Index

Note: Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

Aalenian Arabian Platform isotopic elemental data 224 basaltic lava flow 414 palaeogeographic maps 227 corridor regional tectonic issues 1–3 succession sandstone modal data 209 Cretaceous to recent tectonostratigraphical Abino-Gunai Zone 200–201, 206 column 412 Abkhazo-Racha Zone 204 cross-section 432 Porphyritovaya Series 203–204 deformation phase 431–433 Afro-Arabian Plate 9, 454 Late Eocene-Oligocene compression 420 Agrakhan-Tbilisi-Levantine fault 395–396 Oligocene to Middle Miocene extension 421 Akhalkalaki formation 254 palaeostress configurations 417, 420, 421, 424, 425 Akhaltsikhe basin 248–249 Paleocene to Early Miocene evolution 432 Akhourian fault 396 Paleocene to Middle Eocene extension 417 Akveren Formation 130 Pliocene to recent compression 425 Alasani Basin sedimentary basin tectonics 1–9 faults v. topographic map 268 turbidites 413–414 tectonic geomorphology 272 Armenia Alazani geological map 385 geological profile 250 identified radiolarian species 387 Alpine belt Lesser Caucasus 329–349, 397 terrane map 438 ophiolites 383–389 Alpine deformation 233 sketch geological map 355 Alpine fold-and-thrust belt 77 Armenian Ophiolite 353–380 Alpine–Himalayan belt 1–2 alkaline compositional field 360 schematic structural map 78 alkaline lavas origin 377 Amasra 130 analytical methods 359 Aptian sediments 131 Armenian ophiolites geodynamic significance Early Cretaceous angular unconformity 127 379–380 horsts 132 Armenian ophiolites significance MOR or back-arc Late Cretaceous angular unconformity 127 setting 376–377 Amphiboles 359 chemical compositions 360 Anatolia Arabian Platform autochthonous sequence clinopyroxenes 360 465–466 geodynamic reconstruction 378–379 Anatolian orogen 417, 420, 421, 424, 425 geological setting 355–358 deformation phase 431–433 Harker variation diagrams 373 Late Cretaceous to recent kinematics insights for Jurassic back-arc formation 353–380 409–433 Lower Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous periods Maastrichtian to recent tectonostratigraphical 378–379 column 413 magmatic rock plots 373 magmatic rocks element plots 447 magmatic rock types 370–371 niobium yttrium 452 ophiolite history reconstruction 377–379 rock/chondrite normalized 449 ophiolitic, alkaline and calc-alkaline series 373 rock/ocean ridge granite-normalized 448 plutonic and volcanic ophiolite series 370–371 rock/primitive mantle-normalized 448 results 359–376 rubidium niobium yttrium 452 argon isotope dating 375–376 zirconium, titanium, and silicon plot 448 field relationships 359–360 zirconium, titanium, niobium, and major trace REE geochemistry 367–375 yttrium plot 448 major elements 367–371 Anatolide–Tauride platform 454 REE geochemistry 371–375 Anchkhoi Formation 203 trace elements 371 Andean subduction zone mineral chemistry 360–367 thorium, ytterbium, niobium, and yttrium petrography 360–367 diagram 450 alkaline lavas 361–365 Arabian-Eurasian convergence rate 395 calc-alkaline lavas of Stepanavan zone 367 Arabian facies 478 dacitic dyke-like bodies 367 Arabian plate diorites 361 active tectonics 394 gabbros 360–361 collisional zone structural map 384 mesocratic to leucocratic gabbros 361 movement 395 olivine gabbros 361 498 INDEX

Armenian Ophiolite (Continued) sediments 167 ophiolite plutonic rocks 360 sequence 171 ophiolite volcanic and subvolcanic rocks 361 unit 159, 176 plagiogranites 361 view 173 volcanic rocks 361 Baiburt-Karabakh unit 313 websterites 361 Bajocian–Bathonian 204 trace and REE plots 374 age 311 Armenian territory formations 334 Neogene to Quaternary volcanic clusters 403 palaeogeographic maps 227 Artvin area 314 Bajocian–Callovian succession sandstone Jurassic rifted basin 322 modal data 210 Jurassic units 315 Bajocian isotopic elemental data 224 Late Palaeozoic–Early Cenozoic tectonic Balkanides development 281–322 schematic cross-section 84 Lower–Middle Jurassic sedimentary succession 309 structural zones 79 metamorphic basement 321–322 Balkanides shelves reconstruction 318 Black Sea sedimentary basin tectonics 4–5 sequence 315 Barremian–Aptian Formation tectonostratigraphy 288, 322 stratigraphic contact 123 Tethys closure stages along Eurasia southern margin Base of Pontian 176 281–322 Baskil arc 442 Artvin Basin Baskil-Divrig˘i transect 439 Early Jurassic ophiolite 321 geological framework 440–442 tectonic development 316, 322 geological map 438, 441 uplift and erosion 321 magmatic rocks 446–453 Upper Jurassic basalts 321 magmatic rocks dating 443 Artvin-Bolnisi unit 313 magmatic suites 451 As¸utka Thrust Sheet 310 magmatism spatial and temporal evolution 455 Atbas¸ı Formation volcanic-sedimentary sequences 442 nannoplankton dating sites 129 Baskil transect Atchichkh Formation 203 magmatic rocks geochemical analyses 444–445 Azat river area Quaternary formations Bathonian compression 234 microtectonic data 405 Bathonian sedimentary succession 233 Azerbaijan 266 Bazum Mountains 396 Cenozoic tectonics 274 Belaya River 187–189 faults v. topographic map 268 Berezov Zone geomorphology 273 lithic fragments 206 Greater Caucasus uplift 261–276 Bitlis complex Lesser Caucasus 329–349, 397 chloritoid 