Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture

Division of Agricultural Extension Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi - 110012 Citation: Mishra, Anupam, Singh, S.R.K., Raut, A.A. (2020). Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture. Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR, New Delhi. Pp.39

Guidance: Dr. A.K. Singh Deputy Director General (Agricultural Extension) Division of Agricultural Extension ICAR, New Delhi

Source: This publication is extracted from a published ITK Book "Cross Sectoral Validation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge 2004 - December-4". Mission Unit, ICAR, New Delhi.

Year of publication: 2020

Published by: The Director, ICAR- Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute, Jabalpur, MP

Design & printed at: M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi FOREWORD

The paradigm shift of Indian agriculture from traditional to sustainable agriculture have developed a concept that focuses on producing crops and livestock while having minimal effects on the environment, helping in maintaining economic stability of farms and helping farmers improve their techniques and quality of life. This in return, has evoked interest among farmers in adopting indigenous technical knowledge, that utilizes local knowledge, which people have gained through inheritance from their ancestors, to solve problems pertaining to agriculture and allied activities through natural processes. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched a Mission Mode Project in 2002 on "Collection, Documentation and Validation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK)" under National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP).

At first, an effort was made to gather and arrange indigenous knowledge-based practices in agriculture, animal husbandry and other land-based ventures. Further, these ITKs were subjected to cross-sectoral validation through experimentation providing the results of experiments and its critical analysis on the efficacy of the ITKs, have been compiled in the form of this publication entitled “Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture”. The results have been very interesting and extremely important that support scientific rationality of the ITKs for promoting their further application for the benefits of the farming community.

This volume contains an inventory of 38 selected promising ITKs covering six thematic areas viz, Rain water management, Soil and water conservation, Pest and disease management, Farm implements, Horticultural crops and Fishery & Animal husbandry.

I hope this publication will open new chapter in agricultural research and provide the scientists a new direction for appropriate blending of ITKs with modern technologies. The innovative efforts made by scientists in bringing out this publication are commendable.

Dated: 17th February, 2020 (T. Mohapatra) New Delhi

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PREFACE

The advent of the concept of sustainable agriculture in late eighties in Indian agricultural scenario has evoked interest on indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) that has the element of use of natural products to solve the problems pertaining to agriculture and allied activities. ITK is local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society transmitted from one generation to another generation. It is specifically concerned with actual application of the thinking of the local people in various operations of agriculture and allied areas. ITKs are based on experiences tested over centuries, and endowed with best adaptability to local environment. In the context of agricultural sustainability, ITK is also required to be properly documented for the benefit of researches, planners and development officials. Further, validation of ITK is a logical step to qualify and quantify effectiveness of the practices. Suitable modification of the local practices, through research and development helps to develop appropriate and acceptable technologies that are more suited to our farming situations. The Indian Council of Agricultural research (ICAR) had launched a Mission Mode Project on “Collection, Documentation and Validation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge” under the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) in the year 2002 to identify, collect, classify and document ITK and its variant in different agro- climatic regions in respect of production systems, farming systems and situations and cross-sectoral validation was done through a quick screening method as well as through formal experimentation. The critical analysis on the efficacy of the ITKs, have been compiled to publish as “Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture”. This volume is aimed to provide easy accessibility to cross-sectoral validated 38 selected promising ITKs covering six thematic areas viz, Rain water management, Soil and water conservation, Pest and disease management, Farm implements, Horticultural crops and Fishery & Animal husbandry. I believe, this publication will be helpful for development and scaling up of appropriate modern technologies blending with validated ITKs. I thank the team of scientists who made efforts in bringing out this valuable publication.

Dated: 17th February, 2020 (A.K. Singh) New Delhi

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CONTENTS

Sr. Code Title Page No. No. No. Foreword iii Preface v 1. Introduction 1 2. Rain water management 2 2.1 105 Rain water management for teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F.), mango (Mangifera 2 indica Linn.) and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) in arid and semi-arid regions 2.2 2024 Rain water measurement using rolu (indigenous rain gauge) 3 2.3 599 Method of rainwater management in mountainous landscape under apple orchard 4 3. Soil and water management 7 3.1 615 Cultivation of apple in Himalayan region 7 4. Pest and disease management 9 4.1 344 Management of yellow stem borer in paddy by use of parasi (Cleistanthus collinus) 9 leaf 4.2 357 Control of insect-pest in lowland rice using parasi (Cleistanthus collinus) 9 4.3 365 Planting of wild Saccharum spontaneum in paddy field for controlling leaf folder 10 4.4 1418 Control of caseworm (Nymphula depunctalis) in rice by leaves of parsa and sali 12 4.5 1422 Control of gall fly(Pachydiplosis oryzae) in rice 12 4.6 368 Management of gundhi (harmfull green algae) in paddy field by karada 13 (Cleistanthus collinus) leaves 5. Horticultural crops 14 5.1 170 Pest management in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by using leaf extract of 14 Cynodon dactylon 5.2 366 Use of kochila (Strichnos nuvvomica) mixed cowdung compost in brinjal for 14 controlling fruit and shoot borer 5.3 1415 Control of insects in cucurbits, cowpea and lady's finger by spraying urine of 15 domestic animals mixed with tobacco soaked water 5.4 1416 Control of insect-pests by spraying of starch, animal urine and dusting of cowdung 16 ash in vegetables Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture

Sr. Code Title Page No. No. No. 5.5 1417 Control of shoot and fruit borers by tobacco-soaked water with soap 17 5.6 701 Protection of cabbage from pests 17 5.7 141 Control of rhinocerous beetle in coconut by using cowdung slurry 18 5.8 370 Sprouting in yam by cowdung slurry 19 5.9 403 Off-season flowering in guava 19 6. Farm implements 21 6.1 2039 Pingali dhanti for intercultural operation in tomato 21 6.2 2132 Guddeli to uproot ginger 21 7. Fishery and Animal science 23 7.1 424 Use of banana pseudostem in fish pond to enhance productivity of fish 23 7.2 416 Treatment of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle by using harida (Terminalia 24 chebula) and behada (Terminalia bellirica) 7.3 1279 Curing lesions of FMD or wounds by applying extract of peach (Prunus persica) 24 leaves mixed with fresh milk 7.4 1288 Use of babool (Acacia nilotica) and jamun (Syzygiune cumini) bark extract to cure 25 foot-and-mouth disease in animals 7.5 1588 Control of FMD in cattle with camphor 26 7.6 1595 Use of bantulsi (Ocimum gratessimum) leaf paste for treatment of khurha (FMD) 27 in cattle and buffalo 7.7 1280 Use of stone apple (bael) to check diarrhoea in animals 28 7.8 1287 Control of diarrhoea in cattle and buffalo a paste made from leaves of shisham 29 (Dalbergia sissoo) 7.9 1585 Treatment of diarrhoea by juice of Gurhul (Hibiscus rosasinensis) flower in goats 30 7.10 1589 Treatment of diarrhoea in animals (goat and sheep) by pojo 31 7.11 1967 Curing of diarrhoea in goats by using takala (Cassia tora) flower juice 32 7.12 1968 Wound management in animal by use of leaf extract of ridge gourd (Luffa 33 accutangula)/ekdandi (Tridax procumbents) 7.13 1966 Use of bhangariya (Eclipta alba) to cure blain in animals 35 7.14 1284 Determination of efficacy of pigeon waste in showing estrus symptoms in heifers 36 7.15 1272 Treatment of swelling of shoulders in bullocks/bull 37 7.16 1285 Treatment of haemorrhagic septicaemia by kala jeera 38 7.17 1590 Technique of curing bone fracture in animals 38 Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture

1. INTRODUCTION

Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) in primary sources through voluntary disclosures. These agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and other have been documented in three publications entitled land-based activities is being used since ages by the ‘Inventory of Indigenous Technical Knowledge farmers, animal owners and other practitioners. in Agriculture- Document 2’ and its supplements Advancement in scientific knowledge in agriculture has 1 and 2. questioned on rationality of ITKs and replaced these Experimental validation of 111 ITKs was carried ITK-based practices. The problems of sustainability of out during 2002-2004 by the scientists of the ICAR modern scientific technologies and their impact on Institutes and State Agricultural/Animal Science ecosystem and environment has evoked the interest Universities all over the country under the technical on ITKs during the recent past. supervision and monitoring of the respective Zonal The Indian Council of Agricultural Research Technical Coordination Committees (ZTCCs) and (ICAR) implemented a Mission Mode Project on under overall supervision of the Mission Unit and the ‘Collection, Documentation and Validation of Lead Centre of the project. Indigenous Technical Knowledge’ under National Each Zonal Technical Co-ordination Committee Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) in 2002. identified the Co-operating Centres and the The project aimed at collecting and documenting the Cooperating Centre Principal Investigators (CCPI) ITKs in agriculture and other land-based activities as for conducting experimental studies of their respective well as studying their efficacy and validity through subject matter area. Scientists of related disciplines experimentation for establishing scientific rationality. were associated in the experiments. The findings of The project activities were guided, monitored the experiments were reviewed by the ZTCCs, and in and supervised by an apex level committee (ITK the meetings convened by the Principal Investigators. Information Committee) with all DDGs of ICAR and The initial results of 111 selected ITKs were eminent scientists as members. published during 2003 in the fourth volume entitled, Information on ITK were initially collected from ‘Validation of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in the secondary sources like journals, reports, thesis, etc. Agriculture - Document 3’. Some of the promising and documented in a 411-paged publication entitled ITKs were subjected to cross-sectoral validation ‘Inventory of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in studies at additional research centres, while some agriculture - Document 1’. Subsequently, information of them required further studies as well as in-depth on indigenous knowledge-based practices were analysis, including identifying active ingredients collected from primary sources through voluntary contained in it. disclosures. The summary of 38 validated ITKs have been These have been documented in three publications included in this volume entitled, "Traditional entitled ‘Inventory of Indigenous Technical Knowledge Knowledge in Agriculture’, out of 38 ITKs, 23 in Agriculture - Document 2’ and its supplements were validated cross sectoral, i.e. at more than one 1 and 2. Subsequently, information on indigenous location in different zones and 15 were single center knowledge-based practices was collected from experiments.

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2. RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT

2.1 Rain-water management for teak (Tectona mulch in 3 years old trees of mango and teak during grandis Linn, f.), mango (Mangifera indica third year 2004. Linn.) and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Moisture content in soil in arid and semi-arid regions More moisture was retained in the treatments Description of the ITK under teak and neem compared with the treatments This practice is to retain rain water in the soil in mango. The moisture content was maximum at and to grow trees, particularly mango, neem and teak, 60 cm depth in both the treatments throughout the which are best suited for arid and semi-arid regions. period. With increase in soil depth from 15 to 60 cm, The practice is appropriate for a garden or estate where soil-moisture retention increased. teak, mango or neem trees are grown. This technique may be adopted in areas where there is less water Biometric observations available. There is no practical risk and it is easy to It is evident that the growth of trees was faster handle, less labour intensive and best suited for such in the method of micro-depressions over the other trees. This is in practice in Periakovilankullam village treatments and the difference was still obvious with of Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. pebble mulch during summer. Name and address of the discloser Soil analysis Thiru S. Murugesan, Periakovilankulam, Available nitrogen and potassium content in Sankararkovil, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu 627 soil was not influenced by the treatments. However, 953. available phosphorus content (20.3 kg/ ha) was higher Location of use of the ITK in the treatment of micro-depression than in the basins (15.7 kg/ha). The growth of teak and mango Periakovilankulam, Sankararkovil (P.O.), at Mettupalayam and Hyderabad indicate that while Tirunelveli district (Tamil Nadu) 627 953. micro-depression favoured growth of the trees at Experimenters Mettupalayam, it had no impact on tree growth at Dr. S.V.K Hiswaran, Associate Professor, Forest Hyderabad. College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Treatments in mango recorded lower percentage Coimbatore 641 301 (Tamil Nadu), Dr. G. Subba Reddy, of soil-moisture retention, which might be due to the Head, Division of Crop Sciences, Dr. N.N. Reddy, variation in the distance of micro-depressions made. Senior Scientist (Horticulture), Central Research High rainfall intensities lead to filling of the micro- Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad 500 059 depressions with soil and all the treatments would be at (Andhra Pradesh). par with each other at this condition, whereas micro- depressions (ITK) were helpful in retaining more Results and discussion moisture during low-intensity rain-fall periods and An unstructured interview was conducted to helped avoid death of trees due to continuous droughts. obtain the details of the ITK prior to conducting the experiment. The experiment was laid out at Forest Conclusion Research College, Mettupalayam (Tamil Nadu) for 3 The advantage of the micro-depressions method years (2002-2004) for trees of teak, mango and neem to is that it can retain the soil transported by erosion assess the effect of soil moisture-conservation practices in the run-off water, by collecting in the micro- by making micro-depressions around the basin of the depressions. The micro-depression method has been plant (ITK method). This was compared with the found to intercept more run-off water compared with conventional basin method for the first and second basin method. This method has been found to be years. As a part of cross validation, the experiments useful where trees are grown under rainfed conditions. were conducted at Central Research Institute for Soil fertility tends to improve in plots where micro- Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad with grass depressions were made at Mettupalayam.

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Micro-depressions Basin with grass mulch

Water retention in micro-depressions after rain Water retention in basin after rain

2.2 Rain-water measurement using rolu Results and discussion (indigenous raingauge) Experimental validation was done under both Description of the ITK on-station (CRIDA Research Farms at Gunegal and Hayathnagar) and on-farm situations in the villages Rolu (7.4” depth, 9” diameter hole on a 3’x3’x1.5’ of Nallavelli, Nasdik Singaram of Ranga Reddy granite stone block) is useful in knowing the quantity district and Gollapalli village of Nalgonda district of rainfall for sowing. Seeds in the field are sown when during rainy (kharif) season. The rainfall from both the rolu is filled with rain-water. This technique helps indigenous and standard rain-gauges established at the farmers in estimating the rainfall that is sufficient different experimental sites was recorded during rain to go for seeding. This method is adopted for sowing events during July-October 2002-04. Simultaneously, dryland crops like sorghum, castor etc. in Alfisols. the various agricultural operations done by the Name and address of the discloser farmers were related with the rainfall received during Shri Narasimha Reddy, Nallavelli, Yacharam growing season of crops such as sorghum + pigeon mandal, Ranga Reddy dist., Andhra Pradesh. pea, castor etc. Location of use of the ITK Operations performed in relation to depth of rain Nallavelli village, Yacharam mandal, Ranga water received in indigenous rain-gauge Reddy dist., Andhra Pradesh. On-station trial Experimenters Sorghum + pigeonpea were sown by 50-100% farmers in 3 days when the indigenous rain-gauge was Dr. V. Maruthi, Senior Scientist (Agronomy), filled to >3/4 capacity or more in the research station. Dr. G. Subba Reddy, Head, Division of Crop Castor was sown for 1-3 days when the indigenous Sciences and Shri N.N.Srivastava, Principal Scientist rain-gauge was up to >3/4 capacity, leading to 100% (Agrometeorology), Central Research Institute for sowings. Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 059.

