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- - - - ~ - - |M|." M-III". - --- - =-7 = - == ~ == – z - S ~ tEntered at the Post Office of New York, N.Y., as Second Class matter. Copyrighted, 1891, by Munn & Co.

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL - INFORMATION, ART, SC ENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES ~ - - - Vol. LXV.–No. 19. - $3.00. A YEAR. Established 1845 * EW YORK - WEERLY. EMBER 7, 1891. = = - - - - #. ... I | |

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- ~~~~ Mažróz” "go" Ż – | | - - , - - THE AMERICAN PORK INDUSTRY-Hog KILLING AT THE CHICAG0 STOCK yards-See page 291.] 288 $rientific American. [NovEMBER 7, 1891. - == DANGERS OF LARGE FLY WHEELS. prepared calcium carbonate, 0.5 part ultramarine blue, The bursting of the 68 ton fly wheel of the great 6-5 parts gray zinc sulphide. $tientific Ameritan. engine in the Aunoskeag mills, Manchester, N. H., A yellowish-brown luminous paint is obtained from furnishes additional evidence, if such were needed, to 48 parts varnish, 10 parts precipitated barium sulphate, prove that with the ineans now at hand the possibility 8 parts auripigment, and 34 parts luminous calcium MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors of flaws in large castings cannot be determined with sulphide. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT certainty. In his testimony before the coroner's jury, Luminous colors for artists' use are prepared by using pure East India poppy oil, in the same quantity, No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. the superintendent of the Inill said: “The remnants of the fly wheel show very many internal flaws where instead of the varnish, and taking particular pains to O. D. M UNN. A. E. BEACH. the iron is drawn badly by shrinkage in cooling, all of grind the materials as fine as possible. which it was in possible to discover without destroy For luminous oil-color paints, equal quantities of TERMs For THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. ing the wheel; sounding would not show the flaws. pure linseed oil are used in place of the varnish. The One copy, one year, for the U. S., Canada or Mexico...... $3 00 If you join two cubes of iron of equal size, one solid, the linseed oil must be cold-pressed and thickened by heat. One copy, six months, for the U.S., Canada or Mexico...... 1 50 One copy,one year,to any foreign country belonging to Postal Union. 400 other filled with these shrinkage flaws, the parts would ->-e itemit by postal or express money order, or by bank draft or check. vary largely in weight ; such tests would be in prac Tobacco and Physical Health. MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. ticable in castings as large as the integral parts of this Dr. J. W. Steaver, College Physician and Instructor The scientific American Supplement fly wheel.” According to the testiinony the wheel was is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT in Athletics at Yale University, reports that he has is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size moving at its usual rate, the same being 61 revolutions with SCIENtiric AMERICAN. Terms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, Inade a comparative study of the users and non-users $5.00 a year, for the U. S., Canada, or Mexico. 86.00 a year to forei a minute, and this is strange enough when we con countries belonging to the Postal Union. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold of tobacco in the senior class during the past four by all newsdealers throughout the country. pros us, last page. sider that it had been in use over eight years for about Conubined Rates.—The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT years, and from his measurements he sums up his sta will be sent for one year any address in U.S. or Mexico, on three months of each year, water power being em receipt of seven dollars. To foreign countries within Postal Union, nine tistics as follows: dollars a year. ployed in the interin. This, like all big wheels, was Average increase in lung capacity in users of tobacco, Building Edition. composed of segments bolted together, and, of course, The ArchITECrs AND BUILDERS EDITion of The SCIENTIFIC AMERI 0.15 liter; non-users, 0.25; or an increase of 66 per cent CAN is a large and splendid illustrated periodical, issued £: Con it is possible that the trouble began on the rin, the taining floor plans, perspective views, and sheets of constructive etails, greater for non-users. - rtaining to modern architecture. Each number is lilustrated with bolts loosening and the component parts of the wheel, utiful plates, showing desirable dwellings, public buildings and archi Inflated chest Imeasurements, in users, 0.0304 meter; tectural work in great 'i To builders and all who contemplate build or those of imperfect make, being unable to withstand ing this work is invaluable. as the largest circulation of any architec non-users, 0.0364, or an increase of 19 per cent greater tural publication in the world. the shock of the wrenching that followed. for non-users. Single copies 25 cents. By mail, to any of the United States, Canada In another recent fly wheel catastrophe, that in the or Mexico, $2.50 a year. To foreign Postal, Union countries, $3.00 a year. Height, in users, 0-0169 meter; non-users, 0.0202, or Combined rate for BUILDING Edition with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $5.00 power house of the Electric Street Railway Company, a year; combined rate for BUILDING Edition, SciENTIFIC AMERICAN an increase of 20 per cent greater in non-users. and SUPPLEMENT, $9.00 a year. To foreign countries, $11.50 a year. of Cincinnati, O., the wheel, a twenty ton one, suddenly Weight, in tusers, 0.4 kilogramme ; non-users, 0.5, or Spanish Edition of the scientific American. flew apart and at a time when, so far as the engineer LA AMERICA Cir. NTirica E INDUSTRIAL (Spanish trade edition of the an increase of 25 per cent greater for non-users. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN) is published monthly, uniform in size and typo could see, there was not any undue acceleration of the £ with the SCIENT1F1C AMERICAN. Every number of La America is With regard to the possible effect on scholarships, pro ly illustrated. It is the finest scientific, industrial trade '' engine's movements. rinted in the Spanish #"#. It circulates throughout Cuba, the West the statistics are: Of those who received junior ap ndies, Mexico Central and South America, Spain and Spanish posses In this case there were no casualties, as at Man sions—wherever the Spanish language is spoken. $3.00 a year, post paid to pointments above dissertations, 95 per cent have not any part of the world. Single copies 25 cents. See prospectus. chester, and hence no inquest. The investigation that used tobacco; of those above colloquies, 87% per cent MUNN & CO., Publishers, followed was conducted by interested persons who, have not used tobacco; of all who received appoint 361 Broadway, New York. notwithstanding the declaration of the engineer, who gr The safest way to remit is by postal order, express money order ments, 84.3 per cent have used tobacco; of the entire #or bank £'i'it', ''''''''' was present at the time, attributed it to a sudden class, 70 per cent have not used tobacco. Jīy" Readers are specially requested to notify the publishers in case of withdrawal of the load and the consequent racing or any failure delay, or £ in receipt of papers. Dr. Steaver says that these figures accord with sta “running away" of the engine. The fact that the tistics that he has kept for the past eight years, the automatic cut-off, operated by the governor, was found NEW YORK, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1891. greatest percentage of gain always being on the side to be intact might fairly be accepted as helping to of those who do not use tobacco. The greatest varia sustain the assertion of the engineer, because, had the Contents. tion in the two years' widest part has not been more engine been relieved of its load, this automatic cut-off than 4 per cent. Some of the students who are classed (illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) would undoubtedly have held the engine to within a Age, old, the loss of...... 207 | Leprosy in China, remarkable among the non-users do smoke, but not oftener than Amidophenol formula - theories about...... 293 few turns of its normal speed. It would seem, there Bicycle, caring for, Locomotive power, increasing... once a week, or at such long intervals that the tobacco (**6)...... 299 || Manchester, Eng., ship canal, fore, as if this, too, might be a case of defects in Black, a, for iron and steel...... 290 the"...... 295 is apt to have little or no effect on them. Dr. Steaver Blue prints, toning...... 289 Mineral wax in Oregon. . . .293 casting. states that the prominent athletes do not smoke or Books and publications, new 298 || Name plate metal, a good 2.94 Canal, ship, the Manchester".... 235 | Needle threader, Ślensby 290 A recent inquiry among the makers of these big fly Carpets and microbes...... 295 | Newspaper annual, Ayer's.. . 296 otherwise use tobacco as a rule, Calhoun being the only Chicago stock yards, slaughter- Notes and queries 299 wheels failed to discover one among them who knew ing at"...... 291 || Ordnance factories, Woolwich... 290 exception in college. All the candidates for the crew Climatology in relation to child Paints, luminous, in all colors... 288 of any test for large castings by which the presence of abstain from tobacco. - hood and old age.. 202 | Patents granted, weekly record... 299 Coloring matter, new. 292 Picture hanger, billings” ... . 290 flaws, the result of air bubbles in moulding or in -à Cycling, use and abuse of. ... 292 || Plaster, a useful...... 297 ~-T-Y Disease, temperature and food Railway appliances, some pat proper cooling, could be discovered. About a year ago in...... 292 ented ...... 298 Preparing Waterproof Cloth. Disinfection...... 289 | Salts, rare...... 297 there was a report that a French inventor had devised Egypt, interesting d very in... 294 | Shark, the basking . 290 a means of doing this by electricity, the apparatus be These unethods may be divided into two groups. In flectric light support, a new".... 290 Shells, how to clean (3609) . 299 Electrical power, long distance.: 293 Snake, the hoop...... 297 ing called a “schiseophone.” It was said for it that some, a precipitate of salts of the fatty acids is pro Electrical power, small practical 2.93 | Soap, antiseptic...... 291 duced upon the tissue itself; in others, the cloth is Explosions of coal dust...... 296 | Stone crushing and s . 294 it would indicate the presence of flaws in steel rails Flywheels, large, dangers of...... | Thought transference. . 29.3 saturated with inelted or dissolved substances, which, Galveston Harbor works... - - Tides, the...... 29.3 that the ordinary hammer test could not be relied Geological notes, Missouri. |Tobacco and physical health.... 288 when they are once solidified on the fiber, have the Hair, influence of diet on t - Trade mark union label...... 295 upon to discover, or, to put it more correctly, that the Hedges: the trees for...... 292 | Velocities of projectiles, measur property of repelling water. If any of the former Hog killing at the Chicago stock ing...... 289 human ear is not sensitive enough to read the warn yards"...... 287 | Water, detection of copper in... 288 class of methods is selected, the cloth is passed into a Hospice of Great St. Bernard.... 234 Waterproof cloth, preparing..... 288 ing that may be given in the hammer test when put to Inventions, recently patented... 298 || Wire trundler, Smith's"...... 290 special inachine, in which it is saturated with alumi Iron process, improved...... 206" World's Fair, work on the...... 289 large castings. Nothing, however, seems to have come as yet of all the promises made for this invention. num acetate; it is dried and passed into a soap beck. Till such or similar ineans are found to discover flaws It is necessary in this operation to produce a basic TABLE OF CONTENTS OF in segments for large fly wheels, it is not safe to use compound. For this purpose, there are employed SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT them in the vicinity of workrooms, as at Manchester. equal weights of salts of aluminum and of lead. Care Inust be taken not to introduce too large quantities of - NTO- S27 = free acid with the aluminum sulphate, since the latter Luminous Paints in all Colors, contains always a certain quantity of sulphuric acid, For the Week Ending November 7, 1891. A German contemporary gives the following series which, during desiccation, displaces the acetic acid. Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers of receipts for these paints, which may prove useful. To avoid this inconvenience, there are added per liter PAGE All of these paints can be used in the manufacture of from 10 to 80 grins. of soda. The most favorable tem I. ARCHAEOLOGY.-Vaudoux Burial Customs-By EUGENE MUR perature is 50 deg. Heating by direct steam must be RAY AARON, Ph.D.-A full and interesting paper...... 132.19 colored papers, etc., if the varnish is altogether omit avoided. For preparing the soap bath the author II. CHEMISTRY.—Volumetric Analysis.—A full paper, with 1 en ted, and the dry mixtures are ground to a paste with graving...... 13217 water. The luminous paints can also be used as wax utilizes the fact that an aqueous solution of soap forms III. ENGINEERING.—The Stampede or Cascade Tunnel on tae colors for painting on glass and similar objects, by add true solutions with mixtures of fat and wax, resins, Northern Pacific R.R.—By CHARLES W. HobART.—A full article, ing, instead of the varnish, 10 per cent Inore of Japan mineral oils, and even caoutchouc. To this end he illustrated by 2 engravings, and containing much tabulated mate - takes a ten per cent solution of guin Paraguay in oil rial...... 13207 ese wax and one-fourth the quantity of the latter of Universal Suction Ram.—A new form of ram for elevating olive oil. The wax colors prepared in this way may of turpentine. The proportions to be employed for a water to considerable heights.-1 engraving...... 13:210 also be used for painting upon porcelain, and are then square meter of cloth are 30 grims. tallow soap, 25 North River Bridge at New York City.—The new bridge pro Japan wax, 1.5 guin Paraguay, 1 grim. good varnish. posed for connecting New York City and the Jersey shore.–Full carefully burned without access of air. Paintings of details, showing the size compared with the Forth bridge in Scot this kind can also be treated with water glass. The wax is first melted, the gum and the varnish are land, Brooklyn bridge over the East River, Poughkeepsie bridge added, and then for each kilo. of the solid gum there over the Hudson River, and the St. Louis bridge over the Missis For orange luminous paint, 46 parts varnish are sippi River...... 13211 Inixed with 17.5 parts prepared barium sulphate, 1 part are added 0.5 grin. of a solution, saturated in heat, of potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur). The mixture is IV. MISCELLANEOUS.—“Preservaline,” a New Preservative for prepared Indian yellow, 1.5 parts prepared inadder Meat.-By Dr. BRUNo TERNE...... 13213 lake, and 38 parts luminous calcium sulphide. stirred and boiled, when sulphureted hydrogen is libe Mirror Lens.-A description, with 1 engraving, of a useful aid to For yellow luminous paint, 48 parts varnish are rated. A boiling solution of soap is added, when the reading.-In the glass the reflected image of the printing is shown bath is fit for use.—Em. Doring, in Romen's Journal. considerably magnified...... 13219 Inixed with 10 parts barium sulphate, 8 parts barium Remains of Wonderful Animals.—An interesting paper on a chromate, and 34 parts luminous calcium sulphide. subject of which little is generally known...... 18220 Detection of Copper in Distilled Water. Song Birds.-An interesting paper...... 13221 For green luminous paint, 48 parts varnish are mixed with 10 parts prepared barium sulphate, 8 parts Distilled water, the purity of which has been ascer V. NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.—A Description of the Presidente Pinto.-A new Chilian cruiser.-One engraving, full description... 13207 chromium oxide green, and 34 parts luminous calcium tained by the ordinary methods, becoines colored yel VI. PHOTOGRAPHY. – Kite Photography.—Interesting experi sulphide. low on dissolving in it potassium iodide. A closer ments in photographing from high altitudes.-2 engravings, illus A blue luminous paint is prepared from 42 parts var examination admits of the detection of infinitesimal trating Wenz's photographic kite, and a reproduction of a kite nish, 102 parts prepared barium sulphate, 6'4 parts quantities of copper, which neither ammonia nor Photograph...... 18215 Photographic Chemistry.—By Prof. R. MELDOLA, F. R. S. ultramarine blue, 5.4 parts cobalt blue, and 46 parts potassium ferrocyanide had revealed. The presence of These lectures, which have been published in the SUPPLEMENT, luminous calcium sulphide. this impurity occasions the yellow coloration of the were delivered before the Society of Arts, London...... 13215 The Photographic Record of Alternate Current Curves.-2 en A violet luminous paint is made from 42 parts var solution of potassium iodide in the water. The reagent gravings...... 13219 nish, 102 parts prepared barium sulphate, 2-8 parts gives a feeble yellow coloration with 1 part in 200,000 VII. TECHNOLOGY.—Sodium or Potassium, New and Improved ultramarine violet, 9 parts cobaltous arsenate, and 36 parts of water. The liquid must not contain any other Process of Making.-With 1 engraving...... 1813 parts luminous calcium sulphide. substance capable of decomposing the iodide and libe Rolling Fluid Metal.-On the manufacture of continuous sheets of malleable iron and steel direct from fluid metal.--By Sir HeNRY For gray luminous paint, 45 parts of the varnish are rating iodine.-Herman Thoms, in Pharm. Central BESSEMER, F.R.S.-A full paper, illustrated by three engravings. 13213 mixed with 6 parts prepared barium sulphate, 6 parts halle. , - - NoveMBER 7, 1891.] $rientific American. 289

Pushing the Work for the World’s Fair. hibited. Whether the applicant is a producer or paper, and the above easily procured chemicals, to From a recently issued report of the Department of manufacturer. test the printing quality of his negatives, with re Publicity and Promotion of the Columbian Exposition By special arrangements the installation of heavy sults only slightly inferior in detail and definition to to be held in Chicago in 1893, it is apparent that a articles requiring foundation should begin while the those obtained by the complicated process of silver much greater annount of work has been already done building is under construction. printing. than is generally known. It is stated that all of the The floor of Machinery Hall will support 250 pounds great buildings have been contracted for and are under per square foot. The heaviest single piece received Disinfection. construction, and on several of them work is proceeding must not weigh more than 30,000 pounds, as facilities According to Behring, lime has about the same night and day, all being pushed to completion by large will not be provided for handling heavier weights. germicide value as the other caustic alkalies, and forces of workmen. Insurance is placed and increased The steam pressure supplied will be 150 pounds to destroys the cholera spirillum and the bacillus of on the buildings as their construction proceeds. It is the square inch. Those wishing to secure lower pres typhoid fever, of diphtheria, and of glanders, after the intention to carry insurance aggregating $300,000, sure may do so by using a reducing valve... several hours' exposure, in the proportion of 50 c.c. 000 on the buildings and exhibits. The following state Water pressure will be that due to a head of 225 feet, normal-bauge per liter. Wood ashes of lye of the saune ment of the exposition's finances is made by the re or a pressure of 98 pounds to the square inch and a alkaline strength may therefore be substituted for port: Resources—Stock subscriptions, $5,608,110; city head of 40 feet, or a pressure of 175 pounds to the quick lime. of Chicago bonds, $5,000,000; prospective gate receipts, square inch. It must not be forgotten that we have a ready means $10,000,000; concessions and privilges, $1,500,000; sal The line shafting will be 16 feet from the center of of disinfecting excreta in the sick room, or its vicinity, vage, $1,000,000; interest on deposits, $270,035; total, the shaft to the floor. by the application of heat. Exact experiments made $23,135,145. Of the subscriptions already received, 60 Driving pulleys are limited to thirty-six inches in by the writer and others show that the thermal death per cent has been called for, and considerably more diameter. point of the following pathogenic bacteria and of the than $3,000,000 has been paid in. The number of sub Exhibitors of steam and other machinery who desire kinds of virus mentioned is below 60° C. (140°F.): scribers is over 30,000. The $5,000,000 in city bonds is to offer the exhibits for use by the Exposition Com Spirillum of cholera, bacillus of anthrax, bacillus of certain to be realized in full, as Chicago's credit is ex pany should send their applications as soon as possible. typhoid fever, bacillus of diphtheria, bacillus of gland cellent. The gate receipts, concessions and privileges, Such exhibitors may select their own men to operate ers, diplococcus of pneumonia (M. Pasteuri), strepto and salvage are necessarily prospective, and the this inachinery. Their wages will be fixed and paid coccus of erysipelas, staphylococci of pus, micrococcus amounts given are of course estimates. It is believed by the Exposition Company. of gonorrhea, vaccine virus, sheep pox virus, hydro they are moderate. The Exposition Company will defray the necessary phobia virus. Ten minutes' exposure to the tempera The amounts thus far appropriated by the States expenses of exhibitors, loaning them machines, tools, ture mentioned may be relied upon for the disinfection and Territories to secure their proper representation at etc., for use beyond that which they would have in of material containing any of these pathogenic organ the fair are as here shown : curred as exhibitors simply, wear and tear excepted. isms—except the anthrax bacillus when in the stage of Arizona...... $30,000 | New Hampshire...... $25,000 Platforms, counters, ornamental partitions, show spore formation. The use, therefore, of boiling water California."...... 300,000 | New Jersey...... 20,000 cases, etc., will be at the expense of the exhibitors and in the proportion of three or four parts to one part of Colorado...... 100,000 | New Mexico...... 25,000 must not exceed these dimensions: Show cases, fifteen the material to be disinfected may be safely recom Delaware...... 10,000 | North Carolina...... 25,000 feet above the floor; counters, two feet ten inches; mended for such material. Or, better still, a 10 per Idaho...... 20,000 | North Dakota...... 25,000 Illinois ...... 800,000 | Ohio...... 100,000 platforms, one foot; partitions, fifteen feet. cent solution of sulphate of iron or of chloride of zinc, Indiana ...... 75,000 | Pennsylvania...... 300,000 All exhibits of machinery in motion Inust be in at the boiling point, may be used in the same way Iowa ...... 50,000 | Rhode Island...... 25,000 closed by a railing two feet and six inches in height to (three parts to one). This will have a higher boiling Maine ...... 40,000 | Vermont ...... 15,000 come inside the space. No signs will be allowed to ex point than water, and will serve at the same time as a Massachusetts...... 75,000 | Washington...... 100,000 tend over the passageway and no signs will be allowed deodorant. During an epidemic of cholera or typhoid Michigan...... 100,000 | West Virginia...... 40,000 Minnesota...... 50 000 | Wisconsin ...... 65,000 made of muslin, linen, canvas or paper. fever such a solution might be kept boiling in a proper Missouri...... 150,000 || Wyoming...... 30,000 No fire will be allowed in Machinery Hall except by receptacle in the vicinity of the hospital wards con

Montana ...... 50,000 - Nebraska ...... 50,000 Total...... $2,695,000 special permission. Not more than a day's supply of taining patients, and would serve to conveniently, oils or other inflammable substances will be permitted promptly, and cheaply disinfect all excreta.-Jour The following States have appropriations pending in Machinery Hall, but a suitable place for the storage Amer. Med. Asso. in their legislatures. The sums they are endeavoring of these materials will be provided. - to raise are: No steam or water pipes will be permitted to extend The Measurement of Velocities of Projectiles.* Alabama...... $100,000 | Oregon...... $100,000 over the passageways except when specially provided. BY CAPTAIN H. CAPEL L. HOLDEN, R.A. Arkansas...... 100,000 | South Dakota...... 80,000 Exhibitors not desiring to employ attendants or The author stated that as gunpowder making and Florida...... 100,000 | Tennessee...... 50,000 watchmen may leave their exhibits in the care of the gunnery had developed into branches of science, more Georgia...... 100,000 | Texas...... 300,000 department, which will assume the responsibility of

