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STI Screening Timetable
Patient Education Information from University Health Center’s STI Screening Clinic Page 1 of 1 STI Screening Timetable How long until STI (sexually transmitted infection) screening tests turn positive? How long until STI symptoms might show up? The time between infection and a positive test, or between infection and symptoms, is variable and depends on many factors, including the behavior of the infectious agent, how and where the body is infected, and the state of a person’s immune system and personal health. Many STIs don’t have any symptoms. The incubation period times listed in the chart below are averages only. If you have further questions or concerns, you can schedule an appointment with a clinician at 541-346-2770. STI screening test Window period (time from exposure until Incubation period (time between exposure and screening test turns positive) when symptoms appear) Chlamydia (urine specimen or swab of 1 week most of the time Often no symptoms vagina, rectum, throat) 2 weeks catches almost all 1-3 weeks on average Gonorrhea (urine specimen on swab of 1 week most of the time Often no symptoms, especially vaginal vagina, rectum, throat) 2 weeks catches almost all infections usually within 2-8 days but can be up to 2 weeks Syphilis (blood test, RPR) 1 month catches most Often symptoms too mild to notice 3 months catches almost all 10-90 days average 21 days HIV (oral cheek swab) 1 month catches most Sometimes mild body aches and fever within 1-2 3 months catches almost all weeks then can be months to years HIV (blood test, antigen/antibody -
Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological
Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data 1, 1, 1 1 Natalie M. Linton y , Tetsuro Kobayashi y, Yichi Yang , Katsuma Hayashi , Andrei R. Akhmetzhanov 1 , Sung-mok Jung 1 , Baoyin Yuan 1, Ryo Kinoshita 1 and Hiroshi Nishiura 1,2,* 1 Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Jo Nishi 7 Chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; [email protected] (N.M.L.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (Y.Y.); katsuma5miff[email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (A.R.A.); [email protected] (S.-m.J.); [email protected] (B.Y.); [email protected] (R.K.) 2 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-11-706-5066 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 25 January 2020; Accepted: 10 February 2020; Published: 17 February 2020 Abstract: The geographic spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections from the epicenter of Wuhan, China, has provided an opportunity to study the natural history of the recently emerged virus. Using publicly available event-date data from the ongoing epidemic, the present study investigated the incubation period and other time intervals that govern the epidemiological dynamics of COVID-19 infections. Our results show that the incubation period falls within the range of 2–14 days with 95% confidence and has a mean of around 5 days when approximated using the best-fit lognormal distribution. -
MMWR Early and Were Reported to Two Respective Local Health Jurisdictions, Release on the MMWR Website (
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice — Skagit County, Washington, March 2020 Lea Hamner, MPH1; Polly Dubbel, MPH1; Ian Capron1; Andy Ross, MPH1; Amber Jordan, MPH1; Jaxon Lee, MPH1; Joanne Lynn1; Amelia Ball1; Simranjit Narwal, MSc1; Sam Russell1; Dale Patrick1; Howard Leibrand, MD1 On May 12, 2020, this report was posted as an MMWR Early and were reported to two respective local health jurisdictions, Release on the MMWR website (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr). without indication of a common source of exposure. On On March 17, 2020, a member of a Skagit County, March 17, the choir director sent a second e-mail stating that Washington, choir informed Skagit County Public Health 24 members reported that they had developed influenza-like (SCPH) that several members of the 122-member choir had symptoms since March 11, and at least one had received test become ill. Three persons, two from Skagit County and one results positive for SARS-CoV-2. The email emphasized the from another area, had test results positive for SARS-CoV-2, importance of social distancing and awareness of symptoms the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). suggestive of COVID-19. These two emails led many members Another 25 persons had compatible symptoms. SCPH to self-isolate or quarantine before a delegated member of the obtained the choir’s member list and began an investigation on choir notified SCPH on March 17. March 18. Among 61 persons who attended a March 10 choir All 122 members were interviewed by telephone either practice at which one person was known to be symptomatic, during initial investigation of the cluster (March 18–20; 53 cases were identified, including 33 confirmed and 20 115 members) or a follow-up interview (April 7–10; 117); most probable cases (secondary attack rates of 53.3% among con- persons participated in both interviews. -
Using Proper Mean Generation Intervals in Modeling of COVID-19
