Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal

Underbarrow Road, Kendal

Issue Date- May 20th 2016

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PDP Associates is a landscape architectural practice, based in Cumbria, with experience in landscape and visual impact assessment for a variety of clients, ranging from residential developers to local authorities. Recent studies include an assessment of potential development parcels as part of the evidence base for Eden District Council’s Local Development Framework. Eden District is a sparsely populated rural area in Cumbria which includes parts of the Lake District National Park and The North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

1.2 The study has been prepared by Piers Palmer, who holds an Honours Degree and Post-Graduate Degree in Landscape Architecture, has 18 years’ professional experience and is a Licentiate Member of the Landscape Institute.

1.3 PDP Associates has been commissioned by Oakmere Homes and Russell Armer to carry out a landscape and visual impact assessment on parcel of land off Underbarrow Road, Kendal.

Figure 1 – Site location plan (Crown copyright and database rights 2015 Ordnance Survey 0031673)

1.4 The site covers approximately 6.5ha of predominantly pasture fields separated by dry stone walls with mature trees along the northern and eastern boundaries and within the site. The western boundary partially abuts the Lake District National Park boundary.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 2 1.5 The following assessment is based on current detailed proposals for the site which incorporates design elements and landscape mitigation features in response to the Development Brief prepared by South Lakeland District Council. A landscape masterplan; drawing number c-1267-01c, has also been prepared.

1.6 The proposed development comprises residential properties with internal roads, lighting, parking areas, public open space and landscape works. A tree belt will be planted along the western site boundary. The site will be accessed off Underbarrow Road. Existing mature trees will be generally retained except where recommendations have been made for felling in the Tree Report. Existing stone walls will be generally retained and incorporated within the development except where a new access is required off Underbarrow Road.

1.7 The assessment of landscape and visual effects necessarily involves an element of subjectivity on the part of the assessor. Professional judgement, taking into account a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors, is now widely accepted as best practice for assessing effects on landscape character and on visual amenity. This approach is recommended by the Landscape Institute/Institute of Environmental Assessment Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (GLVIA) and also by the Countryside Agency/Scottish Natural Heritage Landscape Character Assessment Guidance. The guidance provided in these documents has informed the study methodology and the preparation of the baseline and impact assessments.

1.8 This report has been amended following comments by South Lakeland District Council including annotation of viewpoint photographs, a relocation of one viewpoint (viewpoint 15) and an additional viewpoint (viewpoint 10). The viewpoints are also now presented on A3 sheets.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 3

SECTION 2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Guidance for the undertaking of this appraisal has been sourced primarily from: The Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Third Edition), published April 2013 by the Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (hereafter referred to as GLVIA)

2.2 This document describes and considers the potential significant landscape and visual effects arising from the development. The resultant impacts are described as positive or adverse effect although in some instances these effects may be described as neutral.

2.3 The level of assessment is considered to be appropriate to the scale and nature of the development. Landscape effects are defined as changes to landscape elements, characteristics, character, and qualities of the landscape as a result of development. Visual effects are a subset of landscape effects and relate to the changes that arise in the composition of views as a result of changes to the landscape, to people’s responses to the changes, and to the overall effects with respect to visual amenity.

2.4 The approach adopted in this study for assessing landscape sensitivity and capacity follows current recommendations in the latest edition of the GLVIA. It assumes from the outset that even though a landscape may be designated or protected, the landscape does not automatically have a high landscape and visual sensitivity, especially where there may be specific local factors which would mitigate potential landscape and visual effects. Furthermore, even some sensitive areas may not automatically have no or low capacity to accept change.

2.5 The identification of areas of high sensitivity does not necessarily mean that all development would be unacceptable. Similarly, areas of low or medium sensitivity will not necessarily be able to accommodate any or all types of development. Local conditions, site and development detailed design, mitigation and cumulative impacts must also be considered.

2.6 The study area was largely defined by the extent of land within which the site is theoretically visible and which would potentially experience significant landscape and visual effects, i.e. the Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV). Where appropriate, the study area was extended beyond the ZTV to show the wider landscape/urban context and connectivity.

2.7 For the purpose of this assessment, the ZTV was established through field work. In this instance, field survey was considered to be the most reliable technique as alternative computer models would not accurately reflect the screening benefits of individual trees, woodland and extensive stone walls and hedgerows, all of which have a significant visual effect in limiting views towards the assessment site. The field work to identify the ZTV was undertaken in November 2014, when most vegetation not in full leaf. Analysis of local viewpoints suggests that the extent of the ZTV would not significantly change reduce during summer months however, it would be expected that the potential visibility of the site within the ZTV would reduce Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 4 with the benefit of full leaf cover. SECTION 3: APPRAISAL CRITERIA

Landscape appraisal

3.1 An assessment of landscape effects deals with the effects of change and development on landscape as a resource. This includes how the proposal will affect the elements that make up the landscape, the aesthetic and perceptual aspects of the landscape and its distinctive character.

3.2 An appraisal of landscape sensitivity is made by combining professional judgements in relation to the susceptibility of the landscape to change (particular to the proposed development type) and the value of the landscape receptor.

3.3 Professional judgements are made in relation to the susceptibility of the landscape receptor to change. This is the capacity of a landscape receptor to accommodate the proposed development without undue consequences for the maintenance of the baseline situation and/or the achievement of landscape planning policies and strategies (whether the landscape receptor be the overall character of a particular landscape type/area, or an individual element/feature or designation within it).

3.4 Judgements in relation to the value of the landscape receptor should reflect;

 The value of the landscape character types or areas that may be affected based on a review of any designations at both national and local levels. Where there are no designations, judgements are based on criteria that can be used to establish landscape value.

 The value of individual contributors to landscape character, especially key characteristics, which may include individual elements of the landscape, particular landscape features, notable aesthetic, perceptual or experiential qualities, and combinations of these contributors.

3.5 The appraisal of value is based on professional judgement and should also include consideration of factors such as;

 Landscape quality (condition): A measure of the physical state of the landscape. It may include the extent to which typical character is represented in individual areas, the intactness of the landscape and the condition of individual elements.

 Scenic Quality: The term used to describe landscapes that appeal primarily to the senses (primarily but not wholly the visual senses).

 Rarity: The presence of rare elements or features in the landscape or the presence of a rare Landscape Character Type.

 Representativeness: Whether the landscape contains a particular character and/or features or elements which are considered particularly important examples.

 Conservation Interests: The presence of features of wildlife, earth science or archaeological or historic and cultural interest can add to

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 5 the value of the landscape as well as having value in their own right.

 Recreational Value: Evidence that the landscape is valued for recreational activity where experience of the landscape is important.

 Perceptual Aspects: A landscape may be valued for its perceptual qualities, notably wildness and / or tranquility.

 Cultural Associations: Some landscapes are associated with particular people, such as artists or writers, or events in history that contribute to perceptions of the natural beauty of the area.

3.6 The resulting landscape sensitivity is described using a four-point scale (very high, high, medium, or low) based upon the criteria set out below in Table 1.

Landscape Description sensitivity Very high Typically highly valued landscape of international or national landscape or conservation importance such as National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in pristine condition with no detracting elements. Key characteristics of landscape are very vulnerable to change and are unable to accommodate development without significant character change; thresholds for significant change are very low.