478 Lower Pleistocene coastlines 270–271 index minerals electron microprobe analyses 471 uplift rates 270–271 mylonitic marbles 468 vertical movement 270–271 palaeozoic rocks 462 Azov Sea 65, 150–151 schists 462 active rifting cessation 155 sediments 467 air-loaded tectonic subsidence curves 152 Triassic rocks 464 Albian sediment 144 Bitlis meta-sediments backstripping data 154 carpholite and chloritoid 471 Black Sea northern margin 141–145, 152 Bitlis-Po¨tu¨rge metamorphics 442 Black Sea sedimentary basin tectonics 4–5 Bitlis suture zone 439, 485 description 137 Bitlis–Zagros 456 DSS profile 28 travel-time curves 45 Bitlis–Zagros Suture Zone 8, 409 Eocene sediments 144 Bjala 84 epochs 141–143 polyphased site 92 horsts, grabens, and half-grabens 154 stress states 92 joint profile 28 velocity model 52 Black Sea 57–73, 138 Paleocene sediments 144 see also Romanian Black Sea shelf regional evolution 152 asymmetric back-arc basin 19 seismo-geological profile 144 back-arc basin 131 tectonic subsidence rates maps 153 back-arc deformation 15, 16–17 Cretaceous-Quaternary stratigraphy 142 Backstripping 148, 149, 152 DSS line 29 travel-time curves 46 Badenian–Sarmatian 163 DSS Profile 25 travel-time curves 45 deposits 170, 179 fault zones and gas seeps 62–63 isopach map 163 gas seeps 73 INDEX 499

joint Profile 28 velocity model 52 DSS Profile 25 velocity model 49 major tectonic domains 140 earth’s crust and upper mantle model ray paths for seismic phases 51 structure 23–39 mud volcanoes gas seeps and gas hydrates European scale P-wave seismic tomography location 58 model 34 palaeotectonic reconstruction 14 free air anomalies 28 progressive asymmetric trench retreat sketches 17 geodynamical implications 130–133 sedimentary basin tectonics 1–9 Barremian to Albian 130–132 Azov Sea 4–5 Coniacian to Eocene 132–133 Balkanides shelves 4–5 geophysical data and tectonic implications 23–39 basin formation 4–5 gravity field 27–29, 28 Bulgarian shelves 4–5 heat flow 30–31 central Pontides of Turkey 4–5 inverted margin in Central Pontides 113–134 collision stages in Armenia, Azerbaijan, lithosphere seismic tomography study 32–36 Georgia and Turkey 6–7 lithostratigraphic columns 243–244 crustal affinity 4–5 magnetic field 29–30, 29 crustal structure 4 nannofossil assemblages 119–120 East and SE Anatolian suture zone 7 nannoplankton age 116–118 Eastern Pontides 6–7 Pontides stratigraphic sequence overview 114–121 Greater Caucasus basin and tectonic Pontide stratigraphic sequence nannoplankton evolution 5–6 dating 121 inversion 4–5 P-wave 36 Lesser Caucasus 6–7 P-wave velocity model 35 lithosphere structure 4 ray paths for seismic phases 48 neotectonics 4–5 sedimentary cover main features 25–27 obduction in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and seismicity map 33 Turkey 6–7 syn-rift C¸ag˘layan Group 121–126 Odessa Shelf 4–5 Black Sea coast 121–122 regional tectonic issues 1–3 Ulus Basin 125–126 Romanian shelves 4–5 Zonguldak Basin 122–125 back-arc basin extension and magmatism 8 tectonic implications 23–39 inversion compression and magmatism 8–9 tectonic scheme 37 Pre-Cimmerian and Cimmerian history 7–8 tectonic units 29 present configuration and active tectonics 9 time residuals 36 tectonic evolution in Russian, Georgia and travel time 48 Azerbaijan 5–6 Upper Cretaceous-Eocene post-rift 126–130 tectonic evolution of Peri-Arabian suture zone 7 sedimentary formations 129–130 seismic recordings volcanic-sedimentary sequence 126–129 SP 8 of Profile 25, 47 upper mantle structure 23–39 SP 9 of Profile 25, 47 velocities 31, 36 subsidence history 170 Black Sea crustal structure 43–55 tectonic elements 44 DSS data reinterpretation 46–53 tectonic map 12 along Profile 25, 46–50 tectonic units 24 along Profile 28/29, 50–53 temperature 70 Azov Sea 50–53 travel times 51 seismic data 46–49 water level 171 seismic data and wave field characteristics 50 water-level curve 177 velocity model 49–50 wells and pseudo-wells 139 velocity model along Profile 28/29, 50–53 Black Sea back-arc basin 11–19 wave field description 46–49 asymmetric trench retreat 15–17 seismic sounding data 43–55 basement 12–13 Black Sea northern margin 137–155 geodynamic extension models 13–15 Azov Sea 141–145, 152 lithosphere strength 15 from 1-D subsidence analysis 148–149 symmetric vs. asymmetric opening 13–15 tectonic evolution from seismic data 145–148 modern analogues geodynamic models 11–19 Cretaceous-Neogene tectonic evolution 137–155 origin 11–19 inversion timing 154–155 regional tectonic setting 12–13 Odessa Shelf stratigraphy 141–145 Black Sea Basin 23–39, 24, 113–134, 114 Odessa Shelf tectonic evolution 145–152 Bouguer anomalies onshore 28 main tectonic elements 145–146 Cenozoic sedimentary successions from seismic data 145–148 cross-sections 26 tectonic events age 146 dating new nannoplankton ages 113–134 regional tectonic setting 138–141 DSS data 31–32 rifting timing 152–154 500 INDEX

