DOCSLIB.ORG

Barley Stripe Rust CP

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Barley Stripe Rust CP INDUSTRY BIOSECURITY PLAN FOR THE GRAINS INDUSTRY Threat specific contingency plan Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) Prepared by Colin Wellings and Plant Health Australia March 2010 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Contingency plan for Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) Disclaimer The scientific and technical content of this document is current to the date published and all efforts were made to obtain relevant and published information on the pest. New information will be included as it becomes available, or when the document is reviewed. The material contained in this publication is produced for general information only. It is not intended as professional advice on any particular matter. No person should act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained in this publication without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice. Plant Health Australia and all persons acting for Plant Health Australia in preparing this publication, expressly disclaim all and any liability to any persons in respect of anything done by any such person in reliance, whether in whole or in part, on this publication. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of Plant Health Australia. Further information For further information regarding this contingency plan, contact Plant Health Australia through the details below. Address: Suite 5, FECCA House 4 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Fax: +61 2 6260 4321 Email: [email protected] Website: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au | PAGE 2 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Contingency plan for Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) 1 Purpose of this document ........................................................................................................... 5 2 Eradication or containment decision matrix ............................................................................. 5 3 Pest information/status ............................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Pest details ............................................................................................................................ 7 3.1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 Life cycle and morphology .............................................................................................. 8 3.2 Affected Hosts ..................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.1 Host range ..................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Geographic distribution ........................................................................................................ 11 3.3.1 Current distribution ........................................................................................................ 11 3.3.2 Potential distribution in Australia ................................................................................... 12 3.4 Symptoms ............................................................................................................................ 12 3.4.1 Plant parts affected ....................................................................................................... 12 3.5 Pest risk analysis ................................................................................................................. 13 3.5.1 Entry pathways for exotic rust pathogens ..................................................................... 13 3.5.2 Spread potential ............................................................................................................ 13 3.5.3 Establishment potential ................................................................................................. 14 3.5.4 Economic impact ........................................................................................................... 14 3.5.5 Environmental impact .................................................................................................... 14 3.5.6 Social impact ................................................................................................................. 14 3.5.7 Overall risk .................................................................................................................... 15 4 Surveillance ................................................................................................................................ 15 4.1 Overview of surveillance systems for cereal rust in Australia ............................................. 15 4.2 What additional surveillance is required to successfully detect Barley stripe rust? ............ 15 4.3 Delimiting survey and epidemiology study .......................................................................... 15 4.3.1 Sampling method .......................................................................................................... 15 4.3.2 Epidemiological study ................................................................................................... 16 4.3.3 Models of spread potential ............................................................................................ 17 4.3.4 Pest Free Area guidelines ............................................................................................. 17 5 Diagnostic information .............................................................................................................. 18 5.1 Current diagnostics for Barley stripe rust ............................................................................ 18 6 Control methods ......................................................................................................................... 18 6.1 Breeding for resistance ........................................................................................................ 19 6.2 Chemical management ........................................................................................................ 19 6.3 Cultural control ..................................................................................................................... 20 7 Course of action ......................................................................................................................... 20 7.1 Infected crop destruction strategy ....................................................................................... 