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On-farm trials ranging from Rs. 250 to 300, which can be made by Sorghum+ pigeonpea were sown in 2-7 days by the local mason, and its less proneness to theft over the farmers, leading to 100% sowings with rain-water the standard rain-gauge are the major advantages. filling to 1/2—>3/4th capacity of the indigenous rain- 2.3 Method of rain-water management in gauge. In Nallavelli of Yacharam mandal of Ranga mountainous land scape under apple orchard Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh, it was recorded that when the rainfall received in indigenous raingauge Description of the ITK ranged from 1/2 to full, which was about 8-33 mm In several parts of the Himalayas villages, villagers in standard rain-gauge, it resulted in 100% sowing of often harvest rain water by building small water- sorghum + pigeon pea crops in the farmers’ fields. It storage "ponds" (locally called chaal).The number of was observed that the rainfall received in indigenous such ponds varies from 30 to 40 depending upon the rain-gauge when corrected was nearer to the recorded valleys and villages. Each water pond is 9 m. long, 9 rainfall of standard rain-gauge. m. wide and 0.9 m deep. The water used as drinking water for cattle and for irrigation purposes. Conclusion When the indigenous rain-gauge was full, Name and address of the discloser sorghum + pigeon pea were sown by all the farmers Shri Prem Singh Verma, Gawahi village, Sandhu within 3 days, which technically amounts to 50 mm P.O., Theog tehsil, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) 171 in the standard rain-gauge. Sowings can be continued 222. for 2 more days. With this, it fulfils the claim made Location of use of the ITK by the discloser. But the claim gets vitiated under Different villages in the foot-hills or valleys of the delayed monsoon conditions, because the season to Himalayas were considered. The experimental site is sow sorghum + pigeon pea would be lost for the fear an apple orchard, located at village Gawahi, which of sorghum shootfly attack, and the farmer will prefer is 45 km from Shimla city on national highway 22 to sow castor instead of sorghum + pigeon pea. Low (commonly called Hindustan-Tibet Road) and 8 km price of the indigenous rain-gauge made of granite from Theog town, which is a gateway to apple belt of Shimla district. The orchard is of about 3 ha area, at 2,400 m above MSL, which was established 10 years ago. Experimenters Dr. Pradeep K. Sharma, Chief Scientist (WM), Dr. O.C. Kapur, Senior Scientist (Soils), and Dr. S. S. Masand, Senior Scientist (Soils), Department of Soil Science, Ch. Sarwan Kumar Krishi Viswa Vidyalaya, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh) 176 062. Results and discussion

Indigenous rain-gauge (rolu) This experiment was conducted during 2002- 2004. Two sets of treatments were imposed in this study. 1. For in-situ rain-water harvesting and profile moisture conservation, the following three sets of treatments, in addition to control, were tested: mulching, terracing + mulching, and terracing + trenching + mulching. 2. For testing chaal, five types of dug-out tanks were constructed at appropriate locations in the experimental area, viz. (i) polyethelene-lined tank, (ii) bitumen (tarcoal)-lined tank, (iii) cement+ concrete lined tank (RCC), (iv) mud- plastered tank, and (v) unlined tank (control).

Measurement of rain water collected in rolu

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The whole experimental site was divided into three conservation through harvesting the runoff water and blocks for imposing the following treatments: the water directly from the rains and snow. Terracing i) Terracing: Land shaping between two apple trees alone was also effective in conserving moisture by along the contours in such a way that rain water directing the flow of runoff towards plant basins. flows towards the tree basins, Terracing and trenching thus should be practised in rainfed orchards for harvesting and conserving rain (ii) Trenching: Small trenches of appropriate sizes water in situ. Mulching retained more soil moisture were dug above the tree basins to harvest rain than no-mulch. Pine-needle mulch had an edge water in situ. over other mulch materials. Pine needles are easily (iii) Mulching: The tree basins were mulched with available locally. Pebbles also appear as a potential FYM, pine-needles, pebbles and cocopit, in mulch material, as they are also locally available in addition to unmulched control. plenty. The land shaping as well as mulching used for Stability of terraces and trenches soil-moisture conservation significantly improved the Land shaping (trenching and terracing) was done growth parameters of apple trees, viz. plant height, in October-November 2002. Due to fragile nature canopy circumference and stem diameter. of landscape and heavy snowfall during winters, The making of tree basins significantly improved the terracing was severely damaged, and had to be all the three growth parameters. However, composition reconstructed after one and half years. Therefore of terracing and trenching further improved the plant trenches need to be frequently repaired in fragile growth whereas all the three parameters were highest and erosion-prone soils. In spite of the damage under the treatment of basin+terrace+trenching. done to the terraces and trenches due to rainfall Likewise, growth of apple trees was better with mulch and snow, the moisture conservation due to these than without mulch and highest plant growth was land-shaping treatments encouraged the growth of observed with pine-needle mulch. natural vegetation. After the rainy season, the terraces Effect of mulching on water status of apple Trees provided with trenches showed profuse growth of The relative leaf water content (RLWC) increased grasses and leguminous vines due to profile water significantly with the application of mulch. Highest conservation. It would help in soil conservation and RLWC was observed with pine-needle mulch, and the add organic matter to the soil upon its decay. lowest in control. Water harvesting The RCC and polylined tanks were effective in storing rain water in-situ water from springs brought to the site through rubber pipes. No seepage was observed in RCC and polylined tanks even after 2 years of their construction. The bitumen-lined tank Chaals used traditionally in the Trenching along the hill-side did not perform well at this site, because the soil at the village wall experimental site was loose and gravelly. The chaal has to be lined with some effective sealant, like RCC or polyethylene (UV resistant material). Cost of construction was highest in RCC tank, followed by polylining and bitumen lining. Although the cost involved in the construction of mud-plastered and un-lined tanks was minimum, their utility would depend on the seepage losses and hence the effective water storage. Chaals without lining are not effective Terraced block at all locations because of excessive seepage losses. To increase their efficiency in storing the harvested rain Soil-moisture conservation water, either the chaals have to be lined with suitable Land shaping had significant effect on soil- lining materials, or locations have to be identified for moisture conservation. Soil moisture in all soil layers constructing chaals, that are low lying and naturally and at all dates was significantly higher in plant basins have very low permeability to water. Polythelene terracing and trenching. Trenching enhanced water and RCC were two very effective lining materials for

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Water stored in polythelene-lined tank Bitumen-lined tank

Unlined tank (control) Water stored in RCC tank checking seepage losses in chaals. Since RCC is very moisture in tree basins by directing the run-off water expensive, polythelene is recommended to check towards tree basins and harvesting the rain water. The seepage losses from each tank. moisture conservation effect was further enhanced when land shaping was coupled with mulching and Conclusion observed significant growth of apple trees. Pine- These studies have shown thatchaal is an effective needle mulch was comparatively more effective in structure for harvesting water from lining material. moisture conservation. The pebble mulch was also Bitumen, being hydrophobic in nature, is also effective, and may be easy to apply at on farm level effective in reducing seepage losses from farm ponds, because of its easy availability locally. However, due but its mode of application needs to be standardized to fragile nature of the land scape, the terracing and in loose and gravelly soils. Land shaping (terracing trenches were damaged due to snowfall and rains, and and trenching) was very effective in conserving soil had to be repaired even after 1 year of construction.

Cocopit mulch Pebble mulch Pine-needle mulch Control plot with no mulch

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3. SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

3.1 Cultivation of apple in Himalayan region Description of the ITK Traditional apple-orchard farming involves the use of contour ditches, water-control canal, soil traps, bench terraces and hedge rows of fast-growing leguminous plants, which have been adopted by the farmers of Himalayan region. Soil and water erosion is a serious problem in hilly regions. Since earlier times farmers used to practice this technology in an integrated way to improve soil and water conservation and manage nutrients in apple orchard. This technology helps in stabilizing the fragile eco-system dominated by apple-farming system. Use of such technologies lays focus on soil and water conservation as well as fertility management, resulting in a Contour testing paradigm shift towards maximization of productivity, The planting of trees did not follow exactly the profitability and sustainability of hill eco-system. This contour lines. A deviation, as high as 7.8 m, was is in practice for several years. observed between the actual contour lines and the Name and address of the discloser planting of trees. Likewise, deviations in plant to plant distance, plant height and plant spread were also Shri Prem Singh, village Gawahi, P.O. Sandhu, observed. Tehsil Theog, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) 171 222. Important Value Index exercise Location of use of the ITK To study the diversity of species and heterogeneity Farmers in Himalayan region. between SALT and non-SALT areas under Experimenters investigation, phyto-sociological studies were carried Dr. Pradeep K. Sharma, Chief Scientist (WM); out for different plant species occurring in those areas. Dr. Atul, Head, Department of Agroforestry and In the non-SALT area, there was much diversity in Environment, COA; Dr. O. C. Kapur, Senior Scientist plant species. In addition to many grasses (12 species), (Soils), Dr. S.S. Masand, Senior Scientist (Soils); shrubs like Rumex, Rubus, Rosa and Berberis spp. Department of Soil science, CSKHPKV, Palampur, were also found. Higher numerical strength of Rosa Himachal Pradesh. spp. in non SALT areas compared with that of Rumex spp. failed to generate a variation in IVI order. Species Results and discussion diversity was greatly reduced in SALT managed areas. The ITK-based technology has variously been termed Sloping Agriculture Land Technology (SALT). Performance and productivity estimation of the SALT is a package technology on soil conservation area and food production, integrating different soil- More than 92% of the trees planted survived. The conservation measures in just one setting. Basically, data were analysed using the two sets of degrees of SALT is a method of growing field and permanent slopes as treatment, i.e., very high (>50 degrees) and crops in 3-5 m wide bands between contoured rows of moderate (30-40 degrees), along with the combination nitrogen-fixing trees. of the terraced and non-terraced areas in the SALT area. The analysis of variance indicated the significant

7 Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture effect of slope on the spread and height of apple trees. and maintaining the indigenous species on the same It can be inferred that at high slopes the farmer’s piece of land, the farmer developed a sustainable intervention of developing small terraces is useful in land-management system in terms of ecological bio- getting better performance. The plant height as well as diversity, soil health, less soil erosion and economical the spread of the apple trees was generally more in the improvement. terraced and high slopes. In addition, the contouring Conclusion at moderate slopes also proved beneficial, but not at Contour orchard farming and terracing are the higher slopes. pre-requisites of the steep-slope orchard raising, There was reduction in the species diversity with as has been tried by the discloser. To mitigate the the introduction of the orchard species. The land water stress and soil-erosion condition due to steep management and uprooting of unwanted vegetation slopes, management of the slopes through vegetative by the farmer for establishing orchard reduced the structures was found essential. This intervention species diversity. This indigenous technology of helped in developing the ecological and economically intervention of the horticulture crops in the area sustainable land-management system.

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4. PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

4.1 Management of yellow stem-borer in paddy by the farmers. Yield varied from 5.63 to 6.03 tonnes/ha use of parasi (Cleistanthus collinus) leaf in comparison to 4.93 tonnes/ha in untreated control. Though the insect did not contribute to significant Description of the ITK yield loss due to its less or no infestation, there was an Application of 75-150 kg parasi (Cleistanthus increase in yield with parasi treatment in comparison collinus) leaves by broadcasting once in the rice field to that with untreated control. at 3 days after transplanting controls yellow stem- During rabi season different treatments of parasi borer during kharif. All the rice growers in Aralkocha leaf application (150 kg/ha) at 10 and 20 DAT and at village of Purulia district in West Bengal follow this 10, 20 and 30 DAT were effective in control of insect practice for the last 50 years. population than carbofuran. Single application of Name and address of the discloser parasi leaf at 150 kg/ha or 250 kg/ha were next in Secretary, Aralkocha Kansabati Club, village the order of efficacy, though all the treatments were Aralkocha, P.O. Konnapara, Block-Hura, Purulia superior to the untreated control. The same trend of (West Bengal) 723 128, through Kalyan Krishi Vigyan efficacy was also obtained in white ear-head formation Kendra, Vivekanandanagar, Purulia (West Bengal) and grain yield. In addition to the reduction of YSB 723 147. infestation, there was an increase in the number of ear-bearing tillers in all the treatments in comparison Location of use of the ITK to the control. But it was more in repeated application Villages Aralkocha, Rahemda, Siju, Arujnjora, of parasi treatments than in single application, which Chirumarcha, Hura, Piruzia,West Bengal 723 147. may also increase the grain yield. Experimenters Conclusion Dr. (Ms) Mayabini Jena, Senior Scientist, Parasi leaf was found effective in controlling Department of Entomology and Dr. T.K. Dangar, yellow stem-borer and thereby increasing the yield of Scientist (Senior Scale), Department of Soil rice when it was applied thrice in rice fields. It has also Microbiology, Central Rice Research Institute, been found effective in increasing the population of Cuttack (Odisha) 753 006 and Training Organiser, earthworms and soil bacteria. Kalyan KVK, Purulia (West Bengal). 4.2 Control of insect-pests in lowland rice using Results and discussion parasi (Cleistanthus collinus) Experiments were conducted during rainy season Description of the ITK (kharif) of 2002, 2003 and 2004 and during winter season (rabi) 2004. The treatments taken during the Approximately 0.4 to 0.5 kg fresh, tender experiment of CRRI farm were: (i) use of parasi (75 branches of Cleistanthus collinus are planted erect or kg/ha) at 30 days after transplanting (DAT), (ii) use of spread in the standing water after establishment of parasi (75 kg/ha) each at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, (iii) use summer rice with the anticipation of pest outbreak. of parasi (100 kg/ha) at 30 DAT, (iv) use of parasi (100 This practice is being followed by a good number of kg/ ha) each at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, (v) use of parasi farmers belonging to Kapgari village under Jhargram (150 kg/ha) at 30 DAT, (vi) use of parasi (150 kg/ ha) subdivision in Midnapur district of West Bengal. This each at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, (vii) use of carbofuran practice has been in vogue over generations without (1 kg/ha) at 60 and 90 DAT, and (viii) untreated any modification and is being followed in patches control and seedlings of Savitri variety at 30 days vulnerable to insect-pest incidence. Rice gundhi bug were transplanted during third week of July. In both generally appears in damaging level during rainy the years 2002 and 2003, the insect population were (kharif) season in the early maturing varieties that decreased in farmers’ field. Reduction in population mature during 1st or 2nd week of October. was related to the drought and heavy rain situation by