Black Sea northern margin (Continued) Chokrakian regiostage 242, 247 seismic reflection data 137–155 Cimmerian ‘Orogeny’ tectonics 2 tectonic subsidence analysis 137–155 Cimmerian tectonics 2 Borjomi-Bakuriani lava flows 255 Common conversion point 493 Borjomi-Kazbek fault 396 Common deep point 43 Bottom stimulating reflectors 68 Cretaceous extensional tectonics 2 Bouguer anomalies onshore 28 Cretaceous stratigraphic gap 128 Bouma sequences 296 Cretaceous succession base 24 Budur syncline 272 Cretaceous ‘syn-rift’ sequence 113 Bugunja Formation 189–190, 205 Crimea accessory minerals 206 anomaly zone 30 Bulgaria Eastern Pontides regional see also Eastern Balkanides comparisons 312–313 shelves 4–5 mountain belt 154 structural zones 79 Orogen 138 Byala Voda 95 Bzerpia Formation 192 Dacian, Romanian and Quaternary section details 176 C¸ag˘layan Formation 118 Dacian–Quaternary 163, 165, 179 stratigraphic position 123 Dacian section C¸ag˘layan Group isopach map 165 formations 122 Dacian unit 174 nannoplankton dating sites 121 Danube Canyon 73 C¸ angaldag˘ Complex 312 Daralagez continental terrane Callovian see South Armenian Block (SAB) ammonites 384, 386 Darende Basin 414 deformation 233 Dead Sea Fault 485 Campanian-Maastrichtian siliciclastic sandstone Deep seismic sounding (DSS) data 4 turbidites 310 Black Sea Basin 31–32, 36,43–55 Campanian marls of Bjala cliffs Delfin wells 162 extension 99 Demirkent Intrusive Complex 289–291 Campanian-Paleocene Akvenren amphibolitic host rocks 290 nannoplankton dating sites 129 crystalline basement rocks 290 Cape Emine MORB-normalized spider plots 294 polyphased site 93 Devrekani Metamorphic Unit 312 Capidava-Ovidiu faults 53 Dinaridic-Carpathian-Balkan system 108 C¸ atak River 478 Djangur Formation 190 C¸ atak valley 469 Dnipro Canyon 68, 73 cross-section 467 Domuzdag˘ complex 133 Caucasus DSS corridor regional tectonic issues 1–3 see Deep seismic sounding (DSS) data Mesozoic evolution 230 Durankaya complex 464 sedimentary basin tectonics 1–9 Dvurechensky volcano 67 structural sketch map of belt 330 gas release within caldera 67 tectonic map 282 subsurface structure 68 Cemaller Formation 124 Dzirula high 247 Cenomanian–Turonian autochthonous Dzirula massif 313 limestones 341 Cenozoic complexes Early Cretaceous 14 Eastern Bitlis complex lithostratigraphy 464–465 C¸ag˘layan Group Cenozoic sedimentary successions cross-sections formations 122 Black Sea Basin 26 nannoplankton dating sites 121 Central Balkan-Forebalkan zone 84 East Anatolian Accretionary Complex 486 evolution model 107 East Anatolian Fault 485 Central Greater Caucasus East Anatolian Plateau 485–495 volcanic rocks 256 CCP cross-sections 494 volcanism 226 converted phases 488 Central Pontides 132 crustal variations seismic arc location 114 images 485–495 arc structural sketch 115 data and method 487–488 Mesozoic–Cenozoic stratigraphy 133 Moho depth 490 nannofossil investigations 134 contour maps 492 stratigraphic formations dating 120 v. elevation 491 Central Pontides Belt 114 observations 488–494 INDEX 501

crustal thickness and variations 488–493 lithostratigraphy 462–466 seismic profiles 493–494 Anatolia Arabian Platform autochthonous receiver functions recorded 489 sequence 465–466 East Balkan-Srednogorie zone 93, 95 Cenozoic complexes 464–465 East Balkan Zone Mesozoic ophiolitic sequences 464 polyphased site 93 metamorphism 462–466 East Black Sea 23–39, 54 age 471–478 cross-section 432 data 466–469 crust 55 evolution 469–471 East Black Sea Basin 43 phengite electron microprobe analyses 473 crust structure according to existing pressure temperature diagram 475 DSS data 31–32 schematic geodynamic cross-section 479 earth’s crust and upper mantle structure 23–39 Eastern Bulgaria rifting 113 tectonic zones and units 80 Eastern Balkanides 77–109 Eastern Mediterranean region bedding planes 94 tectonic outline 3 brittle deformation 77–109 Eastern Pontides 281–322 brittle tectonic analysis methods 84–93 active continental margin development 315–319 compression and strike-slip stress states 100 Carboniferous 315 extensional stress states 96 Jurassic 315–317 faulting analysis 93–104 Late Cretaceous 317 compressional stress states 98–103 Late Jurassic 317 Early Alpine tectonics 104–106 Oxfordian–Berriasian 317 extensional stress states 95–98 Paleocene–Eocene 318–319 Late Alpine tectonics 106–109 Triassic 315 inversion stages 106–107 alternative tectonic models 319–321 post-orogenic stage 108 ancient comparisons 319 syn- and post-rift stages 106 Artvin area 281–322 normal faulting 95–98 depositional and tectonic settings 314–315 reverse faulting 98–103 East Pontide Autochthon 301–302 strike-slip faulting 103–104 geological map 283 strike-slip stress states 103–104 Hercynian basement and intrusive fault populations and stress states 99, 103, 105 rocks 288–293 features 78–81 Demirkent intrusive complex 289–291 geodynamical evolution 78–81 East Pontide Autochthon 289 palaeostress field reconstruction 77–109 East Pontide Autochthon geochemistry 291–293 palaeostress states reconstructions 93–104 Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone 308 palaeostress tensors 86–87 Jurassic platformal succession cover 304 populations 105 Karadag˘ metamorphics 291 schematic structural map 81 Lower Slice Complex Upper Jurassic-Upper stress axes 95 Cretaceous 302–304 stress states 105 Upper Slice Complex metamorphic and intrusive structural zones 81–84 rocks 291 