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 05 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691262 Using Proper Mean Generation Intervals in Modeling of COVID-19 Xiujuan Tang 1, Salihu S. Musa 2,3, Shi Zhao 4,5, Shujiang Mei 1 and Daihai He 2* 1 Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China, 2 Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, 3 Department of Mathematics, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria, 4 The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 5 Shenzhen Research Institute of Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China In susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered (SEIR) epidemic models, with the exponentially distributed duration of exposed/infectious statuses, the mean generation interval (GI, time lag between infections of a primary case and its secondary case) equals the mean latent period (LP) plus the mean infectious period (IP). It was widely reported that the GI for COVID-19 is as short as 5 days. However, many works in top journals used longer LP or IP with the sum (i.e., GI), e.g., >7 days. This discrepancy will lead to overestimated basic reproductive number and exaggerated expectation of Edited by: infection attack rate (AR) and control efficacy. We argue that it is important to use Reza Lashgari, suitable epidemiological parameter values for proper estimation/prediction. Furthermore, Institute for Research in Fundamental we propose an epidemic model to assess the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 Sciences, Iran for Belgium, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). -
Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection Among Health Care Workers: a Multi-Centre Comparative Study
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection among Health Care Workers: A Multi-Centre Comparative Study Jia-Te Wei 1, Zhi-Dong Liu 1, Zheng-Wei Fan 2, Lin Zhao 1,* and Wu-Chun Cao 1,2,* 1 Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; [email protected] (J.-T.W.); [email protected] (Z.-D.L.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (W.-C.C.) Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 28 September 2020; Published: 29 September 2020 Abstract: Healthcare workers (HCWs) worldwide are putting themselves at high risks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by treating a large number of patients while lacking protective equipment. We aim to provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling the COVID-19 infection among HCWs. We used data on COVID-19 cases in the city of Wuhan to compare epidemiological characteristics between HCWs and non-HCWs and explored the risk factors for infection and deterioration among HCWs based on hospital settings. The attack rate (AR) of HCWs in the hospital can reach up to 11.9% in Wuhan. The time interval from symptom onset to diagnosis in HCWs and non-HCWs dropped rapidly over time. From mid-January, the median time interval of HCW cases was significantly shorter than in non-HCW cases. -
Malaria and COVID-19: Common and Different Findings
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Viewpoint Malaria and COVID-19: Common and Different Findings Francesco Di Gennaro 1 , Claudia Marotta 1,*, Pietro Locantore 2, Damiano Pizzol 3 and Giovanni Putoto 1 1 Operational Research Unit, Doctors with Africa CUAMM, 35121 Padova, Italy; [email protected] (F.D.G.); [email protected] (G.P.) 2 Institute of Endocrinology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 3 Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, Khartoum 79371, Sudan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 6 September 2020 Abstract: Malaria and COVID-19 may have similar aspects and seem to have a strong potential for mutual influence. They have already caused millions of deaths, and the regions where malaria is endemic are at risk of further suffering from the consequences of COVID-19 due to mutual side effects, such as less access to treatment for patients with malaria due to the fear of access to healthcare centers leading to diagnostic delays and worse outcomes. Moreover, the similar and generic symptoms make it harder to achieve an immediate diagnosis. Healthcare systems and professionals will face a great challenge in the case of a COVID-19 and malaria syndemic. Here, we present an overview of common and different findings for both diseases with possible mutual influences of one on the other, especially in countries with limited resources. Keywords: malaria; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; preparedness; Africa; emergency; pandemic 1. Background On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 to be a pandemic infection. -
Prediction of the Incubation Period for COVID-19 and Future Virus Disease Outbreaks Ayal B
