DOCSLIB.ORG

Parasitc Zoonoses: Different Modes of Human Infection Are: Foodborne Vectorborne Inanimate Objects Born Viz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Parasitc zoonoses: Different modes of Human infection are: Foodborne Vectorborne Inanimate objects born viz. soil, plants (Saprozoonoses) Based on etiology: • Helminthic i. Trematodal • Protozoal ii. Cestodal • Arthropodal iii. Nematodal Contd.. Snail borne diseases Contd.. Trematode Final host Intermediate host Transmission to humans Fasciolopsiasis: Man, dog and buffalo; Snail Ingestion of Fasciolopsis buski Pig (reservoir) metacercaria on water chestnut Schistosomiasis: Man and other Snail Skin penetration S. hematobium, mammals by cercaria S. mansoni, S. Japonicum Clonorchiasis: Man, dog, cat, pig, rat 1st snail Ingestion of cyst Clonorchis sinensis 2nd freshwater in fish (Chinese liver fluke) fishes esp. cyprinid Opisthorchiasis: Man and fish eating 1st snail Ingestion of cyst Opisthorchis felineus mammals; Dog and 2nd cyprinid fish in fish O. viverrini cat-(reservoir) Paragonimiasis: Man, dog, cat and 1st snail Ingestion of cyst Paragonimus other mammals 2nd fresh water in crab meat westermanni crabs and fishes Fasciolopsiasis: •Fasciolopsis buski •Intestinal-ulcerous disease in humans •Humans and pigs are final hosts; pigs are reservoirs. Infective stage (metcercaria) via ingestion of contaminated water chest nuts and walnuts which are eaten raw. Contd.. Occurrence: Areas of endemicity are large parts of the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Disease occurs focally and is most prevalent in school-age children. The prevalence of infection in children ranges: 60% in India 57% in China 50% in Bangladesh 25% in Taiwan, and 10% in Thailand [Nithiuthai et al. 2004] Schistosomiasis (Bilharziosis) Common in tropical and subtropical areas Schistosome Type of infection Occurrence Reservoir Hosts species caused (highly (zoonotic) prevalent) S. hematobium Schistosomiasis of North America, Not important, but urinary tract Africa monkey, pig and rodents may play role S. mansoni Intestinal East, Central Monkeys and rodents Schistosomiasis and West Africa, and Egypt S. japonicum Asian intestinal Southeast and Domestic ruminants, schistosomiasis East Asia dogs, and rodents Contd.. In India, Schistosoma hematobium is endemic in village Gimvi, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtara Percutaneous penetration of infective stage (cercaria) Skin lesions Hepatomegaly Lymphadenopathy Encephalopathy Many species are known to causing “Swimmer’s itch”, but no authentic information on prevalence in humans. Schistosome cercaria Swimmer.’s Itch /Cercarial dermatitis Chlonorchiasis and Opisthorchiasis •Both parasitize in bile duct system Chlonorchis sinensis •Occurs in all Asian countries. •In Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, and the People’s Republic of China, prevalence rates in humans are up to 50%. •Besides humans, cats, dogs, pigs and various carnivores are serving as final host. (Krauss et al. 2003) Opisthorchis species Endemic areas O. felineus Eastern and Southern Europe O. viverrini South East Asia and East Asia Contd.. Human infection occur by ingestion of uncooked or undercooked freshwater fish, esp. cyprinid fishes e.g. carp. Paragonimiasis (Pulmonary distomiasis) • Lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus • Paragonimus westermani is prevalent predominantly in Central, Southeast and East Asia. High prevalence in humans is expected in north-eastern states in India as crab and dog meat are delicacies there [Borthakur et al. 2007]. Zoonotic hookworm infections (Ancylostomiasis) Ancylostoma Disease in humans Final host species Ancylostoma Eosinophilic enteritis Dogs caninum (occasionally) A. braziliense Cutaneous Larva Dogs Migrans(CLM) A. ceylanicum Anaemia and intestinal Dogs, jangle cats, infection civet Ancylostoma caninum is the most common and is worldwide. • In Madhya Pradesh, prevalence among stray dogs reported is 89%. [Sahasrabudhe et al. 1969] and in tea growing communities in Assam , it is 72%. [Traub et al. 2004] Contd.. •Up to 60% of dogs in tea growing communities of Assam harboured A. braziliense, with 37% of dogs having mixed infections with A. braziliense and A.caninum. [Traub et al. 2004] Humans are accidental hosts and High incidence of get infection by percutaneous CLM in the area penetration of larva. and majority of individuals (67%) admitted to walking barefoot while outdoors [Traub et al. 2004]. Contd.. •There are no reports of A. ceylanicum infections in dogs despite the isolation of the hookworm in 16 out of 173 humans from the Hoogly region. [Chowdhury et al. 1972] CLM (Creeping Eruption) Disease is acute and self-limiting. Etiological agent Favourable climate Ancylostoma braziliense Tropical and subtropical areas Uncinaria stenocephala Cold and moderate climate Contd.. Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) Visceral Larva Migrans A syndrome caused by the invasion of inner organs (liver, lungs, brain) or the eye by nematode larvae of the genus Toxocara canis, and to a lesser extent, T.cati (T. mystax). Parasite Definitive host Paratenic host Toxocara canis Dog, fox; less Essentially every prevalent in other species of mammals, canids, e.g. coyote, and birds wolf, jackal Toxocara cati Cats and other Rodents and birds felidae Baylisascaris Racoons Rodents and birds procyonis Contd.. •Human infections occur worldwide. •Antibodies to T. canis are found worldwide in 2 to 14% of the human population, with higher prevalence in children than in adults (Krauss et al, 2003). •Humans are accidental hosts and get infection by accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs. Contd.. In Dogs Parasitic surveys found T. canis to be most common parasite of stray dogs in Miraj (prevalence 55.8%) and Calcutta (prevalence 82%). [Joshi et al. 1977, Mapplestone.1940] By contrast, the prevalence of T.canis in adult stray dogs in Madhya Pradesh was found to be 2.7% and in tea growing communities in Assam , it was 11%. [Malla et al. (2002); Traub et al. 2002] In another study, 46% of public parks and 32% of school grounds in Andhra Pradesh were contaminated with Toxocara ova. [Kumar and Hafeez. 1998] Contd.. In humans In a random rural survey in Haryana, 6.4% prevalence rate was found. [Malla et al. (2002)] Stunning, 23.3% prevalence has been found in Chandigarh in ocular cases and rate was 20.5% in New Delhi. [Mirdha and Khokar 2002] 4 types of clinical syndromes associated with T. canis are: 1. VLM 2. OLM 3. NEUROLOGICAL 4. COVERT TOXOCARIASIS Contd.. Ocular Larva Migrans (OLM) Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) Nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Caused by consumption of poorly cooked meat of a number of species, especially of pig. Autopsy surveys indicate that about 2% of the population is infected globally (Uni. Of South Carolina online). More frequent in temperate than tropical areas. Incidence higher in winter season. Contd.. In India, most of human cases go undetected. [Dupouy-Camet, 2000] In past, many human cases had been reported by different workers. [Alipuria et al. 1996; Mohan et al. 2002] 15.79% prevalence rate in panthers and tigers of the Ranthambore National Park had been reported. [Singh. 2000] In number of species like cats, bandicoots and country pigs, Trichinella infection had been described. [Uppal. 2000] Zoonotic filariasis Lymphatic filariasis Wuchereria bencrofti Filariasis (non-zoonotic) Dirofilariasis Brugia malayi (both zoonotic and non-zoonotic) Zoonotic in country In India Non-zoonotic Dirofilaria repens (Natural host is dog) Subcutaneous lesions only Transmission is by bite of various mosquitoes. Contd.. In Kerala, a high prevalence of filarial worms in the subcutaneous tissues and subconjunctival space of human beings has been found. From Kerala, 12 worm specimens of Dirofilaria repens (2002 to 2004) have been identified from human cases. During the same period, in 7% dogs’ blood smears microfilariae have been detected. [Sabu et al. 2005] Taeniasis and Cysticercosis Taenia species Adult tapeworm Metacestode (final host) (intermediate host) Taenia saginata Humans Cattle, reindeer; wild saginata ruminants T. solium Humans Domestic and wild pigs; humans; also, dogs T. saginata asiatica Humans Domestic and wild pigs; also, cattle, goats, monkeys Taeniasis (non-fatal) Cysticercosis (often neurocysticecosis and is lethal) Contd.. Cysticercosis: Neuro-cysticercosis (most common) Ocular cysticercosis Muscular and S/C connective tissue (10% in India) (Uni. of South Carolina online) Neuro-cysticercosis is responsible for most of the morbidity/mortality observed in cases of human cysticercosis. [Pedro N. Acha and Boris Szyfres. 2003] Contd.. At HIMS hospital, Dehradun, 32.0% patients clinically manifesting neurological signs (33/103) were positive for T. solium IgG antibodies in their sera. Among these patients children (11-20 years age group) were most affected (39.4%). [Kumar et al. 2006] In Pondichery, 14/216 (6.48 %) male blood donors are found to be positive for either anti-Cysticercus antibodies or antigens by ELISA. [Kaliaperumal et al. 2005] A number of ocular cysticercosis cases have been reported in the South India. [Kaliaperumal et al. (2005)] In a study at IVRI, 3% prevalence of neurocysticercosis has been in the 200 slaughtered pigs’ brain samples in the Bareilly region. [Prakash et al. 2007] Contd.. Diphyllobothriasis Diphylobothrium latum, the largest cestode of humans. Predominantly in temperate and sub arctic areas of Northern hemisphere. Infection by ingestion of uncooked or partially cooked contaminated fish Contd.. Besides humans, major hosts are cats, dogs and pigs but all other fish eating mammals may become infected. Megaloblastic anemia and neurological signs are
Recommended publications
  • Dirofilaria Repens Nematode Infection with Microfilaremia in Traveler Returning to Belgium from Senegal