High Typically valued landscape of national or regional landscape or conservation importance such as some Special Landscape Areas, or areas within National Parks or AONBs with minor detracting factors. Key characteristics of landscape are vulnerable to change and development can be absorbed only in limited situations without significant character change; thresholds for significant change are low.

Medium Typically valued landscape of regional or local landscape or conservation importance such as some Special Landscape Areas and Areas of Local Landscape Importance or areas within National Parks or AONBs with significant detracting factors. Key characteristics of landscape are susceptible to change but with some ability to absorb development in some situations without significant character change; thresholds for significant change are intermediate Low Typically undesignated landscape with some local community importance such as parks, recreation areas or value expressed in local publications. Key characteristics of landscape are resilient to change and are able to absorb development in many situations without significant character change; thresholds for significant change are high.

Table 1 – Summary of landscape and visual sensitivity

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 6

Visual appraisal

3.7 An appraisal of visual effects deals with the effects of change and development on the views available to people and their visual amenity. This includes how the surroundings of individuals or groups of people may specifically be affected by changes in the content and character of views as a result of the change or loss of existing elements of the landscape, and/or the introduction of new elements.

3.8 A visual receptor is a special interest or viewer group that will experience an effect. This includes residents, recreational users, visitors and groups of viewers present at or passing through the viewpoint.

3.9 An appraisal of visual sensitivity is made by combining professional judgements in relation to the susceptibility of the visual receptor to change (particular to the proposed development type) and the value of the visual receptor. In visual appraisal, some visual receptors are considered more sensitive than others. Greater weight is given to the visual effects upon public viewpoints than upon private properties. Views from rooms that are used during daylight hours, such as sitting rooms, are also deemed to be more important than views from secondary rooms such as bedrooms.

3.10 Professional judgements are made in relation to the susceptibility of the visual receptor to change. This is mainly a function of;

 The occupation or activity of people experiencing the view at particular locations.

 The extent to which their attention or interest may therefore be focused on the views and the visual amenity they experience at particular locations.

 The contents/context of the existing view in relation to the type of development proposed. e.g. a view overlooking a moorland or other natural area devoid of any man-made features or intrusions has a higher susceptibility to change.

3.11 Judgements in relation to the value of the visual receptor should reflect;

 Recognition of the value attached to particular views i.e. in relation to heritage assets or planning designations.

 Indicators of the value attached to views by visitors, i.e. the appearance of them in tourist maps, provision of facilities for the enjoyment of views or references to specific views in literature or art.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 7

Appraisal of effects

3.12 The magnitude of change (or nature of effect) arising from the proposed development at any particular viewpoint is described as high, medium, low or negligible based on the interpretation of a combination of largely quantifiable parameters, as follows;

 Degree of physical change in landscape features and landscape character.

 Duration of effect.

 Distance of the viewpoint from the development.

 Extent of the development in the view.

 Angle of view in relation to main receptor activity.

 Proportion of the field of view occupied by the development.

 Background to the development.

 Extent of other built development visible, particularly vertical elements.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 8

High The proposed development would be extremely damaging to landscape character and would;  Result in a complete change to character, or introduce features, which are dominant, intrusive or totally uncharacteristic.  Be at complete variance with landform, scale and settlement pattern.  Result in the total loss or alteration of characteristic features and elements, and/or reduce or remove their setting.  Be incapable of mitigation.

Medium The proposed development would damage landscape character and would;  Result in a clearly identifiable or prominent change to character, although may not necessarily considered to be substantially uncharacteristic.  Be out of scale, or at odds with the landform, scale and settlement pattern.  Result in partial loss or alteration of characteristic features and elements, and/or reduce or remove their setting.  Be incapable of full mitigation and/or mitigation may conflict with local guidelines. Low The proposed development would have a minor, but discernible change to landscape character and would;  Result in a discernible change to character, although not necessarily uncharacteristic when set within the attributes of the receiving landscape.  Slight change in landform, scale and settlement pattern.  Result in the minor loss or alteration of characteristic features and elements, and/or reduce their setting.  Cannot be entirely mitigated, due to the nature of the proposals or character or not fulfil local guidelines.

Negligible The proposed development will have no noticeable effect due to;  The development being barely discernible as a change in character.  It complements the scale, landform and settlement pattern.  It incorporates measures for mitigation/enhancement that enable the proposals to blend with the surrounding area, meeting local guidelines for the area. Table 2 – Definition of magnitude of change

3.13 The significance of the effect on landscape amenity is determined by combining the landscape sensitivity with the magnitude of change for each viewpoint, in accordance with the matrix below.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 9

Magnitude of Negligible Low Medium High effect

Landscape sensitivity

Low Neutral Minor/Neutral Minor Moderate/Minor Medium Minor/Neutral Minor Moderate/Minor Moderate High Minor/Neutral Moderate/Minor Moderate Major/ Moderate Very high Minor/Neutral Moderate Major/ Major Moderate

Table 3 – Criteria for assessing landscape impact

Magnitude of Negligible Low Medium High effect

Importance of viewpoint

Representative Neutral Minor/Neutral Minor Moderate/Minor Special Minor/Neutral Minor Moderate/Minor Moderate Exceptional Minor Moderate/Minor Moderate Major/Moderate Table 4 – Criteria for assessing visual impact

3.14 Where an effect falls within a split category, professional judgement is used to evaluate which of the two categories most closely fits. While the matrices are helpful as moderation to opinion, professional judgement may overrule a matrix in specific cases where this can clearly be justified.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 10

3.15 The resulting significance values for appraisal of the effects upon both landscape and visual amenity are defined in Table 5 below.

Level of significance Definition Neutral The proposed scheme would affect no landscape or visual receptors. Neutral/Minor The proposed scheme is largely appropriate in its context and would have very little effect on its surroundings and affect very few receptors.

Minor The proposed scheme would cause a minimal change in the landscape and would affect very few receptors.

Moderate/Minor The proposed scheme would have a slight change on the landscape and would affect few receptors

Moderate The proposed scheme would have a noticeable effect on the landscape and would affect several receptors, therefore changing the character of a view.

Major/Moderate The proposed scheme would have a very noticeable effect on the landscape and would affect several or many receptors, therefore changing the character of a view.

Major The proposed scheme would change the character and appearance of the landscape, either for a long period or permanently. It would affect many receptors and would therefore greatly alter the character of a view.

Table 5 – Significance of criteria for landscape and visual impact.

3.16 This is combined with an appraisal of whether or not each effect is positive or negative or neutral. This is somewhat subjective and relies largely upon professional judgement, but can be broadly defined as follows:

 Beneficial - the effect would result in an improvement in the baseline situation

 Neutral - the effect would result in there being little or no change in the baseline situation, or a change that is neither negative nor positive

 Adverse - the effect would result in a deterioration of the baseline situation

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 11

SECTION 4: BASELINE CONDITIONS

The study area

4.1 The study area covers almost the full extent of built development around Kendal, from Kentrigg in the north to Oxenholme in the south. The River Kent runs through the centre of the study area. The West Coast Railway and the A591 Kendal Bypass are shown to the east and west of Kendal.The western edge of the study area extends to Scout Scar, located in the Lake District National Park. The eastern limit extends to Monument Hill, approximately 4 kilometres from the site.