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Name and address of the discloser Dr. G. B. Manna, former Principal Scientist, 85 H, Hijli Cooperative, Prembazar, Kharagpur (West Bengal) 721306, Berakunda, Bhamganagar, Ganjam (Odisha) 761 126. Location of use of the ITK Farmers’ fields of Ajodhya village, Balasore (Odisha) Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack. Experimenter Dr. (Ms) Mayabini Jena, Senior Scientist, Department of Entomology and Dr T.K. Dangar, Implantation of parasi twig in farmer's field (Balasore) Scientist, Department of Soil Microbiology, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack (Odisha) 753 006. Results and discussion Experiments were conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons 2002, 2003 and 2004 at CRRI, Cuttack and during kharif 2002 and 2003 in farmers’ field of Ajodhya village, Balasore (Odisha). In farmers’ Healthy grains (left) and gundhi bug-infested grains (right) fields, only 3 treatments each with 10 replications were taken, i.e. implanting parasi twigs, applying 4.3 Planting of wild Saccharum spontaneum in insecticides and untreated control. Results obtained paddy field for controlling leaf-folder from the experiments conducted at CRRI, Cuttack and in farmers’ fields during 2002 revealed that Description of the ITK gundhi bug infested the paddy in spite of parasi Wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum) twigs of application. But there was decrease in population for height 4 to 5 feet and 4 to 5 cm diameter are planted the treatment where it was applied after infestation after 15 days of transplanting in rice field for control and applied as fresh twigs or leaves. Accordingly, of leaf-roller. These erected branches harbour the the yield was also highest in the treatment. But a predators at the time of occurrence of leaf-roller, significant increase in yield was not obtained in parasi thereby suppressing the incidence of pest. About treatment than in untreated control. Experiments 90% farmers in the Benakunda village of Ganjam conducted during 2003 showed that insect incidence district in Odisha adopt this practice. Wild sugarcane, was less and irregular in farmers’ fields. Parasi twigs Saccharum spontaneum grows near river banks on were implanted when the insect population was 1/m2, marshy lands. The plant is used by the farmers of but it did not increase subsequently, as is clear from Bhanjanagar area (Ganjam district) to control case the data on 10 DAT. However, insect population was worm in rice. found to decrease in parasi treatment in comparison Name and address of the discloser to untreated control. Yield was also more though Shri Birendra Nayak, village Bhanjanagar, district not significant. Yield data during 2003 were much Ganjam (Odisha) 761 126 influenced by rain and subsequent flood. Hence these have not been presented. Location of use of the ITK Conclusion Village Benakunda, block Bhanjanagar, district Ganjam (Odisha) 761126 Gundhi bug population was reduced by both fresh leaves and planting of twigs of parasi at the time Experimenters after gundhi bug infestation. Dr (Ms) Mayabini Jena, Senior Scientist and Shri K.S. Behera Senior Scientist, Department of Entomology, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack (Odisha) 753 006

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Results and discussion was observed on the broad leaf surface of S. Field experiments were carried out during the spontaneum, which perhaps helped in spreading rainy (kharif) season of 2002, 2003 and 2004 at two the population less time. locations, i.e. at (i) CRRI, Cuttack and (ii) farmers’ 7. The egg masses collected from leaf showed 200- fields in the villages. At CRRI, Cuttack the treatments 250 spiders hatching from one egg mass. This may taken were: planting Saccharum spontaneum at 7 be another contribution of S. spontaneum to its days after transplanting (DAT), 14 DAT, and after efficacy against rice leaf-folder. infestation, foliar spray of insecticide (imidacloprid) @ Conclusion 0.05 kg ai/ha and untreated control. In farmers’ fields three treatments were used: planting of S. spontaneum Planting of wild sugarcane (Saccharum at insect infestation, insecticide treatment, and spontaneum) is effective in controlling the infestation untreated control. of rice leaf-folder both before and after infestation. It is due to the fact that wild sugarcane plants help in During 2002 at CRRI research station showed that multiplication of different types of spiders that control planting of wild sugarcane at 5 DAT was more effective the leaf-folder. than the other treatments. Incidence of leaf-folder was not observed on 20 DAT due to planting of wild sugarcane at 7 DAT and 14 DAT, and with application of imidacloprid. Planting of wild sugarcane before infestation by leaf-folder helped obtain rice yield of 63.2 to 64 q/ha, which was 68 q/ha when insecticide was applied. Observations at farmers’ fields further showed reduction of pest population towards 10th day of botanical treatment, and total control was observed after 20th and 30th day of treatment. No hills were lost by insect infestation in wild sugarcane treatment, whereas there was complete damage of 30 to 45% hills in untreated control plots. In addition, Implantation of S. spontaneum in farmers' field delayed flowering was observed with reduced panicle size. Substantial reduction in incidence of leaf-folder as determined by infestation of hill was obtained in the experiments conducted at farmers’ fields. Mode of action of S. spontaneum Observations taken on the micro-ecosystem after planting of Saccharam spontaneum revealed the following facts 1. Almost all the leaves of S. spontaneum provided habitation for spiders. 2. Spider eggs were available in 65% of S. spontaneum implanted in both leaf surfaces and at the leaf- Spider on stem of S. spontaneum sheath portion. 3. Spider population was 2-3/m2 after 5 days of planting of S. spontaneum, which gradually increased to 6-8 after 15 days, with small spider nymphs all over the field. 4. Two types of spiders Araneus sp. and Oxyopes sp. were observed to kill and devour the larvae of leaf-folder. 5. Web formation was perhaps another mode of action for controlling the caseworm by trapping it at moth stage. 6. High rate of egg laying of some of the spiders A species of spider

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4.4 Control of caseworm (Nymphula depunctatis) 4.5 Control of gall fly Pachydiplosis( oryzae) in rice in rice by leaves of parasi and Sali Description of the ITK Description of the ITK Gall fly Pachydiplosis( oryzae) is very harmful to Caseworms are very common in the area of rice crop. It damages whole crop of rice. Farmers of Khaspokharia village West Singhbhum district, Tamar block of Ranchi district in Jharkhand use parso Jharkhand. Fresh leaves of parasi (Cleistanthus or persu (Cleistanthus collinus) leaves for controlling collinus) and sali (Boswellia serrata) are spread on gallfly. In this practice, fresh leaves of parso or persu the insect-infested field @ 5 kg leaves per 100 m2. A are collected and spread in the infested field without majority of insects (70-80%) are controlled with this processing. About 10 kg leaves are required for 100 practice. m2 area. These leaves are spread at the initial stage of infestation. This practice controls 70-80% insects. All Name and address of the discloser farmers of the village use this age-old practice. Shri Sanat Kumar Sawaiyan, Dumbisai, Chaibasa, West Singhbhum (Jharkhand) Name and address of the discloser Shri R.S. Prasad, Department of Extension Location of use of the ITK Education, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Village Khaspokharia, block Tantnagar, West Ranchi (Jharkhand) 834 006. Singhbhum (Jharkhand) 834 006. Location of use of the ITK Experimenters Village Deori, block Tamar, Ranchi (Jharkhand). Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) 834 006, Dr. N. Kudada, Assistant Professor-cum- Experimenters Junior Scientist (Senior Scale), Department of Plant 1. Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) Pathology; Dr. Rabindra Prasad, Junior Scientist- 834 006: Shri K. K. Sinha, Assistant Professor- cum- Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), Department cum-Junior Scientist, Department of Entomology of Entomology; Shri K.K. Sinha, Assistant Professor- and Dr. R. P. Singh ‘Ratan’, Head, Department of cum- Junior Scientist (Selection Grade), Entomology Extension Education. and Dr. R.P. Singh ‘Ratan’, Head Department of 2. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Extension Education. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Mohanpur, Nadia (West Bengal) 741 252: Dr. S. Vishva-vidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia (West Bengal) K. Mandal, Professor, Department of Agricultural 741 252, Dr. S. K. Mandal, Professor, Department of Entomology. Agricultural Entomology. Results and discussion Results and discussion Results obtained during 2003-2004 showed that Results obtained from the experiment conducted when the crop was not given any treatment, i.e. in the on 15 farmers’ fields during 2003-04 and 2004- control plot, the infestation of gall-midge increased 05 cropping seasons. At 30 DAT minimum mean from 6% at 30 days after transplanting (DAT) to 9.8% caseworm infestation (30.9%) was recorded in at 60 DAT. In parso leaf application, the intensity application of chlorpyriphos @ 1.0 litre/ha compared of infestation was reduced from 3.2% at 30 DAT to with 81.3% in control during two cropping seasons 2.1 % at 45 DAT and finally to 2.0% at 60 DAT. The (2003-04 and 2004-05), followed by application of parasi leaves @ 100 kg/ha, which recorded 58.1% caseworm infestation. At 60 DAT recorded minimum mean caseworm infestation (9.4%). All the treatments were significantly superior to control. Use of parasi leaves was effective in reducing caseworm population. Conclusion The study revealed that spreading of parasi leaves once 5-10 days after transplanting @ 100 kg/ha helped in reducing both the rice caseworm infestation and larvae population. Application of parasi leaves showed significantly lower infestation of caseworm than control. Farmers spreading leaves of Cleistanthus collinus in rice field

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reduction in gallfly-affected shoots was maximum Experimenters where parso leaf @ 100 kg/ha was applied. Dr. (Ms) Mayabini Jena, Senior Scientist, Conclusion Department of Entomology; Dr. R.K. Sarkar, Scientist (Senior Scale) and Dr. (Mrs) Padmini Experiments conducted both at Ranchi and Nadia Swain (Senior Scientist), Department of Physiology revealed that application of parso leaves is effective and Biochemistry, Central Rice Research Institute, in reducing the damage caused by gallfly in rice. Cuttack (Odisha) 753 006. Application of parso leaves @ 100 kg/ha was more effective at Ranchi. Although parso leaf reduced the Results and discussion number of silver shoots in rice in Nadia, it was not The experiment conducted during thekharif reflected in the grain yield, because the incidence of season of year 2002 to 2004 and results from both gallfly was below the economic threshold limit. the sets of experiment, i.e. at CRRI and farmers fields 4.6 Management of gundhi (harmful green algae) revealed that though one application of karada leaves in paddy field by karada Cleistanthus( collinus) reduced the population to below 50% level, another leaves application was needed after 20 days of first application to make the rice plants completely free from gundhi. Description of the ITK The vegetative stage of gundhi was reduced 100% Gundhi (Chard) which occurs in kharif paddy at 5 g and by 85% in 3 g leaf treatment. Results also fields in stagnant water, can be controlled by clear that the gradual decrease of dissolved oxygen as broadcasting 50-100 kg freshly plucked karada leaves well as chlorophyll content in Chara after karada leaf in August. The algae consumes oxygen from water application. The oxygen content varied from 9.8 mg/ of the rice field and produces carbon dioxide, which litre on first day of treatment (DAT) to 0.7 mg/litre results in yellowing and dwarfing of rice plants. The on 4 DAT. Biochemical analysis revealed high phenol toxicants present in karada leaves damage chlorophyll content of karada leaves, which was 16.4 mg/g fresh of green algae. This practice has been in use since time weight in comparison with 2.3-2.4 mg in rice leaf. immemorial in Panipila village of Nayagarh district in Perhaps this high phenol content is responsible for Odisha. killing gundhi so effectively. Name and address of the discloser Conclusion Shri M. Mohanty, Senior Research Fellow, Karada leaf proved effective in controlling Chara Agroforestry Wing, Directorate of Research, spp. harmful green algae in rice field and increasing Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, the yield of rice. It is effective due to its efficacy in Bhubaneshwar (Odisha) 751003. reducing the chlorophyll content in Chara, which may Location of use of the ITK be attributed to high phenol content in karada leaf. Application of karada at the vegetative stage of Chara Village Panipaila, block Nayagarh, Nayagarh was relatively more effective. (Odisha).

Gundhi (Chara sp.) Gundhi (Nitella sp.)

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5. HORTICULTURAL CROPS

5.1 Pest management in tomato (Lycopersicon Results and discussion esculentum) by using leaf extract of Cynodon The experiment was conducted during 2002- dactylon 03 to 2004-05 with three treatments viz. i) Cynodon Description of the ITK dactylon extract spray ii) Endosulfan 35 EC 0.07% spray and iii) Untreated check. In both the cases results Root rot and damping off in tomato is controlled by showed that endosulfan at 0.07% was effective against applying Cynodon leaf extract. This is applicable only fruit borer. Cynodon extract spray was not effective for tomato PKM, 1 (local variety) in Karikuttanoor compared with endosulfan treatment. But the pooled village district Dharmapuri. Fresh leaves of Cynodon results indicate that there was some reduction of fruit- dactylon (doob in Hindi, arugampul in Tamil) are borer incidence due to spraying of Cynodon dactylon dried in shade. The dried sample is powdered and extract. In disease management Cynodon dactylon then mixed with water and placed in an air-tight mud extract was little effective in the management of wilt, pot and left undisturbed for 24 hr. This mixture is leaf curl and fruit-root disease. filtered twice, first using gunny cloth and then with a white cloth. The clear mixture is ready for use. Then Conclusion 1 litre of this mixture is added to 1 litre water, which Cynodon dactylon extract was not effective is sprayed either by using hand-sprayer or by power compared with 0.05% endosulfan spray in controlling sprayer. When tomato seedling is 15 days old, this fruit borer. But Cynodon had some effect in reducing mixture can be sprayed at frequent intervals until the fruit borer incidence. In disease management harvest. For 1 acre land, 10 litres of this solution is against wilt, leaf curl and early blight, Cynodon recommended. Control of root rot and damping will dactylon extract showed reduction compared with result in good yield. It is best suited only for tomato untreated control. PKM 1 in Thaipattam (January). 5.2 Use of kochila (Strychnos nux-vomica)-mixed Name and address of the discloser cowdung compost in brinjal for controlling Shri P. Krishnamoorthy, S/o Shri Perumal, fruit and shoot borer Karikuttanoor, Thirumalvadi, Palacode, Dharmapuri Description of the ITK (Tamil Nadu) 636 808. Cowdung, 10 kg kochila (Strychnos nux-vomica) Location of use of the ITK seed powder and 25 kg kochila leaf are put in a compost Karikuttanoor, Thirumalvadi, Palacode,pit of 10x3x3 feet by mixing thoroughly. Then 10 litres Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu) 636 808. cow urine is added to the pit for 10 consecutive days and covered with soil. After 2 months the compost Experimenters becomes ready. This compost (5 g) is added to each Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore plant once at the time of sowing and at 45 days after (Tamil Nadu) 641 003. Dr. S. Palaniswamy, Professor planting. Due to its repellent action, incidence of and Head; Dr. P. Karuppuchamy, Professor, shoot and fruit borer is reduced. Department of Agricultural Entomology. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Name and address of the discloser Lake Post, Bangalore (Karnataka) 560 089, Dr. S. Shri Bivison Pradhan, Badakodanda, Bhanjanagar, Ganeshan, Principal Scientist; Dr Girija Ganeshan, Ganjam, (Odisha) 761 126. Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology); Dr. N.K. Krishna Location of use of the ITK Kumar, Head, Division of Entomology; Dr. P.N. Krishnamooithy, Principal Scientist (Entomology); Badakodanda, Bhanjanagar.Ganjam (Odisha) 761 Dr. Poonam Sinha, Senior Scientist (Plant Pathology). 126, OUAT, Bhubaneshwar.