Kansas...... 100,000 - accurate methods of obtaining the characteristic qua their cleanliness. Total...... $1,030,000 lities of the explosive were required. The instruments The foreign nations and colonies that have so far -j-e used for determining the velocity of a projectile inay determined to participate in the exposition, and the Toning Ferro-Prussiate.: Prints. be divided into two classes: 1. Those used for deter amounts they purpose to expend, are the following: The intense blue color of the ordinary blue print mining its velocity in the bore of the gun , 2, those Argentine Rep...... $100,000 || British Guiana...... $15,000 gives unnatural effects in prints from photographic used for measuring its velocity outside the bore. All Austria-Hungary...... 168,000 || British Honduras...... 7.000 negatives, also in architectural drawings where views chronographs comprise two principal organs, one for Bolivia...... 150,000 | Cape Colony...... 10,000 Brazil...... 445,000 | Trinidad ...... 10,000 and elevations of buildings are reproduced. The fol measuring time, and the other for recording the mo Chili...... 100,000 l Guatemala...... 120,000 lowing method of toning such blue prints has been tion of the projectile. Clocks, pendulums, and tuning Colombia...... 100,000 | Honduras...... 20,000 found to be easy of application, and to give tones va forks have been employed for the former, while elec Costa Rica...... 50,000 || Japan...... 500,000 rying from a brilliant blue through violet blue to trical devices have been universally adopted for the Danish W. Indies...... 10,000 || Mexico...... 750,000 neutral tint and warm shades of gray, according to the Ecuador...... 125,000 | Nicaragua...... 20,000 latter, except in the oldest instruments. For record France...... 400,000 | Peru...... 100,000 intensity of the action of the bath. The paper em ing the motion of the projectile by electrical means Germany...... 250,000 | Salvador...... 30,000 ployed may be common blue print paper, sold ready some sort of interruption in the circuit is used. When Great Britain...... 125,000 | Cuba...... 25,000 for use in rolls, or the specially made paper sold in the movement in the bore has to be registered, a con This partial list foots up thirty-one nations and packages of cut sheets by the dealers in photographic tinuous wire is placed in the gun, the current through fourteen colonies, and appropriations aggregating supplies. The solar printing is carried out in the which is temporarily interrupted by the passage of the $8,630,000. The United States government has appro usual manner. The best results are obtained with shot, this interruption furnishing the means of record. priated thus far $1,500,000, of which $400,000 is availa dark prints, as the intensity of the color is somewhat To obtain the record after the projectile has left the ble for its building alone. reduced by the toning process. The following baths gun, upright frames placed in the path of the project ile have wires stretched over them in such a manner RULES FOR EXHIBITORS, are employed: BATH A. that, on the projectile passing through the frame, the L. W. Robinson, chief of the department of ma Muriatic (hydrochloric) acid...... 3 to 4 drops. wire carrying the current is broken. After briefly de chinery, has formulated the rules. They have not Water ...... 16 oz. (1 pint). scribing the principal chronographs which have been been officially approved by the Director-General, but used, Captain Holden described in some detail those with a few minor modifications they will probably BATH B. Aqua ammonia ...... 5 to 10 drops. now employed at the proof butts of the Inspection De stand as follows: Water...... 16 oz. (1 pint). partment of the Director of Artillery. A linited quantity of steam and water power will BATH. C. At the time the early Boulenge instruments were in be furnished for the purpose of exhibiting machinery Apoth. weight. troduced, the highest muzzle velocity was about 1,000 in operation, the quantity of each to be definitely Alum...... 2 oz. ft. per second ; now the velocities are nearly double settled at the time of allotment of space. Any ex Tannic acid...... 1 drachm. Water...... 16 oz. (1 pint). this amount, and will probably reach 3,000 ft. per cess will be charged for at a fixed price. Demands second. As an example, to show the degree of accu for such excess must also be settled at time of allot The prints are immersed face downward in bath racy to which time has to be measured in order to ob ment of space. A until all the soluble salts contained in the paper are tain the velocity of a projectile to a foot per second, Exhibitors will not be allowed to exhibit any kind dissolved and removed, then dipped into bath B until the following was given : With a shot whose mean or class of goods except those specified in the appli the negative turns a violet blue and the whites are velocity between two screens placed 180 ft. apart is cation. clear, care being taken that the immersion in the am 1,800 ft. per second, a variation of 1 ft. above or below Exhibitors must be manufacturers of machinery and monia be not continued too long, as the definition of 1,800 ft. per second is represented by a decrease or in not dealers only. the picture may be injured. The prints are trans crease in time of only 0.0005 of a second approximately. Exhibitors must provide showcases, shelvings, coun ferred from the ammonia bath, placed face upward in Such accuracy can only be obtained by a careful eli ters, fittings, countershafts, pulleys, beltings, etc., at a tray filled with bath C, and exposed to bright sun mination of the sources of error in the instrument their own expense. shine for from five to ten minutes, until no increase used. The muzzle velocity is obtained from the recorded Exhibitors are required to furnish the following in in the strength of the picture can be noticed. The velocity by means of Bashford's tables, a factor being formation and a drawing to the scale of one-fourth pictures are finished by toning in bath B until the employed which varies with the form of head of the inch to the foot of the plans and distribution of the desired shade of color is obtained, the picture becom projectile. -à objects they wish to exhibit. If machinery, actual ing first a brilliant blue, then violet, and finally, by = horse power required. Cubic feet of steam used per prolonged action, bluish gray or neutral tint. The RECENTLY at the Occidental Mill one-half of a log hour at a pressure of 150 pounds. Diameter of steam toning may be varied by a second immersion in the was sawed, which was 10 feet 3 inches in diameter. It and water pipes. Diameter of discharge drain pipes. tannic acid bath C, followed by a second toning in was worked up into 3,900 feet of lumber. While this The Inain shafts will make 120 and 240 revolutions bath B. After toning the prints are dried in the sun is not a remarkable thing in redwood logs, still a whole per minute. Dimensions of space required must be light in the usual Inanner. The above process is spe log that yields 7,800 feet of lumber is deserving of hon given in feet and inches, without including any allow cially applicable to prints from photographic nega orable mention.-Eureka (Cal.) Standard. ance for passageways. What per cent of labor per tives, enabling the amateur in the field, provided with formed by females in the production of articles ex a printing frame, some sheets of prepared blue print *Abstract of a paper read before the Iron and Steel Institute. " - - - *- --> --

290 $rientific American. [NoveMBER 7, 1891.

AN ADJUSTABLE PICTURE HANGER. give the orders. The higher appointments are gov The Basking Shark. The device shown in the illustration can be readily erned by the War Office rules. After describing the The “basking shark” (Selache maxima, L.) is appa attached to any picture frame, and renders the task of method of correspondence, the form of orders, and the rently no very uncominon visitor in New Zealand wa hanging and adjusting pictures to the proper height a preparation of estimates, the author stated that the ters. In the new volume of the Transactions and comparatively easy one. The hanger is permanently capital account stood at £557,945 for buildings and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Mr. T. F. attached to the fraine by a screw, and the adjustinent £718,949 for machinery. The larger part of the work Cheeseman, Curator of the Auckland Museum, de for height of picture is then effected by simply turning is done by the piece, but sub-letting is not permitted. scribes a specimen, over thirty-four feet long, which the hanger to the right or left, the picture wire being The wages of the workpeople is in accord with out was stranded near the Inouth of the Wade River. Mr. attached to the hanger, and being womnd up or un side trade prices. No special charge is made for R. H. Shakspere, of Whangaparaoa, who saw the spe wound as desired. To hang heavy pictures, where a machines and tools. The stores are kept with a care cimen very shortly after it was stranded, has informed separate wire is required on each side, two of these and accuracy not found in private establishments. Mr. Cheeseman that every spring several individuals hangers are preferably used, and the leveling of the The number of hands employed in the Ordnance Fac of the same species can be seen near the entrance of tories is 17,000, of which 13,000 are at Woolwich. the Wade River, and along the shores of Whangapa Women are not employed. The average wages earned raoa Peninsula. He believes that they visit these is 32s. ($8) per week per employe. In the financial localities in search of their food, which he thinks is year 1889–1890, the amount of completed work issued composed of small Medusae and other pelagic organ amounted to £2,259,126, the expenditure on all services isms. They can be easily recognized from their habit was £2,590,053, of which wages were £1,339,045, and of swimming on the surface of the water, a portion of materials £1,055,224. the back and the huge dorsal fin being usually exposed. Dr. Anderson, in describing the official method of It is from this circumstance, taken with the fact that binding the correspondence on any one subject to their motions are very slow and sluggish, that they gether by the “ Inuch derided red tape,” caused some have received the name of the “basking shark.” They amusement by exhibiting samples of the official cor are easily approached and harpooned, and on the west respondence paper, red tape, and wrappers. A green coast of Ireland as in any as five hundred have been ta wrapper in connection with a bundle of correspond ken in a single season. The liver often weighs as ence indicated that the subject matter was of urgent much as two tons, yielding six to eight barrels of oil. importance, and should be immediately dealt with. A TRUNDLER FOR SP00LED WIRE, BILLINGS’ PICTURE HANGER. A NEW ELECTRIC LIGHT SUPPORT. The illustration shows a strong, light, and conve This device is especially designed for use around nient device for distributing fence and telegraph wire, picture is then easily effected. This improved hanger work benches and in machine shops, etc., rendering etc., coiled on flanged spools, along the lines where

is manufactured by H. E. Billings, of Hartford, Conn. the light adjustable to any de fences are to be made or electric conductors are to be -ā. sired position. The extensible put up. It has been patented by Mr. Cullen R. Smith, Varnishing Oil Paintings. lamp-supporting arm is hung by of Prairie Lea, Tex. The frame of the device has at The chief use of varnish when applied to oil paint a ball and socket joint from the its forward end curved L's, one of which has a hinged ings is to preserve and bring out the full value of the ceiling, there being a set-screw connection to the side bar, as fully shown in Fig. 2, colors used, and to produce a uniform surface. Unvar for regulating the friction on these L's terminating in aligning pintles adapted to be nished, the picture appears dead in one part and glossy the ball at the upper end of the axially inserted in perforations in the sides of the spool in another. It is a mistake to apply a thick coating first rod, to which is adjustably of varnish to a painting, as all varnish oxidizes and attached a rod upon which the darkens in color with age, consequently the thicker lamp-supporting and current the coat of varnish the sooner it becomes discolored, conducting wire is secured. The and in such cases some of the most delicate of the adjustable rod has its bearings tints are obscured. Therefore it is best to use the var in screw eyes set in the sides of nish thin, for while it protects the work from dirt and the upper rod, and is pressed foul air, it also fulfills all the other conditions required. against the bearings by an ad Of course, the above remarks apply equally to the finer justable spring. This device is examples of decorative work. For oil paintings mastic equally well adapted for use on wall brackets. It is varnish is universally used, a drop or two of refined Inanufactured by Messrs. R. Hollings & Co., of No. linseed oil added to the varnish prevents it cracking; 545 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. it admits of being used then without reducing its - body. The reason why varnish cracks, as it often A MACHINE AND HAND NEEDLE THREADER. does, is a debatable question among experts. Apart from the question of good or badly made varnish, The device shown in the illustration is extremely there are several causes which produce the same effect. simple and inexpensive, and can be readily attached to The fact is that both pictures and decorative work are any sewing machine needle in place in the needle bar, varnished before the paint underneath has had time as shown in one of the views, to facilitate threading to become hard; the result being that the varnish be the needle. It is also adapted for use in threading a ing of a highly elastic nature contracts, as it dries, and hand needle, as shown in the other figure. The device the paint not being sufficiently hardened gives way, is made of the proper size to allow it to be attached to SMITH'S TRUNDLER FOR SPOOLED WIRE, and at once a crack-making process begins, which can the needle just below the needle bar, and is adapted only end in the work becoining one mass of cracks. for use on any style of machine. A groove extends drum. Attached to the hinged L is a bent arm con Oil paintings and decorative panel work crack because down the front of the body, on the lower end of which nected by a loop or eye with a pusher rod sliding in the getting up of the ground work, whether on canvas is a thickened transverse portion having a funnel staples on cross bars of the frame, the opposite end of or panel, has been improperly done; from this cause shaped opening at its front opposite the eye of the the rod being bent to form a locking shoulder and alone a large percentage of otherwise good work is needle when the threader is placed in position. The handle, while its central portion is intersected by a ruined. The result is the same in many cases whether funnel opening has a slit in its upper side to permit of turnbuckle. By pushing this rod forward one of the the work has been got up in quick color or in distem the removal of the thread, and a flat spring attached pintles is swung outward, as shown in Fig. 2, to per to an inclined back portion of the threader holds it in per. mit of attaching the device to a spool, when the rod is --6-6-e place on the needle. In the hand threader, the groove drawn back and its shoulder engaged with one leg of The Constitution of the Royal Ordnance Factories to receive the needle is in the back of the body, the the staple, whereby the device is held in locked posi at Woolwich. tion upon the spool. To bring tension upon the wire The autumn meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute as laid, the turnbuckle is turned to shorten the pusher was opened on the 6th of October, at the Literary In rod, the shoulders on the pintles thus being pressed stitute of the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. inward to cause friction on the spool ends. The device The first paper read was by Dr. W. Anderson, may also be utilized to transfer wire rolls from one Director-General of Ordnance Factories. He stated point to another, and also for rolling barrels or casks, that the Royal Ordnance Factories were founded upon the ends of the pintles, in the latter case, being slight the principle that means should be provided for the ly pointed, to engage the opposite heads of the vessels. production of every kind of warlike material in a

limited degree, and without discouraging the same To Color Iron and Steel a Dead Black. manufactures by private establishments. The use A new blacking fluid has been invented by M. Mazure. fulness of the Royal Factories lies mainly in the facili ties they offer for testing the value of warlike ap According to Cosmos, this liquid has the following formula: pliances, for the repairs of service stores, and for the prevention of “rings” among the few firms who manu Bismuth chloride...... 1 part. Mercury bichloride...... 2 “ facture war material. In addition, the special ex Copper chloride...... 1 *

perience of the Imanagers and foremen, and the Hydrochloric acid ...... ------6 * abundant means available, have enabled the Ordnance Alcohol...... 5 * Factories to supply stores which private firms are Water...... 50 * unable to produce in reasonable time. Mix. To use this fluid successfully, the article to be The Royal Ordnance Factories are six in number. blacked or bronzed must be clean and free from Three of these are situated at the Arsenal at Wool grease. It may be applied with a brush or swab, or, wich. Common to all the factories is the Department SLENSBY’s NEEDLE THREADER. better still, the object may be dipped into it. Let the of Building Works, which at Woolwich has charge of liquid dry on the metal, and then place the latter into twenty Iniles of railway, forty locomotives, and cor needle being held in place before the thread opening boiling water, and maintain the temperature for half responding rolling stock, the hydraulic establishment, by a flat spring, as in the case of the machine needle, an hour. If the color is then not as dark as desired, the electric light installation, the gas manufacture, while the base of the groove is made with an inclined repeat the operation. The editor of the National the telegraph and telephone lines, etc. The Ordnance portion which permits of the ready adjustment of fine Druggist finds it to work beautifully. After getting Factories differ from private factories. There is no or coarse needles before the needle opening. the desired color, the latter is fixed and much in floating capital beyond some £400,000 invested in Further particulars relative to this invention may be proved by placing for a few minutes in a bath of boil stores ; consequently, the customers for whom the obtained of Mr. W. P. Slensby, No. 7 Warren Street, ing oil, or by coating the surface with oil and heating

work is done have to provide the money when they N. Y. City. the object until the oil is driven off. - NoveMBER 7, 1891.] $rientific American. 29I - - H06 KILLING AT THE CHICAGO STOCK YARDS, they are kept for about three minutes, that the hair After the carcass has been thoroughly cooled, in According to the United States Department of Agri may be readily scraped off. From the farther end of rooms which are always kept at a temperature below culture, there were, on Jan. 1, 1891, over fifty millions the vat, every few seconds, a curved, rake-like grid 40° F., it is run along, still on the labor-saving rails, to of swine in the United States, more than three-fifths iron, attached to a cable, lifts a steaming hog out on a the cutting-up departinent, where it is taken down of which were in twelve so-called packing States, four table, along which passes an endless chain, to which and separated into two sides, and then a workman with of these States, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, the hog, hooked by the nose, is attached, to be drawn a powerful chopper cuts off the ham, shoulder, and having together 18,596,000, or nearly two-fifths of the through a scraping inachine, as shown in the lower underlying ribs if necessary, separating the feet to be total for the whole country. The city of Cincinnati picture in our first page illustrations. At the time of canned, pickled, or passed into the lard tanks. It is was for many years familiary designated as Porkopolis, the visit of our artist, black Berkshire pigs were being wonderful to what accuracy these workmen attain, as the leading center of the pork-packing business, but slaughtered, and the white and black portions of the never mauling the meat, and always cutting to a hair's Chicago long ago passed the Queen City in this spe animal seen plainly indicate where the hair has been breadth just where the separating cuts for the differ cialty, almost at the same time that it attained so already removed in its passage through the machine. ent parts are required. striking a prominence in the business of beef packing. The accurately working spring scrapers of the ma A large portion of the product of the slaughter houses There is probably no more interesting subject to the chine are mounted on cylinders placed at such angles is distributed in bulk to the principal markets of this economist and statistician, at the present time, than as will allow the blades to most effectually reach every country, the number of hogs slaughtered singly by that presented by an investigation of the vast busi portion of the aniinal, and in about ten seconds the farmers for general consumption being small; but the ness carried on at the Chicago stock yards, and it is hog emerges denuded of its hair. This work was done cutting and packing of hog products, for both the not surprising, therefore, that visitors to Chicago are by hand some years ago, but the machine, which saves home and export trade, is a business of such enormous always expected to make the tour of the stock yards the labor of ten men, was invented and put in opera extent that it has been made the subject of very care before they can be said to have a proper appreciation tion by one of the engineers of the firin in consequence ful and exact rules, recognized by commercial bodies of the enterprise and business ability which have of a strike of the scrapers, who did not imagine that generally in all the important centers of commerce. made the city what it is. machinery could be made which would perform their The requirements of the Chicago Board of Trade in In the accompanying illustrations we have en branch of the work. this particular may be somewhat briefly summarized deavored to make our readers participants in the ad The animal passes from the machine to hand as follows: vantages of such a visit, so far as our artist has been scrapers, where any slight oversight is made good, In barreled pork, standard iness must be from sides able to represent one of the most important branches after which follows a thorough washing by means of of well-fatted hogs, split through or on one side of the of business carried on at the stock yards, the pictures jets at the ends of rubber hose suspended over the backbone, and equal proportions on both sides, 190 to showing details of the pork-packing industry, as car table, to be directed as required for removing any ad 193 pounds of green meat to make a barrel, numbering ried on by the house of Armour & Co., who have long hering hair, dirt, or scum, perfect order and cleanli not over sixteen pieces, including the regular propor stood at the head of the trade as being the largest ness being a marked feature of every detail. Next tion of flank and shoulder cuts, the packing to be done packers and shippers. Their trade extends to all parts follows an inspection, after which the animal's throat with forty pounds of coarse salt, and the barrel to be of the globe, and the number of hogs killed by them is cut entirely across, so that the head hangs by but a filled with brine. Prime iness is made of the shoulders for the year ending April 1 last numbered 1,714,000, slight connection, and the body is suspended by the and sides only of hogs weighing from 100 to 175 pounds, be sides 712,000 - cut in square cattle and 413,000 pieces of four sheep. They have pounds each, 7,900 employes, twenty pieces of and 2,250 cars are shoulder cuts to equipped with re thirty pieces of frigerating appa side cuts, and in ratus for the addition to the transportation of salt twelve oun | * their products. ces of saltpeter The ground area | are placed in each covered by the barrel. Extra buildings is 50 prime pork is acres in extent, made from heavy giving a floor untrimmed shoul area of 140 acres, Butchering. Attaching to cable. Scraping. Cleaning. ders, and light a chill room and mess pork is made cold storage area from sides, but of 40 acres, and a with as many as storage capacity twenty-two pieces of 130,000 tons. In to the barrel. addition the firm Extra clean pork T || || || || || || - - - "I'll has the backbone has separate glue ". |- - - H. - works, with build - - and ribs taken - - - W # - ings covering 15 - W - ū - out, fourteen acres, where 600 pieces to the bar '' - in "al | - | | hands are employ k .# rel, and in clear - -

- - ed, their produc r - - - - pork the back | | - tion last year hav bone and half the 2 * ~ - ing been 7,000,000 - ZŽ - - Z rib next to it is • % pounds of glue taken out. and 9,500 tons of §-ww. \'-x"N. In p ic k led fertilizers. meats, careful re Inspection—throat cutting, Cuttin open and Taking out Heads off, tongues Splitting. Running into cooling room. The hogs, as hanging on trolly. entrail stripping. leaf lard. out. quirements are they arrive by THE CHICAGO STOCK YARDS–SUCCESSIVE OPERATIONS FROM CATCHING PEN TO COOLING ROOM. for inu lated for train from all sec standard sweet tions, are kept in the extensive yards and sheds adja hind legs from a trolley, and thus passed over the pickled hams and shoulders, New York shoulders, cent to the buildings until they are wanted for slaugh table where the disemboweling is performed. The Boston shoulders, California hams, skinned hams, tering, which may be a few days or but a few hours. leaf lard is removed at a following table, and further pickled bellies, etc., while cut meats form the subject While they remain here, however, they are always along the heads are removed and the tongues taken of a long list of regulations in which are described, well fed and watered, and they are selected for killing out, the last operation being the splitting, before the among other things, what must constitute Cumber according to the various markets, their ages generally carcass is run into the cooling room, the time taken to land, Birmingham, South Staffordshire, Yorkshire, being from six to eighteen Inonths, and the average catch the hog, slaughter, cleanse, dress, and deliver Wiltshire, and Irish cut sides, South Staffordshire and weight being from 150 to 200 pounds. him in the cooling chainber being ordinarily only from Manchester hams, etc. The bacon put up for foreign Each lot of animals, as they are taken from the ten to fifteen minutes. consumption is usually packed in boxes holding about pens, is duly weighed on standard scales, after which Each portion of the internal organs is carefully 500 pounds each, and much of the Chicago packed they are driven over what is styled the “Bridge of separated, cleansed, and set aside for use, the lungs, meat is retailed at many places in England and other Sighs” into an upper story of the building where the heart and liver going to the sausage department, and foreign markets as of the choicest domestic production work colnmences, about a score being inclosed to the intestines, stripped of fat, cleansed and scalded, in the neighborhood where it is consumed. gether in a catching pen. Then to one hind leg is at following to form the casings. Many kinds of sausages The promised removal of the long standing restric. tached a short piece of chain, having a ring at its are made, among which are “liver,” “blood,” and tions upon the trade in American pork by Germany, opposite end, and into this ring the operator passes a pork, “Frankfurter” and “Bologna,” while the soft France, and Italy will undoubtedly result in a large hook on the end of a chain lowered from a roller over parts of the heads are made into head cheese or brawn. increase in our exports of hog products, the total of head, the latter chain being steadily wound up by The mincing of the sausage meat, which also includes which for the last fiscal year, ended June 30, 1891, was power. As the head of the animal is raised, another trimmings from the sides and hams, is effected by $84,908,698. This sum is made up as follows: Bacon, hook, suspended from a wheel, is fixed into the ring, steam-driven mincers operating in large vats. From $37,404,989; hains, $8,245,685; fresh pork, $56,358; and this wheel runs on a rail onward through several hogs in good condition it is estimated that as much as pickled pork, $4,787,343; lard, $34,414,323. For the large rooms, always at an incline, down which the forty pounds of lard is obtained on an average from preceding year our exports of the same articles were animal is carried by his own gravity. As he is swung each animal. The fat and other refuse is placed in $372,476 greater than during the last fiscal year. over the wall of the catching pen, the butcher, with tanks heated by worms from steam boilers, and after ------one thrust of a sharp, short knife, always reaches to melting is drained off in different grades, the first the heart, insuring almost instant death, there being quality being made only from the leaf and trimmings. Antiseptic Soap. no squealing and but very little muscular twitching Some of the bristles are used for brushes, and others An antiseptic soap for physicians and nurses, which after the thrust. The blood flows through an inclined go to the cobblers, but the great bulk of the hair is has been found to possess the property of closing grating into a receptacle below, and of itself is an Inixed with horse hair for stuffing cushions and similar scratches and healing sores and cracks, has been in article of considerable value, utilized for several im purposes. The blood is largely used for making albu troduced by M. Vigier, and is having considerable sale portant purposes. men for photographic uses, as well as in sugar refining in Paris. It is made of 12 parts dried sulphate of cop Passing on beyond the butcher, the animals are un and for a fertilizer, the crushed bones and other refuse per incorporated with 88 parts of any good soap ma hooked and plunged into a vat of steam-heated water, also forming a very valuable fertilizer, although many terial. The product has a pleasing green tint and is where nine or ten are immersed together, and where other uses are likewise found for the bones. devoid of any irritating action. 292 $rientific American. [NoveMBER 7, 1891.