20 | PAGE 3 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Contingency plan for Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) 7.1.1 Destruction protocols .................................................................................................... 20 7.1.2 Decontamination protocols ............................................................................................ 21 7.1.3 Priorities ........................................................................................................................ 21 7.1.4 Plants, by-products and waste processing ................................................................... 21 7.1.5 Disposal issues ............................................................................................................. 21 7.2 Quarantine and movement controls .................................................................................... 22 7.2.1 Quarantine priorities ...................................................................................................... 22 7.2.2 Movement control for people, plant material and machinery ........................................ 22 7.3 Zoning .................................................................................................................................. 22 7.3.1 Destruction zone ........................................................................................................... 23 7.3.2 Quarantine zone ............................................................................................................ 23 7.3.3 Buffer zone .................................................................................................................... 23 7.3.4 Restricted Area .............................................................................................................. 23 7.3.5 Control Area .................................................................................................................. 23 7.4 Decontamination and farm clean up .................................................................................... 23 7.4.1 Decontamination procedures ........................................................................................ 24 7.4.2 General safety precautions ........................................................................................... 24 7.5 Surveillance and tracing ...................................................................................................... 24 7.5.1 Surveillance ................................................................................................................... 24 7.5.2 Survey regions .............................................................................................................. 24 7.5.3 Post-containment surveillance ...................................................................................... 25 8 References .................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Revisiting the Concept of Host Range of Plant Pathogens
    PY57CH04_Morris ARjats.cls July 18, 2019 12:43 Annual Review of Phytopathology Revisiting the Concept of Host Range of Plant Pathogens Cindy E. Morris and Benoît Moury Pathologie Végétale, INRA, 84140, Montfavet, France; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2019. 57:63–90 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on evolutionary history, network analysis, cophylogeny, host jump, host May 13, 2019 specialization, generalism The Annual Review of Phytopathology is online at phyto.annualreviews.org Abstract https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718- Strategies to manage plant disease—from use of resistant varieties to crop 100034 rotation, elimination of reservoirs, landscape planning, surveillance, quar- Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2019.57:63-90. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Copyright © 2019 by Annual Reviews. antine, risk modeling, and anticipation of disease emergences—all rely on All rights reserved knowledge of pathogen host range. However, awareness of the multitude of Access provided by b-on: Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa) on 09/02/19. For personal use only. factors that influence the outcome of plant–microorganism interactions, the spatial and temporal dynamics of these factors, and the diversity of any given pathogen makes it increasingly challenging to define simple, all-purpose rules to circumscribe the host range of a pathogen. For bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and viruses, we illustrate that host range is often an overlapping continuum—more so than the separation of discrete pathotypes—and that host jumps are common. By setting the mechanisms of plant–pathogen in- teractions into the scales of contemporary land use and Earth history, we propose a framework to assess the frontiers of host range for practical appli- cations and research on pathogen evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Small Grains Report Southcentral and Southeast Idaho Cereals Research & Extension Program
    Research Bulletin 202 January 2020 2019 Small Grains Report Southcentral and Southeast Idaho Cereals Research & Extension Program Juliet Marshall, Belayneh Yimer, Tod Shelman, Linda Jones, Suzette Arcibal, Jon Hogge, Margaret Moll, Chad Jackson and Katherine O’Brien Cover Images: Top: Wheat field in the Squirrel area outside of Ashton, Idaho. Bottom left to right: Idaho Falls Spring Nurseries, Fusarium Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum) on wheat and barley, Aphids on wheat, Hessian fly pupae on wheat, 2019 field demonstration day at Aberdeen R & E Center, Idaho, and lodged wheat field near Shelly, Idaho. Photo credit: Juliet Marshal. Southcentral and Southeastern Idaho Cereals Research and Extension Program http://www.uidaho.edu/extension/cereals/scseidaho Published and distributed by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Mark McGuire, Director, University of Idaho College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2337. The University of Idaho has a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, age, disability or status as a Vietnam-era veteran © 2020 by the University of Idaho ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Idaho wheat and barley producers, through About the Authors cooperative research and extension grants from the Idaho Wheat and Barley Commissions, provided Juliet Marshall is the Cereals Cropping Systems partial funding for these small grain performance Agronomist & Pathologist with the UI SC & SE evaluations. Support was also provided by the Idaho Cereals Extension Program. University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System, Belayneh Yimer is a Postdoc/Research Support the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, and by fees Scientist with the UI SC & SE Idaho Cereals paid by plant breeding companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Stripe Rust Appears in Idaho According to Juliet Marshall with University of Idaho Extension, Stripe Rust Has Found Its Way to Western Idaho (Parma)