Gussow et al. BMC Biology (2020) 18:186 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00919-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of the incubation period for COVID-19 and future virus disease outbreaks Ayal B. Gussow†, Noam Auslander*†, Yuri I. Wolf and Eugene V. Koonin* Abstract Background: A crucial factor in mitigating respiratory viral outbreaks is early determination of the duration of the incubation period and, accordingly, the required quarantine time for potentially exposed individuals. At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, optimization of quarantine regimes becomes paramount for public health, societal well- being, and global economy. However, biological factors that determine the duration of the virus incubation period remain poorly understood. Results: We demonstrate a strong positive correlation between the length of the incubation period and disease severity for a wide range of human pathogenic viruses. Using a machine learning approach, we develop a predictive model that accurately estimates, solely from several virus genome features, in particular, the number of protein-coding genes and the GC content, the incubation time ranges for diverse human pathogenic RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The predictive approach described here can directly help in establishing the appropriate quarantine durations and thus facilitate controlling future outbreaks. Conclusions: The length of the incubation period in viral diseases strongly correlates with disease severity, emphasizing the biological and epidemiological importance of the incubation period. Perhaps, surprisingly, incubation times of pathogenic RNA viruses can be accurately predicted solely from generic features of virus genomes. Elucidation of the biological underpinnings of the connections between these features and disease progression can be expected to reveal key aspects of virus pathogenesis. -
Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports / Vol. 70 / No. 4 July 23, 2021 Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations and Reports CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................1 Methods ....................................................................................................................1 Clinical Prevention Guidance ............................................................................2 STI Detection Among Special Populations ............................................... 11 HIV Infection ......................................................................................................... 24 Diseases Characterized by Genital, Anal, or Perianal Ulcers ............... 27 Syphilis ................................................................................................................... 39 Management of Persons Who Have a History of Penicillin Allergy .. 56 Diseases Characterized by Urethritis and Cervicitis ............................... 60 Chlamydial Infections ....................................................................................... 65 Gonococcal Infections ...................................................................................... 71 Mycoplasma genitalium .................................................................................... 80 Diseases Characterized -
Intersecting Infections of Public Health Significance Page I Intersecting Infections of Public Health Significance
Intersecting Infections of Public Health Significance Page i Intersecting Infections of Public Health Significance The Epidemiology of HIV, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis in King County 2008 Intersecting Infections of Public Health Significance was supported by a cooperative agreement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Published December 2009 Alternate formats of this report are available upon request Intersecting Infections of Public Health Significance Page ii David Fleming, MD, Director Jeffrey Duchin, MD, Director, Communicable Disease Epidemiology & Immunization Program Matthew Golden, MD, MPH, Director, STD Program Masa Narita, MD, Director, TB Program Robert Wood, MD, Director, HIV/AIDS Program Prepared by: Hanne Thiede, DVM, MPH Elizabeth Barash, MPH Jim Kent, MS Jane Koehler, DVM, MPH Other contributors: Amy Bennett, MPH Richard Burt, PhD Susan Buskin, PhD, MPH Christina Thibault, MPH Roxanne Pieper Kerani, PhD Eyal Oren, MS Shelly McKeirnan, RN, MPH Amy Laurent, MSPH Cover design and formatting by Tanya Hunnell The report is available at www.kingcounty.gov/health/hiv For additional copies of this report contact: HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Program Public Health – Seattle & King County 400 Yesler Way, 3rd Floor Seattle, WA 98104 206-296-4645 Intersecting Infections of Public Health Significance Page iii Table of Contents INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES ········································································ vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ······················································································ -
Chlamydial Genital Infection(Chlamydia Trachomatis)