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Experimenters 1. Dr. A.K. Das, Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubnaneshwar 751 003 (Odisha); Shri N. Nayak, Training Organiser, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhanjanagar (Odisha); Shri D. Maohapatra, Training Associate, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barachana (Odisha) 2. BCKV, Mohanpur (West Bengal); Dr. S.K. Mandal, Professor, Department of Entomology, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia (West Bengal), Dr. S.K. Naskar, Head, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Regional Centre, Bhubaneshwar (Odisha). Fruit borer in brinjal Results and discussion During 2003-04 the overall fruit- and shoot-borer soap was effective in controlling fruit and shoot borer incidence was less compared with 2002-03 but the but not as that of kochila-mixed cowdung compost. trend was maintained in both the years. The pooled 5.3 Control of insect-pests in cucurbits, cowpea results revealed that with the use of kochila enriched and lady’s finger by spraying cow urine mixed cowdung the incidence was reduced in shoot and fruit with tobacco-soaked water. borer by 3.92 and 4.89% respectively. Tobacco-soaked water harboured relatively higher proportion of Description of the ITK shoot damage (5.48%).The ITK treatment of kochila Insect on leaves and fruits of cucurbits, cowpea and cowdung compost although recorded much better and lady’s finger are very common. These are controlled superior performance but was less effective than the by spraying urine of domestic animals mixed with pesticide application remaining almost at par. Hence, tobacco-soaked water. This age-old practice has been owing to the fact that the pesticides applied to the adopted by 56% farmers in Bahadurpur village of crop have residual effects on the fruits and responsible Dhanbad district of Jharkhand. for health hazards, the ITK practice may be preferred. More over the yield per plant and yield per ha under Name and address of the discloser ITK treatment and pesticide schedule treatment in Shri Nepal Chander Ojha, Bhadurpur, Bagsuma, both the years, it showed similar trends. Tobacco- Dhanbad (Jharkhand). soaked water harboured relatively higher proportion Location of use of the ITK of shoot damage. Results revealed that kochila -mixed Village Bhadurpur, post Bagsuma, block with cowdung compost used by farmers through Govindpur, Dhanbad (Jharkhand). generations would be promising for controlling fruit and shoot borer in brinjal. Experimenters Conclusion Dr. Devendra Prasad, Head, Department of Entomology and Dr. Ravindra Prasad, Senior Use of kochila -mixed cowdung compost reduces Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology and the incidence of fruit and shoot borer in brinjal Dr. R.P. Singh ‘Ratan’, Head, Department of Extension considerably, which also matches with the claim of the Education, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi discloser. The mixture of tobacco-soaked water with (Jharkhand); Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar Dr. A.K. Das, Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar (Odisha) 751 003; Bidhan Chandra, Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia (West Bengal); and Dr. S. K. Mandal, Professor, Department of Entomology. Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Regional Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha Dr. S.K. Naskar, Principal Scientist and Head, and Dr. K.R. Rao, Scientist (Entomology). Shoot borer in brinjal

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Results and discussion insects, especially aphids. Rice starch and animal urine The experiment was conducted during 2003- are sprayed on vegetable plants. These traditional 04 and 2004-05 on effects of different treatments on practices are adopted by 85% farmers in Kurchi village control of insect pests, yield and additional return of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand. in cucurbits, cowpea and okra. In cowpea spraying Name and address of the discloser by insecticide (tobacco+cow urine mixture) was Shri Sitaram Mahto, Village Kurchi, block effective in reducing the incidence of fruit borer (8.75 Govindpur, Dhanbad (Jharkhand) to 14.94%), though the chemical insecticide was most effective. The highest fruit yield (53 to 131 q/ha) was Location of use of the ITK recorded by chemical insecticide, followed by ITK Village Kurchi, block Govindpur, Dist. Dhanbad method (51.4 to 105.6 q/ha). These two treatments (Jharkhand) were superior to the control in all cases. At BCKV, Experimenters West Bengal the chemical treatment and ITK method were at par. In cucurbits the chemical control was Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi Dr. N. most effective, followed by ITK method in all the Kudada (Assistant Professor-cum-Junior Scientist, cases. In-vitro studies on the effect of cow urine mixed Department of Plant Pathology), Dr. (Mrs) N. Bara with tobacco-soaked water and chemical control on (Scientist, Department of Extension Education), the mortality of insect pests of cucurbits, cowpea and Dr. Devendra Prasad (Head, Department of lady’s finger was done at Regional Center of CTCRI at Entomology), Dr. Ravindra Prasad (Head, Bhubneshwar. The in-vitro bioassay tests revealed that Department of Entomology) and Dr. R.P. Singh Ratan the cow-urine mixed with tobacco-soaked water was (Head, Department of Extension Education); OUAT, equally effective in slowing the knock-down effect and Bhubaneshwar (Odisha) Dr. A.K. Das (Associate mortality of Helicoverpa armigera in bitter gourd lady’s Professor, Department of Horticulture in College of finger and Acyrthosiphum pisum in cowpea. Tobacco Agriculture); Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, leaf contains nicotine in different forms and it acts Mohanpur, Nadia (West Bengal) Dr. S.K. Mandal systemically on the insects, which proved harmful to (Professor, Department of Entomology). many insect pests of different crops. The nicotine in Results and discussion tobacco and some compounds in cow urine showed The results in tomato revealed that the application synergistic effect on the mortality of the pest. The of insecticide was more effective than ITK but ITK economics of the different treatments was calculated was better than the control. The fruit yield observed at two sites (Bhubneshwar and West Bengal). The ITK at BAU, Ranchi was maximum (205.29 q/ha) in methods gave net return Rs. 4,059-6,511 for cucurbits. insecticide application than the other treatments. In lady’s finger the net return was recorded by ITK In lady’s finger, insecticide spray was more effective was Rs. 3, 510-7, 779. The result on cowpea indicted than the other treatments, but ITK was better than net return in ITK methods was Rs. 1,677- 3,413. control in reducing the insect pest. The yield of bitter Conclusion gourd was very poor due to attack of fruit fly and The use of animal urine mixed with tobacco- epilachana beetle. But ITK method was more effective soaked water was found effective in controlling to control the insect pests in brinjal and gave highest major pests in lady’s finger, cucurbits and cowpea. yield (113.30 q/ha), followed by chemical insecticide The economic return from ITK is also higher, but not (105.59 q/ha) and control (97.27 q/ha). more than from chemical control. Conclusion 5.4 Control of insect-pests by spraying starch, Spraying of animal urine mixed with starch animal urine and dusting of cowdung ash in followed by dusting of cowdung ash to control major vegetables insect pests in tomato and lady’s finger was effective, compared to control but the application of insecticide Description of the ITK was more effective than ITK at BAU, Ranchi. In The sticky nature of starch and uric acid of animal brinjal the ITK method was more effective than that urine helps in killing the insects. Dusting of cowdung of chemical insecticide. However, no treatment was ash helps in controlling the biting and chewing types found effective in bitter gourd.

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5.5 Control of shoot and fruit borer through use of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) soaked water in brinjal (Solanum melongena) Description of the ITK The shoot and fruit borers are very common in Kauwakol, Jorawardih and Mananiyatari villages in Kauwakol block in Nawada district of Bihar. Tobacco is soaked in water in the ratio of 1 : 10 overnight and the extracted liquid is filtered through fine cotton cloth. The filtered material is sprayed either with spray machine or fine broom. Before spraying, 1-2 teaspoonful detergent powder is mixed in the filtered liquid. This is an age old practice by majority of the farmers in these villages. Tobacco-soaked water treated brinjal crop in village Gularia Tari Name and address of the discloser with the net return (Rs 1,15,335/ha) obtained through Shri Mahavir Singh, village Kauwakol, block use of tobacco-soaked water. Thus, it seems that both Kauwakol, district Nawada 805 106 (Bihar). tobacco-soaked water and endosulphan are equally good in controlling shoot and fruit borer in brinjal Location of use of the ITK and economically viable for production of brinjal. Village Kauwakol, Sokhodeora, block Kauwakol, district Nawada, State Bihar 805 106. Conclusion Results of the experiments conducted for 3 Experimenters years reveal that tobacco-soaked water is effective in Dr. S. Choubey, Senior Scientist-cum-Training controlling shoot and fruit borers of brinjal, as claimed Organiser, Department of Agronomy and Dr. by the discloser. Further, tobacco-soaked water has no R.P. Singh Ratan, Head, Department of Extension adverse effect on human health and soil, like chemical Education, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, pesticides as reported by the respondents. Ranchi (Jharkhand) 834 006. 5.6 Protection of cabbage from pests Results and discussion Description of the ITK The experiment was conducted during 2002-03, 2003-04 and 2004-05 in the months of October to April, Cabbage is one of the important cash crops of August to February and April to December and results Shimla district. In cabbage plants a special type of revealed that application of tobacco soaked water pest spoils the inner portion of cabbage, the cabbage to control shoot and fruit borer in brinjal crop is as remains loose, and ultimately plant falls down. Ash good as chemical insecticide endosulphan. The lowest and cow urine are used to protect cabbage plants from insect infestation in shoot (6.2/m2) was recorded when insect pests. This ITK is useful to check insect pests tobacco-soaked water was used to control the shoot and also to enhance cabbage productivity. Cow urine borer and it was at par with the number of shoot (6.4/ may have same chemical that may have insecticidal m2) infected when chemical insecticide endosulphan properties. was applied to control the same. These treatments Name and address of the discloser were superior over control. These two treatments Shri Devkant Prakash, village Bhagheog, P.O. and showed about 63% less insect infestation in shoot tehsil Theog, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) 171 201. than control. The data further indicated that due to application of tobacco-soaked water and endosulphan Location of use of the ITK about 72% less infestation than control was found This ITK is prevalent in Theog area of Shimla in brinjal fruit. The highest fruit yield (323 q/ha) district in Himachal Pradesh. This area forms a was recorded with the application of endosulphan part of high hills temperate wet Himalayan region which was at par with yield (316 q/ha) obtained with and lies between the longitudes 77°-0” and 78°-19” application of tobacco-soaked water and these two east and latitudes 3O°-45” and 31 °-44”. This zone is treatments were superior over control. The highest physiographically a mountainous tract with terraces. net return (Rs 1,17,112/ha) was recorded when the Mainly dry farming is practised and soil is shallow, silt crop was sprayed with endosulphan and it was at par to loam in texture and acidic in nature. This zone at

17 Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture present contributes to about 96% of the total temperate of 10 and 20% respectively. All the urine types (cow, fruit production. Apple is the most predominant fruit buffalo and sheep), whether fresh or aged, showed grown in the zone. nearly similar effects for similar concentration levels without any significant difference. Treatments with Experimenters 150 g ash per plant was most effective compared with Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171 005, Dr. other quantities used and neither cattle urine nor L.R. Verma, Vice-Chancellor, Shri Chamanlal and Shri cowdung ash showed any marked effect on the growth Sanjeev Noel, Scientific Assistant, Himachal Pradesh of cabbage plant. University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171 005, Himachal Pradesh, and Shri Devkant Prakash, village Bhagheog, 5.7 Control of rhinocerous beetle in coconut by P. O. and tehsil Theog, Shimla 171 201 (Himachal using cowdung slurry Pradesh), Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Description of the ITK Bangalore and Dr. P Ganeshan and P. N. Krishna Cowdung slurry in wide-mouthed vessel is kept Moorty, Principal Scientists, IIHR, Hessargahtta, Lake at ground level under coconut plantations to trap the Post, Banglore 560 089 (Karnataka). rhinocerous beetle (Oryctes rhinocerous). This practice Results and discussion is in use for the last five years by the coconut growers Data obtained during 2002 from the experiments of Thummanayakakanpatty village in Madurai district conducted in Himachal Pradesh showed that there of Tamil Nadu. was significant decline in aphid population in cabbage Name and address of the discloser after 10 days of treatment by aged cow urine. Full Mr M. Jagadeesan S/o Mr C. Muniyandy, South control of aphid population was obtained after 35 street, Chelaimalaipatty, Thumamanayakakanpatty, days in urine treatment. These findings, show a strong Peraiyur, Madurai 626 703, Tamil Nadu. indication of effectiveness of cow urine compared with other treatments. The performance of cow urine Location of use of the ITK has been due to phenol, paracresol, catechol, orcinol, Thummanayakakanpatty, Peraiyur, Madurai 626 halogenated phenol and 2, 5-phenyl phenol, etc. 703, Tamil Nadu. which are known to be antibacterial, antifungal and Experimenters antibiotic which might be insecticidal in view of these findings. Dr. K. Koodalingam, Professor (Breeder Seeds), Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sugarcane Research Station, Melalathur, Gudiyathum 635 806, Tamil Nadu and Dr. K. Rajamanickam, Associate Professor of Entomology, Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar 642 101, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Results and discussion The experiment was conducted during January- December 2004-05 In all the locations, cowdung slurry and fishmeal powder attracted more rhinocerous beetles. Castor cake suspension recorded equal performance in controlling insects as that of cowdung slurry and fishmeal powder. Castor cake suspension was found superior in mass trapping A healthy cabbage of scraboid beetles (19 to 74) followed by cowdung slurry and fishmeal that ranged from 15 to 67. Conclusion The results of the study conducted in Himachal Conclusion Pradesh during 2002 showed that cow urine Setting up wide-mouthed pots containing treatments is effective in controlling aphid in cabbage. cowdung slurry @ 5 kg + 100 g dried fish meal powder Application of cowdung ash and fresh urine treatments placed at ground level attracted adult rhinocerous took a little longer time for pest eradication than the beetles up to 29 followed by cowdung slurry @ 5 kg aged urine. The treatments with cow urine (30 and with 2 litre water (18). Castor cake suspension @ 2.5 100% concentration) were more effective than those kg + 2 litre water attracted highest number of adult

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beetles (32). Cowdung slurry in semi-solid form was effective in emanating odour compared with the watery state. Red palm weevil, black headed caterpillar and other coconut pests were not attracted due to the above treatments. It can be concluded that the cowdung slurry, dried fish meal powder and castor cake can be explored as components in integrating pest management in coconut ecosystem. 5.8 Sprouting in yam by cow dung slurry Description of the ITK Tuberous roots of yam are divided into many pieces, weighing 150 to 200 g dipped in freshly prepared Treated yam setts spread on the moist sand for sprouting cow dung slurry, dried in shade and kept in sand for sprouting. This results in sprouting within 5-6 days, giving 100% germination. Application of cow dung Early sprouting, facilitated by application of fresh slurry prevents the entry of micro-organisms, loss of cow dung slurry, resulted in obtaining higher yield of moisture from the cut ends and supply the nitrogen tubers both at research station and at farmers’ fields. required during initial stages. By this practice the It was also found that, unsterilized fresh cow dung farmers get additional income of Rs. 10,000/acre over helped in better sprouting (97% on 30th day) over planting only tops of the tuber. It is being followed by the sterilized treatment, observed on different days, almost all the yam-growing farmers in Benakunda indicating the role of micro-organisms present in village of Ganjam district in Odisha. fresh cow dung. Name of the discloser Conclusion Shri Narendra Bisoyi, C/o Binayak Bisoyi, Application of fresh cow dung to the cut tubers Bhanjanagar, Ganjam (Odisha) 761126. induced early sprouting. There was not much Location of use of the ITK difference in sprouting behaviour beyond 30 days, and hence yam setts can be kept in nursery not Village Benakunda, Bhanjanagar, Ganjam, more than 30 days before planting in the main fields. (Odisha) 761 126. Results of the study also indicate that enhancement of early sprouting is due to nutrients, organic matter Experimenters content of cow dung as well as effect of bacteria and actinomycetes present in the cow dung. However, Dr. S. K. Naskar, Principal Scientist; Shri P. sprouting is inversely related to phenol content. Sethuraman Sivakumar, Scientist (Agricultural Further, in the treated tubers the protein content Extension) and Dr R.C. Ray, Principal Scientist, was high, resulting to increased enzymatic activity in Regional Tuber Crops Research Centre, Bhubaneshwar tubers during germination process. 761126 (Orrisa) 5.9 Off-season flowering in guava Results and discussion Efficacy of cowdung slurry in inducing sprouting Description of the ITK of yam was evaluated through field study and The farmers bend down the branches of guava experimental methods during 2002-2004. Sprouting about 45 to 60 days before flowering in 3 to 8 years of yam setts was higher when treated with fresh cow old plants. The branches are bent towards outer dung slurry under both on-farm (100%) and research periphery to open the centre and allow penetration of station (92%) situations. In contrast, the application sunlight. After 25 to 30 days, new shoots emerge from of Bavistin + ash resulted in sprouting of 78% and the bent portion, which bear profuse flowers. This 84% under on- farm and research station conditions, practice results in 39% increase in flowering in early respectively. Sprouting of all the 36 setts was achieved summer and 28% increase in late autumn. Off- season in 35 days when the setts were treated with fresh cow flowering fetches Rs 590 to Rs 600/plant, instead of Rs. dung slurry, which was 97% with chemical method. 150 to Rs. 180/plant in the normal season. About 81% were sprouted in 35 days when no treatment was imposed.