Planning context

4.2 South Lakeland District Council has prepared a Development Brief for the site in accordance with the Local Plan Allocations Development Plan Document. The Development Brief will form a Supplementary Planning Document and provides additional guidance on the interpretation of Policy LA2.8 of the South Lakeland Local Plan –Land Allocations (adopted 2013).

4.3 The site lies within Kendal’s development boundary and is an allocated development site under Policy LA2.8 - South Lakeland Local Plan – Land Allocations (Adopted December 2013) Policy LA2.8 Land South of Underbarrow Road. The Development Brief includes the requirement for a landscape and green infrastructure framework and a strong landscape buffer along the boundary with the National Park and the northern boundary. The Development Brief has yet to be adopted by the Council at the time of writing.

Key planning policy and legislation considerations, relevant to this study are contained in the following documents;

National Planning Framework (March 2012).

Local Plan–Core Strategy DPD (adopted October 2010).

Local Plan–Land Allocations DPD (adopted December 2013).

South Lakeland Local Plan 2006-and Alterations (final composite plan) published September 2007.

4.4 A detailed summary of relevant policies is provided in the Planning Statement produced by Oakmere Homes that accompanies the application.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 12 Landscape designations

4.5 The site is allocated land for development under Policy LA2.8. The site is not covered by a landscape designation but part of the western boundary adjoins the Lake District National Park. Scout and Cunswick Scars SSSI are located approximately 576 metres to the east of the site.

4.6 Kendal Conservation Area is approximately 80 metres to the east of the site. There are 51 Listed Buildings within 1.0 kilometre of the site, mainly located within the Kendal Conservation Area. The nearest Listed Building is Gilling Reane House (Grade II) approximately 420 metres to the east.

4.7 There are two Scheduled Monuments within 1.0 kilometre of the site. These are Greenside lime kiln (approx.63 metres to the north east) and Castle Howe motte and bailey (approx.540 metres to the east).

Landscape character

4.8 The site falls within National Character Area 20; Morecambe Bay Limestones, as defined by Natural England in the National Character Area Profiles. The key characteristics relating to this landscape character area are described below.

 A flat lowland landscape, dominated by conspicuous, often steep- sided, hills of Lower Carboniferous Limestone, many of which include exposures of limestone pavement. Between the hills the landform is geologically recent, including areas of drumlin field, fluvial and estuarine sediment and peat bogs.

 Wide expanses of shifting intertidal sand flats and expanses of salt marsh arcing round the head of Morecambe Bay, backed by low cliffs with windswept trees, or grassed embankments defending reclaimed grazing marshes.

 The rivers Kent and Leven enter Morecambe Bay via dynamic estuary systems. The smaller rivers Winster, Bela and Keer lie predominantly within this NCA and have relatively extensive flood plain areas before flowing into the channel of the River Kent as they enter Morecambe Bay.

 The limestones support a mixed pastoral farming and woodland landscape, often in tight mosaics, with orchards surrounding the farmsteads and fields bounded by limestone drystone walls.

 A winter climate ameliorated sea which, as well as the exposed south facing slopes of the limestone outcrops allows a number of temperature sensitive species to make this the northernmost fringe of their range.

 Strong contrasts between the rectilinear enclosures of reclaimed valley bottoms and coastal fringes, and the older enclosures associated with farmsteads and ancient woodland, bounded by limestone drystone walls, on the limestone escarpments.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 13

 Extensive areas of native broadleaved woodland on limestone areas, particularly on the steeper slopes and thinnest soils.

 An abundance of high-quality semi-natural habitats of national and international importance, including limestone pavements, herb-rich grasslands with juniper, species-rich scrub, ancient limestone woodlands, peaty fenlands, marl tarns, reed beds, lowland raised bogs, salt marshes and intertidal mud and sand flats.

 An exceptional range of species associated with the diverse range of semi-natural habitats, many with populations of national importance, including a suite of limestone butterflies, bittern, marsh tit and lady’s- slipper orchid.

 Within the drumlin field to the south of Kendal, a gently undulating farmland of pastures and arable, divided by drystone walls made of field stone, with a limited cover of broadleaved woodland.

 Sheep and cattle graze the pastures and salt marshes, with rough grazing a feature of the higher grounds on unimproved limestone grassland.

 Extensive areas of reclaimed land on the coastal fringe and in the Lyth Valley have large fields bounded by ditch-flanked hedgerows. Lowland raised mires surrounding the limestone outcrops have been reclaimed for agriculture.

 Several stately homes set in parkland landscapes with well maintained gardens.

 A vernacular building style common to all settlements and farmsteads based on the use of local limestone for walls and Lake District slate.

 Settlements are generally dispersed and rural in character, having usually grown around large farmsteads. Larger centres include Grange-over-Sands, Arnside, Silverdale and Milnthorpe, some of which have a seaside resort character, reflecting the growth in the use of the area for recreation from the 18th century onwards.

 A range of visible heritage features including burial mounds, stone circles, prehistoric settlements and enclosures, medieval field patterns, the Lancaster.

 Canal and Second World War airfields.

 An extensive rights of way network, particularly on areas of limestone geology, integrated with areas of permissive access land.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 14 4.9 At a county level, the site is considered to lie within landscape type 3a – Open Farmland and Pavements, the key characteristics of which are;

 Steep scarp limestone slopes, limestone pavement or other rocky outcrops.

 Grazed land with stone wall field boundaries.

 Rough pasture as open common or fell in higher areas.

 Sporadic scrub and woodland on steep scarp slopes.

 Stately homes and parklands in lower areas.

 Extensive open and uninterrupted views from high ground.

4.10 At a local level, the Kendal Landscape Character Assessment classifies the site as being Limestone Fringe type (B) subtype South of Greenside(B3). The key characteristics are as follows;

 Key Characteristics; Edge of limestone ridge, pasture, dry stone walls, trees and edge of built form.

 Local Distinctiveness; Defining edge of Kendal to the west, edge of built form screened by woodland.

 Views; Limited.

 Functionalities; Pasture, Biodiversity and Visual Amenity.

 Sensitivity; The presence of woodland screening within and adjacent to this area makes the sensitivity low / medium.

 Capacity; A medium capacity for development around woodland, landform and against built form.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 15 Site and surrounding area

4.11 The site is located west of Greenside on the western edge of Kendal, between Underbarrow Road and Brigsteer Road. The A591 Kendal Bypass lies approximately 120 metres to the west of the site. The western site boundary partially follows the boundary of the Lake District National Park.

4.12 There are established residential areas to the east and south of the site at Greenside and Stainbank Green. To the immediate north lies an employment area, comprising commercial and industrial units and the workings of a former quarry, beyond which lies a former landfill site. The Kendal Golf Club and Golf Course adjoins Underbarrow Road, less than 50 metres to the north of the site. Enclosed pasture fields adjoin the southern and western site boundaries. There are a number of residential properties adjacent to the southern boundary.

4.13 The site comprises five individual pasture fields, separated by dry stone walling. These small to medium rectilinear fields are typical of those found around the western margins of Kendal. There are small clumps of mature field trees and some mature boundary trees. A paddock north of Larch Howe contains further tree planting and a large barn. The boundary with Underbarrow Road, opposite the employment area, is planted with an avenue of mature trees. There are a number of dilapidated small buildings on the site and a shed located in the western field.