    Forward to a friend or colleague Stripe rust appears in Idaho According to Juliet Marshall with University of Idaho Extension, stripe rust has found its way to western Idaho (Parma). Below is an image of stripe rust on UI Magic CL+ (via Oliver Neher). The growth stage of winter wheat in that area is past the window of fungicide application, and is currently in grain fill. Spring wheat is still vulnerable and susceptible varieties should be scouted for the appearance of stripe rust. In the Magic Valley and into eastern Idaho, winter wheat is heading and susceptible varieties are still vulnerable to significant yield loss associated with stripe rust infection. Stripe rust reaction of last year’s varieties in the Extension Variety Trials is reported in the 2019 Small Grains Report available online at https://www.uidaho.edu/extension/cereals/scseidaho. Please note that while some varieties were reported as resistant in 2019, race changes were reported in California by Dr. Mark Lundy (UC Davis pathologist) in this year’s crop; therefore scouting of all varieties is recommended this season. Please report observations to UI Extension in order to help tracking of the in- season spread. The weather forecast for this and especially next week is very conducive to stripe rust spread and infection. According to Xianming Chen, a research plant pathologist with the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Washington State University, wheat stripe rust has been reported in Oregon, Washington, Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Virginia, Illinois; and Idaho. Barley stripe rust has been reported in California, Oregon, and Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Wheat Rust Research and Control in China
    Status of wheat rust research and control in China Zhensheng Kang*, Jie Zhao, Dejun Han, Hongchang Zhang, Xiaojie Wang, Chenfang Wang, Qingmei Han, Jun Guo & Lili Huang *College of Plant Protection and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China e-mail: [email protected] Abstract In China, wheat is grown on approximately 24 million hectares with an annual yield of 100 million tonnes. Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a threat mainly to spring wheat in northeastern China. Leaf rust, caused by P. triticina, occurs on crops in the late growth stages in the Yellow-Huai-Hai River regions. Stripe rust, caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is destructive in all winter wheat regions and is considered the most important disease of wheat in China. During the last 20 years, widespread stripe rust epidemics occurred in 2002, 2003, and 2009, and localized epidemics occurred in many other years. In recent years, major yield losses were prevented by widespread and timely applications of fungicides based on accurate monitoring and prediction of disease epidemics. A total of 68 Pst races or pathotypes have been identified using a set of 19 differential wheat genotypes. At present, races CYR32 and CYR33 virulent to resistance genes Yr9, Yr3b, Yr4b, YrSu and some other resistance genes are predominant. Moreover, these races are virulent on many cultivars grown in recent years. Of 501 recent cultivars and breeding lines 71.9% were susceptible, 7.0% had effective all-stage resistance, mostly Yr26 (= Yr24), and 21.2% had adult-plant resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Puccinia Striiformis in Australia
    COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS THESIS This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author - subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Director of Copyright Services sydney.edu.au/copyright Molecular and Host Specificity studies in Puccinia striiformis in Australia By Jordan Bailey A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute May 2013 Statement of Authorship This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university, and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by any other person, except where references are made in text Jordan Bailey i Acknowledgments I would like to thank the Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity for supporting this project and myself.
    [Show full text]
  • Barley Diseases and Their Management: an Indian Perspective Om P
    Wheat and Barley Research 10(3):138-150 Review Article Homepage: http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/JWR Barley diseases and their management: An Indian perspective Om P. Gangwar1, Subhash C. Bhardwaj1*, Gyanendra P. Singh2, Pramod Prasad1 and Subodh Kumar1 1ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India 2ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India Article history Abstract Received: 09 Oct., 2018 Barley is an important coarse cereal, cultivated in Rabi season, Revised : 29 Nov., 2018 particularly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Accepted: 22 Dec., 2018 Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Currently, it covers an area of about 0.66 million hectares under rainfed and irrigated crop. Seventy per cent produce is used for cattle and poultry feed, 25% in industries for manufacturing malt and malt Citation extracts and rest 5% for human consumption. The straw is also used Gangwar OP, SC Bhardwaj, GP for animal feed, bedding and to cover roofs of houses. Barley grains Singh, P Prasad and S Kumar. demand is increasing continuously because of its various uses and high 2018. Barley disease and their management: An Indian perspective. nutritive value. Therefore, a substantial yield gains will be needed Wheat and Barley Research 10(3): over the next several decades. A number of biotic and abiotic factors 138-150. doi.org/10.25174/2249- pose a challenge to increase production of barley. Barley diseases 4065/2018/83844 prominently rusts, net blotch, spot blotch, Septoria speckled leaf blotch, stripe disease, powdery mildew, barley yellow dwarf and molya disease are the major biotic constraints in enhancing the barley grain production.