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Name and address of the discloser number of new shootlets per branch, early initiation Dr Dipankar Saha, Training Organiser, Ramkrishna of flowering, earliness in fruit setting was observed Ashram KVK, Nimpith Ashram, South 24-paraganas, during summer season than autumn season, fast West Bengal 743 338. vegetative growth, more number of flowers/shootlet, more number of fruits/shootlet at fruit set stage, more Location of the use of the ITK number of fruits/plant at harvesting stage, etc. Twenty six villages in 4 blocks: block Baripur-I Conclusion and Baripur II, Joynagar-I and Jaynagar-II, South 24 parganas (West Bengal). Now-a-days a tendency of bending and pruning of guava shoots has been extensively practised among Experimenters the farmers. This not only enhances the production Dr. Bikas Ghosh, Professor, Department of but also increases the availability of the fruit throughout Orchard Management, Faculty of Horticulture, the year. It was concluded that summer bending of and Dr. Premasis Sukul, Professor, Department of branches produced early emergence of more number Agricultural Bio- Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, of shootlets/branch, which caused flowering and fruit Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), set in them. But the number of reproductive shoots/ Mohanpur, Nadia (West Bengal). branch and fruit set is reduced during summer Results and discussion bending compared with autumn season of bending, which proved superior in respect of production The ITK techniques were tested during autumn with quality fruits. This ITK is remunerative and 2003. The result of the investigation showed cost effective, as the rainy season crop was sold @ that bending of branch has a profound effect on Rs. 1.80 to 2.0/kg fruits, whereas production during morphological changes and fruit yield during the November-January fetched Rs. 12-15/kg fruit and the course of investigation. Effect was seen in different fruits during February-May fetched Rs. 10-12/kg fruit plant morphological and fruit yield attributing from the farmers’ fields. Guava is now available almost characters of the plant and bio-chemical estimation of all the year round due to this innovative technique. shoot, bark and mature fruits like early emergence of new shootlets during autumn season, increasing the

Increased number of fruits/branch at set stage Increased number of fruits/branch at harvest

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6. FARM IMPLEMENTS

6.1 Pingali dhanti for intercultural operation in blade harrow. Inter-culture with pingali dhanti along tomato with hand-weeding gave 47% increase in net income over the blade harrow with hand-weeding (Rs Description of the ITK 2,303/ha). Also, there was no significant difference Bullock-drawn pingali dhanti can be effectively with regard to field capacity and draft between the used for weed control in tomato both during kharif indigenous pingali dhanti, blade harrow and its and rabi instead of hand-weeding. It can cover an area combination with hand-weeding. of 0.4 ha/day with a cost of operation of Rs. 150/ha. The results also revealed that, operation ofpingali By adopting this, clean weeding is achieved. It costs dhanti along with hand weeding showed higher about Rs. 100. weeding efficiency (89.53%) over inter-culture with Name and address of the discloser pingali dhanti alone (65%). There was variation Shri B. Narsimha Rao, Meerkhanpet, Kandukur, between two inter-culture implements in respect Ranga Reddy (Andhra Pradesh). of weeding efficiency and energy expenditure for inter-culture operations. When farmers perception Location of use of the ITK was judged, it was found that, pingali dhanti has Meerkhanpet village, Kandukur mandal, Ranga an edge over traditional blade harrow in terms of Reddy dist. (Andhra Pradesh). coverage, extended period of operation during the Experimenters crop-growth period and efficacy in controlling Dr. B. Sanjeeva Reddy, Scientist, Senior Scale weeds, ease in handling, cost effectiveness, durability (FMP), Dr. G. Nirmala, Scientist, Senior Scale and replicability of the implement. However, blade (Agricultural Extension) and Dr. G.Subba Reddy, harrow has edge over indigenous tool in terms of cost, Head, Division of Crop Sciences, Central Research availability and ease in fabrication. Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad (Andhra Conclusion Pradesh) 500 059. Use of pingal dhanti alongwith hand weeding Results and discussion enhanced profitability (47.1%), weeding efficiency Results on the farmers’ fields showed that, the use (24.53%) in rainfed tomato compared to the traditional of pingali dhanti for inter-culture operation enhanced blade harrow. It facilitated to control weeds effectively the productivity (21.74 q/ha) and net income (Rs 583/ beyond 45 days after transplanting. Farmers perceived ha) compared with the inter-culture with traditional that pingali dhanti has an edge over traditional blade harrow in terms of coverage, extended period of operation during crop growth period efficiency in controlling weeds and ease in handling. 6.2 Guddeli to uproot ginger Description of the ITK Good harvest with total recovery of ginger with less power is obtained by use of guddeli at harvest. It is easy to operate and cost of operation per hour is Rs. 300. The cost ofguddeli is Rs. 60 per piece. Name and address of the discloser Shri Pandu, Girgitpally, mandal Vikarabad, district Ranga Reddy (Andhra Pradesh).

Pingali dhanti

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Location of use of the ITK Harvesting with guddeli gave Rs. 10,274/ha increase Village Girgitpally, mandal Vikarabad, district in net income over the traditional farmers’ method Ranga Reddy (Andhra Pradesh). of harvesting with sickle. Use of guddeli at the time of harvesting reduced the energy expenditure (346 Experimenters MJ/ha) and cost of operation (Rs. 988/ha) when Dr. B. Sanjeeva Reddy, Scientist, Senior Scale compared with farmers’ practices. The overall (FMP), Dr. G. Nirmala, Scientist, Senior Scale, (Agri. improved performance of guddeli was observed due Ext) and Dr. V. Maruthi, Senior Scientist (Agron), to its optimum size and weight of the tool. Hence the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, operator felt convenient to use the tool continuously Hyderabad. for a period of 8 hr of operation. During operation the Results and discussion tool was also able to penetrate to the required depth to uproot the ginger rhizomes. The same conditions The ITK is being practiced was chosen for were not achievable in sickle due to its light weight. validation of the practice during 2002-03 and 2003- The sickle needed 3 to 6 repeated hits to perform the 04. The pooled results of the 2 years revealed that job satisfactorily. Consequently, the operating time there was no significant difference with regard to cost increased considerably, which had direct bearing of operation in planting, field capacity and yield of the on the field capacity, energy expenditure, cost of ginger rhizomes between the farmers’ method and operation and quality. use of guddeli in the operations. The use of guddeli for planting significantly enhanced the field capacity Conclusions (46%) and reduced the energy expenditure and The conclusion derived from the focus group cost of operation up to 28% and 19.8% respectively. interaction revealed that guddeli has an advantage over traditional practice in terms of field capacity, energy expenditure and cost of operation. However, the sickle has an edge over guddeli in terms of the cost and availability. The results showed that, use of guddeli for harvesting rhizomes in ginger enhanced the net income (Rs.10,274/ha), reduced the energy expenditure (346 MJ/ha) and cost of operation (Rs. 9.88/ha) compared to the traditional sickle. But there was no significant difference betweenguddeli and sickle for planting in terms of cost of operations, field capacity and yield of rhizomes. Farmers’ perceived that harvesting with guddeli was able to penetrate to the required depth to uproot ginger rhizomes Harvesting of ginger by guddeli compared to sickle.

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7. FISHERY AND ANIMAL SCIENCE

7.1 Use of banana pseudostem in fish pond to that of lime despite the fact that juice itself was slightly enhance productivity of fish acidic. This might be due to high alkalinity of juice and juice treated water. Since the pH of juice and lime Description of the ITK treated samples had high pH, it can be concluded that Pseudostems of banana, after harvesting the the lime and juice treated water are more suitable for bunch, are added to the pond by cutting longitudinally, fish culture. which increases the pH and oxygenation of pond Also, waters having alkalinity more than 50 water. This practice increases the fish yield. As it ppm are most productive and those with less than involves low cost, it is being followed by 80% of the 10 ppm cannot support good fish growth. Thus, the farmers in Bastar village of Balasore district in Odisha. juice as well as lime increased the alkalinity of water, Name and address of the discloser thereby making the water more suitable for fish Shri Rabinarayan Mishra, College of Fisheries, growth. Further, it was revealed that, Total hardness Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, of water is due to presence of calcium and magnesium Rangailurda, Berhampur, dist. Ganjam (Odisha) 760 ions along with ferrous and aluminum ions. In the 007. present investigation hardness values ranged from 193.33 ± 4.61 to 244.66 ± 1.15 mg/liter. While, No Location of use of the ITK significant impact of the juice on the dissolved oxygen Village: Bastar, dist. Balasore (Odisha). concentration was observed. Experimenters The results also showed that, the lime and banana Dr. C. Lodh, Lecturer, Department of Veterinary pseudostem juice increased the calcium concentration Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, and Dr. B.K. in water and is most effective in reducing the turbidity Chand, Farm Manager, Directorate of Research, of water. Also, a remarkable variation in species Extension and Farms, West Bengal University of composition of plankton (both zooplankton and Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037 (West phytoplankton) was recorded during the period of Bengal). study. In most of the cases the Chlorophyceae group phytoplankton and Rotifer group of zooplankton were Results and discussion the dominant groups in all the treatments. It is well The efficacy of banana pseudostem in improving known that the structure and biomass of planktonic pond water quality and enhancing growth of fish was organisms (both phytoplankton and zooplankton) determined through field experimentation conducted govern the quality of an aquatic ecosystem. Also, in this during 2002-03 at Bastar village of Balasore district case, it was also found that irrespective of treatments of Odisha and through laboratory experimentation the relative growth as well as specific growth rate of during 2003-2004. The results revealed that, the fish gradually decreased from the beginning to end of quantity of juice extracted from banana pseudostem experiment. was 700 ml/kg. The juice was yellowish brown in colour and slightly acidic (pH= 6.2). It contained Conclusion 12.47 g/liter total tannin, 2.47 mg/liter Fe, 0.82 mg/ Results of the experiments show that juice of liter Zn, 0.816 mg/liter Mn, 89.4 mg/liter Ca, 0.74 banana pseudostem is slightly acidic in nature with mg/liter Cu and 25.8 mg/liter Mg. Total alkalinity high hardness and high alkalinity. It is rich in minerals and hardness of the extracted juice were 1720 and like Zn, Cu, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn and phosphate, which 798 mg/liter respectively. When pH was tested, it was slightly increased the pH, hardness and alkalinity observed that, banana pseudostem juice treated water of water, helped precipitate the suspended matter and lime treated water had little higher pH than that in the water and thereby reduce the turbidity. It also of control. It is clear from the results that the juice is increased the plankton production by facilitating the responsible for the increase in water pH, similar to proper sunlight penetration. Fish growth in juice-

23 Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture treated water was higher than the control and similar lesions with harida and baheda paste was more cost- to that of lime treatment. The ITK may be considered effective than allopathic treatment. as a substitute for lime treatment for freshwater At WBUAFS the application of the ITK comprising aquaculture. harida and baheda resulted in the recovery of foot 7.2 Treatment of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle lesions within 12 to 13 days. However, conventional by using harida (Terminalia chebula) and veterinary treatment resulted in recovery from baheda (Terminalia bellirica) foot-and-mouth lesions within 6 to 7 days. Wound exudation, pain and lameness decreased in both Description of the ITK the treated groups 4 days after treatment. The ITK Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle is proved effective in the management of foot lesions in controlled by applying to the affected parts with 500 FMD though at lower efficacy than the conventional g each of harida and behada powder mixed with 2.5 treatment. liter water, twice a day, after boiling. It is being used Conclusion extensively by the cattle growing farmers in Makarbili village of Nawapada district in Odisha. The ITK consisting of the use of paste prepared from seeds of harida and baheda was validated at Name and address of the discloser Veterinary Colleges BAU, WBUAFS and OUAT. Ms. Bhanumati Behera, Plot No. 64, Surva Nagar, The practice proved effective in the management of Unit 7, Bhubaneshwar (Odisha). foot lesions in FMD, albeit at lower efficacy than the Location of use of the ITK conventional treatment. Histopathological findings showed that wound healing was accelerated by the Makarbili, Boden, Nawapada (Odisha) 766 107 topical use of harida and baheda, which could be Experimenters responsible for the efficacy of ITK. Birsa Agricultural University (BAU) 7.3 Curing lesions of FMD or wounds by applying Dr. S. Haque, Head and Dr. P. Shekhar, Assistant extract of peach (Prunus persica) leaves mixed Professor, Department of Medicine, Ranchi Veterinary with fresh milk College, Ranchi 834 006 (Jharkhand). Description of the ITK West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery To treat the lesions of mouth and hooves of the Sciences (WBUAFS) animals suffering from FMD, an extract of peach Dr. N.R. Pradhan, Professor and Head and Dr. leaves mixed with fresh milk is applied three times C. Lodh, Lecturer, Department of Medicine, Faculty daily on the lesions of FMD-affected parts of the of Veterinary and Animal Science, Kolkata 700 037 animals. This is followed in many villages of Budaun, (West Bengal). Shahjahanpur and Bareilly districts of Uttar Pradesh. Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology Name and address of the discloser (OUAT) Shri Syed Musawwir Ali, mohalla Furshori Tola, Dr. P.K. Das, Professor and Head, and Dr. Bund Gali, Badaun 243 601 (Uttar Pradesh). G.S. Parida, Assistant Professor, Department of Location of use of the ITK Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Odisha Farmers in villages of Bareilly and Badaun Veterinary College, Bhubaneswar 751 003 (Odisha). districts use peach leaves to cure wounds both for Results and discussion family members and animals. The animals treated with harida and baheda paste, Experimenters at BAU recovered within 6-7 days but foot lesions took 17-18 days for complete cure. In allopathic treatment, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), the initial improvement was noticed, although the Izatnagar-243 122 (Uttar Pradesh) wound complications persisted. Peripheral swelling, Dr. D. Swamp, Head, Division of Medicine, Dr. warmness and pain were reduced in 3-4 days in the A.K. Sharma, Senior Scientist, and Dr. Naveen Kumar, ITK-treated group. The clinical improvement was Senior Scientist, Division of Surgery and Dr. Mahesh markedly significant in ITK treatment in comparison Chandra, Division of Extension Education. with allopathic treatment. The treatment of FMD foot