Historic development

4.14 Historic maps from the nineteenth and twentieth century show that the existing field patterns on the site have remained largely unchanged for over 150 years. The most noticeable changes over that time period has been the continual encroachment of residential development to the west of the town centre, as Kendal has expanded out from the lower river valley. A distinctive feature of the residential development over this period, particularly around Greenside and Brigsteer Road, is the substantial increase in tree cover due to planting in domestic gardens and screen planting around the edge of development. It is evident from historic maps that there was relatively little tree cover around the west side of Kendal except for Serpentine Wood and Little Wood.

4.15 The other notable change is the A591 Kendal Bypass, completed in the early 1970’s. This has impacted on field patterns around the edge of Kendal and severed the western fringe of the National Park.

Topography

4.16 The site slopes north west/south east, from approximately 110m in the south east corner to approximately 135m in the north-west corner. The gradients are largely consistent with gentle slopes except for the western field which has a more distinct fall towards the south-west corner.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 16 Vegetation

4.17 The site is predominately open pasture but there are mature trees found along the boundary with Underbarrow Road and the eastern field boundaries and also several small copses within the site. A number of these trees are subject to Tree Preservation Orders (Order No. 258 2014).

4.18 The trees comprise Ash, Beech, Lime, Sycamore and Horse Chestnut. Some of these specimens are severely diseased and will require removal or major tree surgery. Recommendations for felling and other management operations are contained in the Tree Report produced by Envirotech (2014).

Access and movement

4.19 There are no public rights of way through the site and no footpaths along Underbarrow Road, except for a short section next to the industrial units.

4.20 There are a number of pubic rights of way and informal tracks in the vicinity of the site which provide access to Kendall Fell and Kendal Golf Course and to Kendal Fell Quarry, linking to other routes to Cunswick Scar. Additional footpaths to the west of the site provide access to Scout Scar and Bradleyfield.

Visual context

4.21 Views from the site to the north are generally restricted by development, vegetation and topography such that there are no views of Kendall Fell Quarry or the golf course. There are only limited views of surrounding residential areas to the south and east due to intervening tree belts and other vegetation but long distance views are available across the Kent Valley, towards the Howgill Fells. Built development around the eastern fringe of Kendal, at Aikrigg, is visible in views to the east.

4.22 Views to the west are dominated by the high ridge at Scout Scar and Cunswick Scar which limit intervisibility with the National Park. Views of the A591 Kendal Bypass are available from the western part of the site, however, a small ridge lying between the site and the A591 tends to limit the intervisibility between the site and the road corridor.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 17 SECTION 5: POTENTIAL EFFECTS

5.1 The nature and magnitude of landscape and visual impacts will change during the phases of the development, through construction, at completion and after establishment of any landscape proposals ie. the long term residual impacts. Some types of development may generate impacts which are severe but short term, i.e during construction, whereas others may have minor impacts with residual effects which may be of a permanent nature. In addition, some impacts could be significantly mitigated by landscape and other measures which will have benefit in the longer term. The assessment will consider all potential effects from construction to completion and long term residual impacts.

5.2 The following aspects of the proposed development are of particular relevance in the consideration of potential landscape and visual effects;

 ground formation works.

 removal of tree/scrub vegetation in association with construction works.

 visibility of the construction works.

 the permanent existence of new roads and built development on the site.

 visibility of new roads and built development.

 visibility of artificial lighting.

 loss of existing landscape features.

 changes in existing landscape and visual amenity.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 18 SECTION 6: LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASSESSMENT

6.1 This section identifies the key landscape and visual receptors. It then provides an appraisal of the potential landscape and visual effects arising from the development taking into account proposed mitigation measures.

Landscape assessment

6.2 The proposed development will bring about changes in the landscape due to alterations in land use and land cover and the loss of some existing landscape features. These changes will potentially affect landscape character and local visual amenity.

6.3 The following landscape receptors have the potential to be affected by the development proposals;

Landscape receptor 1: Lake District National Park.

Landscape receptor 2: Kendal.

Landscape receptor 3: Landscape character areas.

Landscape receptor 4: The site and immediate surroundings.

6.4 The following landscape assessment is based upon existing landscape characterisation work covering the site and the wider study area. This provides a good level of baseline information and provides the basis for the judgements used in this study on the sensitivity of the landscape character.

Key considerations;

 The site is not subject to any landscape designation.  The site is within the development boundary of Kendal as set out by SLDC.  The site is allocated land for development.  The site is immediately adjacent to the Lake District National Park.  The site’s landscape and visual character is influenced by its location adjacent to existing development within Kendal and its proximity to the A591.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 19 The main sensitivities are;

 The currently undeveloped nature of the site.  The presence of mature trees several of which are subject to Tree Preservation Orders.  The impact on the open countryside of the Lake District National Park to the west.  The impact on the setting of Kendal as viewed from the Lake District National Park, the A591 and along Brigsteer Road and Underbarrow Road.

Landscape receptor 1: Lake District National Park

6.5 The National Park boundary adjoins part of the western site boundary, however, only the western edge of the site is visible from a small part of the National Park, east of Scout Scar and Cunswick Scar and around the upper slopes of Bradleyfield. Any such views of the site will also contain views of the A591 and the wider urban area around Kendal which includes significant residential development. These views also contain belts of mature tree planting around the western fringe of Kendal which have been introduced to screen recent development and the A591 road corridor. There are no potential physical changes to the landscape of the National Park or loss of existing landscape features within the National Park due to the development. In addition, there are no changes to existing vehicular and pedestrian access to the National Park.

6.6 Although development of the site will extend the western fringe of Kendal to the National Park boundary, the introduction of a landscape buffer within the western part of the site is likely to substantially screen any potential views of the development from the National Park. In the long term, this planting will effectively merge with other mature tree belts in the vicinity of the site.

6.7 The sensitivity of this part of the Lake District National Park is influenced by the proximity to and views of the A591 Bypass and urban development around Kendal. Sensitivity is therefore considered to be high. The magnitude of change in the landscape due to the development is considered to be low, reducing to negligible as the proposed landscape buffer matures and provides screening to the built development. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse, reducing to minor adverse.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 20 Landscape receptor 2: Kendal

6.8 The site is currently allocated for development in the South Lakeland Local Plan. Development of the site will bring about a change in land use and the loss of some views from Underbarrow Road towards Scout Scar, and long distance views south from nearby properties. However, it will not affect any designated landscape, listed buildings, conservation areas, public open space or green belt. Additionally, it will not affect any existing access to the National Park. Once complete, the proposed built development and landscaping would visually merge with existing housing development to the south and east.

6.9 The sensitivity of Kendal as a landscape receptor is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change in the urban landscape due to the development is considered to be medium, reducing to low as the proposed landscape buffer matures and provides screening to the built development. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse, reducing to minor adverse.

Landscape receptor 3: Landscape character areas

6.10 The site falls within National Character Area 20; Morecambe Bay Limestones. The potential effects of the development are similar to those described in Para. 6.6 above, although there will also be some physical effects due to the change in land use. Any such changes in land use are not considered significant within the context of the wider Character Area, which extends over 400sq km. The sensitivity of this part of National Character Area 20 is considered to be high. The magnitude of change in the landscape due to the development is considered to be low, reducing to negligible as the proposed landscape buffer matures and provides screening to the built development. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse, reducing to minor adverse.