The Trees for Hedges. drinks, with broths and beef tea, guided more by what, changes, which are especially trying to the rheumatic When barb wire fences became common, the opinion from very crude ideas, we are led to think the stomach or the subjects of renal disease, partly to the impossi was generally entertained that hedges would be want will bear, than by any forethought of what the sub bility of obtaining sufficient easy exercise on the level ed no longer, being superseded by the wire fence. But stance, supplied as food, will do when it passes into the ground, which is a serious difficulty in cardiac cases. hedges are not entirely given up, since it has been circulation. It is not known, elementary as the ques. A sea voyage, though by no means out of court at any found that the strong objections made to them have tion is, whether the imbibition of cold water reduces period of life, is often a doubtful experiment for the arisen from the careless manner in which they have temperature more decidedly than hot water; and old, who do not take kindly to such a revolution in been treated, and often left to take care of themselves. when we come to foods, we have no sure know their daily habits as life at sea necessarily involves, Carelessly planted, many parts have died and left gaps, ledge whether those which are animal and fleshy, or who often suffer severely on shipboard from sea-sick and with pruning neglected or performed at the wrong those which are farinaceous, or those which are fruity ness and insolnnia, and who may not possess sufficient season, large vacancies have been left below. But they are the most active antipyretics. Perchance there elasticity of spirit to rise above the depressing in will not become important farm barriers to any extent, might be discovered some food and drink that of itself fluence of separation from home and friends. The rather the ornamental boundaries of home grounds, or would be sustaining and antipyretic. I am usually led elderly constitute the class most likely to benefit by screens for protecting gardens from intruders or pre by what is called the “instinct” of the patient in di the various spas, which now enjoy at least a sufficient vailing winds. Yet in some instances they may still recting foods and drinks, and my late friend Mr. vogue. The effect of mineral waters is in most cases be useful boundaries of farm fields, as an example of Thomas Hunt, a shrewd and original observer, wrote to promote elimination, and this is often the first in which we now have had for over twenty years an Osage once an essay to prove that instinct was an infallible dication in the case of those advanced in years. It hedge nearly a fourth of a mile long, which for Inore guide for food in disease. It is a doubtful doctrine, should never be forgotten, however, that vigorous than that time has afforded perfect protection between but possibly up to date as good as any other, if not the eliminative measures are a great drain upon the sys cattle and horses on one side and fruit trees and plants best.-Dr. B. W. Richardson. tem and may easily be abused.

- - on the other. It was cultivated on each side for a few ~ We hardly need to say, in conclusion, that in noth years, until large enough, after which the soil was Climatology in Relation to Childhood and Old ing is the superior recuperative power of youth over allowed to harden or become covered with grass to Age. age more apparent than in the greater readiness and check the growth of the hedge and favor early ripen As regards childhood, we may safely lay down the certainty of its response to change of climate. We can ing of the young wood. This result has been increased general laws that children respond more readily to confidently recommend to the young measures which by a tile drain a few feet from it, giving the Osage change than their elders, that they commonly do very we suggest dubiously to the old. In fact, change is plants a dry bottom. As a consequence, the hedge has well at the seaside, that they often benefit most sig rarely at fault in the earlier years of life, whereas it is never been injured to any extent by cold winters. It nally by a sea voyage, and do not suffer severely from very often a doubtful, and sometimes a most hazard has been annually cut back enough to reduce the the discomforts attending such a voyage, that they ous, experiment for the aged. In the case of the latter height to about six feet. It is perfect throughout, and enjoy and benefit by a country life, that they suffer we need to have solid reasons and tolerably definite no animal or any man has ever attempted to pass it. more than grown people from the depressing influ prospects before we induce them to give up the com It has cost less, in the long run, than a good board ences of city life, and that, as a rule to which there forts and safety of home for the uncertainties of travel fence. The Cultivator and Country Gentleman, from are probably many exceptions, they do not specially -Lancet. which paper we copy, inentions these facts because in benefit from the climate of high altitudes. Such, in * telligent planters very commonly pronounce Osage brief, seem to be the leading principles of the clima Cycling : Its Use and Abuse. orange not hardy enough for the North, and it is not tology of childhood and early adolescence. That child Those who believe in the necessity of physical exer under common treatment. ren love the sea and that the sea very generally suits cise, and we belong to their number, have need also to Much discussion has taken place lately on the best them are familiar facts of observation. The explana remember that even so good a thing as this is in excess trees or plants for hedges. W. G. Waring gives his tion is to be found in such considerations as that child an evil. The use of the cycle is a form of bodily recre views in the Tribune after much experience. He ren are commonly in a condition to bear stimulation, ation in itself doubtless wholesome; none the less is it strongly favors the barberry, which he has found suf not having used-up nervous systems, that they are at open to the mischievous effects of undue indulgence. ficient to exclude ill-bred boys from the fruit garden, tracted by the sea and its products, and by the amuse Tempted by the ease of movement, combined as a rule who previously disregarded barb wire and picket fence. ments natural to the seaside, and that some of their with attractive scenery, every one trys it. Every one The plants were set eight inches apart, had been commonest ailments, such as struma and rickets, are too finds he can do something with it, and considera pruned back enough to “present countless needle among the affections most amenable to marine influ tions of weather, constitution, age, and health are apt points from ground to summit.” The objection is ence. to be dismissed with summary imprudence. One fruit mentioned too that the barberry is unfavorable to the It is very striking how happy children are, as a gen ful source of injury is competition. In this matter not wheat crop, but this is not always the case, as we have eral rule, on shipboard; how readily they accommo even the strongest rider can afford to ignore his limit barberry hedge and barberry bushes in close proximity date themselves to their novel conditions of existence; of endurance. The record breaker, who sinks ex to unblighted wheat fields, and in other instances we how little they suffer from sea sickness or the other hausted at his journey's end, has gone a point beyond have seen promising wheat crops destroyed by rust, inconveniences of the life at sea; how deeply they this. The septuagenarian who tries to rival his juniors although no barberries were known to grow within are interested by the rather monotonous round of sights by doing and repeating his twenty or thirty miles, per miles of such devastated localities. and sounds, and how astonishing is frequently their haps against time, is even less wise. Lady cyclists, too, In the same journal, Andrew S. Fuller justly pro progress toward health under such conditions. The may bear in mind that their sex is somewhat the nounces the common hemlock as forming the hand enjoyment and benefit which children derive from weaker. So likewise among men the power of endur somest and most perfect hedge. For its rich green country life do not call for comment. That city life, ance varies greatly, and it is better for some to admit leaves and soft foliage it surpasses the Norway spruce especially under the insanitary and unwholesome con this and be moderate than to labor after the achieve and the arbor vitae. Its dense growth in its own shade ditions prevailing in many of our large centers of ments of far more muscular neighbors. In short, and in that of other trees might have been mentioned population, is prejudicial to the normal and healthy whenever prostration beyond mere transient fatigue as an additional recommendation, in which it is unlike development of the child is a fact sufficiently obvious, follows the exercise, or when digestion suffers and many other evergreens, which present a bare growth but for which it is difficult to find an adequate remedy. weight is markedly lessened, and a pastime which of denuded branches when the interior is examined by The question is too large to be discussed incidentally ought to exhilarate becomes an anxious labor, we may lifting the exterior foliage. This characteristic allows in this connection, but it is not too much to say that be sure that it is being overdone. He that would reap it to be used for screens (taller than hedges) in the the great problem in hygiene which the twentieth its best results must content himself with much less shade of deciduous trees, and to give it a full rounded century will be compelled to solve will be how to than this ; but unless he can observe such moderation, growth when other evergreens would lose their leaves. reconcile the growth of great cities with the preserva he had better abstain from it altogether.-The Lancet, Since the introduction of barb wire, a larger list of tion of the national health. London. hedge trees may be made than formerly, a few strands That the mountain climates are not very suitable for * of the wire passing lengthwise in the interior giving children is probably a true general principle, but one New Coloring Matter. the same advantage to thornless branches as formerly upon which it would be rash to insist too rigidly. The It is said: Some Belgian manufacturers of glass and possessed by dense thorns. Evergreens may thus be explanation would appear to be that, upon the whole, porcelain have recently introduced from Germany a come efficient barriers. The buckthorn, which has the the general conditions of climate and life which exist new coloring matter, which can be fixed without the advantage of being easily raised from seed, easily trans at high altitudes, although highly stimulating in cer use of fire. In this process a mixture of two solutions, planted, and having a natural hedge-like growth, may tain morbid conditions, do not promote in a similar of which one consists of 100 parts of strong potash and have sufficient artificial thorns supplied it ; and dense degree normal physiological development. We must 10 parts of acetate of soda, and the other of 15 parts of growing ornamental shrubs may now be used in the admit, however, that this point has not been at all ade acetate of lead in 100 parts of water. The second solu same way, if the planter will add the wire to the inte quately worked out, and that any hard-and-fast rules tion consists of 50 parts of borax dissolved in 100 parts rior as they gradually increase in height. are at least premature. of hot water and 20 parts of glycerine. Sixty parts of ------The climatology of old age may be roughly summed the first mixture are mixed with 40 parts of the second. Animal Temperature and Food in Disease. up as follows: Elderly people in general do well with When the composition has been applied, the objects The Lancet, of July 27 ultimo, brings forward the equability and moderate warmth; they bear cold are placed in a bath, which is composed of 1 part of question whether the animal temperature is reduced badly; they benefit by abundant sunshine. The high borax dissolved in 12 parts of water, mixed with 50 by change from an animal to a vegetable diet, or to a altitudes are very rarely suitable to theiu, and are parts of hydrofluoric acid and 10 parts of sulphuric diet in which animal food forms a main part. It refers usually decidedly injurious ; they do best in level acid. After being allowed to remain in the bath for to a gentleman and lady who, under what is called the places, where there is abundant shelter. They may or ten minutes, the objects are washed in clean water, V.E.M. system (vegetable, eggs, and milk), seem to may not benefit by the seaside or a sea voyage, but when the color appears as clearly as when the objects have brought down their animal warmth from 98° to these measures cannot be reconnmended with at all the are fired. -- 96°, with 97'4" Fah. as a maximum, and at the same same confidence as in the case of children. Most of ~-w time have remained in perfect health and strength. If these principles become almost obvious upon a little Failure of the Galveston Harbor Works. this be true, it is argued, the assumed natural stand consideration. The failing vitality, by which we mean After more than twenty years of experiments, fre ard of the genus homo is above the required standard, impaired vigor of circulation, assimilation, and excre quent changes of commanding officers, several modifi and men and women are wasting their powers by an tion, which characterizes advanced years, and the cations of plans, the expenditure of $2,273,111.66 to unnecessary dispersion of energy. It is suggested that special maladies most frequent at that time of life, such June 30, 1890, and more than a quadrupled estimate of we ought to ascertain, from a long, patient, and truth as rheumatism, cardiac disease, gout, and renal affec cost to complete, it may be said that the injuries ful series of observations on the temperatures of ani tions, serve to determine the climatological problem. caused by the works are greater than the benefits, and mal and mixed feeders whether, by changing them Moderate warmth with fair equability, abundance of that the difficulties in the way of securing a deep water into pure vegetable feeders or fruit feeders, any modi sunshine with adequate shelter, and level walks, channel over the outer bar have been greatly increased fication of temperature is induced. The idea is a good evidently meet the most obvious indications called for rather than diminished, while it is proposed to apply one, but the research should be extended to observa by these affections. $6,200,000 to a continuation of these experiments on a tions on the effect of dietaries in the course of disease. The unsuitability of the mountain climates to the plan which must prove fatal. Such is believed to be a We have no system in the treatment of disease, of aged is due partly to the cold, which depresses those frank, though greatly abridged, statement of the pro febrile disease especially, that so much as touches this in whom the circulation is feeble either constitution blem of securing deep water at Galveston, as it exists all-important matter. In high fever we give cold ally or as the result of age, partly to the sudden to-day.-Lewis M. Haupt, C.E. NoveMBER 7, 1891.] $rientific American. 293 im Qorrespondence. but the direct attraction of the sun's and moon's force further said that the general idea was that the seeds does not agree with the tidal development which fol of leprosy entered the rice through the water in cer lows the moon's position by six hours. Whatever the tain localities, and that it was through the food that Practical Use of a Small Electrical Power. difference is, in the gravity of falling water, it will be the disease to some extent was propagated, and of To the Editor of the Scientific American : least at noon and greatest at midnight at time of new course through actual bodily contagion | There were I have a battery (primary) charging two cells of stor moon; since the moon's mass is only about one-eightieth numerous asylums at Yen Ping Fu for lepers, but they age battery, which has been in daily use for nearly a of the earth's, and its distance thirty times the dia were allowed to go about a good deal. The lepers in year without once failing. Froin the storage cells I meter of the earth, the lifting force at a point upon the said district were allowed to interinarry, but no run a motor, one-eighth horse power, giving Ine power the earth's surface which has the moon in the zenith, marriage was allowed between healthy people and enough for all dental operations, viz., my dental en expressed as a fraction of the earth's gravity, equals those suffering from leprosy. I was shown a good gine used in the mouth and the lathe for grinding and Frriwwn, or a body of water weighing 4,000 tons has a many young boys and grown-up girls, several of whom polishing, the electric mallet and mouth lamp. The total variation in weight of about one pound, due to showed no outward signs of the disease, and several of power is fully equal to the demand at all times. As the position of the moon, whether in the zenith or whom even were very good-looking, but who neverthe you well know, the secondary battery needs no atten nadir. Attempts have been made to observe directly less all of them had the taint of the disease. The tion whatever, and all that I have ever done to the the variations in the force of gravity produced by the Chinese claim to be able to recognize the existence primary battery is to pour out the water once in two moon's action, but they are too small to be detected of the disease in such cases by the peculiar, nearly months, and put in about four pounds of blue vitriol with certainty by any experimental method yet con abnormally healthy complexion | The guess at the to each jar. There are ten jars of primary coupled to sidered. The differential force of the sun is so much bacteria is said to have been made many centuries give five volts and about one ampere; as a matter of smaller than that of the moon that it may be left out ago; many remedies (all, or most, of which were fact, it will give more than one ampere during the two in questions of the above kind, and is only manifest in exceedingly unlikely) have been proposed from time months, but after that period the quantity lessens. the problem of the precession of the equinoxes.-E.D.] to time, but the prefect said that really there was no The cost of maintaining this is about 75 cents per remedy, and only one way of preventing the spread month, and it requires about one hour to renew, if all Is it Mineral Wax? of the disease, namely, by keeping the lepers strictly the cells are cleansed at the same time, which is not To the Editor of the Scientific American : in their asylums and prohibiting marriage of lepers necessary. The capacity of the storage cells is 4 volts There is a legend among the Indians here that a altogether, and thus stopping the spread of leprosy by and 35 almpere hours. This summer, before I went on Spanish vessel loaded with beeswax was wrecked on contagion and heredity / my vacation, I discharged the secondary battery, and the beach near here about one hundred years ago. There are many superstitious notions in existence in in so doing ran the motor without load for six hours On the beach at the mouth of Nehalem River, in China with regard to the cure of the disease. Thus a continuously before it stopped. J. E. STANTON. this county, about forty miles south of the mouth of Chinese official told me that many of the natives Boston, Mass., October 14, 1891. the Columbia River, is found large quantities of wax, thought that a person suffering from leprosy could be [The above account of Dr. Stanton's experience con having the appearance of a mineral, at first sight, but cured by marrying a healthy person of the opposite tains information of value to a large number of our on closer inspection and with ordinary tests appears sex: and great cunning has often been used to conceal readers who are interested in the practical use of elec to be pure beeswax. In fact it is gathered and sold as the disease, and thus carry out matrimonial plans of tricity in a small way. We would be pleased to hear beeswax, and one man residing at Nehalem makes a such kinds, with a view of curing either the son or from others having a similar experience.—ED.] regular business of gathering it and shipping it to daughter as the case might be. -4-e-w-e Astoria, where he receives the regular market price of This, of course, proves the ignorance of the masses The Formula of Amido-phenol. beeswax. - and also how still further new channels are opened for To the Editor of the Scientific American: It is washed ashore at high tide, apparently having the propagation of the disease. On another occasion In issue dated October 17, in answer to E. B. C., you been unburied from the shifting sand bars by the a women offered me and a friend some “peanuts”; give the formula for parainidophenol as waves, and it is common to see a man plowing on the an official who was traveling with us rushed up, saying C.H.(NH2)OH beach to unearth the treasures of wax. It has also only : “Ma Feng, pu mai,” which means: “Leprosy, don’t buy,” which proves that the Chinese are fully The phenols have six C's. Simple phenol, or carbolic been found at quite a distance from and considerably convinced that the contagion can be communicated by acid, in graphic formula is elevated from the beach, in the black soil, where large trees are now growing. It occurs in pieces of various touching or eating anything which has been handled sizes, from the size of a walnut to one hundred and by lepers; and it also proves, as your correspondent fifty pounds, and some of the larger pieces are said to of September 19 mentions, the great risk one unknow N have borne inscriptions in some unintelligible lan ingly runs in buying fruit or any other kind of pro H-O–C C–H guage. The Indians use it for torches. duce coming from places where lepers are allowed to * / Inclosed you will find a small piece, and if you are go about at large. Whatever some “western" physi £-' unable to determine from this what it is, will send cians may say as to the non-contagion of the disease, I H H you more, as it is very plentiful in this county, almost think no sane person will deny that the experience Paradiphenol is every one having samples on their mantelpieces. gained through thousands of years in a country " H W. F. D. JONES. like China must and does prove something, especially b=& Tillamook, Oregon, October 10, 1891. as after all most of our present knowledge of medicine / N. is based on observation and tradition. Besides, the H–O—C C—O–H [The specimen is probably mineral wax. The fact that it is found in the soil at a distance from the beach Chinese knew the use of vaccination as a preventive - *\ ^ and elevated above the sea level entirely discredits the against small pox more than six centuries ago; and, #£ # Indian legend. although they of course do not possess our knowledge The occurrence of mineral wax or resins in the lig of chemistry and surgery, they have always been care Paracresol is ful recorders of history within their own sphere of : H nite beds of the Northwest and British Columbia has been known for several years. The results of partial knowledge. “W. G.” &= H examination of specimens were published in the Geo Vancouver, B. C. / N. | logical Survey reports. The occurrence in quantity H—O—C C–C–H Long Distance Electrical Power. * / | indicates the possibility of a Cretaceous or Tertiary lignite bed in the neighborhood. The wax belongs to At a recent meeting of the Engineers' Club, Phila £-' " the hydrocarbon series allied to the retinites and delphia, the secretary read, for Mr. Coleman Sellers, a H H ambers—the fossil remains from the resinous trees of letter communicating information obtained from re Consequently paramidophenol would be graphically the Tertiary age.—ED.] cent letters from Switzerland respecting the electric # H transmission of power from Lauffen to Frankfort, a Leprosy in China. distance of 175 kilometers, or about 100 miles. b=& To the Editor of the Scientific American : A 300 horse power turbine at Lauffen supplies power N to a three-phase dynamo which furnishes currents of H-O-C C—N{ I read with much interest an article on “Leprosy.” * * H in September 19, 1891, number of the SCIENTIFIC 65 volts, which are at once transformed to 25,000 volts AMERICAN ; and after reading the article in question and carried to Frankfort by a three-wire line, each £ it struck me that your readers perhaps might be inter wire having a diameter of 4 millimeters. k # ested in knowing what ideas are prevalent with regard The wires are carried by porcelain insulators with to the dreaded disease which formed the substance of oil grooves, on wooden poles about 50 meters (164 feet) or C.H.(NH2)OH the said article in your valuable paper, in a country apart. At Frankfort, the high tension current is re instead of C.H.(NH2)OH like China, where it has been flourishing for so many transformed to an alternating current of 65 volts.