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Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture Conclusion and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar 263 145 The peach leaves were found effective for the (Uttaranchal). treatment of maggot wounds. One or two applications Dr. Mahesh Kumar, Professor and Head, were required to kill or expel the maggots. The paste Department of EPM and Dr. Arup Das, Associate was applied on the affected part and bandaged. After Professor, Department of Surgery and Radiology, 2-3 applications the type and quantity of exudates College of Veterinary Sciences. decreased. The wounds appeared dried and the peripheral swelling subsided. The efficacy of ITK may Results and discussion be attributable to the presence of active ingredients Therapeutic trial such as flavonoids, steroids, fixed oils etc. Its efficacy The total 23 maggot wounds (17 bovine and 6 was comparable to that of standard veterinary canines) were treated at IVRI with the paste of peach treatment. (Prunus persica) leaves. In bovines 8 cases recovered 7.4 Use of Babool (Acacia nilotica) and Jamun by day 7 and 6 recovered on day 14. The remaining 3 (Syzygium cumini) bark extract to cure foot- cases of maggot wounds required 28 days (4 weeks) and-mouth disease in animals for complete recovery. It was noticed that the recovery period was longer when the site of the wound was such Description of the ITK that bandage could not be applied. In canine 3 cases A paste of Babool bark and Jamun bark is applied recovered on day 7 but the remaining 3 recovered on the hooves of the FMD-affected animal thrice on day 14. The paste of peach leaves was found very daily, costing Rs. 2-5 per animal. In this method the effective in the treatment of maggot wounds. One or disease is cured up to 70%. two applications were required to kill the maggots. Name and address of the discloser: There was a reduction in peripheral swelling, a decrease in pain and warmth scores following the Shri Syed Musawwir Ali, mohalla Furshori Tola, treatment and the healing progressed. Bund gali, Badaun, district Bareilly. At GBPUAT, a total of 8 cases of maggoted wound Location of use of the ITK out of total 10 got cured by the application of the fresh This is practiced in many villages of Baduan and paste of peach leaves twice for 14-21 days. However, Bareilly districts of Uttar Pradesh. by standard therapy, 90% (9/10) of the maggot wound Experimenters was cured in 14 days. The therapeutic efficacy of peach-leaf paste in the non-maggot wound was 70% Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) as compared with 90% in standard therapy. Dr. D. Swarup, Principal Scientist and Head, Ingredient analysis of peach leaves Division of Medicine, IVRI, Izatnagar and Dr. T.J. Rasool, Principal Scientist, Dr. R.K. Singh, Head, The peach leaves were subjected to phytochemical Division of Virology, Dr. V. Bhanuprakash, Scientist testing and the active compounds were identified as and Dr. Ram Naresh, Scientist, IVRI, Mukteswar, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids, fixed Nainital (Uttaranchal). oils and fats, tannins and phenolic compounds.

Different stages of treatment of maggot wound in dog

Before treatment Application of peach-leaf paste Complete healing by day 21

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Birsa Agricultural University (BAU) in Jharkhand use the following practice for their Dr. S. Haque, Head and Dr. P. Shekhar, Assistant treatment. Professor, Department of Medicine, Ranchi Veterinary For hooves: Cattle are made to walk in sandy College, Ranchi 834 006 (Jharkhand). soils along die river bed. The coarse sand helps clean the wound by friction. Hooves are washed with hot West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery water. Then 2 pieces of camphor and 10 ml coconut Sciences (WBUAFS), oil mixed together are applied to the wounds, which Dr. N.R. Pradhan, Professor and Head and Dr. act as an antiseptic. C. Lodh, Lecturer, Department of Medicine, Faculty For mouth: Paste of roasted brinjal and pure ghee of Veterinary and Animal Science, Kolkata 700 037 is scrubbed on the tongue to clean as well as treat the (West Bengal) lesions. The cost of these two treatments is quite low; Results and discussion i.e. Rs. 3 to 5 per animal, which is successful in more At BAU, the ITK, comprising application of than 95% of cases. All the farmers in the village use Babool and Jamun bark on foot lesions thrice daily, these age-old practices. showed good efficacy because die lesions healed Name and address of the discloser rapidly without the development of maggot in FMD Ms. Chami Murmu, Sahyogi Mahila, Bagraisai, affected cattle and buffaloes. The average duration for Govindpur, Rajnagar, Saraikala, Kharsawan 831 002 the complete recovery was 22.5 days with a range of 7 (Jharkhand). to 29 days. However, wound healing occurred by day 10 in a majority of the cases. Location of use of the ITK At WBUAFS the application of the ITK Village Bargaisai, block Rajnagar, Saraikela comprising Babool and Jamun bark decoction resulted (Jharkhand). in the recovery of foot lesions within 12 to 13 days. Experimenters However, conventional veterinary treatment resulted in recovery from foot-and-mouth lesions within 6 to 7 Birsa Agricultural University (BAU) days. Wound exudation, pain and lameness decreased Dr. S. Haque, Head and Dr. P. Shekhar, Assistant in both the treated groups after 4 days of treatment. Professor, Department of Medicine, Ranchi Veterinary The results indicated that ITK was effective in the College, Ranchi 834 006 (Jharkhand) management of foot lesions in FMD though at lower West Bengal University of Animal Sciences and efficacy than the conventional treatment. Fishery Sciences (WBUA&FS) Conclusion Dr. N.R. Pradhan, Professor and Head and Dr. At BAU, ITK consisting of the use of a decoction C. Lodh, Lecturer, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Babool and Jamun bark in FMD lesion was initially of Veterinary and Animal Science, Kolkata-700 037 validated at IVRI, Izatnagar and was reported to be (West Bengal) highly effective in the management of foot lesions in Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology the outbreak of FMD. The ITK was cross-validated at (OUAT) Ranchi and Kolkata veterinary colleges. Rut Jamun bark extract had inhibitory effects on the goat-pox Dr. P.K. Das, Professor and Head, Dr. G.S. Panda, virus. It can be suggested that ITK had some wound- Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology healing as well as selective anti-viral-potential. Further and Preventive Medicine, Odisha Veterinary College, studies are required to establish antiviral activities of Bhubaneshwar 751 003 (Odisha). these two bark extracts, especially against the FMD Results and discussion virus. At BAU, experimented with the use of a paste 7.5 Control of FMD in cattle with camphor of roasted brinjal in ghee and camphor in coconut oil was found 90% effective in the cure of mouth Description of the ITK and foot lesions respectively. The mouth lesions In February and March, or October and November, disappeared after day 3 of the treatment and in nearly 20% of cattle and buffaloes suffer from FMD comparison, animals treated with allopathic medicine in the Jharkhand region. Mouth and hoove wounds (Streptopenicillin) showed only 70 % recovery. Foot are common in cattle and other animals. Farmers of lesions showed recovery by day 7 of ITK treatment. the Bagraisai village of Saraikela Kharsawan district Importantly, no maggots were developed during the

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course of the treatment with camphor and coconut oil. Name and address of the discloser The foot lesions did not recover fully in the allopathic Shri Varun Lai, C/o Lok Jagriti Kendra, 52 Bigha, treatment group probably due to the non-application Madhupur, Deoghar (Jharkhand). of local antiseptics. Location of use of the ITK: At WBUAFS, the application of the ITK comprising roasted brinjal in ghee and camphor in Barmasa, Jarmundi, Dumka (Jharkhand). coconut oil resulted in the recovery of foot lesions Experimenters within 11 to 13 days. However, conventional veterinary Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) treatment resulted in recovery from foot and mouth lesions within 6 to 7 days. Wound exudation, pain and Dr. D. Swarup, Principal Scientist and Head, lameness decreased in both the treated groups after Division of Medicine, I.V.R.I., Izatnagar; and Dr. T.J. 4 days of treatment. However, in the ITK treatment Rasool, Principal Scientist, Dr. R.K. Singh, Head, group, pain on the site of lesions did not subside Division of Virology, Dr. V. Bhanuprakash, Scientist completely and the gait of animals showed slight and Dr. Ram Naresh, Scientist, I.V.R.I., Mukteswar, lameness till the period of observation. The results dist Nainital. indicated that ITK was moderately effective in the West Bengal University of Animal Sciences and management of foot lesions in FMD. Fishery Sciences (WBUAFS), Kolkata Animals treated with roasted brinjal and pure ghee Dr. N.R. Pradhan, Professor and Head and Dr. paste at OUAT showed the healing of mouth lesions in C. Lodh, Lecturer, Department of Medicine, Faculty 10-11 days. Animals treated with camphor+coconut of Veterinary and Animal Science, Kolkata 700 037 oil recovered in 8-10 days, with complete healing (West Bengal). of lesions. The recovery period with conventional Results and discussion veterinary treatment was 5-6 days. The application of the ITK comprisingBantulsi Conclusion leaf paste resulted in the recovery of foot lesions within The ITK consisting of the use of roasted brinjal 14 to 15 days. However, conventional veterinary in ghee and camphor in coconut oil for mouth and treatment resulted in recovery from foot and mouth foot lesion, respectively in FMD was initially validated lesions within 6 to 7 days. Wound exudation, pain and at veterinary college, BAU and was found effective lameness decreased in both the treated groups after in curing mouth lesions completely and foot lesions 4 days of treatment. However, in the ITK treatment partially in cases of FMD. The ITK was cross-validated group, the healing of wound lesions remained at veterinary colleges of BAU, OUAT and WBUFS. The incomplete and the gait of animals showed slight findings from BAU which demonstrated that ITK was lameness till the period of observation. The results highly effective in the management of mouth and foot indicated that ITK was moderately effective in the lesions due to FMD. At the other two centers the ITK management of foot lesions in FMD. Farmers were was found moderately effective. In terms of cost, the advised to repeat the treatment in a similar manner ITK was highly effective than the allopathic treatment. twice or thrice daily and to restrict the grazing of 7.6 Use of Bantulsi (Ocimum gratissimum) leaf animals and entry into the muddy places. The animals paste for treatment of Khurha (FMD) in cattle were examined for the healing of the lesion after 7 and buffalo days. The information to decide the recovery rate was collected from farmers. Description of the ITK Conclusion Bantulsi has medicinal properties against FMD. The paste of its leaves is prepared after grinding it The ITK consisting of the use of bantulsi was along with water and is applied on the infected foot moderately effective in the management of foot lesions of cattle and buffalo at least twice daily for 3-4 days. in FMD affected animals. The extract of bantulsi also The practice is prevalent in the Barmasa village of did not reveal antiviral activity against blue-tongue Jarmundi block in Dumka district (Jharkhand) and and goat-pox viruses. has potential for spread in the areas where Bantulsi is available. Success has been reported in more than 75% of the cases.

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7.7 Use of Stone Apple (Bael) to check diarrhoea in The results pertaining to the therapeutic efficacy animals of ITK at GBPUAT revealed that the clinical profile of all diarrhoeic calves revealed a significant decline Description of ITK: in scores for faecal consistency, dehydration and Stone Apple (Bael) might have anti-diarrhoea depression by days 3 and 7 of post-medication values. ingredient. Its juice is mixed with water and drenched A majority of the affected calves in different groups to the animals suffering from diarrhoea, 2-3-times showed normalcy with respect to the clinical profile a day. Treatment per animal costs Rs. 15 to 20. The after 7 days of medication. The therapeutic efficacy of animal is cured in 2-3 days. This practice is in use in Bael powder juice alone was 60% in diarrhoeic calves. many villages of Budaun, Shahjahanpur and Bareilly However, its efficacy in combination with standard in Uttar Pradesh. therapy was 90%. The standard therapy alone was Name and address of the discloser responsible for 80% recovery in diarrhoea in calves. Ms. Husan Afjal, Primary School Teacher, C/o late At Nagpur Veterinary College experimented Ilyas Fatima, mohalla Vedon Tola, Bund gali, Baduan that, the application of Bael powder, reduced the (Uttar Pradesh). dehydration score and faecal consistency score, it had little effect on the parasitic load. In nonparasitic Location of use of ITK with full address and geo diarrhoea, the bael powder could reduce the faecal indicators consistency score. However, clinical recovery was Animal owners of many villages in Budaun, more pronounced in the standard therapy group. Shahjahanpur and Bareilly. It was observed that Bael powder had an astringent Experimenters property and could be used as an adjunct therapy in diarrhoea for a speedy recovery. Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Dr. D Swarup, Head, Dr. N.N. Pandey, Principal Scientist and Dr. D.B. Mondal, Senior Scientist, Division of Medicine, IVRI, Izatnagar 243 122 (U.P.). Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT) Dr. Mahesh Kumar, Professor, and Head, Department of EPM and Dr. J. L. Singh, Associate Professor, Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Pantnagar, dist. U.S. Nagar (Uttaranchal) 263 145. Maharashtra Animal Science & Fisheries Sciences University (MASFSU) Powdered bael fruit Dr. N. K. Dakshinkar, Associate Professor, Dr. G. B. Shrikhande, Assistant Professor and Dr. D. B. Sarode, Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Nagpur 440 006 (Maharashtra) Results and discussion Therapeutic efficacy of bael fruit: Results of experiments conducted at IVRI indicated that the diarrhoeic calves received the significant supportive therapeutic effect ofbael bael- ivuii powder (ITK) together with standard powder in diarrhoea. These results are in antibiotic treatment showed better improvement in conformity with those of the previous year. Polypacked powder