6.11 At a county level, the site lies within Landscape Type 3a – Open Farmland and Pavements. The character area is sensitive due to its proximity to the National Park but it also contains a major road corridor and is affected by open views of built development around the western fringe of Kendal. The potential additional visual effects of development on this site are not considered significant when considered within the wider context of Kendal, which is also clearly visible from this character area. The change in land use, due to development of this site, is not considered significant given the extent of this Character Area. The sensitivity of Landscape Type 3a is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change in the landscape due to the development is considered to be low, reducing to negligible as the proposed landscape buffer matures and provides screening to the built development. The resultant landscape impact will be minor adverse.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 21 6.12 At a local level, the Kendal Landscape Character Assessment classifies the site as being Limestone Fringe type (B) subtype South of Greenside (B3). The proposed development will not result in the significant loss of existing landscape features, however, it will bring about a change in land use from enclosed farmland to residential. These changes will affect local landscape character and also the availability of long distance views to the south and east and towards the National Park. Once complete, the proposed built development and landscaping would visually merge with other housing development in the vicinity. The sensitivity of Landscape Type (B3) South of Greenside is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change in local landscape character due to the development is considered to be medium. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse.

Landscape receptor 4: The site and immediate surroundings.

6.13 The site and the immediate surroundings will experience similar changes to the landscape and visual character as described in Para. 6.13 above. The development will not affect any designated landscape, listed buildings, conservation areas, public open space or green belt. Additionally, it will not affect any existing access to the National Park. Once complete, the proposed built development and landscaping would visually merge with other housing development to the south and east. The sensitivity of the site is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change in the landscape due to the development is considered to be medium. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse.

Landscape Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Effect

1. Lake District High Low/negligible Moderate - Adverse National Park. Minor

2: Kendal Medium Medium/low Moderate- Adverse Minor 3: Landscape character areas High Low/negligible Moderate- Adverse National level Minor Medium Low/negligible Minor Adverse County level Medium Medium Moderate Adverse Local level

4: The site and surroundings Medium Medium Moderate Adverse

Table 6 – Summary of landscape assessment.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 22 Visual assessment

6.14 The assessment of visual effects was undertaken on the basis of viewpoint analysis as recommended by best practice guidelines. A selection of viewpoints is proposed to represent the range of views likely to be experienced of the development. All photography and survey work of the viewpoints etc. was undertaken from publicly accessible road and footpaths.

6.15 The viewpoints were selected to represent a range of views and viewer types. The viewpoints cover a variety of different character types, are in different directions from the site and are at varying elevations. The viewpoints are located at a range of distances from the development to illustrate the varying magnitude of visual impacts with distance from the site.

6.16 The viewpoints were used as the basis for determining the effects on visual receptors within the entire study area.

6.17 In parallel to the viewpoint analysis the ZTV were used to identify potential visual receptors (e.g. residents, users of public rights of way, visitors to tourist attractions etc.) of the proposed development. A filtering process was undertaken to identify which of the visual receptors within the study area had the potential to experience significant visual effects. The significance of effects on visual receptors is determined by cross referencing the sensitivity of the receptor with the magnitude of impact.

6.18 The viewpoints fall broadly into two groups;

 Representative Viewpoints – those viewpoints within the general area of the site.

 Specific Viewpoints – key viewpoints that are specific visitor attractions or destinations are noteworthy as a result of their visual and/or recreational amenity such as those within designated areas, or viewpoints with particular cultural associations.

6.19 The location of each viewpoint is shown on figure 3 and is represented by the photographs (viewpoints 1 – 16).

6.20 Within the study area a number of representative views of the site have been selected according to the distance, the degree of visibility, the nature of the view and the anticipated number and type of potential receptors.

6.21 Photographs were taken in November 2014 and June 2015 using a Canon EOS 5D camera with a full-frame sensor combined with a fixed focal length 50mm Canon EF lens.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 23 6.22 The following residents and local people are potential receptors of visual effects.

 Residential properties to the north, south and east of the site.

 Public footpath network to the north of the site.

 Public footpath network to the west of the site.

 The Lake District National Park.

 Noted viewpoint above Scout Scar.

 Vantage points to the east of Kendal overlooking to town towards the Lake District National Park.

 Road users along the A591 Kendal bypass.

 Road users along Underbarrow Road.

 Road users along Brigsteer Road.

Note: There is no view available from Kendal Castle.

6.23 To determine the landscape impact on a given viewpoint, a correlation can be made between the landscape sensitivity and the magnitude of change experienced due to development.

6.24 In order to ascertain the importance of any viewpoint, the criteria shown in Table 6 has been adopted.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 24 Viewpoint Exceptional Special Representative Established Dedicated viewing area with Popular viewpoint Other viewpoints of viewpoints interpretation signage, with dedicated the locality recorded on OS maps and in viewing area, where publications as having viewers may stop to panoramic views; opportunity take the view (for to take prolonged view (for example seating area example viewing beacons or within town park or toposcope); viewpoint of common land); national importance. viewpoint of regional importance. Historic Scheduled, historic site of Scheduled, historic Other, unscheduled viewpoints national importance, either site of regional historic sites of local with a view of surrounding importance that is importance landscape or a notable view publicly accessible. looking out from a National Park or across the surrounding landscape. Cultural Cultural heritage site of Cultural heritage site Other cultural heritage national importance; for of regional heritage site of local viewpoints example, publicly accessible importance; for importance (for Grade I Registered Historic example, example unregistered Parkland or Garden with conservation area historic park or designed view towards a where street pattern garden); or sites not designed landscape or National affords vista towards open to the public. Park (for example tree lined or from a National avenue or dedicated Park; or place seating/viewing area); or associated with birthplace/home of nationally locally famous poet, famous artist, author or poet author or artist whose work has been inspired whose work has by the locality. been inspired by the local landscape. Movement Where viewer has a unique Where viewer has the Other views from corridor and prolonged/unfolding view opportunity to movement corridors, viewpoints of a National Park from a main appreciate the view; which are typical of transport corridor, scenic for example, the locality, or have holiday route or national cycle approach road leading fleeting view, are route; landscape features towards a National degraded by the which represent a way finding Park or designated presence of urban/ landmark; view is free from landscape, regional highway structures visual detractors (for example long distance highway structures); footpath, or well used or a prolonged/unfolding view bridleway or footpath from a route crossing a with tranquil and rural National Park or designated setting landscape. Other visitor Visitor designations of national Visitor designations of Other visitor designation importance (for example a regional importance. designations within viewpoints National Trust site). the locality. Designated Designated and protected area Designated and Other local designated landscape of national importance (for protected area of areas (for example area or example AONB, National Park); regional/district protected by character or highly valued and unique importance (for countryside and open type area of intact landscape example SLA, AGLV); spaces policies); or viewpoints character, quintessential to the or valued area of area of typical identity of the area. intact landscape landscape character, character that that may have contributes to the suffered some enjoyment and degradation. identity of the area. Table 7. Criteria for grading importance of viewpoints

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 25

Figure 3 – viewpoint locations © Crown copyright and database rights 2015 Ordnance Survey 0100031673

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 26 6.3.1 Viewpoint 1. Viewpoint above Scout Scar.