    Dirofilaria Repens Nematode Infection with Microfilaremia in Traveler Returning to Belgium from Senegal

    RESEARCH LETTERS 6. Sohan K, Cyrus CA. Ultrasonographic observations of the fetal We report human infection with a Dirofilaria repens nema- brain in the first 100 pregnant women with Zika virus infection in tode likely acquired in Senegal. An adult worm was extract- Trinidad and Tobago. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017;139:278–83. ed from the right conjunctiva of the case-patient, and blood http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12313 7. Parra-Saavedra M, Reefhuis J, Piraquive JP, Gilboa SM, microfilariae were detected, which led to an initial misdiag- Badell ML, Moore CA, et al. Serial head and brain imaging nosis of loiasis. We also observed the complete life cycle of of 17 fetuses with confirmed Zika virus infection in Colombia, a D. repens nematode in this patient. South America. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130:207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002105 8. Kleber de Oliveira W, Cortez-Escalante J, De Oliveira WT, n October 14, 2016, a 76-year-old man from Belgium do Carmo GM, Henriques CM, Coelho GE, et al. Increase in Owas referred to the travel clinic at the Institute of Trop- reported prevalence of microcephaly in infants born to women ical Medicine (Antwerp, Belgium) because of suspected living in areas with confirmed Zika virus transmission during the first trimester of pregnancy—Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb loiasis after a worm had been extracted from his right con- Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:242–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/ junctiva in another hospital. Apart from stable, treated arte- mmwr.mm6509e2 rial hypertension and non–insulin-dependent diabetes, he 9.
  • Medical Parasitology

