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Development of an Environmental Management Framework for Sustainable Reuse of Malaysian Dredged Marine Sediments

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Development of an Environmental Management Framework for Sustainable Reuse of Malaysian Dredged Marine Sediments View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UTHM Institutional Repository i DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE REUSE OF MALAYSIAN DREDGED MARINE SEDIMENTS ZARINA BINTI SHAHRI A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Civil Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia MAY 2016 iii Special for: Beloved mother Siti Zubaidah Abas Siblings Suriazana, Nurehan, Taufik, Haniff and Akmal Family Mak Ngah, Pak Andak and Mak Andak Supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chan Chee Ming Co-supervisors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim Dr. Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar Supporting friends Junita Abd Rahman, Amira Azhar, Nurasia Mira Anuar, Nadzirah Roslan, Siti Nuraen Jaharudin, Nurdiana, Nurul Fariha, Rashiedah, Hartini, Nurasyikin, RECESS and FKAAS team and my dearest best friends, Rosfarina Roslan, Mohd Akmal Abu Bakar and Khairudin Sakury Love all of you iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious and Merciful. Alhamdulillah, first of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr.Chan Chee Ming for her invaluable guidance, advices, supports, encouragements, knowledge, ideas and time. Without her interest and encouragement, this study would never be completed. Thank you to my co-supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim and Dr. Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar for advices, knowledge and guidance for this study. Mdm Siti Zubaidah Abas, thank you very much for the pray, motivation, strength and scarification during my study is the most valuable things in my life. Special thanks to my family for their support. The willingness in any kind of helps make this journey of study unforgettable. Thanks to all my friends, laboratory staff and technician for knowledge sharing and help during this study. Last but not least, I would like to thank to all people who have directly and indirectly contributed to the successful completion of this research. v ABSTRACT Dredged marine sediments (DMS), product of dredging activities, is classified as a waste and usually disposed off at sea. However, certain DMS is contaminated and sea disposal can significantly affect water quality and marine ecosystem. This can be mitigated and controlled by appropriate DMS management. The aim of this study is to develop an environmental management framework for sustainable reuse of Malaysian DMS. The DMS was retrieved from four dredging sites: Lumut, Melaka, Tok Bali and Pasir Gudang. There are six components in this framework: physical properties, chemical properties, biological properties, treatment, beneficial uses and disposal. The framework begins with DMS physical properties. Assessment DMS with > 50 % of particles with sizes less than 2 mm are subjected to the chemical and biological properties. DMS dominated by coarse particles are suitable for beneficial reuse without further treatment. Fines with contaminant levels below the permitted levels could be directly reused, while those with high levels would undergo treatment. After treatment, those with reduced contaminant levels fulfilling the stipulated limits would be considered suitable for reuse. Treated DMS with residual high contaminant levels exceeding the limits would be assigned to suitable disposal sites. Laboratory experiments were carried out to identify the physical, chemical and biological properties according to British Standards (BS 1377 and BS 6068). All the DMS were mainly silt and clay. There were six heavy metals detected namely arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc in all DMS. Based on Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG), As, Cr, Pb and Ni in Lumut DMS exceed the TEL values. Arsenic and nickel concentration in Melaka DMS was exceeded both guideline, ERL and TEL. The concentration of Cr, Cu and Pb in Melaka was also higher than TEL limits. The DMS of Tok Bali contained two trace metals (As and Pb) that higher than ERL and TEL. The Pasir Gudang DMS was high concentration of As and Cr. From the biological property assessment test, Serratia plymuthic, Vibrio alginolyticus and Corynebacterium genitalium were detected in Lumut DMS, while Serratia marcescens, Vibrio vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were in Melaka DMS and 14 bacteria detected in Tok Bali DMS. All the inhabitant bacteria were classified as Risk Group level 2. Based on the results obtained, treatment is necessary for all DMS prior to consider for reuse or disposal. Keywords: Dredged marine sediments, environmental management framework, properties, contaminant, beneficial reuse vi ABSTRAK Mendakan marin kerukan (DMS), produk daripada aktiviti pengerukan, diklasifikasikan sebagai bahan buangan dan lazimnya dibuang ke laut. Walaubagaimanapun, sebahagian DMS adalah tercemar dan pembuangan ke laut boleh memberi kesan kualiti air dan ekosistem marin. Kesan ini boleh dikurangkan dan di kawal dengan pengurusan DMS yang betul. Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk membangunkan sebuah rangka kerja pengurusan alam sekitar bagi membolehkan DMS Malaysia diguna semula secara mampan. DMS telah diperoleh dari empat tapak kerukan: Lumut, Melaka, Tok Bali dan Pasir Gudang. Terdapat enam komponen di dalam rangka kerja ini: sifat fizikal, sifat kimia, sifat biologi, rawatan, kegunaan berfaedah dan pembuangan. Rangka kerja ini bermula dengan sifat fizikal DMS. DMS yang mengandungi > 50 % daripada partikel bersaiz kurang dari 2 mm adalah tertakluk kepada sifat kimia dan biologi. DMS yang didominasi dengan partikel kasar adalah sesuai untuk diguna semula tanpa rawatan lanjut. Partikel halus dengan tahap bahan pencemaran di bawah tahap yang dibenarkan boleh diguna semula secara terus, manakala mendakan yang melepasi tahap tinggi akan melalui rawatan. Selepas rawatan, mendakan dengan tahap pencemaran yang berkurangan yang memenuhi had yang ditetapkan akan dianggap sesuai untuk penggunaan semula. DMS yang dirawat, dengan tahap pencemaran yang tinggi, melebihi had yang akan ditentukan, akan ke tapak pelupusan yang sesuai. Ujian makmal yang telah dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti fizikal, kimia dan biologi adalah mengikut British Standards (BS 1377 dan BS 6068). DMS dari tiga lokasi pensampelan mempunyai kandungan utama kelodak dan tanah liat. Terdapat enam logam berat dikesan iaitu arsenik, kromium, tembaga, plumbum, nikel dan zink. Berdasarkan Garis Panduan Kualiti Mendapan (SQG), arsenik dalam semua sampel DMS dan nikel di Melaka DMS adalah di atas paras yang mungkin memberi kesan. Dari ujian taksiran biologi, Serratia plymuthic, Vibrio alginolyticus dan Corynebacterium genitalium dikesan di Lumut DMS, manakala marcescens Serratia, Vibrio vulnificus, Edwardsiella tarda, Bacillus cereus berada di Melaka DMS dan 14 bakteria dikesan di Tok Bali DMS. Semua bakteria diklasifikasikan sebagai Kumpulan Risiko 2. Berdasarkan kepada keputusan yang diperoleh, rawatan adalah keperluan untuk semua DMS sebelum diguna semula atau dibuang. Kata kunci: Mendakan marin kerukan, rangka kerja pengurusan alam sekitar, sifat- sifat, bahan cemar, guna semula secara bermanfaat vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF TABLES xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS AND xviii ABBREVIATION CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Background of study 1 1.3 Problem statement 4 1.4 Research aim and objectives 5 1.5 Scope of research 5 1.6 Limitation of Study 6 1.7 Significance of Study 6 1.8 Organization of the thesis 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Dredging 8 2.3 Dredging marine sediments (DMS) 9 2.3.1 Properties of DMS 9 2.3.1.1 Physical characteristic 10 2.3.1.2 Chemical characteristic 10 2.3.1.3 Biological characteristic 12 viii 2.4 Contaminants of DMS 13 2.4.1 Heavy metals 14 2.4.1.1 Sources of heavy metals 16 2.4.1.2 Effects of heavy metals 17 2.4.1.3 Interaction of heavy 17 metals with dredged marine sediment 2.4.1.4 Assessment of heavy 17 metals 2.4.2 Biological contaminants 21 2.5 Management of dredged marine 22 sediments 2.5.1 International Dredged Marine 27 sediment Guidelines 2.6 Beneficial uses of DMS 36 2.6.1 Engineering uses 36 2.6.1.1 Beach Nourishment 36 2.6.1.2 Land reclamation 37 2.6.1.3 Landfill cover 37 2.6.1.4 Landfill liner 38 2.6.2 Environmental Enhancement 39 2.6.2.1 Wetland Habitat Creation/ 39 Enhancement 2.6.3 Agricultural 40 2.6.3.1 Manufactured Topsoil 40 2.6.4 Product making 40 2.6.4.1 Bricks and ceramic 40 making 2.7 Treatment of dredged marine sediment 41 2.7.1 Soil Washing 41 2.7.2 Composting 42 2.7.3 Bioremediation 42 2.7.4 Solidification 42 ix 2.7.5 Thermal Desorption 42 2.7.6 Electrochemical Remediation 43 2.7.7 pH adjustment 43 2.8 Disposal 43 2.8.1 Open water disposal 43 2.8.2 Confined disposal 44 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Development of environmental 47 management framework (EMF) 3.2.1 Basic Steps in Planning Process 48 (National Dredging Team, 1998) 3.2.2 Review and compare the existing 50 frameworks 3.2.3 Selection of components to make 51 the EMF compatible with Malaysian needs 3.3 DMS properties tests 51 3.3.1 Samples collection 51 3.3.2 Physical properties tests 53 3.3.2.1 Particle size distribution 53 3.3.2.2 Natural moisture content 54 3.3.2.3 Atterberg limits 55 3.3.2.4 Specific gravity, Gs 56 3.3.2.5 Morphology 57 3.3.3 Chemical properties 58 3.3.3.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) 59 3.3.3.2 pH value 59 3.3.3.3 Chemical composition 60
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