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Conclusion Sarode, Professor and Head, Department of Clinical The study was conducted to validate the use of Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Nagpur bael fruit powder in diarrhoea. The initial validation 440 006 (Maharashtra). was done at IVRI, where the bael powder given @ 24 Birsa Agricultural University (BAU) g/100 kg body weight orally was found to hasten the Dr. S. Haque, Head, Dr. P. Shekhar Assistant recovery in calves suffering from E. coli diarrhoea. Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ranchi The bael powder was of particular use as a supportive Veterinary College, and Dr. R.P. ‘Ratan’, Head, therapy. The cross-sectoral validation study done at Department of Extension, BAU, Ranchi 834 006 Veterinary College, GBPUAT and Veterinary College, (Jharkhand). MASFSU, Nagpur confirmed these findings. The active ingredient study revealed the presence of alkaloids, Results and discussion tannins, flavonoids, saponins and triterpenes, which Therapeutic efficacy may be responsible for ameliorative potential of bael At IVRI, the diarrhoeic calves with using ITK had in diarrhoea. better improvement than animals without ITK in terms 7.8 Control of diarrhoea in cattle and buffalo by a of faecal consistency, depression and dehydration. The paste made from leaves of Shisham (Dalbergia result showed that almost normal level was noted with sissoo) ITK by day 3, whereas in the animals of without ITK Description of ITK continued to pass loose motion till day 3 and had mild Dulbergia sissoo leaves might be having anti- to moderate depression and dehydration even by day diarrhoea medicinal value. This ITK is highly 7. It was thus evident that calves of using ITK had a compatible with the existing resources. About 500 g faster recovery as compared to those without ITK, of shisham leaves are ground into the paste and are indicating the significant supportive therapeutic effect mixed with 1-liter water and drenched 2-3 times a day of shisham leaf paste in diarrhoea. per adult cow or buffalo. It costs Rs. 1-2 per animal. The results of the clinical trial conducted at The animal is cured in 2-3 days. This is in vougue in Veterinary College, GBPUAT Pantnagar and found many villages of Shahjhanpur, Bulandshar and Bareilly that, the clinical scores of all the groups’ diarrhea on districts of Uttar Pradesh. day 0. After 3 days of medication, the clinical scores in all affected groups were > 1 and after day 7 it was Name and address of the discloser 0 (normal) for faecal consistency and below 1 for Shri Syed Musawir Ali, Mohalla - Furshoori Tola, depression and dehydration. The therapeutic efficacy Bund Gali, Baduan, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh). of Shisham leaf powder paste was 60% in diarrhoeic Location of use of ITK calves. However, the therapeutic efficacy ofShisham leaf powder paste in combination with standard Villages in the district of Shahjahanpur, therapy was 80%. The standard therapy alone was Bulandshahar and Bareilly (U.P). responsible for 70% recovery. Experimenters Results obtained for treatment of diarrhea using Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Shisham leaf paste at Nagpur Veterinary College Dr. D Swarup, Head, Dr. N.N. Pandey, Principal MASFSU and found that faecal examination revealed Scientist, Dr. D.B. Mondal, Senior Scientist, Division mixed infestation of Trichuris, Strongale and Moneizia of Medicine, IVRI, Izatnagar 243 122 (U.P.). spp. in parasitic diarrhoeic animals. Complete recovery in this group was achieved with standard Gobind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and therapy with an average of 2 days. Treatment with ITK Technology (GBPUAT) reduced the dehydration score and faecal consistency Dr. Mahesh Kumar, Professor and Head, score, the clinical recovery was more pronounced Department of EPM and Dr. J. L. Singh, in the standard therapy group. It was noted that the Associate Professor, Clinical Medicine, College of Shisham leaf paste had an ameliorative potential Veterinary Sciences, Pantnagar, dist. U.S. Nagar especially in nonparasitic diarrhoea. 263 145 (Uttaranchal) Results pertaining to clinical recovery in different Maharashtra Animal Science and Fisheries groups of goats at BAU ITK alone could bring 60% Sciences University (MASFU) recovery in non-parasitic diarrhoea. The average Dr. N. K. Dakshinkar, Associate Professor, Dr. recovery period in this group was 7 days. The average G. B. Shrikhande, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. B. recovery period was 3-5 day with 85% efficacy. This

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In vitro antimicrobial profile againstPr. vulgaris In vitro antimicrobial profile against S. typhi indicated that the use of shisham leaves with panacure Location of use of the ITK was highly effective in parasitic diarrhoea. Samtoli, Simdega, Simdega (Jharkhand). Conclusion Geographical indicators The use of shisham leaf paste in the treatment of An evergreen, woody, glabrous, showy shrub, 5-8 diarrhoea was validated initially at IVRI. It was found feet high. The flowers solitary, axillary and bell-shaped. that shisham leaf paste given @ 105 g could enhance It is native to China. It is grown as an ornamental the recovery in E. coli diarrhoea. Further studies at plant in gardens throughout India and often planted IVRI and cross-validation at three different centers as a hedge or fence plant. also confirmed the ameliorative potential ofshisham leaves in different types of parasitic and non-parasitic Experimenters diarrhoea. The presence of alkaloids, saponins and Maharashtra Animal Science and Fisheries tannins may be responsible for the antidiarrheal Sciences University (MASFSU) activity of shisham leaves. Dr. N. K. Dakshinkar, Associate Professor, Dr. 7.9 Treatment of diarrhoea by juices of Gurhul G. B. Shrikhande, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. B. (Hibiscus rosasinensis) flowers in goats Sarode, Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Nagpur Description of the ITK 440 006 (Maharashtra). Diarrhoea is common in goats in Samtoli village of Simdega district in Jharkhand and is controlled by Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) extract of gurhul (urhul) flower. Juice of gurhul flowers Dr. V.S. Vihan, Principal Scientist and Head, Dr. (2-3 flowers) is orally administered twice a day for 3 Ashok Kumar, Senior Scientist and Dr. Rajneesh Rana days. The cost of the treatment is Rs. 30 per animal. Scientist (Senior Scale), Animal Health Division, A majority of the farmers use this ITK in this village. Makhdoom 281 122, Mathura (U.P.). About 20% goats suffer from diarrhoea, and 50% are Results and discussion treated by the reported ITK. Therapeutic efficacy Name and address of the discloser Results obtained for treatment of diarrhea using Shri Babulal Horo, Pathalkudwam, Church Lane, gurhul-flower juice at Nagpur Veterinary College Ranchi (Jharkhand) 834 001. and found that the gurhul-flower juice reduced the

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dehydration and faecal consistency scores in both Location of use of the ITK parasitic and non-parasitic diarrhoeic goats. The Sose, Kanke, Ranchi (Jharkhand). results indicated that gurhul flower juice has astringent effect and can be used as supportive therapy. Experimenters At CIRG, Makhdoom the clinical efficacy was Birsa Agricultural University (BAU) assessed on the basis of revival of appetite, faecal Dr. S. Haque, Head, Dr. P. Shekhar, Assistant consistency, dehydration status and changes in serum Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ranchi biochemical parameters. The overall therapeutic Veterinary College and Dr. R.P. Singh ‘Ratan’, BAU, efficacy of the ITK was 66.7%. It was noted that the Ranchi 834 006 (Jharkhand). flower juice was moderately effective in bacterial Central Institute of Research on Goats (CIRG) diarrhoea in goats. Serum glucose and sodium and potassium levels increased slightly after the treatment. Dr. V.S. Vihan, Principal Scientist and Head, Dr. Ashok Kumar, Senior Scientist and Dr. Rajneesh Rana, Qualitative analysis of the extract revealed the Scientist (Senior Scale), Animal Health Division, presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, alkaloids CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura, 281 122 (U.P.). and carbohydrates. Results and discussion Conclusion The initial validation study using ITK (flower Clinical efficacy juice of gurhul) for the treatment of diarrhoea was Results pertaining to clinical recovery in different conducted at Veterinary College, BAU, Ranchi. The groups obtained at BAU i.e. treatment with ITK alone use of gurhul-flower juice proved effective in the resulted in 90% recovery in non-parasitic diarrhoea. treatment of diarrhoea in goats. But recovery period The average recovery period in this group was 3 days. following treatment by the ITK was more than that by Goats suffering from parasitic diarrhoea and receiving the standard veterinary therapy. Further trial for cross- standard anthelmintic and antimicrobial treatment sectoral validation was done at Veterinary College, recorded 80% recovery with an average recovery MASFSU Nagpur and CIRG, Makhdoom. Both period of 4 days. The average recovery period in studies recorded a moderate degree of effectiveness of this group was 2 days with 100% efficacy. The results the ITK against parasitic and E.coli diarrhoea in goats. indicated that the use of pojo bark alone was effective However, the juice did not reveal any antibacterial in non-parasitic diarrhoea and it improved the activity. The presence of flavonoids, tannins and efficacy of specificanthelmintic Panacure in parasitic alkaloids may be responsible for the efficacy of the diarrhoea. ITK in diarrhoea. The clinical efficacy at CIRG was assessed on 7.10 Treatment of diarrhoea in animals (goats and the basis of revival of appetite, fecal consistency, sheep) dehydration status, which was categorized on a scoring basis and changes in serum biochemical parameters. Description of the ITK The result of therapeutic efficacy suggested that Goat and sheep suffering from diarrhoea are drug in the given concentration was very effective in treated with pojo (Litsaea anthapoly) plants. The paste bacteria origin diarrhea in goats. Overall efficacy was is prepared by crushing the pojo plant. It is fed to 73.3 %. animal @ 6 cup of pojo paste daily for 3 days. Villagers Conclusion believe that pojo plant has medicinal value, controls diarrhoea and prevents dehydration. This wisdom is The ITK, i.e. use of pojo bark paste in diarrhoea, being used for ancient times without modification. was initially validated at Veterinary College, BAU, About 40% goats suffer from diarrhoea in the village Ranchi. The study concluded with the findings that from where the ITK is reported. Out of these, 30% the paste of pojo bark was beneficial in the treatment cases of diarrhoea are treated by the method of ITK, of non-parasitic diarrhoea in goats. The present trial 5% remain untreated and 5% are treated by some at the same center by other scientific teams reported other medicines. 90% efficacy of ITK when used alone and 100% efficacy when combined with anthelmintic. The Name and address of the discloser average recovery period with the ITK treatment was Shri Veeresh Kumar, Department of Extension 3-5 days and in combination treatment 2 days. Cross- Education, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, sectoral validation studies conducted at CIRG also Ranchi (Jharkhand). substantiated the previous report. It was concluded

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Experimenters Maharashtra Animal Science and Fisheries Science University (MASFSU) Dr. N. K. Dakshinkar, Associate Professor, Dr. G. B. Shrikhande, Assistant Professor, Dr. D. B. Sarode, Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Nagpur 440 006 (Maharashtra). Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) Dr. V.S. Vihan, Principal Scientist and Head, Dr. Ashok Kumar, Senior Scientist and Dr. Rajneesh Rana, Scientist (Senior Scale), Animal Health Division

Antibiogram of Pojo tree bark extract CIRG, Makhdoom- 281122, Mathura (U.P.). Results and discussion that the bark of pojo (Litsaea anthapoly) plants had Results obtained for treatment of diarrhoea using strong potential as an antidiarrhoeal herb in goats. takala flower juice revealed that, administration This property may be attributed to its antibacterial of takala flower juice significantly reduced the activity against E.coli and possibly potentiated by dehydration score and faecal consistency particularly its astringent action by the presence of glycosides, in cases of non-parasitic diarrhoea. The average alkaloids and saponins. recovery period in ITK treated groups was 4 and 6 days 7.11 Curing of diarrhoea in goats by using takala in parasitic and non-parasitic diarrhoea respectively. (Cassia tora) flower juice The standard treatment, however, brought about clinical recovery within 2 and 5 days respectively. This Description of the ITK indicated possible anthelmintic activity of the flower Diarrhoea is a commonly observed health juice of takala (Cassia tora). The changes in haemato- disorder in goats. The reason may be eating of tender biochemical paramaters simulated the clinical grasses in rainy season, and the excess intake of tubers recovery profile. and grains. To control diarrhoea, takala flower juice and Vi cup tea are orally administered to the goat for 2-3 days. Farmers of Solapur district in Maharashtra are adopting this practice since several years. Name and address of the discloser Shri B.B. Khatal, Solapur (Maharashtra). Location of the use of the ITK Solapur, parts of Sangli, Ahmednagar and Pune (Maharashtra). Geographical indicators Botanical name : Cassia tora Local name : Takala Antobiogram of Cassia tora leaf extract Family : Leguminosae At CIRG overall therapeutic efficacy of takala leaf A small weed plant, an annual herb 30-90 cm juice was 60%, which suggested that the juice of takala high. It is widely spread, growing on dry soil. It leaves at the tested concentration was moderately occurs in wasteland during rainy season. Leaves and effective in bacterial diarrhoea in goats untoward seeds of takala are laxative, antipyretic, anthelmintic, reaction was noticed during treatment and serum ophthalmic and expectorant. The leaves and seeds are biochemical parameters did not indicate toxicity of useful in cough, constipation and stomach disorder. ITK .

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Conclusion Ch. Sarwan Kumar, Krishi Vishwavidyalaya The initial validation study using ITK (flower juice (CSKHPKV) of takala in treatment of diarrhoea was conducted at Dr. A.C. Varshney, Professor and Head, Dr. S.P. Veterinary College, MASFSU, Nagpur. The findings Tyagi, Assistant Professor and Dr. M.S. Kanwar, recorded moderate degree of effectiveness of the ITK Associate Professor, Department of Surgery and against parasitic diarrhoea in goats. Further trial at the Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, same centre substantiated the previous year’s results Palampur 176 062 (Himachal Pradesh). with additional finding on the moderate efficacy of Results and discussion the ITK in non- parasitic diarrhoea. Considering non- availability of flowers in different seasons, takala Out of the 10 clinical cases of wounds treated at (Cassia tora) plant leaves were assessed for their MASFSU, four wounds were fresh, covered with blood efficacy against E. coli diarrhoea at CIRG, Makhdoom. clots, whereas six were contaminated with dirt and The leaf extract showed enough potential as an foreign material. In treatment group of juice of ekdandi, antidiarhoeal therapy in management of diarrhoea in wounds were fresh showing discharge of exudate, goats. and seven were contaminated; whereas in Neosporin treatment group the four wounds were fresh covered 7.12 Wound management in animals by use of leaf with clotted blood, and six were contaminated with extract of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) or mud and foreign particles. The wounds treated with ekdandi (Tridex procumbens) juice of ridge gourd leaves showed the appearance of Description of the ITK granulation tissue on day 6 after-treatment, whereas it was observed on day 5 after-treatment in those This practice is followed by the farmers of semi- treated with juice of ekdandi leaves. At CSKHPKV, arid tract of western Maharashtra especially in parts the wounds treated with ridge gourd extract (group of Pune, Satara, Solapur and Ahmednagar districts. C) were relatively drier when compared with other Ridge gourd or ekdandi leaves are grind and the two groups on day 3 after operation. The wounds in juice is extracted. The extracted juice is smeared over this group were covered with a relatively stronger the wounds of the animal. This practice effectively transparent scab; whereas the wound covering in of controls wound in animals due to antiseptic lotion the two groups were too fragile which readily peeled off present in ridge gourd and ekdandi leaves. during dressing change-over. The wound edges were Name and address of the discloser: quite raw with fragile vascular bed in group A, which Shri B.B. Khutal, Solapur (Maharashtra). bled easily during even a slight manipulation In group B, though the bleeding tendency was not as marked as Location of use of the ITK in group A, they still showed intermittent raw patches The practice is found in semi-arid tract of western over wound surfaces. Exudation and inflammatory Maharashtra specifically in parts of Pune, Satara, changes of wounds were also least in group C and Solapur and Ahmednagar districts. almost comparable in other two group at this stage. Experimenters The juice of ridge gourd and ekdandi leaves as well as aqueous cold and hot water extracts of fresh leaves Maharashtra Animal Science and Fishery Sciences of ridge gourd showing anti-bacterial potential were University (MASFSU) further tested at monthly interval. However, a month- Dr. S.N. Patil, Associate Professor, Dr. V.S. old juice and aqueous extract did not show any anti- Panchbhai, Professor, Dr. M.S. Dhakate, Associate bacterial activity. These findings suggest that juice and Professor, Dr. B.M. Gahlod, Assistant Professor and aqueous extracts should be used immediately after its Dr. S.V. Upadhye, Assistant Professor, Department of preparation in order to control the infection from the Surgery; and Dr. A.G. Bhandarkar, Associate Professor, wounds. Department of Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagppur 440 006 (Maharashtra).