    Medical Parasitology

    MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY Anna B. Semerjyan Marina G. Susanyan Yerevan State Medical University Yerevan 2020 1 Chapter 15 Medical Parasitology. General understandings Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. Medical Parasitology focuses on parasites which cause diseases in humans. Awareness and understanding about medically important parasites is necessary for proper diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases. The most important element in diagnosing a parasitic infection is the knowledge of the biology, or life cycle, of the parasites. Medical parasitology traditionally has included the study of three major groups of animals: 1. Parasitic protozoa (protists). 2. Parasitic worms (helminthes). 3. Arthropods that directly cause disease or act as transmitters of various pathogens. Parasitism is a form of association between organisms of different species known as symbiosis. Symbiosis means literally “living together”. Symbiosis can be between any plant, animal, or protist that is intimately associated with another organism of a different species. The most common types of symbiosis are commensalism, mutualism and parasitism. 1. Commensalism involves one-way benefit, but no harm is exerted in either direction. For example, mouth amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis, uses human for habitat (mouth cavity) and for food source without harming the host organism. 2. Mutualism is a highly interdependent association, in which both partners benefit from the relationship: two-way (mutual) benefit and no harm. Each member depends upon the other. For example, in humans’ large intestine the bacterium Escherichia coli produces the complex of vitamin B and suppresses pathogenic fungi, bacteria, while sheltering and getting nutrients in the intestine. 3.
  • Improved Postmortem Diagnosis of Taenia Saginata Cysticercosis

    Improved Postmortem Diagnosis of Taenia Saginata Cysticercosis

    IMPROVED POSTMORTEM DIAGNOSIS OF TAENIA SAGINATA CYSTICERCOSIS A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By WILLIAM BRADLEY SCANDRETT Keywords: Taenia saginata, bovine cysticercosis, immunohistochemistry, histology, validation © Copyright William Bradley Scandrett, July, 2007. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this university may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Veterinary Microbiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4 i ABSTRACT Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease for which cattle are the intermediate hosts of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata.
  • Disseminated Peritoneal Schistosoma Japonicum: a Case Report And

    Disseminated Peritoneal Schistosoma Japonicum: a Case Report And

    [Downloaded free from http://www.saudiannals.net on Monday, May 10, 2010] case report Disseminated peritoneal Schistosoma japonicum: a case report and review of the pathological manifestations of the helminth Salah Al-Waheeb,a Maryam Al-Murshed,a Fareeda Dashti,b Parsotam R. Hira,c Lamia Al-Sarrafd From the aDepartments of Histopathology, and bSurgery, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, cDepartment of Microbiology, Kuwait University, dDepart- ment of Radiology, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriyah, Kuwait Correspondence: Salah Al-Waheeb, MD · Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, PO Box 72, Code 71661, Jabriyah, Shamiyah City, Kuwait · T: +975-531- 2700 ext. 2188 · [email protected] · Approved for publication August 2008 Ann Saudi Med 2009; 29(2): 149-152 Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziasis, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a human disease syn- drome caused by infection from one of several species of parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. The three main species infecting humans are S haematobium, S japonicum, and S mansoni. S japonicum is most common in the far east, mostly in China and the Philippines. We present an unusual case of S japonicum in a 32-year-old Filipino woman who had schistosomal ova studding the peritoneal cavity and forming a mass in the right iliac fossa. chistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziaa liver (Figure 1). CT examination showed multiple cala asis, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a human disease cific foci throughout the abdomen, particularly in the Ssyndrome caused by infection from one of several RIF. Prominent small bowel dilatation and fluid colleca species of parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma.
  • Ultrasound of Tropical Medicine Parasitic Diseases of the Liver