centuries. - Am I not correct 7 HERBERT B. TUTTLE. This current supplied (on the evening of September 14) Having lived in China for a number of years, and 1,000 incandescent 16-candle lamps and a three-phase [The formula should read as you give it— having traveled extensively during that time in the receiving dynamo of 100 horse power. C.H.(NH3)OH.] service of the Chinese government, I have often come From considerations of safety, the horse power de upon whole districts and towns where leprosy was pre veloped at Frankfort has not yet exceeded 120 horse The Tides. valent; and speaking and reading Chinese fairly well, power, and the tension actually used has not exceeded To the Editor of the Scientific American : I made several inquiries, with a view of ascertaining 15,000 volts, the quantity reaching only 1,500 amperes. If Newton's theory accounting for the tides is correct the natives' ideas as to the origin, spread, and preven The 100 horse power dynamo furnishes at present only —of which I presume there is no doubt—can it not be tion of that fearful disease. 40 horse power to a centrifugal punp. proved, and the amount of the attraction of both the On one occasion I came upon whole leper colonies at, Owing to the false indications given by ordinary sun and moon upon the earth be ascertained, by the and close to, the city of Yen Ping, in the province of amperemeters and voltmeters, the number of watts means suggested below? Fu-chien. I asked the prefect of Yen Ping Fu if he recorded is greater at Frankfort than at Lauffen. It appears to me that at new moon a properly ad knew anything about the cause of the disease (which -- justed water wheel with a given amount and tempera in Chinese is known as Ma Feng) and what steps the Thought Transference. ture of water, and under a given head, should make a local authorities took to prevent the spread of the Professor Lodge, president of the section of Mathe larger number of revolutions at 6 o'clock than it could disease. He answered Ine that very little was known matics and Physics at the late meeting of the British make at noon, as at noon the attraction of both sun about the cause, but that leprosy was about as old Association, used the following language: “May there and moon would be counter to the earth's attraction, as China itself. It is, however, probably caused, he not also be an immaterial (perhaps an ethereal) medium and would decrease the weight of the water, while at 6 said, by “a small animal, but so small as to be invisible of corumunication ? Is it possible that an idea ean be o'clock their attraction, being at right angles to the to the eye, and on the whole not perceptible to the transferred from one person to another by a process earth's, would have no effect upon the weight of the senses at all.” This struck me at the time as very such as we have not yet grown accustomed to, and water. WARD STONE. interesting, as it proved that the Chinese had made a know practically nothing about In this case I have [Your idea of the relative difference of the sun, and shrewd guess—ages before the “civilized West”—at evidence. I assert that I have seen it done and am moon's attraction at noon and night is no doubt true; the now so commonly discussed bacillus. The prefect perfectly convinced of the fact.” - 294 $rientific American. [NoveMBER 7, 1891. E r IIoW STONE IS CRUSHED AND SCREENED. Name Plate Metal. The Hospice of the Great St. Bernard. The stone-crushing establishment shown in the illus A good material for engine name plates and the like This asylum for the Alpine wayfarer (7,609 feet above tration is situated near the West Shore R. R. depot may be inade as follows: To 100 parts by weight of the sea level) is said to have been founded A.D. 962 by at Weehawken, N.J., and is fitted up with three Blake copper thoroughly melted add successively, each being St. Bernard of Menthon, while, according to some hydraulic crushers and the necessary screens and eleva carefully pulverized, 6 parts of magnesia, 57 of sal authorities, it rose a century earlier, under Charle tors. The crushers are made of cast iron, about 6 aminoniac, 18 of quicklime and 9 of creain of tartar. magne. Neither saint nor emperor is likely to make inches in thickness, and the feed opening at the top is Stir constantly while adding the above, then add 15 good his claim, as the archives of the hospice have 15 inches in length and 7 inches in width. Each parts of either zinc or tin in small portions, the stirring been completely destroyed in two successive conflagra crusher has a stationary vertical jaw and a movable being continued until the whole is thoroughly melted tions. But like other Christian institutions, it had un jaw swinging on a pivot to approach the other. Both and Inixed. After resting in a molten condition for doubtedly a pagan predecessor. The Romans on the jaws are fluted, the ridges of one jaw being opposite half an hour, the surface is skimmed and the metal self-same spot built a temple to the Pennine Jove, and the grooves of the other. The movable jaw, which ap made use of. The resulting metal has a fine grain, is that, in turn, occupied the site of a still earlier shrine proaches to within 3% of an inch of the bottom of the easily polished, is malleable and is slow in tarnishing. of prehistoric antiquity. The truth is, the Alpine other, is made in two sections, so that the fluted part —e--e-e passes were in colnmon use from the remotest ages when the ridges are worn out can be replaced by a The Influence of Diet on the Growth of Hair. the Christian world treading the same route which new one, which is fastened in place by means of key In the British Medical Journal for July 25, Dr. E. had been trodden by the Romans, who also availed bolts. On the back and lower half of the Inovable jaw D. Mapother says: “Several cases of shedding of hair themselves of the track made by the aborigines. At is a groove about 4 inches in height and 3 inches in after influenza have confirmed my opinion that diet its highest point the tutelary deity had his place of depth, in which rests the larger end of a V-shaped has much to do with the production and with the cure worship, and this was served by the local priesthood, toggle plate, 4 inches thick, 14 inches wide, and about of symptomatic alopecia. Hair contains five per cent who rendered assistance to the distressed or ailing 17 inches in length. The small end is round and rests of sulphur, and its ash twenty per cent of silicon and traveler and received votive tributes in return for its loosely in the end of a simall 9 inch cylinder, the end ten per cent of iron and Inanganese. Solutions of beef, good offices. The existence of a temple of Jupiter on where the toggle plate the spot, with its staff of rests being shaped inside priests, is well known; and like a druggist's m or t a r the relics that have turned about 5 inches in depth. up near it attest its uses to This small cylinder slides | have been similar to those into a large 20 inch cylin | | of the present hospice. A der, and when the wheels discovery of importance of the hydraulic engine has just been made in its revolve, the piston or | vicinity—a bronze statue plunger which runs in excellent preservation through the top of the of Jupiter himself. Its ar large cylinder descends tistic value is very great; and presses the 1 gallon of its height, forty centime water which the cylinder ters. At the same time is supplied with against other treasure-trove was the small cylinder. A 3 brought to the surface, in ton pressure is thus given cluding a number of Ine which drives the small dals and a statuette of a cylinder forward, with the lion measuring sixteen toggle plate and movable centimeters, also of fine jaw, the latter being moved workmanship. These are up to within 3% of an inch now the property of the of the bottom of the fixed monks, and will attract to jaw, and breaking all the the hospice a public more stone between the jaws. able to keep them in funds Connected to the mov than the proper recipients able jaw, and running un of their kindness. Sad to derneath the cylinder, is relate, the revenues of the an India rubber spring monastery, heavily drawn which draws the jaw back upon by the travelers (from as the plunger ascends. As 16,000 to 20,000 annually) the stone is broken it falls who throw themselves on into a chute on the under its bounty, are diminish side of the crusher and ing, the contributions left passes into a circular iron by these comfortably ac screen which is perforated commodated guests being with differentsizes of holes. miserably below what, in This screen is 3 feet in di the majority of cases, they ameter, 8 feet in length, can afford. and made of 3% inch iron. The heroism of the It is inade in ten sections monks should be remem securely bolted together. bered by the well-to-do The holes in the screens holiday visitor. They be are 1, 1%, and 2% inches gin their career at the age in diameter. The screen of eighteen or nineteen. is hung at an angle so that After fifteen years' service the larger pieces of stone the severe climate has as they fall into it will roll made old men of them. down to the lower end and For eight or nine months pass through the large out of the twelve they see holes to the elevator below. none but the poorest way The elevator is about 50 farers, when the cold is in feet in length and runs tense, the snow lying deep, out to the center of a large SC/Warsay . *...*//o ca'ar eavo." 5 roa/s a wav. the danger from storms in stone bin. The sides are cessant and fearful. Their made of heavy timber, IMPROVED STONE CRUSHING MACHINERY. sole companions are the about 2 feet apart, and dogs, whose keen scent has running between them on 3 inch wooden rollers is an or rather of part of it, starchy mixtures, and even guided them to the snow wreath under which the 18 inch wooden belt made of strips of wood 2 inches in milk, which constitute the diet of patients with in buried traveler has so often been rescued and brought width and 1 inch in thickness. These are fastened fluenza and other fevers, cannot supply these elements, to life—dogs like that noble fellow “Barry,” who saved closely together by means of a 12 inch rubber belt and atrophy at the root and falling of hair result. forty inen in his time, and who now, carefully stuffed, running across the center and screwed fast to the The color and strength of hair in young mammals is adorns the museum at Bern.—Lancet. under side of the strips. The stone as it falls from the not attained so long as milk is their sole food. As to ---e---> screen drops on to this wooden belt and is carried out drugs, iron has prompt influence. The foods which Interesting Discovery in Egypt. to the end of the elevator, where it falls down into the most abundantly contain the above-named elements The correspondent of the London Times at Alex stone bin. The bin is elevated about 7 feet from the are the various albuminoids and the oat, the ash of andria telegraphed on October 11 that three colossal ground and rests on 12 by 12 timbers, which are placed that grain yielding twenty-two per cent of silicon. statues, ten feet high, of rose granite, had just been far enough apart for a cart to back in underneath the With care these foods are admissible in the course of found at Aboukir, a few feet below the surface. The bin for a load of stone. Projecting down from the febrile diseases, when albumen is the constituent discovery was inade from indications furnished to the bottom of the bin about 6 inches is a 7 inch iron pipe suffering Inost by the increased metabolism. I have government by a local investigator, Daninos Pasha. covered at the bottom with an iron plate. The cart is often found a dietary largely composed of oatmeal The first two represent in one group Rameses II. and backed directly under this pipe, when the driver and brown bread greatly promote the growth of hair, Queen Hentmara seated on the same throne. This is pushes the plate one side and down comes the stone, especially when the baldness was preceded by consti unique among Egyptian statues. The third statue which fills up the cart in about two minutes. The pation and sluggish capillary circulation. Those races represents Rameses standing upright in Inilitary attire, plate is then pushed back again over the mouth of the of men who consume most meat are the most hirsute. a scepter in his hand and a crown upon his head. Both pipe until the next cart comes. The stone is sold by Again, it is well known in the zoological gardens that bear hieroglyphic inscriptions, and both have been the cubic yard. One stone breaker will crush from 50 carnivorous mammals, birds, and serpents keep their thrown from their pedestals face downward. Their to 60 yards of stone every 10 hours. The establishment hair, feathers, or cuticle in bad condition unless fed site is on the ancient Cape Zephyrium, near the re is run by steam power, a 24 h. p. engine being used. with whole animals, and the egesta contain the cuti mains of the temple of Venus at Arsinoe. Relics of The plant is owned by John Murphy, of West Ho cular appendages of their prey in a digested or partly the early Christians have been found in the same boken, N. J., and cost about $10,000. | digested state.” locality, •

—l NoveMBER 7, 1891.] $rientific American. 295

Microbes and Carpets. THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL. open side basins, or widenings at ship building yards, In our endeavor to be comfortable in this vale of This great engineering work is now rapidly approach or where cargoes are discharged or loaded, for manu tears, there is a tendency to overlook the elementary ing completion, and will soon be in full operation. facturing establishments or storehouses adjoining the laws of hygiene, and in no respect, perhaps, more so The first completed section, from the entrance at East canal. than in the superabundance of curtains and carpets hain on the river Mersey to Weston, was opened for Five sets of locks—at Eastham, on the Mersey sea those non-patented contrivances for hindering the free traffic on the 29th of September. The length of this estuary; at Latchford, on the Mersey, above Warring circulation of fresh air and stultifying nature's auto completed portion is eleven miles, being allmost one ton; at Irlain, above the junction of the river Irwell matic arrangements for the deodorization and disin third of the entire length of the work. with the Mersey; at Barton, on the Irwell; and at fection of our homes. Carpets are always objection The first consulting engineer was appointed (to look Manchester-raise the level of the canal, on the whole, able when they are not designed to permit of easy into the project and report) in the summer of 1882. 60 feet above the sea. Of its entire length, twenty removal for cleansing purposes without the necessity It was only in August, 1885, after making three trials, three iniles, inland froin Runcorn to Manchester, will of turning a room topsy-turvy. In most houses the that the sanction of Parliament was obtained for have been formed by cutting a straight and deep carpet only comes up once a year, by which time it is building the canal. Before a single sod was turned channel for the rivers Mersey and Irwell. The lower as full of microbes and accu section, from Eastham to mulated filth as its interstices Runcorn, forms a curved line will allow. No wonder, then, of twelve miles along the if our rooms preserve a musty Cheshire shore of the broad sinell in spite of periodical inner expanse of the Mersey opening of windows and estuary ; but at Weston vigorous sweepings, which Point, nueeting the estuary only displace a portion of the of the navigable river Wea dust to settle promptly else ver, which is connected with where in some less accessible an extensive system of canals, spot. Fixed carpets are even it will obtain valuable local more objectionable and un traffic, especially the ship wholesome in bedrooms, for ment of salt. A large trade there they absorb the fetid with Cheshire and the Staf emanations of the night, and fordshire potteries, by the soak up various decomposa Bridgewater canal, will also ble materials for future use. reach the ship canal at Run The ideal would be a polished corn, as well as that of the wooden floor garnished with chemical Inanufacturers at rugs in sufficient number to Widnes. The Shropshire give an aspect and feeling of Union canals will feed the comfort, while admitting of traffic at Ellesmere Port, near easy exposure to the salutary Eastham. influence of air and light. The Manchester docks, Rugs, carpets and curtains formed on both banks of the ought to be frequently sha Irwell, chiefly in Salford, but ken and hung up in the fresh also in Manchester on the site air if they are to remain sweet, THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL–VIEW FROM LOCKS L00KING ALONG THE CANAL. of the Pom on a Gardens, not once a month or year, Cornbrook, and extending to but twice or thrice a week, if not oftener. At this in the great work, $1,750,000 was spent in forwarding Throstlenest and the Albert Bridge, near the Old price only can we hope to deprive confined spaces of and contesting the canal project. In July, 1886, the Trafford Road, will afford ample accommodation their native unwholesomeness, and the sooner house contract for building the entire canal was let to Mr. to the trade of that city. They occupy a space wives lay this maxim to their hearts and act upon it, Thomas Walker for $28,750,000. The allowed time for of two hundred acres. The water area of the dock the better.—Hospital Gazette. finishing the work was four years, with a large bonus basins is sixty-two acres and a half, and the quay ------for whatever time was gained in finishing. frontages are three miles and a half in aggregate Union Label—Trade Mark. The canal extends from Eastham Locks on the south length, to which may be added a mile of open wharves An interesting decision has just been rendered by bank of the estuary of the Mersey River to Manches along the wide part of the canal just below ; and there the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in a suit brought ter, having a total length of a little over 35 miles. The will be two miles and a half of the canal bank, lower. by Cigarmakers' International Union No. 126, of ininimuin width on the bottom is to be 120 feet. The down, available for discharging cargoes into barges Ephrata, against one Brendle, to restrain him from depth throughout is to be 26 feet. This is a very large and lighters, and putting them ashore. Fifty hydrau using the Cigarmakers' International Union label on cross section when compared with existing canals, lic cranes, some of great power, will be provided at his goods. The defendant was a union manufacturer which are as follows: the Manchester and Salford docks. who had incurred the ill-will of local officials, and de Ghent canal, 55 feet 6 inches wide on the bottom, 21 The docks at Warrington, twenty-two acres and a clined to use their labels, but issued similar labels or feet 2 inches deep. half in extent, will have a railroad connection with trade marks of his own. The union secured an in Suez canal, 72 feet wide on bottom, 26 feet deep. the London and North-western and the Great Western junction in the court below, but the Supreme Court Amsterdam, 88 feet 7 inches wide on bottom, 23 feet Railway, which will bring a large coal and general reversed the decision of the court below on the ground deep. traffic. that the Cigarmakers' Union, formed for the mental, Quite satisfactory progress has been made on the en At Runcorn, at the head of the Mersey estuary, the moral, and physical welfare docks belonging to the Bridge of its members, was a personal water Canal Navigation, hav and social organization, not ing been purchased by the a commercial one, and, there Manchester ship canal, will fore, could not own a trade always be accessible, instead mark under the laws of Con of being entered only at gress. It appears that the spring tides as hitherto; the union label described the local trade advantages here, cigars it accompanied as be as well as those of the docks ing made by first class work at Weston Point, for the men, stigmatized all cigars Weaver navigation, have al not having the label as of - ready been noticed. inferior workinanship, and # == The ship can al will be recominended the union - -- entered from the sea, or cigars to all smokers through rather from the Mersey es out the world. In its decision tuary, about four iniles above the court said: “This is an Birkenhead, by the tidal locks attempt to use the public as at Eastham, all the gates of a means of coercion in order which will be open at high to find a market for their tides. The sills of these en goods or labor. A first-class trances will be 11 feet lower workman is one who does than the deepest dock sills at first-class work, whether his Liverpool or Birkenhead; name is on the rolls of any and the channel approaching. given society or not. Filthi them will be dredged 3 feet ness and crim in a lit y of - deeper than the lock sills. character depend on conduct, THE MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL–VIEW OF ONE OF THE LOCK GATES. One of the great causes of not on membership of the expense has been the erec union. Legitimate competition rests on superiority tire work, but the sudden death of Mr. Walker, the tion or reconstruction of railway bridges crossing the of workmanship and business methods, not on the use energetic contractor, proved rather embarrassing. canal, each at a high elevation, to give a clear head of vulgar epithets and personal denunciation. The Mr. E. Leader Williams is the chief engineer of the way of 75 ft. above the water, and with the approach International Union in this case has an avowed pur. work and has been one of its principal promoters from lines of railway to rise by moderate gradients on each pose to do harm to non-union men, to prevent the sale the beginning. side. The Cheshire Lines Railway at Irlam, the Wigan of their work, to cover them with opprobrium, and The canal is 48 feet wider than the bottom of the Junction line, the Warrington and Stockport line, the they ask a court of equity to say they have a right to Suez canal, while the depth is equal; so that the larg Grand Junction line at Warrington, and the London do so. We decline to say so.”—Bradstreet's. est cargo steamers can pass each other in the Man and North-Western Railway at Runcorn, must be --- chester ship canal. At several points, near the locks treated with such costly alterations. The Barton THE finest stationary engines made in the world, for and near the docks, this canal is wide enough for such aqueduct of the Bridgewater canal across the Mersey economy, durability, and elegance in design, are made ships to turn. For a length of three miles and a half, is replaced by an opening swing bridge, which is an in the United States. English engines are often bulky approaching Manchester, the width at the bottom is iron trough, closed at each end when the bridge is and clumsy. French engines are frequently erratic in 170 feet, so that ships can lie outside the docks along opened, to contain the water of the Bridgewater canal, design and fragile in construction. the wharves on the Salford side. There will also be held thus safely above the level of the ship canal. 296 $rientific #merican. [NoveMBER 7, 1891.

There will be hydraulic lifts by which laden barges marsh meadows chiefly, pretty straight beyond the the Panama ship canal, including the Culebra hill cut can easily be transferred from the one canal to the junction of the Irwell and Mersey, avoiding the many ting; but the undertaking of M. De Lesseps had other other. The locks on the ship canal are not single, but windings of those rivers, which are generally turned in difficulties to contend with, in the dam of the river each set of locks has receptacles of different sizes for to a new artificial channel, somewhat to the south of Chagres. Mr. Walker, the contractor for the Man vessels of different classes, to avoid the waste of water the old left bank of each river. In a few places only, on chester ship canal, set to work as large a number of in using a lock much larger than the size of the vessel the Mersey, where the ground is higher, the cuttings men, not negroes, but English “navvies,” with more numerous and powerful machines, and with about one tenth the expenditure of money. It is stated that nearly 15,000 hands were at one time employed, with eighty steam excavators of four different kinds, pump ing engines, steam cranes, and 150 locomotives, for which 200 miles of railway were laid down to remove the earth. We give here with a map of the Manchester canal and illustrations of some of the locks. As originally designed, the canal was to extend sev eral miles into the Mersey, and it was upon the effect of this extension that Mr. James B. Eads, of St. Louis, gave an opinion which was conclusive to Parliament that the works built as designed would lead to the de terioration of the channel over the bar at Liverpool. His argument on this subject, with the illustrations drawn from maps and notes, some of which were a cen tury old, is one of the best engineering papers extant, and was so conclusive to the minds of the Parliament ary committee that the plan was thrown out imme diately. It was for this, on which he spent about three weeks’ time, he received probably the largest professional fee ever received by an American engi neer, at least, for an equal time spent on any subject, namely, nearly $17,000.

Improved Iron Process. At the recent meeting of the Iron and Steel Insti tute, the contribution of Mr. Massenez was in many respects the most valuable. Manganiferous molten pig, poor in sulphur, is added to sulphureted pig : iron, poor in manganese; the result being that the : metal is desulphurized, and a manganese sulphide slag is formed. The mixer in which the process is carried # : 's on is a large vessel, in appearance, to judge by the drawings shown, like a converter. The apparatus in use at Hoerde will hold seventy tons of molten pig, # but it has been shown that a vessel of about twice the : size would be advisable. Details of the working are given by the author, and will be of great use to steel | makers working with phosphoric pig. In the discus sion which followed several speakers bore testimony to - : the value of the invention, Sir Lowthian Bell intimat ing that a saving of 2s. 4d. per ton could be made by this method over the process of remelting pig in the cupola—a step which has to be taken when it is desir able to combine the product of different blast fur naces. In the large mixer, metal from two or more furnaces can be brought together. <>-o-o-e Explosions of Coal Dust. Two accidents due to the explosion of coal dust are $ described in the Jahresbericht d. k. preuss. Gewerbe rathe fur 1888. At the Reichenwald works an explo sion of coal dust took place in the dried coal store room while the operations were in full progress, with : the result that the front of the drying house was vio lently blown out and a considerable conflagration oc

P curred in the factory. At Furstenberg on the Oder, co where the works are entirely built of stone and iron, a 3. similar explosion occasioned no damage, either to the • workmen or to the buildings. The ignition of the coal i dust appears to have commenced in the lowest feeding Cr screw belonging to the drying room elevator, and to have spread forward to the store room and backward Q/ t to the two drying houses. Five explosions followed in .r quick succession in different parts of the works, the v. detonation being strongest in the store room, and in a < * few minutes all the chambers containing dry coal dust o were on fire. > These accidents afford further proof of the well ~ known fact that coal dust is itself a dangerous explo sive, the presence of which must be guarded against - in factories, mines, etc., by thorough ventilation and 4 other protective measures. 2 - * - The American Newspaper Annual for 1891. Q 9. This splendid volume, issued by N. W. Ayer & Son, o Philadelphia, contains a descriptive list of the news -> paper press, a gazetteer of the places in which papers are published, and a guide to the intelligent placing of general and special advertising. It contains nearly 1,400 pages, but there is no waste room between its covers, every page has its purpose and is full of solid, useful matter. The total number of newspapers and periodicals enumerated, located, and described in this edition is 19,011, an increase over last year of 480. The average - net growth in legitimate newspapers and magazines for the last three or four years has been from seven to requires. The canal level descends 16 ft. at the Traf are 50 ft. deep, partly through sandstone, which has eight hundred ; and excepting in a few localities, there ford locks, near Manchester, 14 ft. at the Barton locks, been utilized for the construction of walls, and here the has been no great variation from this average this 14 ft. at the Irlam locks, again at Latchford, 16 ft. sides of the canal, being of rock, are made more per year. more, and finally at Eastham, to the level of the sea. pendicular than in the softer ground. The whole .The price of the annual is $5. It represents a vast The largest lock at Eastham is 600 feet long and 80 feet quantity of earth and stone to be excavated has been amount of laborious research, and is of unequaled wide. computed at forty-eight millions of cubic yards, which value to all who are in need of an accurate and reliable The line of the canal is cut through flat country, is more than the quantity of excavation required for compendium of the American press. NoveMBER 7, 1891.] $tientific American. 297 - Geological Notes—Crystalline Rocks of Missouri. tional crystallizations, and have been in a state of con The teeth are dropping out earlier, baldness is more We have received Bulletin No. 5 of the Geological stant preparation since early in 1888. Tons of cerite and prevalent, senile insanity is more common, and appears Survey of Missouri. Besides a paper on the clays and monazite sand have been used, and tons of the salts of sooner than it used to do; suicide is increasing, and building stones tributary to Kansas City, by G. E. cerium and lanthanum obtained, but the yield of most suicides occur between the age of forty-five and Ladd, resident geologist, it also contains an extremely praseodymium oxide has been only a few kilos. The sixty-five. interesting and valuable paper on “The Age and percentage of neodymium is much higher. This is rather a doleful outlook, and one naturally Origin of the Crystalline Rocks of Missouri,” by Eras Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach, in 1885, was the first seeks to know if Dr. Brown has a remedy for the ills mus Haworth. The following prefatory remarks to to separate didymium into these elements, and, to he portrays. “Thiere is,” he tells us, “no short cut this paper are by Arthur Winslow, State Geologist: gether with Professor Bunsen, to determine their at to longevity. To win it is the work of a lifetime, and “The crystalline rocks of Missouri occur exclusively omic weights, that of Pr 143.6 and of Nd 140.8. The the promotion of it is a branch of public medicine. in the southeastern portion of the State. They are oxides are M2O, and probably M4O7. Perhaps one of these days we may have an Interna abundantly exposed in Madison, Iron, and St. Francois With one exception, the salts of praseodymium ex tional Congress on Old Age, with an exhibition of do Counties; but they are also found, though less fre hibited were of a pale green, and of neodymium pink tards for warning, and of hale and hearty centenarians quently, in at least eight other counties of this section or amethystine color. for encouragement. At any rate you Inay rest assured of the State. They constitute the mass of the rugged Zirconium, lanthanum and cerium should no longer that it is by steady obedience to the laws of health hills and mountains of Iron and Madison Counties, and be classed among rare earths, as hundreds of tons that old age may be attained, and by judicious regi elsewhere their characteristic occurrence is in similar of ores from which they are obtained have been men that it may be prolonged.” hills surrounded by limestone valleys. These are truly located in North Carolina, and there seems no end to This is all very true, but, unhappily, it has been well ancient elevations, older than any others in the State, the deposits of inonazite sand, one of the richest ores, known since the days of Hufeland. Perhaps the best older than the mountains of Arkansas, older than the and containing most of the rare earths. In Brazil it does and only thing that we can do is to teach children Appalachians, older than the Rocky Mountains. If not have to be mined, as it is in the form of river sand. more earnestly the fact that to enjoy the last half of venerable be an attribute of great age, they certainly In North Carolina it is found in washing for gold. life they must take care of the first half. The maxim, Inerit that appellation. And not only are all other Should the arts, trades, or manufactures create a “Dum vivimus, vivamus,” is the one which above rocks of Missouri youthful as compared with these, but demand for these so-called rare earths, nature could all makes old age a sickly and unhappy one.-Med.

