1107

Index

a REVATHI radar 238–239 Accuracy (radar) 124–126 ROHINI radar 238 angular position accuracy 124–126 SMART‐S MK2 236–237 range accuracy 124 Air‐to‐Air infrared guided 989–991 Active Denial System 1045–1046 AIM‐9X 990–991 Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL) 1094 AIM‐132 ASRAAM 990 AGM‐65 Maverick 944 IRIS‐T 989 AGM‐88 HARM 944 MICA‐IR 990 AGM‐114 Hellfire‐II laser‐guided PYTHON 991 962–963 Vympel R‐73 989 AIM‐7 Sparrow 1002 Air‐to‐Air radar guided missiles 1002–1003 AIM‐9X air‐to‐air IR‐guided missile 990–991 AIM‐7 Sparrow 1002 AIM‐54 Phoenix 1002–1003 AIM‐54 Phoenix 1002–1003 AIM‐120 AMRAAM 1003 AIM‐120 AMRAAM 1003 AIM‐132 ASRAAM 990 AKASH surface‐to‐air missile 1001–1002 Air Borne Laser (ABL) 1094 All Gas‐phase Iodine Laser (AGIL) 1077 Air surveillance radar 224–240 ALPHA laser 1096 airport surveillance radar 225–226 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 6–14 AN/FPS‐117 230 A3E system 10 AN/TPS‐59 229–230 B8E system 13 AN/TPS‐77 230–231 C3F system 13–14 AN/TPS‐78 231–233 frequency spectrum 7–8 AN/TPS‐117 230 H3E system 11–12 ASR‐11 238 J3E system 12–13 automatic dependent surveillance 228 noise in AM signal 8 Central AcquisitionCOPYRIGHTED Radar power MATERIAL in AM signal 8 (3D‐CAR) 238–239 R3E system 12–13 E3‐Sentry AWACS 233–234 Analogue pulse communication LSTARM 234–235 systems 22–23 MAGS 237–238 pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) 22–23 multilateration system 226–227 pulse position modulation (PPM) 23 NS‐100 235–236 pulse width modulation (PWM) 23

Handbook of Defence Electronics and Optronics: Fundamentals, Technologies and Systems, First Edition. Anil K. Maini. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Maini 0003446234.INDD 0003446234.INDDComp. 1107 by: R. RAMESH Date: 07 Mar 2018 Time: 08:03:16 AM Stage: Printer WorkFlow:CSW Page Number: 11073/7/2018 8:03:16 AM 1108 Index

Android, 6.0 Marshmallow OS 2 Bridges 407 AN/PRC‐154 Rifleman Radio 3 Bus topology 389–390 Antenna G/T ratio 384 Antennas 60–73 c 4 characteristic parameters 60–65 C ISR 90–91 4 dipole antenna 65 C I CONNECT 97, 100 helical antenna 70–71 command and control 90 Hertz antenna 65 communications 90 horn antenna 70 cyber security 90–91 lens antenna 69–70 EW systems 90–91 log‐periodic antenna 72 intelligence 90 Marconi antenna 65 P‐3 ORION 100–101 microstrip antenna 73 reconnaissance 90 phased array antenna 72–73 SEA‐COM 97, 100 radiation mechanism 60 SEA‐SPOTTER 97, 101 reflector antennas 67–69 surveillance 90 rhombic antenna 67 Universal Communications Platform (UCP) 98 satellite antennas 342, 357–358 CCD sensor 812–815 types of 65–73 Bayer’s filter 813–814 V‐antenna 67 vs. CMOS sensor 817–818 Yagi‐Uda antenna 66–67 CHAMP 1050–1051 Anti‐ship radar guided missiles 1003–1004 Characteristic parameters (Photo EXOCET family 1003–1004 sensors) 786–793 Harpoon 1004 detectivity 790 RBS‐15, 1004 D‐star 790 Yingji 1004 noise 792–793 Anti‐tank infrared guided missiles 984–986 noise equivalent power (NEP) 789–790 FGM‐148 Javelin 984 quantum efficiency 790–791 986 response time 791 PARS, 3 LR 984–985 responsivity 787–789 985–986 Chemical lasers 468, 635, 1073–1077 AN/VRC‐118 (V)1 wideband tactical radio 3 Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser Arkon‐1 series 446 (COIL) 1075–1077 AS‐34 Kormoran 943–944 CHP laser dazzler 1055–1056 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 401 Circuit switched networks 395 Attitude and orbit control 342, 353–354 CMOS sensor 817–818 vs. CCD sensor 817–818 b Code division multiple access (CDMA) 364 Batteries (Satellite) 353 Cognitive radio 4–5, 96 Beam combining of lasers 1084–1086 Coherent beam combining 1085 coherent beam combining 1085 Command guidance 940–943 incoherent beam combining 1086 Automatic Command to Line‐Of‐Sight spectral beam combining 1085 (ACLOS) 942 Beam control technologies 1086–1087 Command to Line‐Of‐Sight (CLOS) 941 Beam propagation analyzer 592 Command Off Line‐Of‐Sight Beam rider guidance 939–940 (COLOS) 941, 942 laser beam rider guidance 939–940 Hellfire 941 radar beam rider guidance 939–940 Manual Command Line‐Of‐Sight Bistatic radar 195 (MCLOS) 941