    Ultrasound of Tropical Medicine Parasitic Diseases of the Liver

    Ultrasound of the liver …. 20.11.2012 11:05 1 EFSUMB – European Course Book Editor: Christoph F. Dietrich Ultrasound of Tropical Medicine Parasitic diseases of the liver Enrico Brunetti1, Tom Heller2, Francesca Tamarozzi3, Adnan Kabaalioglu4, Maria Teresa Giordani5, Joachim Richter6, Roberto Chiavaroli7, Sam Goblirsch8, Carmen Cretu9, Christoph F Dietrich10 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Muenchen Perlach, Munich, Germany 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 4 Department of Radiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 5 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy 6 Tropenmedizinische Ambulanz, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany 7 Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Caterina Novella Hospital, Galatina, Italy 8 Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 9 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Parasitology Department Colentina Teaching Hospital, Bucharest, Romania 10 Caritas-Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Germany Ultrasound of parasitic disease …. 20.11.2012 11:05 2 Content Content ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Amoebiasis ................................................................................................................................
  • Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017)

    Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017)

    pathogens Review Anthology of Dirofilariasis in Russia (1915–2017) Anatoly V. Kondrashin 1, Lola F. Morozova 1, Ekaterina V. Stepanova 1, Natalia A. Turbabina 1, Maria S. Maksimova 1 and Evgeny N. Morozov 1,2,* 1 Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (A.V.K.); [email protected] (L.F.M.); [email protected] (E.V.S.); [email protected] (N.A.T.); [email protected] (M.S.M.) 2 Department of Tropical, Parasitic Diseases and Disinfectology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125445 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 March 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 9 April 2020 Abstract: Dirofilariasis is a helminths vector-borne disease caused by two species of Dirofolaria— D. repens and D. immitis. The former is overwhelmingly associated with human dirofilariasis. The vector of the worm are mosquitoes of the family Culicidae (largely Culex, Aedes and Anopheles). The definitive hosts of Dirofilaria are dogs and to a lesser extent cats. Humans are an accidental host. A total of 1200 human cases caused by Dirofilaria were registered in the territory of the ex-USSR during the period 1915–2016. Zonal differences have been seen in the prevalence of infected dogs and mosquitoes. Studies undertaken in the southern part of the Russian Federation (RF) revealed the prevalence of Dirofilaria in dogs to be 20.8% with wild variations of larva density. Studies carried out in the central part of the RF found that the prevalence of parasites in dogs was 4.1%.
  • Waterborne Zoonotic Helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T

    Waterborne Zoonotic Helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T

    Veterinary Parasitology 126 (2004) 167–193 www.elsevier.com/locate/vetpar Review Waterborne zoonotic helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T. Anantaphrutib, Jitra Waikagulb, Alvin Gajadharc aDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand bDepartment of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand cCentre for Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon Laboratory, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 2R3 Abstract This review deals with waterborne zoonotic helminths, many of which are opportunistic parasites spreading directly from animals to man or man to animals through water that is either ingested or that contains forms capable of skin penetration. Disease severity ranges from being rapidly fatal to low- grade chronic infections that may be asymptomatic for many years. The most significant zoonotic waterborne helminthic diseases are either snail-mediated, copepod-mediated or transmitted by faecal-contaminated water. Snail-mediated helminthiases described here are caused by digenetic trematodes that undergo complex life cycles involving various species of aquatic snails. These diseases include schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis, fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis. The primary copepod-mediated helminthiases are sparganosis, gnathostomiasis and dracunculiasis, and the major faecal-contaminated water helminthiases are cysticercosis, hydatid disease and larva migrans. Generally, only parasites whose infective stages can be transmitted directly by water are discussed in this article. Although many do not require a water environment in which to complete their life cycle, their infective stages can certainly be distributed and acquired directly through water. Transmission via the external environment is necessary for many helminth parasites, with water and faecal contamination being important considerations.
  • Public Health Significance of Intestinal Parasitic Infections*