Central Balkan-Forebalkan zone 83–84 Upper Slice Complex Upper Jurassic-Paleocene East Balkan zone 83 units 304–308 Sakar-Strandja zone 82 Thrust Sheet 1, 304 Srednogorie zone 82–83 Thrust Sheet 2, 304–305 tectonic events 81–84 Thrust Sheet 3, 305–308 tectonic evolution Thrust Sheet 4 and 5, 308 Cenozoic times 77–109 Late Palaeozoic-Early Cenozoic tectonic Mesozoic times 77–109 development 281–322 trending strike-slip stress states 101 Lower–Middle Jurassic sequences 293–299 Eastern Bitlis complex 461–480 East Pontide Autochthon 293 age constraints 466–469 Jurassic igneous rocks geochemistry 298–299 alpine high pressure evolution 461–480 Lower Slice Complex 293–298 argon data 476 platform succession 298 argon phengite 477, 478 Middle Jurassic magmatic arc-type unit 299–301 chlorites electron microprobe analysis 472, 474 modern comparisons 319 Eocene pillow lava 480 previous work 283–285 garnet electron microprobe analysis 474 regional comparisons 308–314 geological map 463, 470 Caucasus 313–314 geological observations 466–469 central and western Pontides 310–311 cross-section 466–469 Crimea 312–313 geological setting 462 Ku¨re Complex 311–312 502 INDEX

Eastern Pontides (Continued) GC tectonic units 283 see Greater Caucasus (GC) tectonostratigraphy and structure 285–288 Gegam massif crest Tethys closure stages along Eurasia southern fault system 401 margin 281–322 Gegam massif Karakhanian 403 Upper Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous Geltorechka-Sarighamish Fault 396 sequences 301–308 Georgia 240 Upper Palaeozoic basement 281–283 Black Sea Basin lithostratigraphic Upper Slice Complex 299–301 columns 243–244 Eastern Turkey 492 horizontal component 404 tectonic map 487 Late Cenozoic basins 239–256 Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment 485, 487 Lesser Caucasus 329–349 East European Platform 29, 49, 138, 141, 181 Neogene–Quaternary volcanic East Pontide Autochthon 289, 293, 310 formations 253, 256 element analysis of granitic rocks 291 palaeogeographic maps 245–246 geochemistry 291–293 tectonic map 241 lithologies exposed 289 thrusts 269 Lower Jurassic basalts 299 uplift rates, vertical movement, and Lower Lower–Middle Jurassic part of Hercynian Pleistocene coastlines 270–271 granitic 295 volcanic formations 253–255 overlain 285 Germav Formation 466 REE analysis of granitic rocks 291 Gerpegem formation 191 sedimentary successions 309 Gevas-C¸ atak-Narli section 466 trace element analysis of granitic rocks 291 Gevas complex 478 XRF analysis of basaltic rocks 291 mylonitic marbles 468 Elazig magmatic suite 442 Goitkh Zone 199–200 Electron probe microanalysis 359 Golitsin Fault 146–147 Eocene–Miocene basins Golubitsky Volcano nannoplankton dating sites 131 eruption 65 Eocene Urse Formation Greater Caucasus (GC) 261–276 metamorphic rocks 466 active tectonics 267–268 Erakh mountains 385 Bajocian-age volcanic activity 233 Estasadok Formation 203 belt 181 Eurasia Cenozoic-Recent tectonics 261–276 collisional zone structural map 384 convergence and uplift 267–268, 269 Eurasian margin Crimea mountain belt 154 Southern 353 cross-section 182, 275 stratigraphic and lithological data 339 crustal-scale cross-section 263 subduction 333–334 earthquakes and active faults 267–269 synthetic lithostratigraphic log 335 evolution 229 Eurasian plate 329 extension trends 186 overthrusting ophiolites 332 geodynamics 262 structure 333 geological map 182 Euxinian Threshold 161–162, 163 Jurassic-age volcanic rocks petrography 193–198 Jurassic stratigraphy 188 Fault-slip data 92 linking topography tectonic model 264–265 Feldspars 205 Lower and Middle Jurassic rocks 186 Fish Canyon Tuff Sanidine 475 Lower Pleistocene coastlines 270–271 Fold-and thrust belts 263 map 262 Forebalkan-Central Balkan zone 93 Mesozoic–Cenozoic basin 262 Forebalkan Zone northern part 313–314 polyphased site 92 Rare Earth Element spidergrams 219–220 stress states 92 regional geodynamic setting 228 Fore-Caucasus regional tectonics and geodynamics 262–267 Triassic succession sandstone model sampling sites locations 183 data 202 sedimentary basin geometry 266–267 Western Greater Caucasus stratigraphic succession strike-slip tectonics 272 187–189 subsidence and tectonics v. topography 269–274 Fore-range Zone 314 tectonics v. topography 269–274 trace element 219–220 Gabbronorite 375 trace element composition 222 Gagra-Dzhava zone 267, 276 uplift 267–274 Garni fault 399 Azerbaijan 261–276 Gavaraget normal faults 400 palaeogeography 272 INDEX 503