0003446234.INDD 1108 3/7/2018 8:03:16 AM Index 1109

Semi‐Automatic Command Line‐Of‐Sight Defence Support Programme (DSP) series (SACLOS) 941 443–444 Semi‐Manual Command Line‐Of‐Sight Demand assigned multiple access 358–359 (SMCLOS) 941 DF laser 1073–1074 Communication receivers 37–51 Digital modulation 29–34 AM receiver 41–42 amplitude shift keying (ASK) 29–30 ASK receiver 47 differential phase shift keying (DPSK) 31 FM receiver 46 frequency shift keying (FSK) 30 FSK receiver 48–49 offset quadrature phase shift keying 33–34 PM receiver 46 phase shift keying (PSK) 30–31 PSK receiver 49–51 quadrature phase shift keying SSB receiver 44 (QPSK) 32–33 Communication satellites 420–433 Digital pulse communication systems 24–28 American systems 422–426 adaptive delta modulator 27–28 applications 420–421 delta modulator 26–27 Defence Satellite Communication differential PCM 26 Systems 422, 429 pulse code modulation (PCM) 25–26 dual‐use military satellite communication Directed energy laser weapons 470, 1051–1097 systems 428–429 high power directed energy laser frequency spectrum 427–428 weapons 1065–1097 Geizer 430 laser dazzlers 1052–1060 Globus series 430–431 ordnance disposal 1061–1064 Leasat series 431–432 Directed energy weapons 1013–1098 Milstar series 432–433 death ray 1013 Potok series 430 directed energy laser weapons 1051–1097 Russian systems 426–427 high power microwave (HPM) Syncom‐4, 431–432 weapons 1025–1051 UHF Follow‐On (UFO) programme 422 laser‐induced plasma channel (LIPC) Communication transmitters 37–51 weapons 1098 AM transmitter 38, 40–41 MIT experiment 1013–1014 ASK transmitter 38, 46–47 particle beam weapons 1016–1025 Classification of 37–39 types of 1015–1016 CW transmitter 39 Displays 829–838 FM transmitter 38, 45 bar graph displays 830 FSK transmitter 38, 48–49 characteristics 829–830 MF transmitter 37 CRT displays 836–837 PM transmitter 38, 46 digital light processing technology 837 PSK transmitter 38, 49–51 electronic ink displays 838 radio control transmitter 38 field emission displays 838 SSB transmitter 43–44 liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 831–836 television transmitter 38 organic LEDs 837 UHF transmitter 38 plasma display panels 838 VHF transmitter 37–38 seven‐segment displays 830–831 Continuous wave (CW) radar 169–170 types of 830–838 Doppler effect‐based navigation system 452 d DRDO Astra BVRAAM 944 Data signals 6 DS‐110 High Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) Dazer laser DEFENDER 1058 System 1050 Dazer laser GUARDIAN 1058 Duplexer 115