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A. Ridge gourd (day 7) B. Ekdandi (day 7) C. Neosporin (day 7)

D.Ridge gourd (day 14) E. Ridge gourd (day 14) F. Neosporin (day 14)

G. Neosporin (day 14) H. Ridge gourd (day 21) I. Ekdandi (day 21)

J. Neosporin (day 21)

Conclusion The percentage of wound contraction was more better healing property of these herbs. The juice of than 32% on day 12 after treatment in the wounds ridge gourd and ekdandi fresh leaves as well as cold treated with juice of ridge gourd and ekdandi leaves and hot water extracts of fresh leaves of ridge gourd compared with only 18.50% in Neosporin treatment possessed anti-bacterial activity. It was concluded group, indicating early process of wound healing. that ridge gourd can be used effectively for treating The histomorphological findings revealed early the wounds contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, keratinization of dermal epithelium in both the Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa groups of wounds treated with juice of ridge gourd and and E. coli. The use of ridge gourd(Luffa acutangula) ekdandi leaves on day 21 after treatment. However, the extract was also found safe for topical application on keratinization of dermis was not evident of the wounds cutaneous wounds and was useful in the treatment of treated with Neosporin ointment, which indicated excisional cutaneous wounds in animals.

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7.13 Use of bhangariya (Eclipta alba) to cure blain observation was found that the difference in the in animals diameter of inflammation before and after treatment Description of the ITK with poultice and iodine ointment differ significantly within group analysis and was found significant at To cure the animals from blain, farmers of Sonapur 1% level. In ITK group, inflammatory swelling was village in Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh use 13.36 cm, which decreased to 3.57 cm after treatment. paste of bhangariya. About 200-250 g of bhangariya The average recovery period in this group was 7 plant (leaf and stem) is collected from the field and days; It equally effective to that of iodine-ointment washed before crushing. The paste is fried in 50-60 ml treatment. The observations recorded at TANUVAS mustard oil. The fried paste is divided into three parts, before and after application of ITK are revealed that, which are used in 3 days after changing the old doses. the medicament has anti-inflammatory property, By this practice, 80-90% of the problem is controlled which has diminishing effect on rubor, callor, dollar for cattle, buffaloes and goats. Out of 1,200 farmers, and tumour with promotional effect on function. The 400-500 farmers follow this practice. present study revealed that the paste of Eclipta alba Name and address of the discloser has hypothermic, nodyne and astringent effects. Shri Ranjay Kumar Singh, S/o Shri Haribansh Singh, Conclusion village Sonapur, P.O. Sewta, Azamgarh (Uttar Pradesh) 276 128 Results obtained at MASFSU indicated that the leaves and stem of bhangariya plant possess Location of use of the ITK some active principles (ecliptene, wedelollactone Sonapur, Johanaganj, Azamgarh (Uttar Pradesh) and sterols, reported earlier) which is anti- 276 128. inflammatory in nature. Hence, the poultice of leaves Experimenters and stem of bhangariya plant fried in mustard oil Maharashtra Animal Sciences and Fishery Sciences were effective to manage the blain in buffaloes. The University (MASFSU) bhangariya poultice was equally effective to that of iodine ointment to manage the blain in farm animals. Dr. C.R. Jangde, Associate Professor, Department The paste ofEclipta alba is effective in muscular of Pharmacology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur and not in skeletal affections, as found from the 440 006 (Maharashtra). results obtained at TANUVAS. The results further Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences revealed its positive effect in soft tissue swellings, University (TANUVAS) especially in cases of thelitis in buffaloes, which has Dr. Capt. G. Dhanan Jaya Rao, Associate Professor, economical consequences if treatment is delayed. Department of Surgery and Dr. Prathaban, Professor The paste of Eclipta alba is cost effective compared and Head, Department of Clinics, Madras Veterinary with conventional therapy. It was inferred that the College, Chennai 600 007 (Tamil Nadu). paste of Eclipta alba was effective in the management of soft tissue swelling in animals in a cost-effective Results and discussion manner. Results of studies conducted at MASFSU the

Efficacy ofbhangariya (E. alba) poultice on inflammatory swellings Efficacy of iodine ointment on inflammatory swelling before and before and after treatment at MASFSU after treatment at MASFSU

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7.14 Determination of efficacy of pigeon waste in showing oestrus symptoms in heifers Description of the ITK To induce oestrus and for showing heat symptoms in heifers, pigeon waste, mixed with iggery, is fed to heifers 2-3 times a day. The disease is cured up to 60%. Treatment cost per animal is Rs 10-15. This is practiced by the farmers of many villages in Badaun and Bareilly districts of Uttar Pradesh. Name and address of the discloser Dr. (Ms) Shagufta Jamal, Department of Adult Processed pigeon waste at GBPUAT and Continuing Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110 025. in the pigeon waste, which could be responsible Location of use of the ITK for compensating the deficiency of these nutrients The ITK is being used in many parts of Bareilly in heifers, leading to estrus symptoms. There was and Budaun districts of Uttar Pradesh. significant increase in the average weight of female genital organs of mice that received pigeon waste. Experimenters Conclusion Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) The findings of IVRI, Izatnagar (during 2002- Dr. D. Swarup, Head, Division of Medicine, Dr. 2004) and GBPUAT, Pantnagar (during 2004) were Satish Kumar, Senior Scientist, Animal Reproduction almost similar and pigeon waste was found useful Division and Dr. Mahesh Chander, Senior Scientist, in bringing to anoestrus heifers to normal cyclicity Extension Division, Indian Veterinary Research and conception. The conception rate using this ITK Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 (Uttar Pradesh). was similar to that of standard hormonal treatment. Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and However, the cost of treatment using ITK was Technology (GBPUAT) much cheaper than that of standard veterinary Dr. Mahesh Kumar, Professor and Head, treatment. Its mineral composition is almost similar Department of Epidermiology and Preventive to the commercially available mineral supplements. Medicine and Dr. J.K. Prasad, Assistant Professor, Experimental studies have suggested that ITK has Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, beneficial effect on the development of reproductive College of Veterinary Sciences, Pantnagar, dist. U.S. organs and attaining puberty age early in the mice. Nagar 263 145 (Uttaranchal). Results and discussion The results revealed that, there was presence of high concentrations of essential micro-minerals

Unprocessed pigeon waste at GBPUAT Comparative growth and development of female genital organs at GBPUAT

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7.15 Treatment of swelling of shoulders in bullocks found that, there was reduction in mean scores of or bulls swelling of joints and limbs. The pain decreased after the application of ITK on the affected part. The treated Description of the ITK animals also revealed gradual improvement in weight- When shoulders are swollen, bullocks are unable bearing scores. Iodine ointment is a proven mild to do work. A mixture of geru (30g) and snail shell or counterirritant and strong antiseptic, having ability sipi (50g) is boiled in castor oil. Alua (20g) and kudru to dilate the superficial blood vessels with enhancing or sahjan gum (50 g) are mixed to it. This paste under phagocytosis, which literally helps dilute and drain the warm condition is applied on the affected swollen inflammatory fluid through lymphatic and thereby neck of the animal. This is practiced by the villagers reduce the inflammation of the part. It was also found of Nayabas Kutubpur in Bulandshahr district of Uttar that there was regular linear decline trend of swelling Pradesh. over leg and joints. The overall observation revealed Name and address of the discloser the decreasing trend of swelling on day 30 as compared Shri Prem Pal Singh Arya, C/o Shri Daal Chand, to day zero which suggested that the application of House No.38, Purva Ahiram Indra chowk, Meerut ITK and iodine ointment on swelling was found to be (Uttar Pradesh). effective due to its anti-inflammatory action. Further, it was found that, weight bearing depends upon extent Location of use of the ITK of inflammation of the joint, flexor tendon, ligament, This condition is generally seen in draught nerve, weight of the animals and the type of work animals. The bullocks are generally affected and extracted. If such animals are used for heavy work, the condition is known as yoke gall. The cases are they show signs of lameness. However, low-grade generally seen in areas where bullock carts are used inflammation of the part could be treated successfully for transportation of goods. Continuous chronic with ITK ointment. If ligaments or tendons are irritation results in painful swelling and wounds at affected, more time is required for healing. Therefore shoulder. Inappropriate size of animals in a pair used weight bearing is delayed. for draught or agricultural operations also leads to this disease. The ITK is practiced in several villages in Bulandshahar district, particularly where bullock carts are used extensively for rural transport and agriculture is dependent on bullocks. Experimenters Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Dr. D Swarup, Head, Division of Medicine, Dr. A.K. Sharma, Senior Scientist and Dr. Naveen Kumar, Senior Scientist, Division of Surgery and Dr. H. P. S. Arya, Joint Director (Extension Education), Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (Uttar Pradesh) 243 122. Subsided swelling after application of ointment Maharashtra Animal Science and Fishery Sciences Conclusion University (MASFSU) The ITK preparation consisting ofgeru 30 g, Dr. M.S. Dhakate, Associate Professor, Dr. snail shell powder 50 g boiled in castor oil. Alua 20 g VS. Panchbhai, Professor, Dr. S.N. Patil, Associate and kudru or sahajan gum 50 g and proprietary Professor, Dr. B.M. Gahlod, Assistant Professor and preparation—iodine ointment was found effective in Dr. S.V. Upadhye, Assistant Professor, Department of the treatment of swelling of neck or shoulder and limb Surgery and Radiology, Nagpur Veterinary College or joint in bullocks and bulls. There was decrease in Nagpur (Maharashtra) 440 006. swelling and pain scores of joint sand limb at different time intervals after commencement of treatment Results and discussion using ITK. Of the 16 animals, 8 recovered completely Application of ITK ointment revealed that, there where as in capped elbow the findings at both the was significant reduction in the swelling as well as centers validated the efficacy of ITK in treatment of pain in shoulder in all the animals. Further it was swelling of shoulder and joints in animals.

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7.16 Treatment of Haemorrhagic septicaemia by with enrofloxacin, avil and paracetamol with kala kalajeera jeera paste applied on throat shown 85.71% recovery, whereas those treated with veterinary drug alone gave Description of the ITK 50% recovery. This clinical study clearly indicated that This method, practiced in many villages of Badaun kala jeera extract paste when applied on throat along and Bareilly districts of Uttar Pradesh, is very effective with veterinary drugs in clinical cases of HS in buffalos to cure the disease, at the initial stage. Paste of kala helped speedy and higher percentage of recovery. jeera is applied on the throat of HS-affected animal. Conclusion Name and address of the discloser Thein-vitro antibiogram study and in vivo clinical Dr. (Ms) Shagufta Jamal, Department of Adult studies in field, showed that application of paste ofkala and Continuing Education and Extension, Jamia jeera (Veronina anthelmintica) on swollen throat area Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110 025 in Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) disease in buffaloes Location of use of the ITK acted as adjunct therapy along with conventionally Badaun district is located in western Uttar Pradesh. antibacterial treatment. It helped in speedy recovery The climate is semi-arid, hot and sub- humid, suitable from the disease. The ITK, which has been claimed to occurrence of hemorrhagic septicemia in large by the discloser, proved scientifically good in clinical ruminants. Animal husbandry is a supporting business management of HS in buffaloes. to native farmers along with agricultural farming, by 7.17 Technique of curing bone fracture in animals keeping 3-6 buffaloes. They were fully aware of this Description of the ITK disease in large animals, its clinical symptoms, efforts and conventional therapy. The farmers were having Harjore is a perennial climber, used in the education of metric to high school level. treatment of bone fracture in animals as well as in human being. This practice is being used by the Experimenters villagers of Samtoli village of Simdega district in Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) Jharkhand for the last many years. Paste is prepared Dr. V.S. Vihan, Head, Dr. Ashok Kumar, Senior by crushing the harjore plant and it is applied on the Scientist and Dr. Rajneesh Rana, Senior Scientist, fracture part which is then tied along with sticks. At Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for every 3 days interval it is replaced by fresh harjore Research on Goats (CIRG) Makhdoom, Farah 281 paste and this process is continued 2 to 3 times. 122, Mathura (U.P.). Name and address of the discloser Results and discussion Ms Sushmita Khalkho, C/o Dr. Niva Bara, The study conducted at CIRG, Makhdoom Department of Extension Education, Birsa revealed that from these 14 cases of buffaloes treated Agricultural University, Ranchi 834 006 (Jharkhand). Location of use of the ITK Samtoli, Simdega, Simdega (Jharkhand). Geographical indicators Harjore, a climber having fleshy stone and quadrangular stem is found throughout the hotter parts of India and Sri Lanka. Experimenters Birsa Agricultural University (BAU) Dr. B.K. Roy, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology; Dr. K.K. Singh, Department of Pathology and Dr. Himanshu, Assistant Professor and Dr. Vinod Kumar, Teaching Assistant, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Sciences, Ranchi Ointment of kala jeera extract composition of ointment (Jharkhand) 834 006.

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Ch. Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi and thereby generating greater osteogenic turnover. Viswavidyalaya (CSKHPKV) This facilitated the fracture-healing process through Dr. A.C. Varshney, Professor and Head, Dr. S.P early bridging of fracture gap, rapid gain in structural Tyagi, Assistant Professor, Dr. S.K. Sharma, Associate strength of bone and early remodelling of fracture Professor and Dr. Adarsh Kumar, Assistant Professor, callus. Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Conclusion Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Palampur (Himachal Results of the studies conducted at CSKHPKV Pradesh) 176 062. suggest that application of harjore (Cissus Results and discussion quadrangularis) paste over fractured bone hastened On the basis of clinical, haematological, the fracture-healing process. Similar observations biochemical, radiological and angiographic studies, were also made in cattle at BAU. However, the extent it can be inferred that the use of harjore (Cissus of cure of lameness was better in the animals treated quandrangularis) paste over fractured area helped in with Plaster of Paris. The fracture of long bone such healing of bone without any apparent adverse effects as femur and humerus is problematic and the animals in dogs. The application of harjore paste increased the generally die. In this study also one animal died in local blood vascularity, which in turn brought more each of the two treatments. nutrients, phagocytes and osteoblats at the fracture site

(a) Harjore (Cissus quadrangularis) plant; (b) incision site of operation; (c) osteotomy of ulna; (d) fracture; line in ulna after osteotomy (arrow); (e) closure of surgical site; (f) cannulation of brachial artery for angiography; (g) external co-optation by PoP cast

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