rates 270–271 inversion 154 subsidence studies 269 post-rift sag basin 154 tectonic geomorphology 272–273 Karkinit Trough 18, 144, 145, 146 topography and thrusts 273–274 cross-sections illustration evolution 147 uplift-exhumation 269–272 Kartli basin 249–251 vertical movement 270–271 folds and thrusts 272 Greater Caucasus Basin 19 geological profiles 252 back-arc rifting 13 Oligocene-Neogene molasses 251 Great Zap anticline 465 Kastamonu Eocene basin Gubkin Ridge 152 stratigraphic wedging 131 Gurii Trough 25 Kazbegi group 255–256 Gu¨rso¨ku Formation 130 Keban-Malatya-Bitlis Block 409 Gu¨ru¨n Basin 421 Keli complex 256 Keli group Gudauri flow 255 Hakkari complex 464 Kelkit Formation 293 Hauterivian-Aptian formation 106 Kerch Peninsula Hercynian basement 310 gas seeps, local uplifts, and submarine Eastern Pontides 288–293 canyons 59 High field strength elements 299 Kerch-Taman Highstand systems tract (HST) 159, 174, 179, 180 marine hydro-gas survey 59 Histria Depression 162, 163, 164, 166 offshore 57 HST shelf 59 see Highstand systems tract (HST) Kerch-Taman Trough 34, 38 gas seeps 58 Illaryonov formation 203 Khumurdo formation 254–255 Incised valley 176 Kilian-Zmeinian Zone 145 Indolo-Kuban Depression 146 Kilimli Formation 121, 122, 127 Indyuk Formation 200 Kilimli-I˙npiri Formation I˙npiri Formation 122, 127 stratigraphic contact 123 Intra-oceanic subduction 335–336 Kınalıc¸am Formation 317 Iranian belts basalt 300 structural sketch map 330 field relations 305 Irmakyani Formation 296, 297, 298 Kırs¸ehir Block 113, 114 basalt 300 Kizilcakilise field relations 305 sandstone and gravel 123 Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan–Sevan–Akera suture Kochkanov formation 200 zone 8, 308, 309, 480 Kondolovo, Strandja Zone 102 Konkian regiostage 242, 247 Jurassic back-arc formation Ko¨pru¨lu¨ Formation 465 Armenian Ophiolite insights 353–380 Kotel Jurassic basinal succession cover 302–303 polyphased tectonics 98 Jurassic Olur magmatic unit Kraishte zone 79 field relations 306 Krasnaya Poliana 202–204 Jurassic platformal succession cover 304 Jurassic stratigraphy 189 Jurassic rifting 104 Krasnopoliana Zone 203, 233 Krayova Step 145, 148 Kabarjina group 255 Kırkgec¸it Formation 465 Kalamit Ridge 148 Krouchevetz, Srednogorie Zone Kamennomostsky 190–191 polyphased tectonics 97 Kangal Basin 414 Kumurdo formation 254 thrust fault 428 Kura Basin 247–248, 269 Kapanbog˘azı Formation dextral strike-slip motion 269 red pelagic limestone 126, 126, 128, 129 folds and thrusts 272 syndepositional listric normal faults 127 geological profile 250 Karadag˘ Metamorphics 291, 298, 315 geomorphology 273 Karaganian regiostage 242, 247 uplift rates, vertical movement, and Lower Karakaya Complex 315 Pleistocene coastlines 270–271 Karamarian anticline Kura plain faults v. topographic map 268 faults v. topographic map 268 geomorphology 273 Ku¨re basin 314 Karamarian Quaternary Anticline 272 Ku¨re Complex 311 Kargı Block 113 Eastern Pontides regional Karkinit-Gubkin rift 147, 148 comparisons 311–312 basin 145, 154 Ku¨re marginal basin 320 504 INDEX

Laba-Malka Zone Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene period Jurassic stratigraphy 188 structures and extension direction 429 Jurassic succession 189 Le Maitre Western Greater Caucasus stratigraphic succession volcanics rocks classification 218 189–190 Lesser Caucasus 329–349, 393–406 Labina zone active faulting 395–402 Callovian–Tithonian succession 189 major active structural pattern 395–400 Laramian compression 102 within wedges structures 400–402 Large ion lithophile elements (LILE) 298–299, active fault map 395, 398 377, 449 Campanian palaeotectonic map 348 Late Albian Cemaller Formation 127 collision 329–349, 341–344 nannoplankton dating 128 SAB and Eurasia collision 341–343 Late Campanian-Maastrichtian period 106 SAB collision structures and Late Cenozoic basins of Georgia 239–256 deformation 343 basins structure 249–251 syn-collisional basin 343 evolution review 239–256 timing collision stages 343–344 Late Cenozoic, syn- and post-collisional stages 240 cross-section 334 main tectonic zones 239–240 crustal-scale cross-section 263 molassic basins of Transcaucasus 240–249 faults and sample locations 416 Akhaltsikhe basin 248–249 general structural setting 333–336 Kura basin 247–248 subduction processes evidence 333–335 Chokrakian regiostage 247 geodynamic evolution and discussion 344–347 Karaganian regiostage 247 Coniacian to Paleocene 344–347 Konkian regiostage 247 Middle Jurassic to Coniacian 344 Late Miocene Early and Middle Sarmatian Paleocene to Lower Miocene 347 regiostages 247 Upper Miocene to present 347 Late Miocene Late Sarmatian regiostages geodynamic model of evolution 346 247–248 geographical coordinates 418, 422, 423, 426, 427 Late Miocene Meotian and Pontian regiostage geological map 182 248 geologic cross section 397 Late Pliocene-Pleistocene 248 GPS profile 402 Middle Miocene Tarkhanian regiostage 247 identified radiolarian species 387 Oligocene-Early Miocene time 247 kinematic setting 395 oligocene series 248–249 Maestrichrian palaeotectonic map 348 Rioni basin 240–247 micro-fault kinematics 404 Chokrakian regiostage 242 obduction and collision 329–349 Dzirula high 247 obduction modalities 336–341 Karaganian regiostage 242 ophiolitic unit 339–341 Konkian regiostage 242 SAB autochthon 336–339 Late Miocene Late Sarmatian regiostages 242 oblique slip with reverse component 399 Meotian regiostage 242–244 ophiolites 383–389 Middle Miocene Tarkhanian regiostage 242 oriental border 349 Pleistocene Gurian regiostage 246–247 palaeostress orientations 418, 422, 423, 426, 427 Pliocene 244–246 recent tectonic stress evolution 393–406 Pontian regiostage 244 SAB 331–332 Neogene-Quaternary volcanic formations 251–256 Sevan-Akera 313 Greater Caucasus quaternary volcanoes 255–256 structural map 331 Kabarjina group 255 