    Public Health Significance of Intestinal Parasitic Infections*

    Articles in the Update series Les articles de la rubrique give a concise, authoritative, Le pointfournissent un bilan and up-to-date survey of concis et fiable de la situa- the present position in the tion actuelle dans les do- Update selectedfields, coveringmany maines consideres, couvrant different aspects of the de nombreux aspects des biomedical sciences and sciences biomedicales et de la , po n t , , public health. Most of santepublique. Laplupartde the articles are written by ces articles auront donc ete acknowledged experts on the redigeis par les specialistes subject. les plus autorises. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 65 (5): 575-588 (1987) © World Health Organization 1987 Public health significance of intestinal parasitic infections* WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE' Intestinal parasitic infections are distributed virtually throughout the world, with high prevalence rates in many regions. Amoebiasis, ascariasis, hookworm infection and trichuriasis are among the ten most common infections in the world. Other parasitic infections such as abdominal angiostrongyliasis, intestinal capil- lariasis, and strongyloidiasis are of local or regional public health concern. The prevention and control of these infections are now more feasible than ever before owing to the discovery of safe and efficacious drugs, the improvement and sim- plification of some diagnostic procedures, and advances in parasite population biology. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT The amount of harm caused by intestinal parasitic infections to the health and welfare of individuals and communities depends on: (a) the parasite species; (b) the intensity and course of the infection; (c) the nature of the interactions between the parasite species and concurrent infections; (d) the nutritional and immunological status of the population; and (e) numerous socioeconomic factors.
  • Biliary Obstruction Caused by the Liver Fluke, Fasciola Hepatica

    Biliary Obstruction Caused by the Liver Fluke, Fasciola Hepatica

    CME Practice CMAJ Cases Biliary obstruction caused by the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica Takuya Ishikawa MD PhD, Vanessa Meier-Stephenson MD PhD, Steven J. Heitman MD MSc Competing interests: None 20-year-old previously healthy man declared. presented to hospital with a two-day This article has been peer A history of right upper quadrant pain reviewed. and vomiting. Nine months earlier, he had The authors have obtained immigrated to Canada from Sudan, but he had patient consent. also lived in Djibouti and Ethiopia. Four Correspondence to: months before he presented to hospital, he Steven Heitman, received a diagnosis of tuberculous lymphade- [email protected] nitis and a four-drug course of tuberculosis CMAJ 2016. DOI:10.1503 treatment was started. However, he was non- /cmaj.150696 adherent after only two months of treatment. In addition, results from screening tests at that time showed evidence of schistosomiasis for Figure 1: A flat, leaf-shaped, brown worm emerg- which he was prescribed praziquantel. ing from the common bile duct of a 20-year-old On examination, he was alert and without man with abdominal pain. jaundice or scleral icterus. He had right upper quadrant tenderness on abdominal examination, ter of 1.1 cm. A computed tomography scan of but there were no palpable masses. The remain- the abdomen also showed prominence of the der of his examination was unremarkable. Labo- common bile duct, but no calcified stone was ratory test results showed elevated liver enzymes identified (Appendix 1). A hepatobiliary imino- (aspartate transaminase 133 [normal < 40] U/L, diacetic acid scan suggested distal obstruction in alanine transaminase 217 [normal < 41] U/L, the common bile duct.
  • Public Health Significance of Foodborne

    Public Health Significance of Foodborne

    imental er Fo p o x d E C Journal of Experimental Food f h o e l m a n i Pal et al., J Exp Food Chem 2018, 4:1 s r t u r y o J Chemistry DOI: 10.4172/2472-0542.1000135 ISSN: 2472-0542 Review Article Open Access Public Health Significance of Foodborne Helminthiasis: A Systematic Review Mahendra Pal1*, Yodit Ayele2, Angesom Hadush3, Pooja Kundu4 and Vijay J Jadhav4 1Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health, 4 Aangan, Jagnath Ganesh Dairy Road, Anand-38001, India 2Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bonga University, Post Box No.334, Bonga, Ethiopia 3Department of Animal Production and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Adigrat University, P.O. Box 50, Adigrat, Ethiopia 4Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar-125004, India *Corresponding author: Mahendra Pal, Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, 4 Aangan, Jagnath Ganesh Dairy Road, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India, E-mail: [email protected] Received date: December 18, 2017; Accepted date: January 19, 2018; Published date: January 25, 2018 Copyright: ©2017 Pal M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Foodborne diseases, caused by biological as well as chemical agents, have an impact in both developing and developed nations. The foodborne diseases of microbial origin are acute where as those caused by chemical toxicants are resulted due to chronic exposure.
  • Vet February 2017.Indd 85 30/01/2017 09:32 SMALL ANIMAL I CONTINUING EDUCATION