    [Show full text]
  • [Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici] on Wheat
    314 Review / Synthèse Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ] on wheat X.M. Chen Abstract: Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. This review presents basic and recent information on the epidemiology of stripe rust, changes in pathogen virulence and population structure, and movement of the pathogen in the United States and around the world. The impact and causes of recent epidemics in the United States and other countries are discussed. Research on plant resistance to disease, including types of resistance, genes, and molecular markers, and on the use of fungicides are summarized, and strategies for more effective control of the disease are discussed. Key words: disease control, epidemiology, formae speciales, races, Puccinia striiformis, resistance, stripe rust, wheat, yellow rust. Résumé : Mondialement, la rouille jaune du blé, causée par le Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, est une des plus importantes maladies du blé. La présente synthèse contient des informations générales et récentes sur l’épidémiologie de la rouille jaune, sur les changements dans la virulence de l’agent pathogène et dans la structure de la population et sur les déplacements de l’agent pathogène aux États-Unis et autour de la planète. L’impact et les causes des dernières épidémies qui ont sévi aux États-Unis et ailleurs sont examinés. La synthèse contient un résumé de la recherche sur la résistance des plantes à la maladie, y compris les types de résistance, les gènes et les marqueurs moléculaires, et sur l’emploi des fongicides, et un examen des stratégies pour une lutte plus efficace contre la maladie.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Disease Damage, Determination of Pathogen
    PREDICTION OF DISEASE DAMAGE, DETERMINATION OF PATHOGEN SURVIVAL REGIONS, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL COLLECTIONS OF WHEAT STRIPE RUST By DIPAK SHARMA-POUDYAL A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Plant Pathology MAY 2012 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of DIPAK SHARMA-POUDYAL find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Xianming Chen, Ph.D., Chair Dennis A. Johnson, Ph.D. Kulvinder Gill, Ph.D. Timothy D. Murray, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Xianming Chen for his invaluable guidance, moral support, and encouragement throughout the course of the study. I would like to thank Drs. Dennis A. Johnson, Kulvinder Gill, and Timothy D. Murray for serving in my committee and their valuable suggestions for my project. I also like to thank Dr. Mark Evans, Department of Statistics, for his statistical advice on model development and selection. I am grateful to Dr. Richard A. Rupp, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, for his expert advice on using GIS techniques. I am thankful to many wheat scientists throughout the world for providing stripe rust samples. Thanks are also extended to Drs. Anmin Wan, Kent Evans, and Meinan Wang for their kind help in the stripe rust experiments. Special thanks to Dr. Deven See for allowing me to use the genotyping facilities in his lab. Suggestions on data analyses by Dr. Tobin Peever are highly appreciated. I also like to thank my fellow graduate students, especially Jeremiah Dung, Ebrahiem Babiker, Jinita Sthapit, Lydia Tymon, Renuka Attanayake, and Shyam Kandel for their help in many ways.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Melampsora Rust on Salix Elbursensis from Iran
    For. Path. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00699.x Ó 2010 Blackwell Verlag GmbH A new species of Melampsora rust on Salix elbursensis from Iran By S. M. Damadi1,5, M. H. Pei2, J. A. Smith3 and M. Abbasi4 1Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran; 2Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK; 3School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; 4Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; 5E-mail: [email protected] (for correspondence) Summary A rust fungus was found causing stem cankers on 1- to 5-year-old stems of Salix elbursensis in the north west of Iran. The rust also forms uredinia on leaves and flowers of the host willow. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the new rust is morphologically distinct from several Melampsora species occurring on the willows taxonomically close to S. elbursensis, but indistinguish- able from Melampsora larici-epitea. Examination of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA suggested that the rust fungus is phylogenetically close to Melampsora allii-populina and Melampsora pruinosae on Populus spp. Based on both the morphological characteristics and the ITS sequence data, the rust is described as a new species – Melampsora iranica sp. nov. 1 Introduction The genus Melampsora was established by Castagne in 1843 based on the rust on Euphorbia, Melampsora euphorbiae (Schub.) Cast. (Castagne 1843). The main character- istic of the genus Melampsora is the formation of ÔnakedÕ uredinia and crust-like telia that comprise sessile, laterally adherent single-celled teliospores. Of some 80 Melampsora spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Stripe Rust of Wheat: a Review