subductions 329–349 Kazbegi group 255–256 synthetic lithostratigraphic log 335 Keli group Gudauri flow 255 Tauride–Anatolides 349 South Georgia volcanic formations 253–255 vertical faults 272 Akhalkalaki formation 254 volcanic cluster analysis 402–403 Borjomi-Bakuriani lava flows 255 Ypresian palaeotectonic map 348 Khumurdo formation 254–255 Lherzolite Ophiolite Type (LOT) 346–347, 379 Kumurdo formation 254 Light rare earth elements (LREE) 371, 375, 377, 449 Samsari formation 254, 255 LILE Tsalka formation 254 see Large ion lithophile elements (LILE) Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene, Goderdzi Lomonosov submarine massif 60 formation 253–254 Loss on ignition 210 Upper Pliocene-Holocene formation 254 LOT Late Cretaceous Kapanbog˘azı see Lherzolite Ophiolite Type (LOT) nannoplankton dating 126 Lower Cretaceous Late Eocene to Oligocene compression and hot spot magmatism SAB 353–380 extension 429 radiolarian assemblage 387 INDEX 505

Lower Eocene Triassic succession 187 growth faults 428 Western Greater Caucasus stratigraphic Lower Slice Complex 283, 285 succession 187–189 cross-section 301 lithologies exposed 289 Nannofossil dating 131 Lower Jurassic sequence measured log 297 Naujni Formation 199–200 Lower-Middle Jurassic basalt 300 Neogene deposits Lower-Middle Jurassic sequences measured lithostratigraphic columns 243–244 logs 296 Neogene-Quaternary stress field 405 Low field strength element 449 Neotethys Ocean 353, 383, 393, 439, 440 Lowstand systems tract 172, 179 Eocene subduction 453 Low velocity zone 493 subducted slab 456 LREE New Britain subduction zone 15 see Light rare earth elements (LREE) Noratus normal faults 400 North Anatolian Fault 485 Maastrichtian limestone Northeast Anatolian sinistral strike–slip fault populations and stress states 102 fault 395–396 Maden complex 464 Northern Black Sea 57–73 Madenler 297 carbonate formations as derivatives of gas emissions Maikop series 65 60–61 Main Caucasus Thrust 185, 263, 267, 274 carbonate formations radiocarbon dating 60 Main Range Zone 313–314 gas hydrate 68–73, 70, 72 Makarov Formation 199 gas seepage 58–60, 59, 64 Malatya Basin 414 geological environments characterization 57–73 Malatya–Keban geological-geophysical investigations 61–65 metamorphic complex 446 methane chimney restoration 60 metamorphic terrane 441 methane geomorphological environments platform 440, 454 characterization 57–73 Malatya-Ovacık Fault Zone 491 mud volcanoes 65–68 Malaya Laba area seismic records 63 Lower Triassic conglomeratic unit 230 temperature distribution 70, 72 Triassic succession 187, 189 Northern Dobrogea Orogen 141 Western Greater Caucasus stratigraphic Northern Sevan lake area succession 187–189 Eocene thrust faults 345 Maliy Tkhach Formation 205 geological cross-section 342 Mariana-Bonin 317 MBSR Ocean Island Basalt 354, 379 see Mid-Black Sea Ridge (MBSR) Odessa Shelf MEBE air-loaded tectonic subsidence curves 148, 150–151 see Middle East Basin Evolution (MEBE) Programme Black Sea sedimentary basin tectonics 4–5 Mesozoic ophiolitic sequences Cretaceous-Eocene succession 141 Eastern Bitlis complex lithostratigraphy 464 cross-sections illustration evolution 147 Metamorphic core complexes 79 interpreted seismic profiles 143, 148 Methane location 137 origin 73 seismic reflection data 143, 154 Mezmai formation 191 stratigraphy 141–145 Mid-Black Sea Ridge (MBSR) 23, 31, 32, 38, 43, 54 tectonic evolution 145–152, 146 Middle East Basin Evolution (MEBE) Programme 1, 8, tectonic subsidence rates 151 13, 461 Upper Cretaceous carbonate succession 144 Middle East-Caucasus area Okinawa Trough 15 tectonic map 354 Oligocene deposits Middle Eocene formations 398 lithostratigraphic columns 243–244 Middle Jurassic Oligocene scheme radiolaria 387 Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Sea Mid-Eocene shortening 3 regions 242 Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt signatures 353 Olur Magmatics 299 Mineral Research and Exploration Institute 283 Ophiolitic rocks 308 Mnadon lava flow 256 Oxfordian ammonites 384 Moesian Platform 12, 29, 77, 78, 84, 94, 104, 108 Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian Moho 49, 50 palaeogeographic maps 227 Mount Elbrus 261 Mount Karawul 385 Palaeo-Tethys Ocean 353 Mount Tkhach-Belaya River area Paleocene clastics Triassic stratigraphy 187, 205 growth faults 415 506 INDEX

Paleocene-Eocene Nannofossils dating 333 Rift flank uplift 132 Pambak-Sevan-Sunik fault 396 Rioni basin Pchich Formation 200 molassic basins of Transcaucasus 240–247 Peridotites 357 River Rioni Pikhtar formation 201 geological profile 250 Pillow lava 357, 384 Romania Pliensbachian BSR 69 palaeogeographic maps 227 Romanian Black Sea shelf Pontian chronostratigraphic calibration 172 deposits isopach map 164 Mio-Pleistocene faulting 166 seismic units 172 seismic line crossing 166 seismo-stratigraphic units 162 Pontian 1, 172 subsidence 179 view 173 offshore prolongations 161 Pontian 2, 172 onshore tectonic structures 161 Pontian 3, 173 seismic lines and boreholes location 160 details 175 seismic profile crossing 178 Pontian 4, 174 seismic sequence stratigraphy 159–180 details 175 classifications of faults 163–165 