    Vet February 2017.Indd 85 30/01/2017 09:32 SMALL ANIMAL I CONTINUING EDUCATION

    CONTINUING EDUCATION I SMALL ANIMAL Trematodes in farm and companion animals The comparative aspects of parasitic trematodes of companion animals, ruminants and humans is presented by Maggie Fisher BVetMed CBiol MRCVS FRSB, managing director and Peter Holdsworth AO Bsc (Hon) PhD FRSB FAICD, senior manager, Ridgeway Research Ltd, Park Farm Building, Gloucestershire, UK Trematodes are almost all hermaphrodite (schistosomes KEY SPECIES being the exception) flat worms (flukes) which have a two or A number of trematode species are potential parasites of more host life cycle, with snails featuring consistently as an dogs and cats. The whole list of potential infections is long intermediate host. and so some representative examples are shown in Table Dogs and cats residing in Europe, including the UK and 1. A more extensive list of species found globally in dogs Ireland, are far less likely to acquire trematode or fluke and cats has been compiled by Muller (2000). Dogs and cats infections, which means that veterinary surgeons are likely are relatively resistant to F hepatica, so despite increased to be unconfident when they are presented with clinical abundance of infection in ruminants, there has not been a cases of fluke in dogs or cats. Such infections are likely to be noticeable increase of infection in cats or dogs. associated with a history of overseas travel. In ruminants, the most important species in Europe are the In contrast, the importance of the liver fluke, Fasciola liver fluke, F hepatica and the rumen fluke, Calicophoron hepatica to grazing ruminants is evident from the range daubneyi (see Figure 1).
  • Imaging Parasitic Diseases

    Imaging Parasitic Diseases

    Insights Imaging (2017) 8:101–125 DOI 10.1007/s13244-016-0525-2 REVIEW Unexpected hosts: imaging parasitic diseases Pablo Rodríguez Carnero1 & Paula Hernández Mateo2 & Susana Martín-Garre2 & Ángela García Pérez3 & Lourdes del Campo1 Received: 8 June 2016 /Revised: 8 September 2016 /Accepted: 28 September 2016 /Published online: 23 November 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Radiologists seldom encounter parasitic dis- • Some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain regions eases in their daily practice in most of Europe, although in Europe. the incidence of these diseases is increasing due to mi- • Parasitic diseases can have complex life cycles often involv- gration and tourism from/to endemic areas. Moreover, ing different hosts. some parasitic diseases are still endemic in certain • Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential for patient man- European regions, and immunocompromised individuals agement in parasitic diseases. also pose a higher risk of developing these conditions. • Radiologists should be able to recognise and suspect the This article reviews and summarises the imaging find- most relevant parasitic diseases. ings of some of the most important and frequent human parasitic diseases, including information about the para- Keywords Parasitic diseases . Radiology . Ultrasound . site’s life cycle, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diag- Multidetector computed tomography . Magnetic resonance nosis, and treatment. We include malaria, amoebiasis, imaging toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, echino- coccosis, cysticercosis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, ascariasis, anisakiasis, dracunculiasis, and Introduction strongyloidiasis. The aim of this review is to help radi- ologists when dealing with these diseases or in cases Parasites are organisms that live in another organism at the where they are suspected.