there is a genetic relationship, and the former are readily supply it from these two localities. Record. - - in a sense descendants of the latter. For, when the Thorium and yttrium minerals are not so easy to -F Increasing Locomotive Cylinder Power at Speed. limestone and other sedimentary rocks were yet un obtain ; they have, however, recently been found in formed, these crystalline rocks must have existed as quantity in North Carolina and Texas. The Sturtevant Blower Manufacturing Company, of parts of a continental mass, and from the degradation Working on a commercial scale, he finds the yield of Boston, describes many experiments relating to the of this continent resulted the materials of the later lanthanum from cerite nearly one per cent higher than resistance to the flow of air through pipes at a high formed sedimentary rocks. The present granite and stated in the analyses published. velocity. These experiments show that a single open porphyry hills are but protruding parts of the remnant ing of a given area is vastly more effective to conduct steam or air than the same area divided into small of this ancient continent which stood as islands above The Loss of Old Age. the ocean waters while the beds of limestone and sand The type of essay De Senectute, of which Cicero gave separate apertures. It is evident that a long, thin carry that a stone were being formed around them ; which rose us the model, is not much affected now. Perhaps opening will not the same annount of steam with these beds when they were lifted from the waters; the Roman orator exhausted the sentimental and wider and shorter opening will when of the same area; which now, rugged and weather-beaten, yet tempered philosophic side of the subject. At any rate, the view or if two openings have the same area, the one which by age and varied experience, rear themselves above of old age which most interests moderns is not how to has the width and length more nearly the same will the surrounding younger rocks and bid fair still to live enjoy it, but how to get and prolong it. Perhaps this carry the larger amount of steam in a given time and when the latter have yielded to the forces of degrada is really the essential thing, since it appears as if, de at a given pressure. tion. spite sanitation and all our modern improvements in As locomotives are now built, only a fraction of the “The question of the origin of these rocks has, here living, old age is gradually slipping away from us. total weight is utilized at speeds above forty miles per tofore, never been made a subject of such exact study It is true that we have immensely lessened infant hour. Hence an increased weight is not necessary to as modern methods call for and as its importance justi mortality and extended the mean duration of life to pull heavy trains at high speeds after they have at fies. Swallow," while recognizing the granites and the over forty-five years. But the average number of old tained speed; also there is sufficient steam capacity in porphyries as igneous rocks, presents little or no demon people is not correspondingly increased, and it is even the ordinary locomotive to furnish the steam required stration in support of this view, and, further, he classes, charged that when great old age is now reached, to do heavy express work. The only means we have, as metamorphosed slates and conglomerates, rocks it is abnormal and the evidence of a deep-seated then, of increasing the power of express locomotives at which the present work shows cannot be separated neurosis whose penalties are visited on succeeding speed is to increase the mean effective pressure in the from the porphyries. Other writers seem to have sub generations. cylinders. To do this there is no surer way than to stantially accepted this conclusion in a large part, but The foregoing statements are not vague generaliza increase the outside lap and the travel of the valve; Pumpelly't expands upon it and applies the hypothesis tions, but based upon carefully collected vital statis but it must be acknowledged that an increase in the of metamorphosis to all of the Missouri porphyries. tics. Sir James Crichton Brown, in a recent address length of the port has some good effect on the admis “Mr. Haworth's study of these rocks began in the on old age, states that since 1859, in Great Britain, sion line, and there is no good reason why the admis summer of 1886, and he has ever since pursued the sub the decline in the death rate has been 17.5 per cent at sion should not be made more perfect by the use of the ject with zealous yet patient enthusiasm. This he has all ages under fifty-five, and only 2-7 at all ages above Allen auxiliary port, provided it is made wide enough done partly at his own instance, partly in the interests fifty-five. Between the years sixty-five and seventy through the body...of the valve.—Railroad Gazette. of the National or State Geological Surveys, but five there has actually been an increase in the death -* always without pecuniary gain. Hence this survey, rate. The Hoop Snake. though fortunate in gleaning the results of his years The cause of this increment in later death rates is The Pittsburg Leader reports the following as hav of study, is also under obligations to him for this con attributed to cancer, heart diseases, nervous diseases, ing taken place at New Castle, Pa., October 21: Hon. tribution. and kidney diseases. Henry Edwards, ex-member of the Legislature, who “The association of iron ores with these rocks brings These diseases are mainly of the degenerative class, resides at Moravia, this county, has received a severe the question of the origin of the latter into direct and due to the wear and tear of Inodern life. This is shock from fright. C. H. Weekly and L. P. Little economic importance; for the distribution of these shown by the fact that the death rates after forty-five were building a fence near Mr. Edwards' home, when ores is fundamentally dependent upon this question. are less among women and less in the country than in they were surprised to see the ex-member of the Legis Exploration for, or development of, such ore bodies the city. lature run down the road uninus hat, coat, and vest, based upon wrong theory must invariably lead to pro Dr. Brown gives us the further discomforting reflec and loudly calling for help. He was pursued by a fitless expenditure.” tion that men and women are growing old before their Inammoth hoop snake, which was running, or rather time. “Old age,” he says, “is encroaching on the rolling, after him. The reptile had its tail in its mouth, Rare Salts. strength of manhood, and the infirmities associated and was rolling along hoop fashion. Little and Weekly At a recent meeting of the Chemical Section of the with it are stealthily taking possession of the system succeeded in killing it. The snake measured exactly Franklin Institute, Mr. Waldron Shapleigh exhibited some years earlier than they were wont to do in former five feet nine inches in length, but its body was not the following specimens of salts of the rare earths: generations. Deaths due simply to old age are now much thicker than a man's finger. Near the end of Praseodymium, neodymium and lanthanum oxides, reported between forty-five and fifty-five years of age, the tail was a horn-like affair, which is said to be the sulphates, nitrates, chlorides, carbonates, oxalates, and in large numbers between fifty-five and sixty, reptile's means of defense. This horn was one and one acetates and double salts with the alkaline metals. and there has been a reduction in the age at which fourth inches in length, and its sting is certain death. Cerium oxide, oxalate, chloride, nitrate, and the atrophy and debility—another name for second child The snake has been preserved in alcohol. double nitrate of the cerous and ceric oxides with am ishness-kill those who have passed middle life. Pres In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for November 30, 1889, monium. byopia, or the long-sightedness of old age, in which we gave an engraving and an interesting description Yttrium and erbium nitrates, oxides and oxalates. near objects cannot be distinctly seen unless held at a of the hoop or milk snake, by our valued contributor, Zirconium oxide, nitrate, sulphate and some double considerable distance from the eye, is believed by some Dr. Nicolas Pike. It will be seen from the informa salts. experienced ophthalmologists to begin, as a rule, tion there given that the alleged rolling of the hoop Yttrium and erbium (not separated) oxides and ni rather earlier than it used to do. No trustworthy snake is an optical illusion. The reptile does not roll trates obtained from gadolinite, cerite, monazite, fer statistics on the subject exist, and of course general and does not take its tail in its mouth. It progresses gusonite and samarskite. Thorium and vanadium impressions ought to be received with caution, for it by loop movements, somewhat like the measuring salts. must be difficult to distinguish how far the early worm. The snake gathers itself up into large loops, from Also large specimens of the following minerals recognition of ocular failure in these days is attribut and pushes itself forward, all with such amazing rapid these zircon which salts were obtained: Samarskite, able to the increased care bestowed on the eye, and ity as to appear, to a frightened beholder, as if it actu mon crystals and Inonazite sand from North Carolina, how far it should be ascribed to untimely invasion, but ally rolled. The mind of man is very easily deceived from Texas and allan azite sand from Brazil, gadolinite I certainly attach great weight to the opinion of Mr. by false impressions made through the eye. There are ite from Virginia. Critchett, who says, “My own experience, now extend other reptiles besides the milk snake that progress Mr. Shapleigh said the collection was of interest, as ing over a quarter of a century, leads me to think that by the loop movement, for instance, the bull or pine it is the first time the salts of praseodymium and neo both men and women now seek aid from glasses at an snake, and also the queen snake. dymium have been shown, and probably separated in - earlier period of life than their ancestors. Very sig -* this country. Some of the salts have not been here nificant also is the statement of Mr. Brailey that A Useful Plaster. tofore prepared. people who have lived long in hot climates like India A plaster composed of one part of carbonate of lead The separation of these elements is long and tedious; become presbyopic four or five years earlier than they in two parts of olive oil is considered in Holland to be the specimens shown have undergone nearly 400 frac would otherwise have done,” for life in a hot climate an efficacious remedy for sprained joints. Dr. Duha *Second Annual Report. By G. C. swallow, state Geologist, 1854, pp. really means excessive wear and tear to a European. mel has been trying its effect in Paris on a number of 183 to 135. The ordinary age for the adoption of spectacles for cases, most of which were sprains of the ankle, and it + Report on the Iron Ores and Coal Fields of Missouri. By Raphael reading used to be fifty; it is now, I believe, nearer is said the patients were made to walk as soon as the Pumpelly, State Geologist, 1873; pp. 3 to 28. forty-five.” plaster and retaining dressings had been applied. 298 $rientific American. [NoveMBER 7, 1891. |

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. FENDER FOR VESSELS.-Jacobus T. knives which may be adjusted to cut either a thick or electro-magnetic measurements, etc. While mathe Railway Appliances. C. Koch, Amsterdam, Holland. This invention pro thin slice, and vertical knives which may be removed matical in its basis, the reading text is amplified so that vides different forms of improved fenders for the bows if desired, the machine being operated by a crank, and formulas and abstract statements form really a small CAR DOOR. - John W. Crumbaugh and sides of vessels, by means of which the injurious being adapted to either slice or mince vegetables or proportion of the contents. It is well worthy com and Leander C. Prater, Kansas City, Mo. This inven effects of collisions may be materially lessened. These fruit in a convenient and expeditions manner. mendation to our readers. tion covers an improvement on doors for cattle cars fenders have the common feature of being elastic, and LAMP CHIMNEY ATTACHMENT.—Mary PROGRESSIVE EXAMINATION OF LOCO formerly patented by the same inventors, and consists also have a rigid frame to which the elastic cushion is S. French, Monmouth, Ill. This device consists of a MOTIVE ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN. in peculiar means for adjusting and operating the doors secured, whereby body is given to the latter, and the in connection with the bridge. The door is made in strip of spring metal bent upon itself to an essentially By John A. Hill. New York: John effect of a blow will be distributed over a large surface. pear shape, the lower extremities of the side members two sections hinged together, and a set of crank shafts The fenders are secured in place on the vessel by A., Hill, Publisher. 1891. Pp. 97. connects one of the sections to the car for a radially being covexed on their outer faces and provided with Price 50 cents. guys and suspension ropes. downwardly extending hooks near their centers. The swinging parallel motion, the doors when opened only Mr. Hill is a member of the Brotherhood of Loco SALT PAN.—Alvin T. Dora, Hutchin device is capable of being clamped to and supported on swinging one-fourth of the door opening or one-half motive Engineers, etc., and writes this work from the the top of a lamp chimney, being especially adapted for the width of each double car, while the swinging sec son, Kansas. This is an improved device for evaporat plane of a graduate of the footboard. It is excellently maintaining a curling iron or its equivalent in an up tions may be raised over a platform. There are no ing salt brine, the pan having a flat bottom with in written. The plan followed is to give several examina right position within the lamp chimney over the flame sliding connections at top or bottom, and no danger of clined sides at one end and the remaining portion of the tions in question and answer from four different de of the lamp, and out of engagement with the flame or obstructions by mud or straw from the car door, while bottom being formed into a series of troughs, in the grees of progress, following each by a short-lecture on the action of the bridge is free in its adjustment, and bottoms of which screw conveyers are operated to carry with the chimney. the ethics as well as practice of the engine "runner's cannot be obstructed by rubbish or freezing. the salt to the flat portion of the bottom of the pan, TONIC REMEDY. — Charles Schmidt, work. It is all so well and graphically put as to form from whence it is carried by a belt provided with RAIL SUPPORT. — Charles M. Dyer, and Aline R. Ledet, Birmingham, Ala. This is a tonic good reading for those who never expect to set foot on scrapers and delivered to a conveyer which carries it to designed for use in dyspepsia, or debility of the stomach Cloverdale. Ind. According to this invention a screw an engine, and is not the only instance we could cite of the packing room. By this construction the salt is and loss of appetite, also for regulating the action of rod is formed with a clamp engaging the base of the good writing by a locomotive engineer. being constantly raked from the bottom of the pan, the bowels. It is composed of cinchona bark, wild rail, a nut engaging the screw rod, and a tie plate which is provided with a large heating surface, while THE NATURE AND SOURCE OF ELEC formed with a casing in which the nut is mounted to cherry bark, mammee nut shells or fruit, rhubarb, the brine is so continuously stirred that the accumula oxide of iron, sherry wine, and other ingredients, in TRICITY, AND ITS APPLICATION TO turn, the whole forming a rail support which is simple THE ELECTRO-PLATING PROCESS. tion of salt and the formation of scales on the pan certain proportions, and prepared in the manner de and durable in construction and permits of conveniently bottom are prevented. scribed. By Scott A. Smith. Providence, and quickly raising or lowering the rail to keep the R. I. Pp. 35. track in proper alignment without distributing the FLOAT GOLD COLLECTOR. - Robert WATER CLOSET, ETC.-Anne G. Chad road bed or ties. Elliott, Paulina, Iowa. This is an apparatus for col This attractively printed and prettily bound book is bourne, Roxbury, Mass. This invention provides an issued by the Gorham Manufacturing Co., and is a con lecting and saving float gold in rivers or streams, for improvement applicable to water closets, commodes, TO TURN NUTS ON FISH PLATES.— venient little manual on the titmlar subject. which purpose posts are set on opposite sides of the and earth closets, and relates especially to the seat por Raymond Allen and Hugh Ross, Revelstoke, British stream to carry guide rods on which slide other rods tion thereof. The improvement consists in a novel DIE BADE-ANSTALT. By J. H. Klinger. Columbia, Canada. A machine for applying nuts in provided with hooks, to which by means of links is at construction of both the bowl and seat, designed to 47 illustrations. Vienna : A. Hartle operations on track irons is provided by this invention, tached a sieve formed of bolting cloth or other suitable promote cleanliness without the necessity of constant ben, Publisher. the machine being designed to be quickly and securely material, the sieve extending transversely across the Care. The book is intended for architects, builders, etc., to clamped to a rail joint, and used to simultaneously stream, and being retained in position by weights. The assist in the proper construction of public bathing es tighten or loosen all the nuts of a joint. The machine NoTE.—Copies of any of the above patents will be sides of the sieve are adjusted vertically on rods as tablishments for cities. comprises a frame with adjustable jaws to be clamped desired, and the sieve can be readily hauled in, in the furnished by Munn & Co., for 25 cents each. Please ELEKTRO-METALLURGIE. Die Gewin to the track by a lever mechanism, the outer jaws being form of a bag, to be unhooked, and the collected send name of the patentee, title of invention and date connected by a cross bar having sockets, while a series gold washed out. of this paper. nung der Metalle unter Vermittlung of transverse shafts are mounted in the frame and pro - E des elektrischen Stromes. By Dr. W. CHALK LINE HOLDER AND PLUMMET. vided with sockets at their inner ends, the shafts being Borchers. With 19 illustrations. NEW B00KS AND PUBLICATIONS, turned by a gear mechanism. The machine is as well —Robert C. Huxtable, Dartmouth, N. S., Canada. The Harold Bruhn, Brunswick. 1891. body of this device is of rubber or other flexible ma adapted to the lifting as to the laying down of track, DIE ELEKTRISCHE KRAFTUBERTRAGUNG In this book Dr. Borchers admirably treats the sev all the nuts of a joint being operated on at once. terial, with spiral grooves around it on which the line UND IHRE AMVENDUNG IN DER eral processes for reducing metals by means of the elec may be wound, the line passing through the body by ELECTRIC BLOCK SIGNAL SYSTEM.— PRAXIS. By Eduard Japing and J. tric current. The first part is devoted to the lighter eyeleted holes in each end, while the central space of Zacharias. 61 illustrations. Third John La Burt, New York City. A movable contact metals, such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, the body is mainly filled with chalk. The device is of Edition. Vienna : A. Hartleben's magnesium, barium, calcium, strontium, and metallic block is arranged adjacent to the track rails, a swinging convenient shape to be held in the hand, and one end is lever in the path of the block being connected with a Verlag. earths. The second part treats on the heavy metals, weighted. When used for making a chalk line, the including zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, lead, silver, gold, semaphore, which is brought to a locked position, to line is first drawn through the device, to be properly The third edition of “Electrical Power Transmis antimony and platinum. be released by a suitable electric connection, while the chalked, and is then used in the ordinary way, but sion "fis completely changed from the first two editions, locomotive has contact brushes forming terminals of when used for a plummet the body is moved to one end owing to the tremendous progress made in the last few a circuit with intermittent contacts along the track, in of the line, and then forms the weight of the plummet years relative to such transmission. The introductory connection with a lever mechanism controlling the as it is held suspended by the line. chapter treats on transmission and power in general. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN steam supply, with other novel features. By this A chapter is devoted to “generating the electric cur FENCE CLAMP.—Hugo Loether, Fre system the signals are designed to be automatically rent: "the main portion of the book, however, treats on BU I LD IN C E D IT IO N. operated by the moving train, being first set to indicate donia, Kansas. This is a device especially adapted for Transforming the Electric Current into Power. The danger and afterward set for safety, while in case the use in constructing picket fences where the pickets are book is admirably written and refers to the latest im NOVEMBER NUMBER,-(No. 73.) engineer does not see the danger signal, and runs over to be held in position by wire, the clamp consisting in provements and experiments, giving full data as to re it, the steam is designed to be automatically shut off to a shank with two claws at each end, bent oppositely sults, costs, etc. outward and then curved inward, with their ends far TABLE OF CONTENTS. stop the train. A HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC enough apart to admit the wires. The length of the 1. Colored plate of a very attractive cottage erected at clamps determines the distance apart of the pickets, the CHEMISTRY. By Samuel P. Sadtler, Asbury Park, N. J. Cost $2,500. Perspective Mechanical Appliances. Ph.D. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippin device acting in the double capacity of a clamp and a elevation, floor plans, etc. cott Co. 1891. Pp. 519. Price $5. LOOM HARNESS.—William A. Grant, gauge. By this means a fence may be quickly and 2. Elegant plate in colors showing a residence in the Paterson, N. J. This invention relates more particu economically put up by an inexperienced person, and a The application of chemistry to the arts and manu Colonial style of architecture, recently erected larly to a loom employed in the finer grades of fancy fence machine is not required. factures is the subject treated by Dr. Sadtler. He di for Mr. Gerald Hayward, at Larchmont Manor, weaving, providing therefor a simple harness that will HOSE AND OTHER COUPLING. – Isaac vides his work into chapters treating of Petroleum and New York. Floor plans, two perspective eleva relieve the irregular tension placed on the warp threads Mineral Oil Industry, Fats and Fatty Oils, Essential 3t. Clair Goldman. Los Angeles, Cal. This coupling tions, and interior view. by the harness now used. The invention provides a Oils and Resins, Cane Sugar, Starch, Fermentation In 3 . A cottage at Plainfield, N. J. An excellent design. double scale harness, by the arrangement of two shafts comprises a female section having a semicircular recess dustrics, Milk Industries, Textile Fibers. Animal Plans and perspective. Cost $6,500 complete. either in front or rear of the jacquard or figure harness, in its end and provided with a lip, a male section having Tissues, Destructive Distillation, Artificial Coloring the two shafts working solely the ground for the fabric, a semicircular head fitting in the recessed section, with a Matter, Natural Dye Colors, and Bleaching, Dyeing and Messrs. Rossiter & Wright, architects, New York. and when the design is to appear, the jacquard lifts the washer to form a tight joint, and provided with a rigid Textile Printing. This extensive range of topics is 4 . A neat cottage at New Dorp, Staten Island, N.Y. coupling and the pair of threads therein are raised, the hook engaging the lip of the female section, with treated quite at length with numerous illustrations. The Cost $3.300 complete. Plans and perspective. means for locking the two sections together. The threads being connected with the eyes of the two dif standpoint taken is not exclusively the preparation and 5. A handsome cottage at Rochelle Park, N.Y., erected device is of simple and durable construction, can be ferent independent heddles. The improvement is manufacture, but includes the analysis of the products, at a cost of $10,000. Perspective elevation and quickly applied to securely fasten the parts in place, designed to be adaptable to many varieties of weaving, microscopic characteristics, etc. The work will, we floor plans. and is designed for use on hose, rods, etc. involving less than the usual wear and tear of the parts believe, be found to fill a real place in technical litera 6 Plans and elevation of an attractive dwelling at and facilitating the making of more perfect goods, as WASHING MACHINE.-Henry Church, ture. Each chapter has a bibliographical index, in Asbury Park, N. J. Cost $4,300 complete. there will not be so many stops of the loom to pick up Parkston, South Dakota. This invention provides a creasing greatly the value and use of the work. 7. A model cottage at Chester Hill, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. ends. cylindrical clothes holding and washing chamber, com CHEMISTRY OF THE CARBON COMPOUNDS Floor plans and perspective view. Cost $4,000 posed of two hinged sections, mounted to be revolved PIPE WRENCH. — John Ryan, New OR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By Pro. complete. in a suds box. The sections of the clothes cylinder are fessor Victor von Richter. Author York City. This wrench is made in four pieces, a body Perspective and plans of a cottage at Fordham secured together by a peculiar form of safety latch, and ized translation by Edgar F. Smith. bar with attached handle and guide strap, an adjusting Heights, N.Y. Cost $5,800 complete. bar carrying the upper jaw, an adjusting nut traveling secured to the head walls of the cylinder are spaced Philadelphia : P. Blakiston, Son & 9. A cottage recently erected at Asbury Park, N.J. on the toothed surface of the adjusting bar and fitting slats, with wider slats having diagonal ribs, and within Co. 1891. Pp. 1040. Price (cloth) $2. within a recess in the body bar, and a ‘laterally mov the two sections are pairs of cleats forming abutments It is not too much to say that a real want is? at last Cost $2,700 complete. Floor plans and perspec on which the clothes will rub as the cylinder is turned. tive. able spring-controlled lower jaw supported by the body filled by the production of this manual. The entirefield bar. The wrench is simple in construction, and is The machine is designed to be simple, compact, and of organic chemistry is comprised in its scope, and is . Perspective view of the residence of Mr. H. P. thoroughly efficient, having novel features to expedite designed to be durable and economic, the various parts treated in considerable fullness. The great advantage Rugg, St. Paul. Mr. A. H. Stern, architect, St. being readily separated and any one part duplicated if the operation of washing. of having the full matter contained in a single volume Paul. necessary. MAP of CHART STAND. — Henry E. with a single index is obvious, and is doubly accepta . Perspective and ground plan for a memorial church. ble to those who have had to consult some recent multi Hayes, Brooklyn, N.Y. This is an adjustable stand in . Accepted design for the completion of the South Agricultural. which a vertical rod is supported in the socket of a ple-indexed chemistries, bound up in separate volumes Kensington museum, Ashton Webb, architect. and separate parts besides. On glancing over its pages block held on a low wire tripod, there being on the rod . Miscellaneous contents: Clover honey.—Fire pre HAY RAKE..—Nathan H. Miller, Rush an adjustable sleeve having inclined socket projections one excellent system appears, that of giving the pre cautions in building.—What taste with a little ville, Ohio. This rake is designed to be operated by a adapted to receive outwardly projecting rods or arms. paration of compounds. lt will be noticed that the money may accomplish.-Wrought iron gate, il driver seated on an animal pulling the rake over the Clamping bars, in which may be placed charts or maps, title page gives a definition of organic chemistry, some lustrated.—Plan designing.—Simple precautions field, or the rake may be actuated by the operator are supported by these projecting arms, and the maps thing long wanted, and we fear still wanting, even in against fire and rats. - Floor painting.—The following in the rear, the windrow being formed on the or charts may be readily raised or lowered by the ad the light of the name in question. Japanese house. - The Postmaster-General's pulling of a lever, and the rake automatically returning justment of the sleeve on the vertical rod. The device DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION. * John W. bricks.-Architecture in relation to hygiene.— to a gathering position. The invention relates to that is made in several parts, which can be readily set up or Urquhart. New York : D. Van Nos Fireproof buildings.—Some novel effects in paper class of rakes whose toothed heads revolve in forwardly taken apart to be packed in small space. extended arms to which the draught animal is attached, trand Co. 1891. Pp. xvi, 353. Price hangings, illustrated.—An improved woodwork the improvement covering improved means for rotat GLOVE.—William J. Fanshawe, Brook ing machine, illustrated. – An improved me ing the toothed head or rake shaft. This rake is lyn, N. Y. This glove has eyeletted apertures in its The subjects treated in this work embrace frame chanical stylus, illustrated.—An improved tenon designed to be simple and durable in construction, con palm portion, and is provided with a chain or cord work construction, field magnet and armature grouping ing machine, illustrated.—An improved swing taining but few parts, which are not liable to get out of leading outward therefrom and carrying an attaching and compounding, the magnetic circuit and elements of cut off saw, illustrated. – The Byrkit-Hall order, and in case of injury can be readily replaced. device for connection with a pocket book, purse, or the dynamo calculation. Numerous illustrations are em sheathing and lath, illustrated.—Power hack saw, like, whereby the purse may be securely held and ployed to elucidate the text. The practical aspect of illustrated.—An improved dumb waiter, illus locked in the gloved hand, while allowing of conven the subject is preserved by the production of examples trated. Miscellaneous. ient access to it. of leading commercial dynamos and motors of different The Scientific American Architects and Builders DRAWER PULL.-James Preston, New different countries. The introduction, giving the his GUNBOAT TURRET.—William H. Avey, tory of the invention and development of the modern Edition is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. Single copies. Columbus, Ky. In this turret the common platform is York City. This invention relates to cabinet hardware, dynamo, is especially interesting. 25 cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal to about adapted for vertical adjustment, and is held to revolve the invention providing a simple, cheap and durable two hundred ordinary book pages: forming, practi AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MATHEMATI with the turret or shield proper. The upper part of the post for handles, consisting of a wire threaded at its cally, a large and splendid MAGAZINE of ARCHITEc CAL THEORY OF ELECTRICITY AND turret is made tapering, and it is held to rotate with a inner end and bent at its outer end to form an eye and TURE. richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and central shaft extending down into the lowermost com a stop, a sleeve being cast on the post adjacent to MAGNETISM. By W. T. Eintage, M.A. with fine engravings, illustrating the most interesting Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1891. Mac partment, and driven by suitable power. The common the eye. Posts thus made are inexpensive, and being examples of Modern Architectural Construction and formed of wrought metal, are stronger and more durable supporting floor fits inside the turret, with the body of millan & Co., New York. Publishers. allied subjects. which it may be connected for both to rotate together. than the ordinary cast posts. Pp. viii, 228. Price $1.90. The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Convenience In operation, when the floor is lowered the cannon is VEGETABLE CUTTER AND SLICER.— The title of this book must serve as its review, as of this work have won for it the LARGEST CIRCULATMost first drawn inward, and can be sighted if desired, and Mathias Blumer, Shelby, Wis. The body of this ma owing to its nature it cannot be adequately treated in of any Architectural publication in the world. Sold by it and the floor raised to the desired height, when the chine consists of a circular casing having an open bottom these columns. The work is comprised in three parts, all newsdealers. cannon will be moved so that its small end will pro and partially closed top, secured on standards project the first treating of electrostatic electricity, the second MUNN & CO. PUBLIshers. ject through a port hole in the turret and close it. ing upward from a base frame. It has horizontal of magnetism, and the third of dynamic electricity, 361 Broadway. New York. NoveMBER 7, 1891.] $rientific American. 299