0003446234.INDD 1109 3/7/2018 8:03:16 AM 1110 Index

e Electronic protection Early warning satellites 440–443 See Electronic Counter‐Countermeasures Earth coverage 340–341 Electronic reconnaissance 478–481 coverage angle 341 Communications Intelligence Earth‐to‐Space weapons 461–463 (COMINT) 480–481 E‐bomb 1040–1044 Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) 479–480 delivery mechanism 1043–1044 Radiation Intelligence (RINT) 478 lethality 1043 Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) 478–484 operational principle 1041–1042 Electronic Support Measures (ESM) 476–502 Eccentricity (orbit) 311 Communications Intelligence ECM equipment 510–519 (COMINT) 480–481 AN/ALE‐40 Countermeasure Dispenser Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) 478 System (CMDS) 513 ESM/radar warning receiver 484–490 AN/ALE‐47 Countermeasure Dispenser laser warning receiver 490–496 System (CMDS) 513 missile approach warning receiver 496–502 AN/ALE‐50 Advanced airborne Expendable Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) 478–484 Decoy (AAED) 518 Electronic warfare 475–544 AN/ALE‐55 fibreoptic towed Electronic Attack (EA) 476–477, decoy 518–519 503–519 AN/ALQ‐99 airborne jamming Electronic Counter‐Countermeasures system 510–511 (ECCM) 477, 533–535 AN/ALQ‐187 ECM pod 511 Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) Ariel towed radar decoy 517–518 476–477, 503–519 BOL Countermeasure Dispenser System Electronic Protection 477, 533–535 (CMDS) 513–514 Electronic Support Measures BOZ‐107 Countermeasure Dispenser System (ESM) 476–502 (CMDS) 515–516 future trends 542–544 IR decoy flares (M‐206) 516–517 Electronic Warfare Support (ES) 476–502 IR decoy flares (MJU family) 516–517 Electron multiplication CCD sensor 815–816 Miniature Air Launched Decoy‐Jammer Electro‐optical imaging satellite 434 (MALD‐J) 512 Electro‐optic Countermeasures Next Generation Jammer (NGJ) Electronic (EOCM) 519–526 Attack pod 512–513 active countermeasures 521 Electric and ion propulsion 347 active protection systems 526 Electronic Attack (EA) See Electronic EOCM equipment 521–526 Countermeasures (ECM) need and relevance 520 Electronic Counter‐Countermeasures passive countermeasures 520 (ECCM) 533–535 Electro‐optic target detection 904–906 antenna‐related ECCM features 533–534 Cat’s eye effect 904 receiver‐related ECCM features 535 Optifinder‐1200, 905 signal processing related ECCM SLD‐400 laser sniper detector 905 features 535 SLD‐500 laser sniper detector 905 transmitter‐related ECCM features 534–535 EOCM equipment 521–526 Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) 503–519 AN/VLQ‐6 HARDHAT 525 chaff 507–508 ARENA active protection system 526, decoys 509–510 757–758 ECM equipment 510–519 COROLLA PRINCE 525 flares 508–509 DHY‐322 laser decoy system 525 jamming techniques 503–507 hard‐kill EOCM system 521–522

0003446234.INDD 1110 3/7/2018 8:03:16 AM Index 1111

laser countermeasures system (LaCM) 525 GRIFO‐S 270–271 laser grenades 525 multimode fire control radar 271 MASS (Multi‐Ammunition Soft‐Kill Rajendra, 3D fire control radar 268–269 System) 524 RDY‐3 fire control radar 267–268 ROSY (Rapid Obscurant System) 523–524 SAMPSON multifunction radar 271–272 soft‐kill EOCM system 521–522 lamp trigger circuits 738–739 Stingray laser detection and external triggering 738–739 countermeasures system 525 series triggering 738–739 TROPHY active protection system 526 Flux compression generator 1028 types of 521–522 FM‐CW radar 170–173 Equatorial orbit (Satellite) 310 FM‐CW radar with sinusoidal ESM/Radar Warning Receivers 484–490 modulation 170–171 acousto‐optic receiver 486–487 FM‐CW radar with triangular AN/ALQ‐218 RWR/ESM/ELINT modulation 171–172 system 489–490 phase coded FM‐CW radar 172–173 AN/ALR‐67 airborne RWR 488 Free electron laser 638, 1077–1078 APR‐39D (V)2 RWR/EWMS 489 Frequency division multiple access BOW RWR and ESM system 487 (FDMA) 359–361 Bragg‐cell receiver 487 Frequency Modulation (FM) 14–21 channelized receiver 486 balanced slope detector 19 Compact Airborne Threat Surveyor de‐emphasis 16–17 (CATS) 489 detection of 19–21 compressive receiver 486 Foster‐Seeley frequency discriminator 20 crystal video receiver 485 frequency spectrum 15 LR‐100 RWR/ESM/ELINT receiver 490 generation of 17–19 micro scan receiver 486 narrowband FM 15–16 super heterodyne receiver 485–486 noise 16 Exoatmospheric Re‐Entry Vehicle Interception PLL‐based FM detector 20–21 System (ERIS) 467 pre‐emphasis 16–17 EXOCET anti‐ship missile 943, 1003–1004 quadrature detector 19–20 Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT) 465 ratio detector 20 wideband FM 15–16 f Frequency re‐use in SDMA 365–366 FGM‐148 Javelin 984 Frequency stabilization of gas lasers Fibre lasers 613–621, 1082–1084 756–758 applications 619–621 dither stabilization 756 basic fibre laser 613–615 optogalvanic stabilization 757 vs. bulk solid‐state lasers 615–616 stark‐cell stabilization 757–758 high power fibre lasers 1082–1084 operational regimes 616–617 g photonic crystal fibre laser 617–619 Galileo satellite navigation system 405–406 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 400 Gamma laser 1082 FIM‐92 Stinger 986–988 Gas dynamic laser 635, 1072–1073 Fire control radar 265–272 Gas laser electronics 740–758 AN/APG‐78 Longbow fire control ballast resistance 748–749 radar 266–267 carbon dioxide laser power supplies CEROS‐200 Fire Control 749–751 Radar 269–270 electrical discharge 741 ELM‐2032 fire control radar 271 excimer laser power supplies 754–756