Pontides 130 faulting activity 163–165 continental margin 320 Mio-Pleistocene structures 162–163 cross-section 287 Pontian fault 163–164 crystalline basement rocks geochemistry 292 spatial faults 164–165 geological map 284 structure 159–180 Late Jurassic pillow lava geochemistry 307 subsidence history 159–180 nannoplankton dating 121 wells lithological description 168, 169 Narlık granite tectonic discrimination 293 Romanian outer shelf plate tectonic reconstruction 320 seismic line crossing 167 pull-apart basins 321 Romanian-Quaternary deposits 167 stratigraphic sequence overview 114–121 Romanian-Quaternary section tectonic map 282 isopach map 166 Porphyritovaya Series 211 Romanian shelves Pre-Callovian deformation 233 Black Sea sedimentary basin tectonics 4–5 Pre-Cimmerian tectonics 2 Russia Predobrogea Depression 146 Early Mesozoic evolution 181–234 Pre-Upper Jurassic Olur magmatic unit tectonic evolution of Black Sea 5–6 field relations and geochemistry 302 Ryukyu subduction zone 15 Psebai Formation 190 accessory minerals 206 SAB Psekhako-Berezov Zone 191–199 see South Armenian Block (SAB) lithic fragments 206 Sahdag mountain Pshekha formation 201 cross-section 266 Sakar-Strandja Zone 93, 95, 104 Quaternary deposits palaeostress tensors 85 lithostratigraphic columns 243–244 Sakar unit 82 Romanian 167 Sakhrai Group 205 Quaternary formations Samsari formation 254, 255 Azat river area microtectonic data 405 Sandstone turbidite succession 297 Quaternary scheme Santonian formations 334 Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Sea regions 242 Sapc¸a Formation 124 Quaternary section Sarız Fault 422 Romanian isopach map 166 Schmidt’s projection microtectonic data 405 Radiolarian biochronology 383–389 Scythian Platform 12–13, 43, 49, 50, 53, 54, geological setting 384–385 138, 183 new results 385 crust 55 sedimentary cover of Lesser Caucasus 383–389 rifting 230 Radiolarites 357 SEAOB Rare earth elements (REE) 285, 359, 449, 453 see Southeastern Anatolian orogenic belt (SEAOB) Ray-tracing modelling 43 Sevan–Akera zone 329, 333, 343, 347, 355, 394 REE ophiolite 387 see Rare earth elements (REE) radiolarian age 389 Reefal limestones 384 structure 333 Rhodope-Pontide fragment 491 tectonic units 335–336 INDEX 507

Sevan area 355 Southeastern Moesian Platform dolerites 359 palaeostress tensors 91 gabbro 359 Southern Crimea Orogen 138 pillow lavas 359 Southern Slope 251 serpentinites 359 volcanism 226 whole-rock analyses 362–366 Spitak earthquake 399 Sevan Lake area rupturing process 400 structural sketch map 341 Srednogorie Zone 106 Sevan ophiolite polyphased tectonics 99 geological logs 369 Shipka-Sliven unit 99 sketch geological map 357 Stara Zagora unit 83 Sevlievo-Preslav unit 104 STEP Sev Litsh lake site 399 see Subduction transform edge propagator (STEP) Shatsky Ridge 113, 314 Stepanavan 355 Shipka-Sliven unit 83 radiolarian age 389 Shipka-Teteven unit 84 whole-rock analyses 362–366 Shotpoints 45, 46 Stepanavan ophiolite 385 Sinemurian geological logs 369 palaeogeographic maps 227 sketch geological map 356 Sorokin Trough 27, 32, 34, 38, 39, 54, 57 Strandja unit 82 characteristics 66 Strandja Zone 85, 93, 95, 102, 104 gas seeps 58 Stress field analyses 92 location 66 Strike–slip 102, 104 mud volcanoes 65, 67 Subduction transform edge propagator (STEP) Sosnov formation 200 faults 14, 18, 19, 410, 453 South Armenian Block (SAB) 329, 331–332, 353 Sulina-Tarhankut Fault 146, 147 Arabian plate collision 347 Sunik massif 396 autochthon obduction modalities 336–339 Suprasubduction zone 441 continental subduction 344–345, 348 Syn-rift erosion 154 faulting and folding 394 Syn-rift phase 148 Lower Cretaceous hot spot magmatism 353–380 metamorphic basement 339 Tasmaca Formation 124, 125 stratigraphic and lithological data 339 Tauric basin 314 structure 333 Tauride–Anatolides belt subduction zone 379 structural sketch map 330 underthrusting 347 Tauride–Anatolide–South Armenian Block 9 Upper Cretaceous obduction 353–380 Tauride Platform 441 South Caspian Basin 276 Tchataltapa Formation 192–199, 210–211 Southeast Anatolia 409–433 Tchvejips formation 203 Arabian Platform stratigraphy 412–414 Tectonic subsidence curves 170 Late Cretaceous to recent kinematics 409–433 Teleseismic earthquakes orogen stratigraphy 414–417 global distribution 488 Palaeostress inversion 414–417 Tethys subduction zone 183, 322 SE Anatolian orogen 420–422 Tithonian–Early Valanginian age 311 tectonostratigraphy 412 Tithonian limestone at Straja Southeastern Anatolian orogenic belt compression 104 (SEAOB) 437–457 Tithonian-Valanginian formation 106 Baskil-Divrigi transect geological framework Toarcian 440–442 palaeogeographic maps 227 Baskil-Divrigi transect magmatic rocks 446–453 Tortum River geochemical characteristics 446–453 cross-section 301 petrogenesis classification 451–453 Transgressive systems tract (TST) 159, 174, tectonomagmatic classification 451–453 179, 180 trace element-REE geochemistry 448–451 Triassic Karakaya Complex 315 evolution of magmatism 442–446 Triassic limestone 102 evolving orogen 437–457 Triassic rifting 104 geodynamic setting 439–440 Tsalka formation 254 geodynamic-tectonic evolution 454–456 TST magmatic sources 453–454 see Transgressive systems tract (TST) magmatism and transition 437–457 Tuapse Trough 25 post-collisional setting in evolving orogen 437–457 Tundja-Topolnica unit 83 regional tectonic evolution 439–440 Turkey 492 slab break-off event 453 see also East Anatolian Plateau transition from arc to post-collisional setting 437–457 active tectonics 411 508 INDEX