Importance of view Exceptional viewpoint Grid ref SD484918

Importance of viewpoint Exceptional Distance to site 1875m to nearest boundary (western) Overall Grade of View Exceptional AOD 230m Existing view and key components  View from within National Park.  Panoramic views over Kendal towards The Howgills and Pennines.  Kendal nestling within an undulating landscape with pasture and scattered woodland.  Bypass and Underbarrow Road evident.  The site’s western boundary is visible.

Predicted views  The site’s western boundary is visible but the main body of the site itself is not directly visible.  Screening along the western boundary would both effectively screen development and blend with existing woodland/tree planting along both Underbarrow and Brigsteer Road.  Some evidence of development may be visible through any boundary planting but would associate strongly with the existing townscape comprising much of the mid-distance view.  The character of the view would not change to any significant degree.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be negligible. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the exceptional view grade, it would result in a minor impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 27 6.3.2 Viewpoint 2. Underbarrow Road as it crosses A591 Kendal bypass.

Importance of view Special Grid ref SD499924

Importance of viewpoint Exceptional Distance to site 410m to nearest boundary (north west corner) Overall Grade of View Special AOD 140m

Existing view and key components  View from within National Park.  Undulating landscape dominated by A591 bypass.  Kendal not directly visible.  Strong field boundaries and woodland swathes.

Predicted views  The site’s western boundary is visible but the site itself is not directly visible.  Screening along the western boundary would both effectively screen development and blend with existing woodland/tree planting along both Underbarrow Road and Brigsteer Road.  Some evidence of development may be visible through any boundary planting.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be negligible. When this magnitude of visual

impact is correlated with the special view grade, it would result in a minor/neutral impact. 



Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 28 6.3.3 Viewpoint 3. Underbarrow Road at site’s north west corner.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD502922

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site Adjacent Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 135m

Existing view and key components  Open landscape with views over Kendal towards Howgills and Yorshire Dales in the far distance.  Strongly undulating topography with woodland major characteristic.  Kendal appears as a town in the mid-distance and nearby residential development is not immediately evident.

Predicted views  Proposed boundary planting will provide some mitigation to the proposed development.

 Openness of the view’s character will be lost.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be high. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a moderate/minor impact. 

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 29 6.3.4 Viewpoint 4. Underbarrow Road at site’s northern boundary.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD502922

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site Adjacent Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 135m

Existing view and key components  Open landscape with views over Kendal towards Howgills and Yorshire Dales in the far distance.  Strongly undulating topography with woodland major characteristic.  Boundary with National Park marked by western boundary.  Brigsteer Road bridge over bypass detracts from rural character of the view.

Predicted views  Proposed boundary planting will provide some mitigation to the proposed development.  Openness of the view’s character will be lost.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be high. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a moderate/minor impact. 

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 30 6.3.5 Viewpoint 5. Underbarrow Road at site’s north east corner.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD506923

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site Adjacent Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 120m

Existing view and key components  View over pasture fields with strong boundary definition repeating into distance.  Site strongly contained by vegetation.  Farmland character enhanced by Larch How.  View only fleetingly experienced by road users.  Boundary planting along Underbarrow Road evident.

Predicted views  Development will comprehensively change the character of the view although roadside planting will be retained.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be high. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a moderate/minor impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 31 6.3.6 Viewpoint 6. Kendal Fell Business Park.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD505925

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site 190m to nearest boundary (northern) Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 135m

Existing view and key components  Light industrial units with associated paraphernalia broken by strips of planting.  Drumlin landscape south of Kendal visible beyond fragmented elements of townscape.  Site not directly visible but tree lining along Underbarrow Road evident behind business park units.

Predicted views  The site is not directly visible from this location.

Conclusion There will be no visual impact from this location.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 32 6.3.7 Viewpoint 7. Public footpath north of Kendal Fell Business Park and east of Kendal Fell Quarry.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD503926

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site 370m Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 170m to nearest boundary (northern)

Existing view and key components  Strongly directional view framed by stone walling and boundary planting.  Fragmented views of Kendal but far distance views of Drumlin landscape south of Kendal.  Natland visible.

Predicted views  Part of the western portion of the site is partially visible through the roadside tree belt running adjacent to Underbarrow Road.  Development will be partially visible through the tree belt although additional screening would be possible. .

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be low. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a minor/neutral impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 33 6.3.8 Viewpoint 8. Footpath north of Kendal Fell Business Park.

Importance of view Special Grid ref SD502927

Importance of viewpoint Special Distance to site 500m to nearest boundary (northern) Overall Grade of View Special AOD 180m

Existing view and key components  View contained by boundary walls and planting.  Views of Kendal visible through planting during winter months.  Distance views of Drumlin landscape south of Kendal

Predicted views  The site is not directly visible from this location.

Conclusion There will be no visual impact from this location.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 34 6.3.9 Viewpoint 9. Footpath at boundary of Kendal Fell Golf Course.

Importance of view Special Grid ref SD503928

Importance of viewpoint Exceptional Distance to site 560m to nearest boundary (northern) Overall Grade of View Special AOD 180m

Existing view and key components  Panoramic views over Kendal towards Drumlin landscape to the south of the town.  Kendal nestles within landscape contained by topography.  Site’s location on edge of town evident despite site only partially being visible. Existing boundary planting along Underbarrow Road evident.

Predicted views  Western portion of site is currently visible and its open nature contrasts with townscape to the east.  Proposed new boundary planting along Underbarrow Road will provide effective screening.  Any development visible would associate well with existing townscape.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be low. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the special view grade, it would result in a minor impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 35 6.3.10 Viewpoint 10. Boundary of National Park north of Bradley Field Farm.

Importance of view Special Grid ref SD497918

Importance of viewpoint Exceptional Distance to site 580m to nearest boundary (western) Overall Grade of View Special AOD 150m

Existing view and key components  Panoramic views over Kendal (not visible) towards the Howgills and Pennines. .  The A591 is visible with traffic movement reducing sense of tranquility.  Wooded tree belts key feature of the view, particularly those along Underbarrow Road and Brigsteer Road.  The site is largely screened by the farm buildings and mature tree planting. Predicted views  Western portion of site is currently partially visible but mostly screened by farm buildings and tree planting. During winter months, visibility will be higher but mature trees will still provide a screen to some degree.  The proposed bund on the western boundary will provide an effective screen with evergreen elements and depth of planting providing effective year- round. The planting will blend well with the existing tree belts north and south of the site.  Some elements of development will be visible above the bund’s planting but will not break the skyline and change the character of the view towards the hills east of Kendal.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be low. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the special view grade, it would result in a minor impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 36 6.3.11Viewpoint 11. Brigsteer Road to the west of the site nr Bradley Field Farm.

Importance of view Special Grid ref SD502918

Importance of viewpoint Exceptional Distance to site 280m to nearest boundary (south west) Overall Grade of View Special AOD 140m

Existing view and key components  View from within National Park over pasture fields with strong woodland elements.  Housing visible along with elements of Kendal Fell business park.  Kendal Fell Quarry screened by woodland.  Bypass visible to the north but generally screened

Predicted views  Direct views of the site available but proposed screening along western and southern boundary would be effective at screening development. Screening would also prevent views into business park.  Boundary planting will complement existing woodland belts around the site.  Open character of the site will be lost.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be medium. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the special view grade, it would result in a moderate/minor impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 37 6.3.12 Viewpoint 12. Brigsteer Road to the south of the site.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD505920

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site 115m to nearest boundary (southern) Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 110m

Existing view and key components  Country Lane character with substantial boundary planting.  Fleeting views into site available during winter months. During summer months, site will be effectively screened.  Some gaps in boundary planting allow views into the site.  It is not a viewpoint experienced by a large number of receptors and is generally limited to walkers. Road users are generally at a lower level and travelling at a faster speed.  Predicted views  Development may be evident through boundary planting during winter months but character of the lane will be largely unaffected due to separation between the site and the road.  Rear garden planting will enhance the screening provided by the existing vegetation.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be low. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a minor/neutral impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 38 6.3.13Viewpoint 13. Brigsteer Road to the south east of the site.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD506921

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site 170m to nearest boundary (south east) Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 100m

Existing view and key components  View from recent estate development onto heavily planted minor road.  Urban element including road signage, road markings and street lights prevent rural character.