Chlamydial Genital Infection (Chlamydia trachomatis) February 2003 1) THE DISEASE AND ITS EPIDEMIOLOGY A. Etiologic Agent Chlamydial genital infection (CGI) is caused by the obligate, intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis immunotypes D through K. B. Clinical Description and Laboratory Diagnosis A sexually transmitted genital infection that manifests in males primarily as urethritis and in females as mucopurulent cervicitis. Clinical manifestations are difficult to distinguish from gonorrhea. Males may present with a mucopurulent discharges of scanty to moderate quantity, urethral itching and dysuria. Asymptomatic infection may be found in 1%-25% of sexually active men. Possible complications include epididymitis, infertility and Reiter syndrome. Anorectal intercourse may result in chlamydial proctitis. Women frequently present with a mucopurulent endocervical discharge including edema, erythema and easily induced endocervical bleeding. However, most women with endocervical or urethral infections are asymptomatic. Possible complications include salpingitis with subsequent risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Asymptomatic chronic infections of the endometrium and fallopian tubes may lead to the same outcomes. Less frequent manifestations include bartholinitis, urethral syndrome with dysuria and pyuria, perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome), and proctitis. Infection during pregnancy may result in premature rupture of membranes and preterm delivery and conjunctival and pneumonic infection of the newborn. Laboratory diagnosis is based upon the identification of Chlamydia in intraurethral or endocervical smear by direct immunofluorescence test, enzyme immunoassay, DNA probe, and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or cell culture. NAAT can be used with urine specimens. C. Vectors and Reservoirs Humans. D. Modes of Transmission By sexual contact and through perinatal exposure to the mother’s infected cervix. -
Incubation Periods Impact the Spatial Predictability of Cholera and Ebola Outbreaks in Sierra Leone
Incubation periods impact the spatial predictability of cholera and Ebola outbreaks in Sierra Leone Rebecca Kahna,1, Corey M. Peaka,1, Juan Fernández-Graciaa,b, Alexandra Hillc, Amara Jambaid, Louisa Gandae, Marcia C. Castrof, and Caroline O. Buckeea,2 aCenter for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; bInstitute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems, Universitat de les Illes Balears - Consell Superior d’Investigacions Científiques, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; cDisease Control in Humanitarian Emergencies, World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland; dDisease Control and Prevention, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone FPGG+89; eCountry Office, World Health Organization, Freetown, Sierra Leone FPGG+89; and fDepartment of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 Edited by Burton H. Singer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved January 22, 2020 (received for review July 29, 2019) Forecasting the spatiotemporal spread of infectious diseases during total number of secondary infections by an infectious individual in an outbreak is an important component of epidemic response. a completely susceptible population (i.e., R0) (13, 14). Indeed, the However, it remains challenging both methodologically and with basis of contact tracing protocols during an outbreak reflects the respect to data requirements, as disease spread is influenced by need to identify and contain individuals during the incubation numerous factors, including the pathogen’s underlying transmission period, and the relative effectiveness of interventions such as parameters and epidemiological dynamics, social networks and pop- symptom monitoring or quarantine significantly depends on the ulation connectivity, and environmental conditions. -
Sexually Transmitted Infections
MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH GUIDE TO SURVEILLANCE, REPORTING AND CONTROL Sexually Transmitted Infections June 2013 | Page 1 of 6 Section 1 ABOUT THE INFECTIONS Gonorrhea A. Etiologic Agent Neisseria gonorrhoeae are bacteria that appear as gram-negative diplococci on microscopic Gram-stained smear. B. Clinical Description Many infections occur without symptoms. Most males with urethral infection have symptoms of purulent or mucopurulent urethral discharge. Men may also have epididymitis due to N. gonorrhoeae . Most infections in women are asymptomatic. Symptoms in women can include abdominal pain, and mucopurulent or purulent cervical discharge. Women may also get urethritis. N. gonorrhoeae can cause pelvic inflammatory disease. Disseminated (bloodstream) infection can occur with rash, and joint and tendon inflammation. Infections of the throat and the rectum can also occur and are often asymptomatic. C. Vectors and Reservoirs Humans are the only known natural hosts and reservoirs of infection. D. Modes of Transmission Gonorrhea is transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Gonorrhea can also be transmitted at birth through contact with an infected birth canal. E. Incubation Period The incubation period for gonorrhea is usually 2-7 days for symptomatic disease. F. Period of Communicability or Infectious Period All sexual contacts within 60 days of the onset of symptoms or diagnosis of gonorrhea should be evaluated and treated. Individuals with asymptomatic infection are infectious as long as they remain infected. G. Epidemiology Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported notifiable disease in the U.S.; over 300,000 cases are reported annually. The number of reported cases underestimates true incidence. H. Treatment Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose PLUS EITHER Azithromycin 1 gram PO x 1 dose (preferred) OR Doxycycline 100 mg PO twice daily for 7 days is the recommended treatment in Massachusetts.