Turkey (Continued) Websterite 375 Cretaceous to recent tectonostratigraphical West Black Sea 23–39, 53 column 412 hydrate-formation zone 71 geological map 438 rifting 134 Late Cretaceous to recent kinematics 409–433 West Black Sea Basin 23–39, 43 Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene DSS data 31–32 period 429 earth’s crust and upper mantle structure 23–39 Oligocene-Middle Miocene extension 430 gas seeps 66 regional tectonic units 410 methane in hydrates 72 seismic experiment 485, 487 mud volcanoes location 66 structures and extension direction 429 rifting 113, 132 tectonic map 486, 487 stratigraphic sequences 113 Upper Miocene to Pliocene 430 Western Central Balkan-Forebalkan Zone Upper Pliocene to recent 431 palaeostress tensors 88–90 Turovoy Formation 191–192 Western Crimean fault Tyrrhenian Sea 319 heat flow and gas emission 64 Western Greater Caucasus 181–234 Ukrainian Odessa Shelf Aalenian and Bajocian isotopic elemental pseudo-wells and seismic lines data 224 position 138 Aalenian succession sandstone modal data 209 Ulus Basin 121, 125–126 Bajocian-Callovian succession sandstone Unitary Association Zones 385 modal data 210 Upper Cretaceous Nannofossils dating 332 Central Greater Caucasus Abino-Gunai Upper Cretaceous obduction Zone 200–201 South Armenian Block 353–380 Pshekha and Pikhtar formations 201 Upper Eocene Midyat Group 466 Zeitun Formation 201 Upper Jurassic facies 311 Central Greater Caucasus Goitkh Zone 199–200 Upper Jurassic Olur magmatic unit Indyuk Formation 200 field relations and geochemistry 302 Kochkanov formation 200 Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene Firat Formation Makarov Formation 199 growth faults 419 Naujni Formation 199–200 Upper Slice Complex 283, 285 Pchich Formation 200 cross-section 301 Sosnov formation 200 geological map 286 Central Greater Caucasus Psekhako-Berezov Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sequences 306 Zone 191–199 Bzerpia Formation 192 Vanadzor depression 396 Tchataltapa Formation 192–199 Vanadzor trough 396 Turovoy Formation 191–192 outcrop 398 Central Greater Caucasus summary 201–202 Vavilov Basin 319 Abkhazo-Racha Zone Porphyritovaya Series Vedi area 355, 355 203–204 basal tectonic contact 359 Krasnopoliana Zone geological cross-section 338 Anchkhoi Formation 203 geological map 386 Atchichkh Formation 203 obduction contact 338 Estasadok Formation 203 ophiolite section 359 Illaryonov formation 203 pillows 359 Tchvejips formation 203 radiolarian age 389 Southern slope Krasnaya Poliana area 202–204 structural map 337 description 183 Upper Jurassic radiolaria chert Early Mesozoic evolution 181–234 sample 388 Early Mesozoic Greater Caucasus basin whole-rock analyses 362–366 development 184–185 Vedi ophiolites Early Mesozoic history 226–234 amphibole 368 Lower Jurassic 231–232 argon age spectra and isochrons 368 Middle Jurassic 232–234 argon dating 367 Triassic 229–230 gabbro amphiboles 367 Upper Jurassic 234 geological cross-sections 340 elemental isotopic ratios 225 geological logs 369 elements variations plot 217 plutonic rocks 372 geodynamic evolution 225–226 sedimentary cover 386 isotopic composition 209–225 sketch geological map 358 Jurassic volcanism 225–226 Velibey Formation 123, 123 eruption dynamics 225–226 nannoplankton ages 125 Jurassic geodynamics 226 INDEX 509

sources 226 Malaya Laba 187–189 spatio-temporal distribution 225–226 Mount Tkhach 187–189 Jurassic v. Triassic sandstones 207–208 trace element ratios 221 locations 184 Triassic-Jurassic sedimentary and magmatic history magmatic history 181–234 181–234 magmatic signatures 221 volcanics chemical composition 209–225 major and trace element data 212–216 major element compositions 209–211 palaeogeographic maps 227 strontium and neodymium isotopic petrofacies 207–209 compositions 223–225 region structure 184–185 trace element compositions 211–223 sedimentary and magmatic history 181–234 Wu¨rmian glaciation siliciclastic formations petrography and composition bottom temperature 71 204–207 Central Greater Caucasus 206 Yemis¸lic¸ay Formation 130 Fore-Caucasus area Triassic and deposition 129 Jurassic 205–206 nannoplankton dating 126 Southern slope Krasnaya Poliana syndepositional listric normal faults 127 area 206–207 Sinemurian-Toarcian succession sandstone modal Zangezur ophiolites 355 data 208 Zangezur zone 355 stratigraphic succession 185–191 Zeitun Formation 201 Belaya River 187–189 Zeytinlik Fore-Caucasus area 187–189 fault-bound volcanic interval 296 Laba-Malka Zone Zmeiniy Island 141 Bugunja Formation 189–190 Zmeiniy Uplift 145 Djangur Formation 190 Zodi pass 385 Psebai Formation 190 Zonguldak 130 Labina Zone horsts 132 Gerpegem formation 191 Zonguldak Basin 121, 122–125, 122 Kamennomostsky 190–191 local formation 128 Mezmai formation 191 nannofossils 122