Predicted views  The site is not visible from this location other than minor glimpses through vegetation during winter months.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be negligible. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a neutral impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 39 6.3.14 Viewpoint 14. The Helm.

Importance of view Special Grid ref SD533895

Importance of viewpoint Special Distance to site 3.9km to nearest boundary (south east) Overall Grade of View Special AOD 180m

Existing view and key components  Panoramic view over Kendal towards Lake District Fells.  Kendal rising to the west of the town centre.

Predicted views  The site is visible albeit a very small element within the view.  Development would be evident but, if perceptible as a separate element, would associate very strongly with existing development in the foreground. Distance greatly mitigates any impact.  Development would extend Kendal’s visual footprint but to a very small and perhaps imperceptible degree. The main focus of this viewpoint is the town’s general setting and the Lake District Fells beyond.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be low. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the special view grade, it would result in a minor impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 40 6.3.15 Viewpoint 15. View from Paddy Lane.

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD541923

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site 3.5km to nearest boundary (eastern) Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 190m

Existing view and key components  View from National Cycle Route overlooking Kendal towards Lake District Fells.  Kendal seen sitting within surrounding hills.  Scout Scar forms backdrop to the town with Lake District Fells rising in the far distance.  The site is visible but forms a very small element within the view. Predicted views  The site is visible albeit a very small element within the view.  Development would be evident but, if perceptible as a separate element, would associate very strongly with existing development in the foreground. Distance greatly mitigates any impact.  Development would extend Kendal’s visual footprint but to a very small and perhaps imperceptible degree. The main focus of this viewpoint is the town’s general setting and the Lake District Fells beyond.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be low. When this magnitude of visual impact is correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a minor/neutral impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 41 6.3.16 Viewpoint 16. Nr Fisher Tarn Reservoir

Importance of view Representative Grid ref SD545926

Importance of viewpoint Representative Distance to site 3.9km to nearest boundary (eastern) Overall Grade of View Representative AOD 230m

Existing view and key components  Panoramic view over Kendal towards Scout Scar and Lake District Fells in far distance.  Kendal rising to the west of the town centre. Predicted views  Panoramic view over Kendal towards Scout Scar and Lake District Fells in far distance.  Kendal rising to the west of the town centre.  Elements of Kendal visible back dropped by open countryside.  Representative view from countryside to the east of Kendal.

Conclusion The magnitude of visual impact on the visual amenity arising from the proposed development would be low. When this magnitude of visual impact is

correlated with the representative view grade, it would result in a minor/neutral impact.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal 42 6.3.17 This assessment of effects has been concerned only with those which would occur during the day. There would also be some effects at night, as the proposals would introduce some new light sources. However, the area around the site already contains some light sources (principally in the existing urban area and around the industrial estate), and the new lights would in general not be very bright or intrusive, assuming full cut-off fixtures are used.

Visual Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Significance

1. Viewpoint above Scout Scar Exceptional Negligible Minor

2: Underbarrow Road as it Special Negligible Minor/neutral crosses A591 Kendal bypass

3: Underbarrow Road at site’s Representative High Moderate/minor north west corner

4: Underbarrow Road at site’s Representative High Moderate/minor northern boundary.

5: Underbarrow Road at site’s Representative High Moderate/minor north east corner.

6: Kendal Fell Business Park. Representative Not visible No impact

7: Public footpath north of Representative Low Minor/neutral Kendal Fell Business Park and east of Kendal Fell Quarry. 8: Footpath north of Kendal Fell Special Not visible No impact Business Park. 9: Footpath at boundary of Special Low Minor Kendal Fell Golf Course. 10: Boundary of National Park Special Low Minor north of Bradley Field Farm. 11: Brigsteer Road to the west Special Medium Moderate/minor of the site nr Bradley Field Farm. 12: Brigsteer Road to the south Representative Low Minor/neutral of the site.

13: Brigsteer Road to the south Representative Low Minor/neutral east of the site.

14: The Helm. Special Low Minor

15: Paddy Lane. Representative Low Minor/neutral

16: Fisher Tarn Representative Low Minor/neutral

Table 8 – Summary of visual assessment.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal Page 43

SECTION 7: CUMULATIVE LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ASSESSMENT

Cumulative Landscape Assessment

7.1 The LVIA assesses the potential cumulative effects (simultaneous, successive, sequential and perceptual) caused by the development of the site in conjunction with other allocated land around the western fringe of Kendal. These additional sites comprise land allocated in the South Lakeland Local Plan Land Allocations (Adopted December 2013) under Policy LA1.3/LA2.7-Stainbank Green; Policy LA1.3-South of Lumley Road; Policy LA 1.6/LA2.9-Land at Scroggs Wood, Milnthorpe Road.

7.2 The potential landscape effects of the development have been previously considered within this document therefore this section assesses the additional effects of other consented or proposed sites within the planning system as described above.

7.3 The cumulative assessment assumes that the development proposals on allocated sites identified in Para.7.1 above will result in a change in land use but that any existing valued landscape features will be retained. Additionally, landscape mitigation will be provided to screen views from the National Park, road corridors and important public footpaths.

Landscape receptor 1: Lake District National Park

7.4 There will be no physical effect on land within the National Park due to the development of the site or other allocated land around the western fringe of Kendal. Additionally, there will be no loss of existing landscape features within the Park. Potential cumulative effects may occur due to combined views of the development site and Allocated Land at Stainbank Green from Scout Scar and Bradleyfield, however, any such views would be significantly mitigated by existing and proposed landscape works. Any glimpsed views of built development would be seen within the wider urban context of Kendal and the A591 road corridor. The development of the site and other Allocated Land around the western fringe of Kendal will not introduce landscape features or built elements which are uncharacteristic or will fundamentally change the nature of existing views.

7.5 The sensitivity of this part of the Lake District National Park is influenced by the proximity to and views of the A591 Bypass and urban development around Kendal. Sensitivity is therefore considered to be high. The magnitude of change in the landscape due to cumulative effects is considered to be low, reducing to negligible as development is increasingly screened by landscape buffers. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse, reducing to minor adverse.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal Page 44

Landscape receptor 2: Kendal

7.6 The main cumulative impacts will be experienced from travelers using the A591 Kendal Bypass, however, any such views would be significantly mitigated by existing and proposed landscape works and any glimpsed views of built development would be seen within the wider urban context of Kendal. The development of the site and other Allocated Land around the western fringe of Kendal will not introduce landscape features or built elements which are uncharacteristic or will fundamentally change the nature of existing views

7.7 The sensitivity of Kendal as a landscape receptor is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change is considered to be medium, reducing to low as development is increasingly screened by landscape buffers. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse, reducing to minor adverse.