2Businese and 39ersonal. (3604) A. C. asks if it would be danger lathe sits on a table; the motor is in a compartment un paint insoluble in alcohol " If so, what kind Y A. The ous to connect the exhaust pipe of a gas motor with derneath; the speed is one right for polishing, but very majority of paints are insoluble in alcohol. Such as much too high for turning. I have a resistance in the are made with a shellac vehicle are attacked by it. Com The charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line the sewer. A. Yes, it would be dangerous, as gas some times passes through into the sewer and causes explo circuit, but it only cuts down the power, reducing the mon white lead with linseed oil is insohuble in alcohol. for each insertion: about eight words to a line. Adver speed very little. I have thought of a brake, also of tisements must be received at publication office as early as sion. Connection with chimney also results sometimes countershafting, but am unable to plan anything to (3621) S.A. D. asks if there is any acid Thursday morning to appear in the following week's issue. in explosions. that will act on lead or stereotype, and which will not suit the case. Can you kindly help me out of my diffi (3605) G. W. S. writes: 1. I wish to culty, so that I can run my lathe fast or slow at pleas touch beeswax. A. Nitric acid and water equal parts For Sale—One No.2 second-hand Brown & Sharpe mill readily attacks lead. Nitric and hydrochloric acids ing machine. Used but very little. Good as new. W. make an induction coil like that described in "Experi ure ? A. We think your best way of regulating the equal parts diluted with an equal part of water attacks P. Davis, Rochester. N. Y. mental Science.” Would it not be better to use insu motor is by means of a countershaft and cone pulleys, lated wire for the scCondary coil instead of the bare stereotype metal. Beeswax, paraffine or asphalt is a Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N.J. or by means of plain cones and a shifting belt. wire as given? A. You could use cotton-covered wire protection against these acids. For best hoisting engine. J. S. Mundy, Newark, N.J. (3612) J. B. R. asks what size to make a for the secondary instead of bare wire. It is easier (3622) T. L. asks for any substance that Best 15 in. Shapers, $245. Am. Tool Co., Cleveland, O. wound, although it is a little more expensive. 2. How balloon that would lift about three hundred pounds. A. It depends on the material and equipment. Make will remove the sheet gutta percha from cloth without The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tube much double cotton-covered wire should be wound on disfiguring the colors. A. Sponge with bisulphide of Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York. the secondary coil to make the machine as effective as it of 40,000 to 60,000 cubic feet capacity. 2. How many cubic feet of gas a cylinder ten feet long and four feet carbon or chloroform. The danger will be that the “How to Keep Boilers Clean.” Send your address for possible f A. Use about one-third more wire than the gutta percha will, as it dissolves, be soaked up by the free 96 p. book. Jas. C. Hotchkiss, 112 Liberty St., N.Y. in diameter will contain. A. 125'6 cubic feet. amount mentioned in the article referred to. 3. Why cloth and produce a spot. Never use bisulphide of car Centrifugal Pumps. Capacity. 100 to 40,000 gals. per is it necessary to leave a space of one-eighth inch near (3613) P. C. E. asks the elements and bon near a light, as it is highly inflammable. Its odor minute. All sizes in stock. Irvin Van Wie, Syracuse, N.Y. the heads, and would it still be required if insulated solution which when used as an ink will disappear after is also very objectionable. Scale removed and prevented in boilers; for each 50 wire was used ? A. The space near the heads is left to a certain length of time (about a day). A. Use dilute horse, 10 cents a week. Pittsburgh (Pa.) Boiler Scale avoid the possibility of the bare wire slipping down be tincture of iodine. 2. Also an invisible ink which will (3623) L. R. C. writes : I have a large Resolvent Co. tween the heads and the paper used to separate the appear when warmed. A. Solution of chloride of carbon battery plate (6x10) which is broken; can you Guild & Garrison, Brooklyn, N. Y., manufacture steam coils. 4. In figuring the tin foil surface, are both sides cobalt, dilute sulphuric acid, lemon or onion juice, and tell me a method by which the pieces may be united, pumps, vacuum pumps, vacuum apparatus, air pumps, considered ? A. Yes. and used in a bichromate plunge battery A. You can acid blowers, filter press pumps, etc. many other substances. 3. A way of making letters on a coin by means of an acid. A. Coat with wax, cut the repair your broken carbon plate by using a cement No. 1 Universal Miller, with arm, reduced price, $480 (3606) H. W. L. asks the best way to letters through the wax so as to expose the metal and made of flour and molasses. After the cement is ap f. o. b. any R.R. depot east of Mississippi. Address protect nickel plating on a bicycle, put away for the drop on nitric acid. This will act on all ordinary coins plied, the parts should be clamped together and the Garvin Machine Co., Laight and Canal Sts., N.Y. winter, from rusting. Are the preparations like anti whole should be subjected to a red heat, the carbon except gold ones. For the latter mix three parts hy Split Pulleys at Low prices, and of same strength and rust, etc., good for this purpose without tarnishing the being embedded in powdered carbon in an air tight appearance as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's Shafting surface after removal in the spring P. By answering you drochloric with one part nitric acid. 4. Describe the contents of the long cylinder on the platform of an box. We think you will find it less expensive to pur Works, Drinker St., Philadelphia, Pa. will have the gratitude of all wheelmen, as this question chase a new plate than to repair the old one. The price of the Brown & Sharpe No. 1 Universal Mill now presents itself to them. A. In putting away a bi electric car. A. We presume you allude to the resist ing Machine without Overhanging Arm is $480. Price of cycle for the winter, every part should be thoroughly ance box, for controlling the power of the motor, which (3624) F. W. B.—The powder sent is the Machine with Overhanging Arm, $495. Previous cleaned from dirt, the running parts duly oiled and the box contains heavy resistance coils. potassinm nitrate. Mixed with sulphuric acid for a de prices, $550 and $585. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Provi bright parts wiped with a mixture of vaseline and (3614) J. A. asks: 1. How can poison polarizer in a battery, it has the disadvantage of giving dence, R.I. paraffine, 2 parts vaseline, 3% part paraffine, to which be detected in mushrooms ? A. There is no way of off fumes. We can supply Curhart on “Primary Bat Magic Lanterns and Stereopticons of all prices. Views add a half part of finely ground quicklime by heating doing this. Actual trial or identification of the species teries" for $1.50. illustrating every subject for public exhibitions, etc. and stirring. Apply warm by wiping all the nickel is the only certain way. 2. How is a cylinder on an (3625) G. I. H. asks if there is a rule for [* A profitable business for a man with small capital. parts, and wrapping them in paper which has been ..lso lanterns for home amusement. 220 page catalogue Edison phonograph constructed? Does sound register finding the radius of a circle when the arc and its free. McAllister, Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y. coated on one side by the mixture, very thin, which on a cylinder of wax the same as on tinfoil? A. For chord, with distance (at greatest width) from arc to will keep off dust and dampness. The japanned parts [w"Send for new and complete catalogue of Scientific construction of the Edison phonograph we refer you to chord (versed sine), are given. A. The square of the and saddle should also be nicely covered with wrapping and other Books for sale by Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, our SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 632 and 706. The composition chord of half the arc is found by the rule of the “square paper to keep off dust, which injures the japan by long New York. Free on application. cylinder is indented like the tinfoil on the original instru of the hypoteneuse.” by adding the squares of the Contact. ment. One cylinder can repeat a tune or words a great versed sine and of half the chord together. The radius (3607) W. W. L. asks (1) how to make number of times. is equal to the square of the chord of half the arc di type metal or the composition of same. A. Type (3615) B. F. W. asks: How much does vided by twice the versed sine. metal consists of lead 3 parts, antimony 1 part, melted iron shrink to the foot ? Does the size change the * together. You can readily procure old type from any amount of shrinkage * That is, will a 2 inch round bar TO INVENTORS, printer at a low price, thus saving the trouble of mak shrink more or less than an inch round bar ! What per An experience of forty years, and the preparation of ing the alloy. 2. If it is advisable to use the same for cent does iron waste or lose in working? What more than one hundred thousand applications for pa HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. making the cylinder or drum on the phonograph de amount of carbon does machine steel contain * What tents at home and abroad, enable us to understand the Names and Address must accompany all letters, scribed in SUPPLEMENT, No. 133, in place of the plas book would you recommend to read on this subject : laws and practice on both continents, and to possess un or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our ter one A. Type metal will do very well for the pho A. Iron castings shrink about 36 inch to 1 foot, which equaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere. A information and not for publication. nograph cylinder referred to. 3. How many 6 by 8 synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and all References to former articles or answers should is the usual allowance for plain work. Cylinders, from foreign countries may be had on application, and persons give date of paper and page or number of question. cells of gravity battery are required to run the Gramme one-tenth to one-twelfth inch to 1 foot, according to contemplating the securing of patents, either at home or Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should motor described in SCIENTIFic AMERICAN, No. 783? size. There is very little difference in the shrinkage be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that Or please recommend some cheap battery to run the abroad, are invited to write to this office for prices. of a 1 inch and 2 inch bar. The wastage in foundry which are low, in accordance with the times and our ex some answers require not a little research, and, above motor for about 10 hours continually. A. The though we endeavor to £ to all either by letter work is from 2 to 5 per cent. Machinery steel contains tensive facilities for conducting the business. Address or in this department, each must take his turn. gravity battery is not adapted to running the motor. from 3% to 1 percent carbon. See our book catalogue for MUNN & CO., office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 361 Broad Special Written Information on matters of Use 6 or 8 cells of large plunging or bichromate bat personal rather than general interest cannot be books on these subjects. way, New York. expected without remuneration. tery. Scientific American Supplements referred (3608) G. A. H. asks: 1. Would you (3616) L. C. M. says: 1. Will you please to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each. kindly inform me the best style of galvanometer to use inform a much interested reader of your valuable paper INDEX OF INVENTIONS Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of (through its columns or otherwise) what quantity of price. for field work in the open air with rough usage for Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly measuring small currents accurately 3 A. We think a water will flow through 3,000 feet of one inch pipe, For which Letters Patent of the marked or labeled. with a 6 foot head, there being no sharp curve or angle Thompson marine galvanometer would answer your United States were Granted purpose. 2. Can the resistance of the earth to the pas in the line Also, how is an electric wire insulated (3601) M. S. writes: 1. I wish to run a where it passes to the interior of a gas engine A. sage of small currents be measured the same as a wire October 27, 1891, 4}or 6 candle incandescent lamp for from five minutes to conductor, as for instance the return circuit of a tele Your 1 inch pipe 3,000 feet long with 6 feet head will half an hour at a time, lamp to be 40 feet from battery. graph line using the earth as a return ? A. You can deliver 1°6 gallons per minute. Electric wires for gas AND EACH BEARsNG THAT DATE. I have four 5x6 cells, each containing two carbons 6X measure the resistance of the earth by establishing a engines may be insulated by inclosing in porcelain or 1%X34 inch and porous cup 6x2% in which is placed circuit with the earth as return, afterward deducting glass thimbles to be held in place by a stuffing box 18ee note at end of list about copies of these patents.] an amalgamated zinc rod in a little mercury. Solution the resistance of the metallic conductor used. 3. packed with asbestos. 2. A Chinaman says: In China, of chromic acid to be used outside porous cup, acidu when a man of high degree dies, his body is embalmed Would there be any measurable difference between say lated water inside. How many such cells are needed to 100 feet and 200 feet distance of such return? A. With by packing it in tea, after which the tea is again boxed Adjustable chair, O. C. White...... 4 light the lamp properly ? A. From 6 to 8 cells. 2. Can and a private mark placed upon the box, and by this Air brake, Barnes & Marshall...... proper ground connections we think the resistance will Air moistenin *: A. I use any more effective cell than this ? A. We think mark Chinamen understand that the tea has been used be found to be practically nothing. 4. Suppose a cur Ash arrester, P. Schickler not. 3. Is the zinc in this battery consumed while the for embalming the dead and that it is only fit for export. Auger bit, E. Ford...... rent to be generated in the earth by an underground Automatic gate, P. M. Fudge...... circuit is open, or is there any local action when the Is there any means of substantiating such testimony ? Automatic regulator, B. A. Hawkins...... stream of water flowing swiftly, would such a current Automatic ventilator and foul air exhaus battery is not in use ? A. The action in the Fuller bat be continuous or alternating A. It will undoubtedly A. Shall be glad to hear testimony as to the Chinese tery is very slight when the circuit is open. 4. How Custom. £ J. T. Fanning.. be continuous. 5. Is it necessary in order to transform long will this battery light the lamp continuously, and Axle, wagon, D. R. Van Allen...... a current to a higher or lower potential that it be an (3617) D. D. W. asks for a receipt for Baby jumper, G. W. Thomas.. what proportions of chromic and sulphuric acids with # fastener. E. Reist...... alternating current instead of a continuous current ? making cotton, etc., waterprocf. by putting it in a so Ba water are most effective A. The battery will proba bending machine, E. W. Spear...... 461,877 A. Yes, unless it is done by means of a motor dynamo, lution of alum and lead acetate. A. Dissolve 2% Baking powder, packing. W. P. Clotworthy. 09, 462,206 bly operate continuously for a week. It will require that is to say, the primary current being used to drive pounds alum in 10 gallons of water and 2% pounds lead Basin and overflow pipe therefor, H. F. Stowell.. 161,534 about 10 per cent each of the chromic and sulphuric the motor, the secondary current being taken from the in 10 gallons of water. Heat may be applied to accel Bath tubs, ornamental casing for. O. F. Grant.... 462, acids. 5. What size wire is best to connect lamp with Battery. See Galvanic battery. Secondary bat dynamo. erate the solution; mix the two solutions and soak the tery. battery 3 A. Use No. 16. 6. Can I use the same bat 462,088 cloth therein; or first soak the goods in one, and then Belt, bodice, G. E. Zeltmacher...... tery to light a gas jet without the help of a coil 7 If not, (3609) F. A. M. asks how to clean sea Bicycle support, J. E. Anderson.. ... 461,806 in the other. In the latter process use half the quan Binding, book, L. Bailey...... ,027 how small a coil can I use and light a jet 50 to 75 feet and sumilar shells and make them look nice. A. Dark Bit. See Auger bit. tity of lead acetate and immerse in the alum first, from battery : What size wire and how much by colored organic matter on the outer surface is first re Blind fastening, O. Adams...... 462,187 wringing out before putting it into the lead solution. Block shaping machine, E. J. F. Coleman...... 461,866 weight shall I use to make the coil, and how much and moved by making a thick mixture of one part bleach Board. See Stove board. what size iron wire will I need for the core? A. A coil ing powder to two parts water and soaking the shel (3618) C. M. E.–1. The mould on the Boat. See Life boat. Boiler feeder, J. Austin...... will be needed to light the gas. Make a spark coil by therein. On removing wash and scrub it. Thick in leaves sent is mycelium of a fungus belonging to the Bolt extracting device, W. W. Johnson. - - winding on a 34 inch bundle of soft iron wires, 8 inches crustations of lime must be picked off with a shari order Perisporiacei. We have seen recommended the Bolting machine, S. A. Nordyke...... 461.843 Book check, R. W. Morgan..... 461,907 long, 10 or 12 layers of No. 18 wire. Use No. 16 iron edged hammer or some similar tool, and then the shell spraying of the leaves with a solution of sulphate of oot, M. Neuburger...... $1,961 Bottle, drenching, R. Mantey. ,056 wire for the core. 7. Would the battery be too power must be dipped in boiling dilute muriatic acid. For copper to destroy the fungus. 2. Dust your rose bushes Bottle stopper, J. H. Luckey...... ful for a bell at 75 feet? If so, couldn't I use German strong heavy shells use 1 acid to 3 of water; for delicate with insect powder (Pyreth'um). Box. See Letter box. Brake. See Air brake. Car brake. Railway silver wire in the circuit to the bell ? If the idea is shells use 1 part acid to 10 of water. Dip the shell for (3619) S. J. S. writes: I wish to connect brake. practical, how much and what size should I use ? A. a second only, wash and examine; if not enough, give it Brick dr # £ Turley & Beyerly a bell with my telephone so as to get the calls in an Brick kiln, J. Dunnachie You can use a bell having a suitably wound magnet a second dip. Hold it in wooden forceps or attach it Brick kiln, W. L. Gregg...... - ... 463: other room. Have made a relay that works perfectly without employing German silver wire. to a stick in any way to serve as its handle. The im Brick, manufacture of enameled, W. A. Miksch... 461,980 with one Leclanche cell, but when introduced into the 3ridge gate, automatic draw, W. F. Miller...... 462,012 portant point is not to let the acid stay long on the rush, rotary, O. Pederson...... (3602) E. N. A.—1. For a full descrip circuit of the telephone it shows no sign of magnetism. shell. For local spots it may be applied with a brush. uggy gear, D. G. Wyeth...... tion of luminous paints we refer you to our SUPPLE Have tried winding with 22 and 16 wire. Connections lurette clamp, W. H. Chaddock.. 3urner. See Gas burner. Vapor MENT, Nos. 229, 249, 497, and 539. 2. For parlor (3610) J. H. D. asks what will make a are good and no current can get to the telephone with Butter worker. E. J. Fargo...... matches.—Dry the splints and immerse the ends in paste to hold gold braid to silk ribbon. A. The fol out passing through the relay. Is not a telephone Button clasp, Lamboley & Jacobson Button fastener. R. H. Wheeler...... - - - - melted stearine. Then dip in following mixture and lowing, one of the most economical, convenient, and current strong enough, or can you suggest the reason Button flies, machine for "# P. B. Clark..... - Cable conduit covering, H. Hughes...... 462.135 dry : extensively used cements for cloth, is the gutta percha for its not working? A. You should use a polarized Camera. See Photographic camera. tissue cement. It consists of a thin leaf or sheet of gutta Phosphorus (red)...... 3 parts. relay, or insert a magneto bell. The alternating current Candle, sulphur, Moss & Bourne.. - - Cane mill housing, G. Simon Gum arabic or tragacanth...... 0.5 percha, which may be purchased at small cost of any of the telephone call does not work well with an ordi Canopy frame, J. C. Goss; A. Water...... ------.3 * . dealer in tailors' supplies. When two pieces of cloth are nary relay. Car brake, electric, L. C. Car coupling, T. Courser.. Sand (finely ground)...... 2 - to be joined, the gutta percha tissue is placed between (3620) H. T. C. asks : 1. In a medium Car coupling, J. B. Granger. Binoxide of lead...... 2 - the parts and a hot flat iron is then applied to the Car coupling, A. G. Leonard sized induction coil, what should be the ratio between exterior of the cloth. The heat melts the gutta percha Car coupling, S.J. Meeker Perfume by dipping in a solution of benzoic acid. 3. the sizes of the wires in the primary and secondary and the weight of the iron presses the parts together. With a power blast you can melt iron or brass, but the coils, and what kind of a core should it have? A. The Car replacer, J. M On cooling, the cloths will be found strongly cemented operation can only be carried on in a small way. 4. ratio of the primary and secondary in an induction coil Car, vestibuie S.W. together. For attaching together edge linings, fillings Car wheel. J. A. Webber.... We can supply Root's “A. B. C. of Bee Culture" for depends upon the kind of current you desire to have. Cars or other vehicles, mean and all kinds of parts, this method is excellent. For tive power to. L. O. Dion...... $1.25, Cook’s “Manual of the Apiary” for $1.50, Lang For the construction of coils we refer you to our SUP Qars, trolley for electric, C.A. Lieb covering, joining and patching of garments it is un stroth on the “Honey Bee,” $2. PLEMENT, Nos. 160 and 569. 2. It is stated in an ele Card flat, J. A. Foss...... oss ... 462 equaled. It saves the drudgery of sewing, and in the Cards, machine for treating, C. A. Wright...... 461.860 (3603) H. W. S. writes: In paper of mentary chemistry that if a current of oxygen be matter of mending often enables the housewife to ac Cards or similar articles, machine for applying October 10, 1891, in Notes and Queries column, No. passed through a solution of ammonia gas, NHs, the re metallic leaf to Č. A. Wright...... '. - - - - 461.861 complish in a superior manner, in five minutes, work Carpet sweeper, C. A. Hammett.. ... 461,831 3446, W. E. V. asks how to straighten lance wood suiting mixture will burn. Please give the chemical re Carving machine. W. Loeffler...... 462.096 that would require as many hours by the needle. which is bent or crooked. Heat it in gas flame or action. A. The idea is that enough ammoniacal (NH2) Case. See Display case. Cash indicator and register, H. C. Stilwell 462.106 otherwise, until about too hot to handle comfortably; (3611) C. T. H. writes: I am using a vapor will be carried off to make a combustible mixture, Cash register and indicator. H. C. Stilwell , 462.105 Casting steel wheels, W. G. Richards...... 461,962 then it will be soft and pliable, something like lead, one-sixth horsepower Edison slow-speed, series-wound the hydrogen burning to water and the nitrogen going Chair. See Adjustable chair. and will stay pat. I have done it so. motor to run my polishing and turning lathe. The off free, thus: 2 NH, +30=3H,0+2N, 3. Is there any Chair, J. C. Hurd, ...... 462,046 3OO $rientific American. [NoveMBER 7, 1891.

