ed region (CDR) in a study involving sixteen 5q-syndrome volves multiple 5q gene products. patients to a 1.5 Mb interval located at 5q32-5q33 between D5S413 marker and GLRA1 (glycine receptor subunit α-1). This region contains PDE6A (phosphodiesterase 6A), CSF1R, 2. The Possible Role of Candidate Genes CD74 (CD74/cluster of differentiation 74/molecule, major from CDR in 5q-Syndrome histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain), TCOF1 (Treacher-Collins-Franceschetti syndrome 1), ANXA6 (an- All the 40 genes within the CDR were sequenced, and nexin A6), SPARC,andFAT2 (FATtummorsuppressorhom- no mutations were found [21]. This finding suggests that olog 2, also known as cadherin family member 8 or multiple 5q-syndrome may be a “one-hit” cancer in contrast to the epidermal growth factor-like domains protein 1) genes. “two-hit hypothesis” for the mechanism of cancer develop- Advanced MDS and AML had a large del(5q) which con- ment described by Knudson [22]. Knudson’s two-hit model tained a distinct 5q31 CDR [16, 17]. of tumour suppressor genes supposes that two mutations are It was shown that MDS arises from the transformation required to cause a tumour, one occurring in each of the two of a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) or myeloid- alleles of the gene. Many reports described candidate tumour committed progenitor cell [18, 19]. These data suggest that suppressors that do not conform to this standard definition, the gene or genes that are inactivated in the 5q-syndrome will including haploinsufficient genes requiring inactivation of be expressed in normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor only one allele and genes inactivated not by mutation but cells. The expression of all 40 genes assigned to the CDR by rather epigenetic hypermethylation [23]. Thus, a dosage ef- means of the Ensembl program was thus examined in normal fect as the result of the loss of a single allele of a gene (hap- human bone marrow CD34+ cells by means of RT-PCR. loinsufficiency) may be responsible for the 5q-syndrome. Of the 40 genes in the CDR, 33 were expressed in CD34+ Haploinsufficiency of multiple genes mapping to the CDR at cells and, therefore, represented candidate genes since they 5q31-32 may contribute to the pathogenesis of 5q-syndrome were expressed within the HSC/progenitor cell compartment [24–27]. Haploinsufficiency may be a driving force in cancer [15]. [28]. Cytogenetic mapping of commonly deleted regions Boultwood et al. [21] compared the transcriptome of the (CDRs) centered on 5q31 and 5q32-5q33 identified can- CD34+ cells in a group of 10 patients with the 5q-syndrome didate tumor-suppressor genes, including the transcription using the Affymetrix Gene Chip U133 Plus 2.0 array platform factor Egr1/Krox20 and the cytoskeletal remodeling protein, with the transcriptome of CD34+ cells from 16 healthy alpha-catenin on 5q31, and the ribosomal subunit protein control subjects and 14 patients with refractory anemia and a RPS14 on 5q32-5q33 (Figure 1). Although each acts as a normal karyotype. The majority of the genes assigned to the tumor suppressor, alone or in combination, no molecular CDR of the 5q-syndrome at 5q31-q32 showed a reduction in mechanism accounts for how defects in individual 5q candi- expression levels in patients with the 5q-syndrome, consis- dates may act as a lesion driving MDS or contributing to tent with the loss of one allele. Candidate genes showing malignant progression in MPN (myeloproliferative neo- haploinsufficiency in the 5q-syndrome included the tumour plasms). One candidate gene that resides between the con- suppressor gene SPARC and RPS14, a component of the 40S ventional del(5q)/5q-MDS-associated CDRs is DIAPH1 ribosomal subunit. Two genes mapping to the CDR, RBM22 (5q31.3). DIAPH1 encodes the mammalian diaphanous- (RNA-binding motif 22) and CSNK1A1 (casein kinase 1, related formin, mDia1. mDia1 has critical roles in actin α1), showed more than 50% reduction in gene expression, remodeling in cell division and in response to adhesive and consistent with the downregulation of the remaining allele. migratory stimuli. Eisenmann et al. [20] examined evidence, RBM22 plays a role in splicing and nuclear translocation of with a focus on mouse gene-targeting experiments, that the calcium binding protein ALG2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2) Leukemia Research and Treatment 3 and causes deregulation of apoptosis [29]. CSNK1A1 regu- erythroid lineage. DBA is characterized by a moderate to lates the Hedgehog signal pathway which governs cell growth severe anemia with normal neutrophil and platelet counts in cooperation with Wnt signaling [30, 31]. This study and a marked reduction in number of red cell precursors in identified several significantly deregulated gene pathways in an otherwise normocellular bone marrow.
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