Landscape receptor 3: Landscape character areas

7.8 The cumulative effects on National Character Area 20; Morecambe Bay Limestones will be similar to those described in Para. 7.6 above, although there will be also cumulative physical effects due to the change in land use. Any such changes in land use are not considered significant within the context of the wider Character Area, which extends over 400sq km. The sensitivity of this part of National Character Area 20 is considered to be high. The magnitude of change in the landscape is considered to be low, reducing to negligible as landscape buffers mature and provide screening to the built development. The resultant landscape impact will be moderate adverse, reducing to minor adverse.

7.9 At a county level, the site lies within Landscape Type 3a – Open Farmland and Pavements. Potential cumulative landscape effects will occur due to changes in land use and loss of open agricultural land, however, any such changes will not introduce landscape features or built elements which are uncharacteristic or will fundamentally change the nature of existing views. The sensitivity of Landscape Type 3a is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change is considered to be low. The resultant landscape impact will be minor adverse.

7.10 At a local level, the Kendal Landscape Character Assessment classifies the site as being Limestone Fringe type (B) subtype South of Greenside (B3). Any potential cumulative effects will only occur locally where there is some intervisibility between the development site with other allocated land. The potential for this is considered to be very low due to existing and proposed tree belts around the developments. The sensitivity of Landscape Type (B3) South of Greenside is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change is considered to be negligible. The resultant landscape impact will be minor/neutral.

Underbarrow Road, Kendal Landscape and Visual Impact Appraisal Page 45

Landscape receptor 4: The site and immediate surroundings.

7.11 Any potential cumulative effects on the site and immediate surroundings are considered to be similar to those described in 7.10 above. The sensitivity of the site is considered to be medium. The magnitude of change is considered to be negligible. The resultant landscape impact will be minor/neutral.

Landscape Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Effect

1. Lake District National Park. High Low/negligible Moderate- Adverse Minor

2: Kendal Medium Medium/low Moderate- Adverse Minor 3: Landscape character areas High Low/negligible Moderate- Adverse National level Minor County level Medium Low Minor Adverse

Local level Medium Negligible Minor/Neutral Neutral

4: The site and surroundings Medium Negligible Minor/Neutral Neutral

Table 9 – Summary of cumulative landscape assessment.

Cumulative Visual Assessment

7.12 The LVIA assesses the potential cumulative effects caused by the development of the site in conjunction with other allocated land around the western fringe of Kendal. These additional sites comprise land allocated in the South Lakeland Local Plan Land Allocations (Adopted December 2013) under Policy LA1.3/LA2.7-Stainbank Green; Policy LA1.3-South of Lumley Road; Policy LA 1.6/LA2.9-Land at Scroggs Wood, Milnthorpe Road.

7.13 The potential visual effects of the development have been previously considered through an assessment of viewpoints 1-16 in Section 6. The cumulative assessment considers the additional changes which might occur due to other consented sites within the planning system as described in Para. 7.12 above.

7.14 The cumulative assessment assumes that the development proposals on allocated sites identified in Para.7.12 will include an element of landscape mitigation to provide screening from important viewpoints.

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Predicted cumulative visual effects on Viewpoints 1-16.

7.15 Of the 16 representative viewpoints, only numbers 14, 15 and 16 have the potential to view one or several of the other allocated sites for development around the western fringe of Kendal. These viewpoints will be affected by changes due to development on all four allocated sites on the west side of Kendal, however, the proposed development site at Underbarrow Road is the least visually prominent in these views and is likely to result in the lowest impact of all the proposed development sites. Moreover, any views of development at Underbarrow Road would be seen within its surrounding urban context and from viewpoints 14, 15 and 16 the development would not appear to significantly extend the urban edge of Kendal. The resultant cumulative effect of the proposed development in combination with other allocated land around the western fringe of Kendal is therefore considered to be minor.

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Viewpoint Potential Potential Significance Effect changes in cumulative view effects 1. Viewpoint above Scout Scar None None N/A N/A

2: Underbarrow Road as it None None N/A N/A crosses A591 Kendal bypass

3: Underbarrow Road at site’s None None N/A N/A north west corner

4: Underbarrow Road at site’s None None N/A N/A northern boundary. 5: Underbarrow Road at site’s None None N/A N/A north east corner. 6: Kendal Fell Business Park. None None N/A N/A

7: Public footpath north of None None N/A N/A Kendal Fell Business Park and east of Kendal Fell Quarry. 8: Footpath north of Kendal None None N/A N/A Fell Business Park. 9: Footpath at boundary of None None N/A N/A Kendal Fell Golf Course. 10: Boundary of National Park None None N/A N/A north of Bradley Field Farm. 11: Brigsteer Road to the west None None N/A N/A of the site nr Bradley Field Farm. 12: Brigsteer Road to the None None N/A N/A south of the site. 13: Brigsteer Road to the None Yes Minor Adverse south east of the site. 14: The Helm. Allocated sites None N/A N/A Stainbank

15: Paddy Lane. Allocated sites Yes Minor Adverse Stainbank Gn,Lumley Rd.,Scroggs Wood, Milnthorpe Rd. 16: Fisher Tarn Allocated sites Yes Minor Adverse Stainbank Gn,Lumley Rd.,Scroggs Wood, Milnthorpe Rd. Table 10 – Summary of cumulative visual assessment.

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SECTION 8: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

8.1 Summary

This allocated site lies within Kendal’s development boundary and outside of the Lake District National Park. Whilst it is immediately adjacent to the National Park and must, therefore, pay heed to its impact on the setting of the park, it is not afforded the protection from development of a site within the park.

The site lies within the development boundary of Kendal, close to existing development, along a main road into the town and well within the area to the east of the A591 bypass. Underbarrow Road is a well-established residential street, albeit once which, in the immediate area, also accommodates commercial, industrial and former quarrying/landfill areas. The setting of Kendal, therefore, will not alter greatly post development; the town will be approached through the area’s limestone countryside before reaching the town’s outskirts, currently marked by the bypass and Kendal Fell Business Park.

Similarly, the setting of the National Park in the area will not significantly alter, particularly if the proposed landscape buffer along the western boundary is implemented. Currently, the western edge of the town is marked by development largely screened by tree planting and this will continue to be the case. The presence of the bypass logically forms the boundary between town and countryside and this will remain the case. The undeveloped buffer between the edge of development and the road will also be retained, albeit narrowed, but also reinforced through the proposed landscape buffer shown on drawing c-1267-01.

In visual terms, impact is minimal. Whilst the western edge of the site appears exposed, the proposed landscape buffer will, again, provide significant screening, but equally, as the sites slopes away from this boundary, visibility of the site greatly reduces anyway. Even from the elevated viewpoint above Scout Scar, the site cannot be seen directly. Additionally, from any viewpoint, any visible development will associate strongly with the existing and will remain contained within the area formed by the bypass.

From high land to the east of the town, direct views are available due to the site’s sloping nature, but here distance combined with the strong visual association with the existing town, will render any impact negligible.

The site does have sensitivities, however these can be addressed by imposing planning conditions regarding the implementation of the landscaping scheme along the westernmost aspect of the site and given this neither the setting of the National Park nor town will be significantly altered.

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