C hannel scouring device, A. Dillon...... 461,935 | Loom for weaving h '' £: #: £ WATER MOTOR. wire cloth, N. Greening. - - - - PELTON Chiunner top, F. Rasner...... 462,162 || Loom take-up mechanism, G. F. Hutchins acuum apparatus, reg also Unequaled for all light LTTia Chop : £e Cotton chopper. Lumber edging machine, J. 8. Miller...... - Valve, balanced slide, C. Evers?!, 461.981 chinery. Warranted to £: ven Chuck, universal automatic, W. H. Gates...... 461,870 Mat. See Wire mat. Valve, balanced three-way, G. Miles. ------iói'896 \ amount of power with one-half the Churn. H. T. Henderson ... . 461,883 Matching machine, C.J. L. Meyer...... 462,097, 462,098 || Valve, compound engine, J. H. Eickershoff...... :. it, \ water required by any other. Evidence - Churn. A Spies...... 461,963 Mechanical movement, A. M. £e. - - - - - ... 462,010 || Valve for compound engines, piston, J. Marshall. 462, Churn cover, M. L. Hoyt...... 462,007 Mechanical movement, N.J. & R. S. Skaggs.. l,! Valve gear, steam engine, Van Horn & Allabach.. # *ed £":###: on application. G- Send for Cigar bundle wrapper, A. & J. Michalitischke...... 462,099 || Mechanical movement, S. B. Wortmann.... Vapor burner, W. M. Abbott...... 462, 4. Circular. Address, Cigar cutter, J. H. Bowen...... 462,074 Meter. See Grain meter. Vapor generating device for vapor burners, H. 850 Cigar fillers, method of and machine - The Pelton Water Wheel Co., for making, Milling machine, P. J. Kelly...... Ruppel - # B. Baron (r)...... - 11,199 || Mine cage, self-dumping, M. S. Coyan. icle. H. Seeman...... 461.9% 121A Main 8 San Francisco, Cal., or 235s Cigar moistening device, H. Hogendob! 87. # : R. H. Mullen...... hicle £# R. L. Kirby *Central £; & we's...N.Y. Circuit controller, W. B. Cleve • * *** - Motor. See Hydraulic motor. hicle seat, G. E. Hatch ------070 Clasp knife, R. C. Kruschke...... Motor for pumping, etc., J. E. Selkirk...... hicle side bar. P. S. Tart ... 462, Clock, S. Fellinger...... GUM ARABIC AND ITS MODERN - - Mowing machine, A. Stevens...... ocipede, J. Eisenhart.. - # Clock, four-hundred-day, substitutes. By Dr. S. Rideal and W. E. Woule. Notes A. M. Lane. Muff. H. F. Bindseil...... ocipede, J.T. Robinson. - # Clock key, A.M. Lane...... Mule, self-acting, R. Schneider ocipede driving '. J. H. relative to the appearance - • and properties of the various Clocks, power equalizing apparatus for, Music holder, C. E. French. 462, Vending apparatus, F. J. Wood i ... 462, natural and artificial substitutes for gum arabic, con Olmsted...... 462,017 | Musical instrument, stri , J. A. Mackenzi 461,915 | Ventilator. tained in . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPlement, no. See Automatic ventilator. ** Closet. See Water closet. 461 Musical instrument valve, Mankey 820 and 821. --Price 10 cents each. To be had at this & Eastman.... 462,148 | Ventilator or blower, E. G. Lafite. 462,142 office and from all newsdealers. Clothes rack, O.C. Sobolewski...... Nail. See Shoe nail. Vulcanizer, J. Fe Clutch, friction, H. C. Crowell...... Needle threader, W. H. Lighty...... Wagon,W# boiler dumping p , L. S. Browning.... Coal bunkers, cover for, W. W. Reynolds. Nut blank bar, J. C. # drip protector, Johnson Coal drill. W. Bulluck...... Nut lock, J. Nase Bluele"...... Coin holder. F. Michi...... Washing machine, N. D. Kill 80re. - Orange knife and f T Washin machine. G. P. Walter RUCKTRIllS(&# - Comb and the manufacture thereof, rick.... Concrete block and making the same Water closet, W. Bunting, Jr. 462, 80n...... Water heater for domestic or AIR COMPRESSORS & Concrete mixt G. Flanders...... 461,867 GENERAL - - - - "****{{#~: - Weather strip, N. Shidler. 461,922 - Cooking £ apparatus, egg, 461, Welding or working meta ... ', Corn sheller, F. H. Barnet |Mini Nc Tunnel inc. (£ Photographic camer H are & J # - W ell # infl InaChine, achine. A. - 903, # Corner shield or protector, * Corset fastening, C. H. Littleton £ films, £ for holding Well sinking machine, A. O. Hiscoc ... 462,134 Q\!\\\\\\ ...''SNX-SWS NN QRNS -- Cotton chopper L. M. Poole...". ing, Ellis & £5 ------462,116 Wheel. See Car wheel. £ bar coupling. Thill coupling Photographic shutter, E. B. Barker 461,910 | Whiffletree hook, C. W. Blackburn. 462,195 - RAND DRILL Co 23 Park Place new year. | Crane, Potter & Burns...... Pianoforte, upright, A. B. Irving... 461,833 |Whiffletree hook, J. L. Mussina. 461,9 Cross tie, metallic, J. M. Price...... Pick. A. E. Francis...... 461,881 | Wire mat, J. E. ors.OIl...... 462,217 Picker. See See Hair picker. Crusher. See Ore crusher. wire, reel for pa "## J. Coffin 462,091 INVENTions of UTILITY or Cultivator or harrow tooth, F. X. Krabach...... Pile fabrics, ornamentation of, F. Koskul wire'stretcher, W. R. Hayden. 462,128 Cup. See Umbrella # £ Pillow, W. W. Waterhouse...... Wood, machine for embossing designs on, 461,919 T. A. C. th WELTY ket in 1 developed antities. and put Invent upon #w -> #" #: holder, J. F. £ Spofford.... for scarf, C. - Wood, awkins machine ...... Curtain, for ornamenting, F. H. Hawkins. - 461,918 flexible, R. B. Fowler...... ors, write £ £"########"A#: The T Cutlery, ''', J. Sheppman...... TiSiNG CöMPANY. Manufacturers and Publishers of Cutter. See Cigar cutter. Gear cutter. Rotary Bachem...... 461,902 wo: £ fibrous material, apparatus for dry- 184 Advertising Specialties, Coshocton, O. cutter. Toast cutter. Turf cutter. Pipe. See Drain pipe. Socket pipe. ng, F. Wever...... * Dental mallet, H. C. Hinchm 462, £ and boiler £n: £ion for steam, Woven pantaloons, overalls, etc., R. Fox...... 462,040 Derrick fork attachment, J. S. Scott. . 461, # F. B. Mott...... 462,057 | Wrench. See Pipe wrench. Digger, W. Gibbs...... 462,043 Pipe covering, steam, A. F. Hurst. ... 462,047 | Wringer. See Mop wringer. Pipe joint, swinging, Display case, F. Herfort.. ... 462.130 W. L. She ... 462,222 Displaying stand for boxes, Pipe machine, sewer, W. D. Sherman ... 462,087 FOREIGN PATENTS etc., W. P. Mi . 462,084 Pipe wrench, "E. Cook Diving dress, W. ''' ------... 462,202 XOOK...... 461,894 Door, flexible, H. N. H. Lugirin...... 461.885 Pistol, magazine, C. Tribuzi o ------Door or window screen frame. G. . 462.197 Planter, corn, E. B. W TRADE MARKS. Draught apparatus, artificial, W. ( . 462,214 Plotter, J. A. F. Svenson... THEIR cost REDuckD. Drain pipe, G. Richardson...... 461,891 D & Westervelt... N)" Drill. See Coal drill. £ £ Pirtle...... # Belting of leather and other flexible material, The expenses attending the procuring of patents in Drill press, Pole, vehicle, T. McMaster...... 462,058 Jewell Belting Company...... rdials, most foreign countries having been considérably re column, U. & F. L. Eberhardt...... 461,951 an d bit duced the obstacle of cost is no longer in the way of a Eggs, device for opening hot boiled, F. N. Jewett. 462,049 Polishing machine, sand, Wilson & Delano ... 165,185 | Brandy, whisky, rum, gin, wine, cordials, an 20,275 large proportion of our inventors patenting their inven Electric connection, J. H. Fleming...... £1.8 Poultry, means for killing, G. Emerson...... 462,11 ters, Luhrs & Harrs...:..::...... : * * Electric generator. E. G. Young. 461,862 Press. See Hay press. Canned £ Maconochie Bros...... 20,276, 20,277 tions abroad. *"A N \to \ .-The cost of a patent in Canada is even Electric heater, J. W. Capek...... 461,814 Printing press feeder, T. R. Johnston...... 462,136|Clay, China and similar, Lower Lansalson China 20,205 Electric machine or motor, dynamo, Protector. £ boiler drip £, 462,069 Clay (Kaolin) Company less than the cost of a United States patent. and the M. Mayer.... 461,979 - 20,255 Electric machines, automatic regulator for dyna Pump, automatic steam vacuum, H. Snooks.. former includes the Provinces of Ontarig. Quebec, New - * * - £wick, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and Mani. mo, W. L. Silvey...... 462,020 ------Cosmetic, liquid, E. Price 20,257 £ '# to Electrode, secondary battery, Entz & Phillips.... 461,823 - ch ": # £ & Schmidt.. 20,273 Elevator shafts, device for operating doors to, L. engine, J. Pollock . 462,061 • *- # |...The number of our patentees who avail themselves of W. Butler...... 200 uzzle, H. M. Smith...... the cheap and easy method now offered for obtaining Rack. See Clothes rack. Exhibiting rack. . 462,170 Northweste # ,263 Embroidering machine, J. J. Klaus. Hay *: Northwestern Con 20,278 - #" in Canada is very large, and is steadily increas Engine. See Hot air motor engine. rack. £ | 11". ------engine. Steam engine. Gold, silver, KN GI, a ND.—The new English law, which went into Envelope machine, J. nnis et al...... "w's device for ****". 462, Montgomery Bros 20,270 force on Jan. 1st. 1885, enab es parties to secure patents Envelope machines, drier for, J. Dennis et Railway £e, friction. P. Fabian 461,835 | Gum, £ 'é' 20,267 in Great Britain on very moderate terms. A British pa Envelope machines, gumming mechanism f Railway crossing gate, F. C. Crowe £3:16 || Hair tonic, W. C. £Hoh tent includes England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the Dennis et al...... 462,209 Railway, electric, G. W. McNear Channe, Islands. Great Britain is the acknowledged - Harmonicas, mouth, M. Hohner financial Evaporator. See Fruit Railway, electric, C.W. Thomas 462 Paint, roofing...A., F. Hawthorn...; and commercial center of the world, and her Exhibiting rack, merchandise, W. High 462,082 Railway, electric, W. B. Vansize Paper, medicated toilet, Gayetty Paper Co. £ are sent to every quarter of the globe. A good Exhibitor W. arrier...... 461,869 italiway'or tramway fish joint, Paper, writing. Whiting Paper Company... nvention is likely to realize as much for the patentee inding and stretching apparatus, ruthers.. in Kngland as his United States patent produces for - Photographic plates and films; G: Cramer ... 20,254 roe Railway ra Plaster, calcined, Western Plaster Works.. ... 20,280 him at home, and the small cost now renders it possible Fare receiver and ister, L. Erhlich Grimme itemedy for kidney and liver diseases, j. W. for almost every patentee in this country to secure a pa Feed trough, W. '# ------tent in Great Britain. where his rights are as well pro Felt boot, R. Heaton... #######" # ################### jected as in the United States. Railway t foot guard, S. R. 163.1% Re': £eumatism, Crescent Rheumatic 258 OTHER COUNTRIES.-Patents are also obtained Fence, G. H. Jordan...... Railway trolley, electric, - R. M. Hunter. £215 Scr ediCine CO------...... Qn very reasonable terms in France. Belgium, Germany. Fe' 'aking machine, wire and picket, C. N. Austria. Russia. Italy. Spain (the latter includes Cuba f Ra': stem of distribution fore 461,851 * ews,dred bolts, articles, nails, metallic, nuts, washers, American rivets, Screw and Com- kin 20,253 awls...... - | ano all the other Spanish Colonies), Brazil, British India, Fence stay, J. W. Yates . 461,923 -*-*- - pany Australia, and the otner British Colonies. Fender, A. W. Allen... . 462,188 An experience of over FORTY years has enabled the Fertilizer distributer, J. J. Lawton...... 461,838 ££|####Refrigerating apparatus, J. Erny...... 16:1 ugar bleaching compound, P.I. amson...... 20,# publishers of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to establish Fiber drawing apparatus, W. Thompson. . 461,855 Register. £e £ register. " 'cket register. 462, V '': £ # £ - - # competent and trustworthy agencies in all the principal File cutting machine, J. Buyer ------. 462,075 lator. See Automatic regulator. as regu- Watch cases, Kenos atch Case Company...... ,266 foreign countries, and it h. is always been their aim to Fire escape, W. B. Henning... . 462,081 tor. have the business of their clients promptiy and proper Fire shield. G. Parker...... 461,983 Rein guard, S. N. Southre y:------...... 173 ly done and their interests faithfully guarded. Fires, apparatus for preventing the spread of, G. Rings, etc., detachable head for, C. A. Russell.... # amphlet containing a synopsis of the patent laws • *O 91 3 fod'miii plant. T. V. Allis' ... .461,900 of all countries, including the cost for each. and other Flat iron and heater therefor, W. Hess, Jr. Rolling mill plant, T. V. Alli DESIGNS. information, useful to persons contemplating the pro Flour packers, clutch mechanism for, H. A. #ar Rotary cutter, O. Pederson. - curing of patents abroad, may be had on application to : * this office. hard...... : Rubber tip and tape measure, combined, F. McIn Candlestick, S. W. Babbitt... Flue, chimney, W. J. Fryer, Jr '' " * * * * * * * * *-* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > ...... 462,151 Cane or umbrella handle, W. H. Jamoun M11" N N & Co.. Editors and Proprietors of The sci Fly book, H.G. Preston...... - Saddle, harness, Thayer & Wittkopf . 462,176 | Dish, covered, H. JBrunt...... - - - *NTIFIC AMERICAN. cordially invite all persons desiring Frame. See 'o' frame. Door and window 'ash lock, automatic, C. F. Varney.. . 462,183 Edging or trimming, C. G. Hill. screen frame. Label holding frame. aw gin, J. A. Bachman...... any information, reative to patents, or the registry of - Knob or pull, E. G. & W. Hess. # C. # £- | trade-marks. in this country or abroad. to call at their Fruit evaporator, S.A. Latimer...... ------ard S n, A. F. Jackson.. Smith offices. 361 Broadway. Examination of inventions, con 'e. See Garbage burning furnace. Gas re awing machine, V. Beaureg eat. See Shifting seat. - S , gumm F. H. Smith.. Vehicle seat. p ed, - suitation, and advice free. Inquiries by mail promptly auge. ###seau See Key sea or splining lini gauge. Secondary battery, Waddell & Entz..... answered. alvanic battery, C. £ Address. MUNN & Co., ------Seeder, apple and osage, H. C. Graves - - - - ame or puzzle, W. Fickermann...... Selector and recorder, mechanical, S. L. Wiegand 461. A printed £: of thes fication and drawing of Publishers and Patent Solicitors, arbage burning furnace, M. L. Davis e------...... 461,9 any patent 361 Broadway, New York. | ewer trap, C. L. Gag - in the # ist, or any patent in print, arment presser, C. Flower...... BRANCH OFFICES: - - - - ewing machine, W. L. Cheney.. 461815 | issued since 1863, will be furnished from this office for No. 622 and 624 F Street. Pacific Gaw's for manufacturing, Prosser & hafts, mechanism for reve rsing, W. Fairchild...: 'i'. 25 cents. In ordering please state the name and number Building, near 7th Street, Washington. D. C. er...... ------heller. See Corn sheller. of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 361 Gas burner, fuel, J. F. Mains.. Shifting seat, Parry & Morrill. ,101 || Broadway, New York. STEVENS PATENT Gas, manufacture of, Prosser & hoe nail, C. C. Small...... SPRING CALIPERS Gas purifying # revivifying, C - hoe rest, E. L. Button - Canadian patents may now be obtained by the in Leader, No. 70. Price, by mail, postpaid. Gas regulator, Gordon ...... Show cover, L. F. Pieper..... - * ventors for any of the inventions named in the fore 2% inch. $0.65 4 h, $0.75 || 6 inch, $0.85 Gas retort furnace, W. H. Sno Show table and bedstead, combined extension, # list, provided they are simple, at a cost of each. #":#|#":###".' Gate. See Automatie gate. Bri M. Rosenbaum...... 462,165 | If complicated the cost will be a little more. For full All those supplied with laeal Nut cost Shower bath £ crossing gate. Swinging gate O. F. Grant. ... 462, instructions address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New ing 23c. additional. Gate, J.T. Anglin.. Shutter, lexible, H. N. H. Eug in'...'" . 461.884 York. Other foreign patents may also be obtained. Gate, T. Scheibel... Sieve, S. G. Cooper...... Ideal and Leader Spring Dividers and - - - - 111 Calipers, Ideal Surface Gauges, Depth Gear cutter orimilling machin Signaling ####, Benjamin 461,809, 461,810 Gauges, and Fine Machinists' Tools. # £ r '''Elwaii Generator. See Electric generator. - * T}{0 © fi © ent *Hiiustrated catalogue free to all. Geometrical figures, device for laying off, W. B. Silcer,soak manufacturing onlon, J. F. A. Edwards...... compressed cakes of, E. G. DQ21:113 In 3. J. STEVENS G * ------...... - - - - . 462,126 ARMS & Tool, Co. Glass spheres, manufacture of solid, J. H. Tow"------...... 461,973 W. O. Box 280, Chicopee Falls, Mass. ton ------...... 462,083 §: £, for #. Glove, catcher's, H. W. Price.... . 461,847 - - - - - # Inside Page, each insertion -- 75 cents a line Glove or mitten, baseball catcher's, J. F. Draper... 461,819 $: arrester, #: #: ansOn...... 462,127 | Back Page, each insertion - - - - $1.00 a line Governor, steam engine, W. A. Graham...... 461,830 LEARN WATCHMARING: : Grain # £ #d' meter, J. £ - - # The above * * * * * * *- . 462,006 are charges per agate line-about eight Spinning spindle sup rt. J £3 words per line. This notice Grinding machine, roll, F. O. Fry...... 461,828 shows the width of the line, Gu See Railway track foot guard. Rein £,S. l, braid. J. J. Hahn £00 and is set in agate type. Engravings may head adver guard. - aw . .306 |tisements at the same rate per agate line, by measure Gyroscope or £ toy, J. H. Wilson... £5: ment, as the, letter.press: Advertisements must be The Scientific American O. K. Collins...... - received at Publication Office as earl Bls Hair picker, - ursday Hame, W. H. Simmons...... # ": idispl #: . 462,172 morning to appear in the following £: issue. Hammer, power, A. Beaudry Station indicator, - - - - # A. Kane. 462,138 PUBLICATIONS FOR 1891. Harrow, J. Pehrson...... 462,059,462,060 Steam engine. A. J. Wandegrift 462,182 Harvester reel driver, J. W. Cahow...... 461,813 Steam generator, flash, E. Hatchway doors in case of fire, means for releas Stirrer, cake or pudding, A. C. Bull. 461,912 The prices of the different publications in the United ing, L. C. Tufts...... 461,857 States, Canada, and Mexico are as follows: su'rming overedge or buttonh e, | it is Hard, Dense, and Ad Hats, device for displaying, R. R. Ferry all "...... ------...... 461,827 - Hay press, E. M. Turner...... 462,180 e. Does not check or crack. RATES BY MAIL. Stock, device for marking live, F. B. C. he: mpervious to wind. water, Hay rack, M. Whiles...... 461,947 Stone, etc., manufacturing artificial, G The Scientific American (weekly), one year - $3.00 Heater. See, Electric heater. Hydrocarbon oil and di It dries in a s0n...... few hours. It can be applied in The Scientific heater. Submerged heater. Stool, milking, J. H. Stewart. American Supplement (weekly), one Heel blanks, any kind of weather. It is in gen year, ------5.00 machine for assorting, W. E. Cum Stove board, {}. M. Richardson. !-eral us e. Licenses granted for the npr.8 The Scientific American, Spanish Edition (month ------£1.3% | Stove, cooking, C. J. Edmonds... mixing, using, | Stove, heating, G. B. Woodard. and selling. ly), one year, ------3.00 e, spring, J. Wolf...... £908, it's $##"#####": Address ADAMANT MFG. C0, The Scientific American Architects and Builders Hitching device, G. B. Coombs ... 461,998 || Stove or furnace, C. B. Gregory 309 E. Genesee st Edition (monthly), one year. - - - - - 2.50 Hoisting apparatus, J. Leach...... 462,145 | Stove, vapor, L. Stockstrom...... Syrncuse iíoider." See Coin holder. Label ho er. Music Strainer adjustable, A.J. - - sy se COMBINED RATES. # Paper bag holder. Pillow sham Strap. See Trunk strap. The Scientific American and Supplement - - $7.00 oicier. Straw stacker attachment, S.G. Scholz...... 461,899 - Hook. See Whiffletree hook. Submerged heater, D. Stutzman...... ##|Patent F00t The Scientific American and Architects and Build POWEI MaChinër ers Edition, Horse blanket fastening, M. T. Martin...... £1,358 |Sugar scum, extracting juice from, A. Hamelberg 462,095 ------#: :# £ng £: £vis The Scientific American, Supplement, and Archi * ------461,999 Complete Outfits. | - - - - "able. See Show e. - tects and Builders Edition, - - - - - 9.00 # ehold article, A. J. D --~ | , a. J. A. £ - * McDonal Tels #changes. multiple system for, W. E. 887 Wood£ or can Metal £ workers without compete steam §: Hydraulic motor, Hurd | Proportionate Rates for Sir Months. - ing, C. Bassford : the large shops. using our New ifydrocarbon oil heater. L. Swett . £: # LA BO it SAVING Minchinery. | or This express includes money postage, order, whichor draft we to pay. order Remit of b y pos tal Indicator. See Cash indicator. 8 Thrashing machine, G. H. Theede ,967 latest and most improved for practical Cator. Th rashing machine feeding attachment, C. & P. shop use, also for lndustria | Schools, MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, New York Indicator lock, L. Bishop...... Quintus...... Home Training, etc. Catalogue free. Jar cover and clamp, F. H. Palme Ticket register, Seneca Falls M #. # Clock £ E. F. Antrobus...... Tie. See Cross tie. 695 Water Street, Seneca £y. : MANUFACTURE OF ROLL TAR PA £ns ey seating or splineing gauge, e, J. Wyk yke Tile flooring, hollow, McCarthy...... 960 M. F. - per.-A description of the mode of manufacture of tar | Time reco er workman's, J. C. English STORY OF THE UNIVERSE-BY paper for roofing purposes. Contained in Scientific #neading machine, J. M. Ruthraum. 461,892 Tire, pneumatic, Moseley & Blundstone. DR. Knife. See Orange knife. William Huggins, D.C.L., L.D. Presidential address AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 821. Price 10 cents. Toast cutter, H. J. Lystad. L. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers. Knife sharpener. C. F. Foster et al... 462,001 Toaster, H. S. Jenne...... | before the British Associati on, Cardiff, 1891. A review Knitting machines, thickening thr Tools, making, E.Thomson. of the newer methods of astronomical research which ment for, W. Pearson...... T. 462,155 Tooth, artificial, J. Payne. have led to the remarkable discoveries that have been Knob attachment. T. D. Davis. 461,975 Toy bank, J. M. made within the last thirty years. With portrait of Dr. Label holders, spring clam 462.123 Huggins. Contained in SCIENT TIFIC AMERiCAN SUP. Label holding frame, M. A 462,071 PLEMENT, No. 819. Price 10 cents. To be had at this Ladder, folding. W. M. Pen . 461.! £ machine, J. R. Mole. | office and from all newsdeale Its. Lamp, J. E. Böhner." " ' . 461,811 Trao. See Sewer trap. Lamp, pocket, S. N. Ayres.. - - - - . 462,026 #cle. F. Newhouse Lamp socket, incandescent electric, C. P. Poole. 461898 Trough. See Feed tro amps, rheostat for electric, oup. . . PROPOSALS. T. A. i.acey - - - - - . 462,053 | Truck, A. A. C. antern, switch, G. L. Estes...... 461,824 Truck, hand, E. D. | Lathe marking tool, Tannenbaum & Gottdine . 461,966 Trunk stra oval of Wreck on Lathes, tool holder for engine, K. J. Pihl... . 462,160 Truss, R. Townsend Inlet Bar. - R'' "w Jersey.-U.S. ENGi NEER Office, 1428 Arch Leather splitting machine, J. A. Safford. . 462,166 Tubing, machine for impressi ~s : Letter box, P. B. Downing...... - Street, Philadelphia, Pa., October 22, 1 891.-Sealed prop D . 462.0% signs upon metallic, J. Burkhardt 461.812 posals, in duplicate, will be received at this office until @ialogue oo::Rocks: Letter box, street, P. B. Downing 462,0: Tunne's, means for ventilating, J. A. 462,025 11 A.M., Monday, November ! FINE PRESSWORK moss TYPE = Letter box, street, S. Strong.... Turf c. *ter. W. J. Adams..... 1891, and then opered, Lever, ''' . L. Pike.. 461,972 for the removal of the wreck # the steamship Nuphar !--- PHOTO ENGRAVING. Life-boat, J. F. Green...". Typewriting machine, W. J. B 461.83 lying on Townsend Inlet Bar, N. J. he attention of - Typewriting machine, B. A. Brooks 461,865 bidders is invited to the Acts of Congress approved Feb ...:" - Zinc ETCHING Life-buoy, J. P. A. Galibert Typewriting machine, =>---- #: J. W. A'. D. W. Filstead 46.2%8 ruary 26, 1885, and February 23, 1887, Vol. 2: £ 332, and ------Typewriting machine, E. S. Shimer 463,019 vol 24, page 414, Statutes at Large." For aw * ng arrester, Van Brunt & Raynor...... nformation, Our new General Circular “S.A.," showings ens - - , Umbrella drip cup, H. A. Runkle. ... 461,849 # to C. W. RAYMOND, # , Corps of Engineers, larsof all for our estimates. work, is now ready. Send stam £ - Lock. See indicator lock. Nut lock. Sash lock. y - p Cu rella or parasol, J.T ... 462, . S. Army. ' " . $rientific NovEMBER 7, 1891.] American. C-> 301