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1158-1172 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 01 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.140 Epidemiology of Stripe Rust of Wheat: A Review Sheikh Saima Khushboo1*, Vishal Gupta2, Devanshi Pandit3, Sonali Abrol1, Dechan Choskit1, Saima Farooq4 and Rafakat Hussain1 1Division of Plant Pathology Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 180001, India 2Advanced Centre for Horticulture Research, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Udheywalla 180 018, India. 3Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India 4Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (CITH), Srinagar, 191132, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most dreaded diseases of wheat worldwide.The disease is continually extending K e yw or ds the geographical limits, showing movement towards warmer areas due to the appearance of more aggressive strains having affiliation towards higher Stripe rust of wheat, Epidemiology, temperatures. Yield losses in wheat are usually the result of reduced kernel Puccinia striiformis number and size, low test weight, reduced dry matter, poor root growth and Article Info reduced kernel quality. Losses in the yield of wheat due to the disease primarily depended on the level of susceptibility, environmental conditions Accepted: 12 December 2020 and the stage of infection. Comprehensive understanding and acquaintance Available Online: about the disease is still lacking due to the scarcity information about its 10 January 2021 etiology and epidemiology.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioinformatic Analysis Deciphers the Molecular Toolbox in the Endophytic/Pathogenic 2 Behavior in F
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.23.436347; this version posted March 23, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Bioinformatic analysis deciphers the molecular toolbox in the endophytic/pathogenic 2 behavior in F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae - V. planifolia Jacks interaction. 3 Solano De la Cruz MT1**, Escobar – Hernández EE2**, Arciniega – González JA3, Rueda 4 – Zozaya RP1, Adame – García J4, Luna – Rodríguez M5 5 ** These authors contributed equally to this work. 6 1Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N 7 anexo, Jardín Botánico exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México. 8 2Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Langebio, Cinvestav, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte 9 Carretera León 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México. 10 3Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 11 Ciudad de México, México. 12 4Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Úrsulo Galván, Úrsulo Galván, 13 Veracruz, México. 14 5Laboratorio de Genética e Interacciones Planta Microorganismos, Facultad de Ciencias 15 Agrícolas, Universidad Veracruzana. Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona 16 Universitaria, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. 17 Abstract 18 Background: 19 F. oxysporum as a species complex (FOSC) possesses the capacity to specialize into host- 20 specific pathogens known as formae speciales. This with the help of horizontal gene 21 transfer (HGT) between pathogenic and endophytic individuals of FOSC. From these 22 pathogenic forma specialis, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybridization of Powdery Mildew Strains Gives Rise to Pathogens on Novel Agricultural Crop Species
    LETTERS OPEN Hybridization of powdery mildew strains gives rise to pathogens on novel agricultural crop species Fabrizio Menardo1, Coraline R Praz1, Stefan Wyder1, Roi Ben-David1,4, Salim Bourras1, Hiromi Matsumae2, Kaitlin E McNally1, Francis Parlange1, Andrea Riba3, Stefan Roffler1, Luisa K Schaefer1, Kentaro K Shimizu2, Luca Valenti1, Helen Zbinden1, Thomas Wicker1,5 & Beat Keller1,5 Throughout the history of agriculture, many new crop species exclusively on tetraploid wheat as new forma specialis, B. graminis (polyploids or artificial hybrids) have been introduced to f. sp. dicocci5. diversify products or to increase yield. However, little is Overall, the genomes of the 46 isolates were very similar to each known about how these new crops influence the evolution other, allowing high-quality mapping of the 45 resequenced isolates of new pathogens and diseases. Triticale is an artificial hybrid to the 96224 reference isolate (Supplementary Note). We identified of wheat and rye, and it was resistant to the fungal pathogen between 115,543 and 332,450 polymorphic nucleotide sites per isolate powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) until 2001 (refs. 1–3). in comparison to the B.g. tritici reference genome (Supplementary We sequenced and compared the genomes of 46 powdery Figs. 25 and 26, and Supplementary Note). Principal-component mildew isolates covering several formae speciales. We found that analysis (PCA) based on 717,701 polymorphic sites clearly distin- B. graminis f. sp. triticale, which grows on triticale and wheat, guished four groups (Fig. 1) that corresponded to the four formae is a hybrid between wheat powdery mildew (B. graminis f. sp. speciales identified in the infection tests.
    [Show full text]