SOME NEW AND WALUABLE After being on the Market Five Years|OIL WELL SUPPLY CO, TECHNICAL BOOKS. 91 & 92 WATER STREET, Pittsburgh, Pa.. LANGBEIN.A.CoMPLETE TREATISE on THE Manufacturers of everything needed for ELECTRo-DEPOSITION OF METALS. The “ACME” sill leads A:F.TRIsra N VVIEuIaras Comprising £ Galvanoplastic Opera Sizes One, Two, Three, and F. »ur Horse Power. Arranged for either NATURAL GAs for either Gas, Oil, Water, or Mineral tions, the Deposition of Metals # the Contact and Inn or Kerosene Oil fire, as ordered. No extra insurance required on account of the oilfire. Tests, Boilers, Engines, Pipe, mersion Processes, the Coloring of Metals, the Methods Send for catalogue giving full particulars and prices. Cordage, Drilling Tools, etc. of Grinding and Polishing, as well as Descriptions of Illustrated catalogue, price the Electric Elements, ynamo-Electric Machines, lists and discount sheets Thermopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used : ... BUDHRSTER MACHINE TODI, WURIS. HIVI: Rit, RCHESTER, N. Y. in every Department of the Art. From the German of on request. Dr. George Langbein, with additions by William T. Brannt, editor of the “ Techno-Chemical Receipt Book.” Shepard's Ngw $60 Screw-Cutting Foot Lathe HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ.--BY Illustrated by 125 Engravings. In one volume, 8vo,404 BARNES’ WATER EMERY pages. Price ...... 84.00 Foot and Power Lathes, Drill By Hugo Kronecker. An interesting review of the life Presses, Scroll Saw. Attach work of this great physicist, with portrait. Contained BLINN.—A PRActicAL Workshop CoMPANIoN FoR ments, Chucks. Mandrels, Twist in Scientific AMERican Supplement. No. 823. TIN, SHEET-IRON, AND CoPPER-PLATE WoRKERS. 'N T00L GRINDER drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from all Containing rules for describing various kinds of Patterns Has no pumps, Lathes on trial. Lathes on used by Tin, Sheet-Iron and Copper-Plate Workers. Prac t. newsdealers. - - tical Geometry. Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids: no Valves. No P', £ of Outfits Tables of the Weights and Strengths of Metals and other Materials; Tables of Areas and Circumferences of piping required for Amateurs or Artisans: GATES ROCK & ORE BREAKER Circles; Composition of Metallic Alloys and Solders, Address * 14. SHEPARD, to supply it with *I.NT, Capacity up to 200 tons per hour. with numerous valuable Receipts and Manipulations East 2d Street for every-day use in the workshop. By Leroy J. Blinn. water. Always 134 {#ef'n: Ohio. - Has produced more ballast, road A new, revised, and enlarged £i printed from new metal, and broken more ore than type, and with 170 newly engraved illustrations. In one ready for use. all other Breakes combined. volume, 12mo, 296 pages. Price...... $2.5 Simplest in con Builders of High Grade Mining RAINMAKERS IN THE UNITED achinery. EDWARDS.–THE AMERICAN MARINE ENGINEER. struction, most Send for Catalogues. Theoretical and Practical. With Examples of the Latest States.—A full account of the operations in the produc and Most Approved Marine Practice. For the Use of efficient in oper tion of rain recently carried out under Federal appro CATES IRON WORKS, Marine Engineers and Students. By EMohY Eid 2 2. sation. Send for priations in Texas. One illustration: Artificial rain 50 C So. Clinton St., Chicago WARDS. Marine Engineer. Illustrated by 85 '# %2 % Catalogue and making. By Prof. E. J. Houston. Contained in SCIEN 215 Franklin St., Boston, Mass. 12mo, 435 pages. Ce ...... 82.50 TIFIC AMERiCAN Supplement, No. 824. Price 10 EDWARDS' 600 ExAMINATION QUESTIoNS AND cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers. ANOWERS. Fort ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN. |VENTIONS Präßlltally DEVELOPED (Stationary and Marine) who desire to obtain a U.S. Drawings, Pattern king, Experimental and Fine Ma Government or State License. By EMORY EDWARDS. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO. The Best Foundation for Plaster £ ork of all kinds." MilliKEN & D’AMOUR, Full bound in pocket book form, leather. 130 pages. of any kind at same money. 151-153 Cedar Street, near West Street, New York. Price...... $1.50 1999 Ruby Street, Rockford, Ill. Combines strength, warmth, dryness, deafening, slow burning construction. No w * The above or any of our Books sent by mail, free o cracked walls. Nails driven anywhere. | ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING postage, at the publication prices, to any address in the wor ART FROM A SCHOOLMASTER'S By J. Kendall Freitag. A presentation of a few facts in gift" A circular, #: full Table of Contents of each point of view... A lecture by L. W. Miller, delivered in H. W. Jenkins, Williamsport, Pa. connection with the engineering part of the huge frame

of the abore books, will be sent free of £ to any one in the Sibley College Course. Contained in Scientific Eastern Agency of the Byrkit-Hall sheathing Lath Co. | works of metal and terra cotta that adorn our large any part of the world who will furnish his address. AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 816. Price 10 cents. To cities of to-day. With 9 figures. Contained in SCIEN [** Our New and Enlarged Catalogue of Practical and be had at this office and from all newsdealers. | TIFIC AMERICAN SuppleMENT, No. 816. Price 10 Scientific Books, 88 pages, 8vo, and our other Catalogues, the Dialogues, 8 akers, for School, | cents. To be had at this office and from all news PLAYS: Parfor. Catalogue ..free dealers. twhole covering every branch of Science applied to the Arts, it. T. S. DENISON, Publish ch sent free and free o stage to any one in any part of the H FDHD. tworld who will furnish us with his address. Wall &NISEE, #NG CID ...A.I.F.R.E.”S HE NRY CAREY BAIRD & CO. WOOL WASHERS, INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS. BookSELLERS & IMPORTERS - - WARP DYEING AND SIZING MACHINES, h'ool: r STEEl TYPE Stencils, FOR Steel TIPEWRITERs Stamps, Rubber and 810 Walnut St., Philadelphin, Pa., U.S. A. - EII. ... --" Metal #" Wheels, Dies, etc. PATENT RUBB', 'yelted squeeze LINGS - SFENCE: Model, and Experimental Work NGER' roit Hosier Y AND * A R T F C F D C C, N N . Small Machinery, Novelties, etc., man ufactured by special contract. PoweR wit"N'É','!'}; New York StencilWks, 100 Nassau St., N.Y DRYING AND VENTILATING FANS, OVER 16 TONS WOLNEY W. MASON & C0., Wool, AND COTTON DRYERS, Etc. Catalogues free. FRI[TION PULLEYS CLUTCHES all ELEWATURS “STANDARD" ***Yel. DRESSER CEO. P. CLARK, Plt.0 W II) ENCE. R. i. Box L. Windsor Locks, Conn. for Truing and Sharpening Emery Wheels. Catalogue No. 12, just issued." MESSA HEAD Noists CWRED with over 40 new illustrations." “Experimental heard. Successful when all remedies fail. Sold CHUCKS. ## only by F. Hiscox, 853 B'way, N.Y. Write for book of £FREE Price complete with extra cutter Bingle Cutters, wit 60 cen The Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford, Conn. V-VI CJLal C a EP"U". R.C.E.C. a.s.l. E Cutters supplied to fit any make of handle. If you do Science” not wish to buy complete tool, send 60C. with name of Patented Article or Patented Machinery, the make of handle you have, and we will send cutter to fit. Will last three times as long as any other make. Useful Books! Hardware Line preferred. STANDARD TOOL CO., Cleveland, Ohio. Our Twist Drills and Tools are sold by all dealers in Manufacturers. Agriculturists, Chemists. Engineers, Me SOLD. Forsyth Bros. & Co., 70 So, Canal St., Chicago Hardware and Supplies. Giż"Send for Catalogue. chanics, Builders, men of leisure, and professional men, of all classes, need good books in the line of their respective callings. Our post office department TH E SAFEST MOST DURABLE & ECONOMICAL METAL EVER OFFERED FOR wr, permits the transmission of books through the mails We do not refer to science in the R 10 J S MEC NICAL U.S.E.S.H.IGHEST ANTI-FRICTIONAL QUALITIES.INDISPLNS at very small cost. A comprehensive catalogue of Blt FOR ELECTRICAL WORK, EUREKATEMPERED CCPPER C C, NORTH EAST, PA. useful books by different authors, on more than fifty abstract, but to our new book by Mr. PUREIBMPERED COPPER different subjects, has recently been published for free circulation at the office of this paper. Subjects Geo. M. Hopkins, having the above Bores SMOOTH, Rou ND, OVAL, and SQUAltR HOLES. Mortising Core Boxes, classified with names of author. ersons desiring etc. Invaluable to Carpenters, Cabinet and Pattern Makers. High a copy, have only to ask for it, and it will be mailed title. s=# Award. Send $8.00 for set (56 to 11-8), in neat case, or 50c. for BIT ### Bit, mailed free with Illustrated List. to them. Address, MUNN & Co.. 361 Isrondwmy. New York. This book has proved itself to be BRIDGEPORT GUN IM IEN T Co • * 315 Broadway. New York. the most popular scientific book ever printed. Every scientific person, and HARRISON CONVEYOR. W. ARTESIAN any person desiring to become scien For Wells, Oil and Gas Wells, drilled Handling Grain,00al, Sand, Clay, Ian B-rk, Cinders, Ores, $88ds,&t. by contract to depth, from 50 tific, should have it. It will pay to df to # #. We £: Inl # requ look over the illustrated table of con &#|BORDEN, S ELLECK & C0., $Ma:#r...?Chicago, Ill. to drill and complete same. Port able Horse Power and Mounted tents, which we send gratis. 740 Drilling Machines for 100 to - MONTHS ON TRIAL.” FoR THE MODERN ICE YACHT. - BY 600 ft. Send 6cents for illustrated pages, over 680 first-class illustra Billèr's £ E|{{Titlál. Geo. W. Polk. A new and valuable paper... containing catalogue. Pierce Artesian full practical directions and specifications for the con and Oil Well Supply. Co., tions. Price by mail, $4. An illustrated monthly journal o 80 Beaver Street. New York. for the amateur, experimenter and struction of the fastest and best kinds of Ice Yachts of public. BUBIER PUB, Cö., Lynn, Mass. the latest, most approved forms. Illustrated with en gravings drawn to scale, showing the form, position, EYESIGHT: ITS CARE DURING IN Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N.Y. and arrangement of all the parts. Contained in SCIEN ROPE BRIDGES AND THEIR MILI T1F1C AM enticAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 6.4. Price 10 fancy and Youth. A valuable article by L. W. Fox. M.D. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE tary £ of the Gisclard system cents. To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. MENT, No. 822. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office of rope bridges for army use. With 4 figures. Contained [In press, to be issued about December 1, 1891.] in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 824. and from all newsdealers. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from all # night. A newsdealers. *@he Scientific Hmerican $10.00 to $50.00 #:fitable busi GENERAL * EXPERIMENTAL ness. Magic Lanterns and Views of popular sub ects. Catalogues on application. Part 1 Optical, 2 MACHINE WORK. Best facilities in chicago athematical, 3 Meteorological, 4 Magic Lanterns, etc. L. MANASSE, SS Madison'street, Chicago, iii. NATIONAL MACHINE WORKS: 35S°CANALSY CHICAGO ILL Cyclopedia.< EXCELLENT BLACK CoPIES, only equaled by Litho For Sale for three of the best Patents in existence. graphy, of anything written or drawn with any Pen b < “OTTO" Write to the the Patent | # *Of Receipts, GAN AND GASOLIME £imens ree. * BARTELS MFC, CO., Ten Eyck & Parker, 66 Pine Street. New York / ENGINES, | 1-3 to100 horsepower NOTES AND QUERIES. TVIII a VVA-TDTIEEE, VVIs. | Can be used in cities |THEORY AND PRACTICE IN ME or in country inde tallurgy. By Prof. W. C. Roberts-Austen, C.B., F.R.S. * /pendent of gas works 650 pages. Price 85. Address to the Chemical Section of the British Asso ciation, upon the relation between theory and practice /or gas machines. ORCA - |CES OUT. T.I.Y.F.R.' SEND #'" in metallurgy, with special reference to the indebted /No Boiler. This splendid work contains a careful compila ness of the practical man to the scientific investigator. | No Danger. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, 33,000 SOLI), No Engineer. tion of the most useful Receipts and Replies given Nos. 823 and 824. Price 10 cents each. To be had at in the Notes and Queries of correspondents as this office and from all newsdealers. OTTo GAS ENGINE WORKS, PHILADELPHIA published in the Scientific American during nearly half a century past; together with many The value of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN as an adver tising medium cannot be overestimated. Its circulation The Sebastian-May C0. valuable and important additions. Improved Screw Cutting Over Twelve Thousand selected receipts is many times greater than that of any similar journal now published. It goes into all the States and Territo are here collected; nearly every branch of the use ries, and is read in all the principal libraries and reading | Power£LATHES ful arts being represented. It is by far the most rooms of the world. A business man wants something comprehensive volume of the kind ever placed Drill Presses, Chucks, Drills, Dogs, £9:" more than to see his advertisement in a printed news and Machinists' and Amateurs 3. * before the public. paper. He wants circulation. This he has when head Outfits. Lathes on trial. Cata The work may be regarded as the product of the vertises in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. And do not let logues mailed on application. | W: the advertising agent influence you to substitute some 165 to 167 Highland Ave., studies and practical experience of the ablest SIDNEY., ohio. S.SCOILAND,FRANCE, GERMAN-AUSTRIM. chemists and workers in all parts of the world; other paper for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, when se Awarded the Grand Prize at late Paris Exposition. the information given being of the highest value, lecting a list of publications in which you decide it is for your interest to advertise. This is frequently done for SMOKELESS GUNPOWDER-AN IN arranged and condensed in concise form, conven teresting articie by Hudson Maxim on the manufacture the reason that the agent gets a larger commission from Railway & STEAM FITTERs supplies ient for ready use. and use of smokeless gunpowder, giving a sketch of its the papers having a small circulation than is allowed on history and the methods of producing it. Contained in Almost every inquiry that can be thought of, the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 821. Price Rue's Little Giant Injector. £: To be had at this office and from all news relating to formulae used in the various manufac For rates see top of first column of this page or ad ers. SCREW JACKS, STURTEVANT BLoWERS. &c. turing industries, will here be found answered. dress MUNN & Co., Publishers, JOHN s. URQUHART, 46 Cortlandt St., N. Y. Instructions for working many different pro 361 Broadway, New York. T: PENNA. DIAM0ND DRILL & MFG. C0. cesses in the arts are given. How to make and BIRDS BORO, PA., Builders of High Class DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC NEW VICTOR, No. 0 SteamSte Engines, biamond Drills, Power and Hand Railways--By Eugene Griffin. An interesting article prepare many different articles and goods is set Cranes, and General Machinery. £ the connercial development of electric railways, forth. *Electroplating Dynamo th some interesting historical documents. Con Suited for gold, silver, or nickel tained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. Those who are engaged in any branch of industry plating. ives a current of 10 VanDuzen's Pat. Loose Pulley Oiler 823. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from volts. Runs 5 gallons of solution. Highest Indorsements, all news dealers. probably will find in this book much that is of Enviable Reputation, practical value in their respective callings. * Price, complete, $30. Com Scientific Pedigree. plete sets of electro lating A two years’ test '' conservative Those who are in search of independent business Apparatus. Sen stamp for illus. catalogue. manufacturers of national reputa 8LSA-E (INC) (#S. or employment, relating to the manufacture and \\ tion has shown it to be the only per TH08. HALL, 19 Bromfield fect Lubricator for Loose Pulleys in P6'4 sale of useful articles, will find in it hundreds of #7 Boston, Mass., Mfr. & use. Prices very reasonable. Send &# most excellent suggestions. Dealer in all kinds of Optical, for our “Catalogue Number 55.” £% D N D. su PF -"E Electrical, & Chemical Supplies WAN DUZEN & TIFT, Cincinnati, O. WATER.O.I.L.GAS AND or her wells MACHINES MADE IN SLY SITEs no oft MUNN & Co., Publishers, - FROM 10 TU 7500 FEET

Scientific American Office, ICE and REFRIGERATING MACHINES -EMD-OR CATALO-LE - *-E LIST STAR DRILLING MACHINE CO. 361 Broadway, New York. The Pictet Artificial Ice Company (Limited), Room 6, Coal & Iron Exchange, New York. After Rosl on to lsld

WORKING MODELS & LIGHT MACHINERY 0. Cinti, 0. \ 3O2 $rientific American. [NoveMBER 7, 1891.

REIG *ELEvaTORs. 2MBoerfieements. "THE BRIDGEESRTWGSETFINISHINGICC ROCHESTER NY NFW YORK-BOSTOM.S. LOUIS-DETROIT GRANVILLE. M. BREIN 1G PR1 NC 1 PAL OFFICE inside Page, each insertion -- 75 cents a line GENERAL AGENT & suPERINTENDENT, N EN MILFORD, CoNN. Back Page, each insertion - - - - 81.00 a line NE\v YORK. CHICAGO OFFICE & WAREHOUSE OFFICE 24-O PEARLS". JWANUFACTURERS of 211 EAST RANDOLPH St. |M'. The above are charges per agate line-about eight words per line. This notice shows the width of the line, and is set in agate type. Engravings may head adver tisements at the same rate per agate line, by measure 95 MILKST., B0STON, MASS, ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be WHEELERSPATENT WOODFILLER. received at Publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in the following week's issue. BREl Nics Lithocen SILICATE RAINT adapted To ALL climates ESPECIALLY MARINE EXPOSURES. This Company owns the Letters Patent | granted to Alexander Graham Bell, March ; PAMPHLETGIVING DIRECTIONS FOR FINISHINGHARD WOOD FREE TO ANY ADDRESS. 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th, 1877, No. 186,787. |H| || || || --- L ------The transmission of Speech by all known AST0M/SHED - - COMPLETE STOCK OF You wouldn't be if you had seen the “Hartman" Mat. It almost sells itself, and that's why we have made half a million of them. We sell 90 per cent of all the wire mats used forms of Electric Speaking Telephones in Double Brace, Self-Oiling, Adjusta in America. of course they are imitated, but the genuine is "beyond compare. * VIRG. CO !o., wor" its. Beaver Fall", Pa, Brunches: 102 Chambers St. fringes the right secured to this Company ble Ball and Socket Hangers, "ork :; 50508 State St., Chicago; 51 and 53 S. Forsyth St., Atlanta, Ga. Catalogue and % *_testimonials mailed free, our Mats have brass tag attached stamp ped : Hartman.' ...; by the above patents, and renders each Pillow Blocks, Post individual user of telephones not furnish Hangers, Etc. ed by it or its licensees responsible for such 5 Motors & Dynamos, Boston gear works, unlawful use, and all the consequences # * - For ALL comMERCIAL USEs. 33 Hartford St., Boston, Mass., * = Special Reversible Elevator HEADQUARTERS FOR GEARS. thereof, and liable to suit therefor. s: Motors, Automatic Motors for #: # 2: Church Organs, ELECTRICAL # Arell's.... SUPPLIES FROM & Keystone Electric Co., HYDRANT PRESSURE, MADE # CUT OFF ENGINE Ebison GENERAL ELECTRIC 00, 14th and State Sts., Erie, Penn. the cheapest power known. Invaluable for blowing SCHENECTADY, N. Y. Church Organs, running THE BALL ENG'F'o. E. R. I. E. PA . Printing Presses, Sewing Machines in Households Turning Lathes, Scroll "'>''Motor of '9"Century Saws, Grindstones, Coffee GEAR. 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