0003446234.INDD 1111 3/7/2018 8:03:16 AM 1112 Index

Gas laser electronics (cont’d ) operating principle 240–242 frequency stabilization of gas R‐VISOR 253 lasers 756–758 SIR‐20 244–245 helium‐neon laser power supplies SIR‐30 244–245 742–747 SIR‐3000 244–245 ion laser power supplies 753–754 SIR‐4000 244–245 longitudinally‐excited gas lasers 740 StructureScan Mini 249–250 metal vapour laser power supplies 751 StructureScan Mini‐HR 249–250 ring laser gyro cavity power StructureScan Mini‐XT 249–250 supply 747–748 StructureScan Optical 249–250 transversely‐excited gas lasers 740 StructureScan Standard 249–250 Gas lasers 621–639 UtilityScan 248 active media 621–622 UtilityScan‐DF 248 carbon dioxide gas dynamic laser 635 UtilityScan‐LT 248 carbon dioxide lasers 626–630 Ground surveillance radar 212–224 chemical lasers 635 AN/PPS‐5 216–217 copper vapour laser 631–632 Blighter‐200 219–220 dye lasers 636–638 Blighter‐400 219–220 excimer laser 634–635 battlefield surveillance radar 213–214 free electron laser 638–639 BUR 221 gold vapour laser 631–632 design considerations 213 helium‐cadmium laser 630–631 GR‐05 224 helium‐neon lasers 623–626, 631–632 GR‐20 222–223 metal vapour lasers 630–632 GR‐40 224 pumping mechanism 622 EL/M‐2107 215 rare gas ion lasers 632–634 EL/M‐2127 215 TEA CO2 laser 629–630 EL/M‐2129 215 X‐ray laser 639 EL/M‐2140NG 215 General Area Defence Integrated Anti‐Missile GO‐12 214 Laser System (GARDIAN) 1092 Scanter‐1002 220–221 Geostationary orbit 312–313 SNAR‐10M1 221 GLARE GBD‐IIIC laser dazzler 1056 SPOTTER 217–218 GLARE LA‐9/P laser dazzler 1057 Gyroscopic sensors 912–920 GLARE MOUT laser dazzler 1056 fibreoptic 917–920 Global Positioning System (GPS) 405, GG 1320 AN IMU 916 456–458 HG 1700 917 Globalstar constellation 402–403 HG 9900U 916 GLONASS system 454–455 ring laser gyroscope 912–917 Griffin LGB kit 961–962 Guidance techniques 939–947 Ground Mobile Radio (GMR) 2 beam rider guidance 939–940 Ground penetrating radar 240–253 command guidance 940–943 design considerations 242–243 homing guidance 943–945 GROUNDSHARK dual sensor system 250 navigation guidance 945–947 Huskey Mounted Detection System (HMDS) 252 h LMX‐100, 244 Hall thruster 347 LMX‐200, 244 Harpoon anti‐ship missile 1004 MINESHARK dual sensor system 250–251 HF laser 1073–1074 Minestalker series 251 High Energy Laser (HEL) 1092

0003446234.INDD 1112 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM Index 1113

High Energy Laser Weapon System Rapid Re‐Targeting and Precision Pointing (HELWEPS) 1093 (R2P2) programme 1096 High power directed energy laser requirements of 1071–1072 weapons 1065–1097 Space Pointing Integrated Controls Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL) 1094 Experiment 1096 advantages 1065–1066 solid state lasers 1078–1082 Air Borne Laser (ABL) 1094 Solid State Laser Test‐bed Experiment ALPHA laser 1096 (SSLTE) 1082 applications 1066–1067 High Power Microwave (HPM) beam control technologies 1086–1087 weapons 1025–1051 components of 1067–1071 Active Denial System 1045–1047 General Area Defence Integrated Anti‐ antennas 1030 Missile Laser System (GARDIAN) 1092 capabilities 1039 High Energy Laser (HEL) 1092 CHAMP 1050–1051 High Energy Laser Weapon System components of 1026 (HELWEPS) 1093 DS‐110 High Power Electromagnetic high power laser sources 1071–1086 (HPEM) System 1050 Laser Induced Plasma Channel (LIPC) E‐bomb 1040 weapons 1098 flux compression generator 1028 Laser Phalanx 1096 HPM Blackout 1049 Laser Weapon system (LaWS) 1096 HPM sources 1029–1030 lethality 1091–1092 impulsive sources 1029–1031 limitations 1066 limitations 1040 Mid Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser linear beam sources 1029–1030, (MIRACL) 1093 1031–1037 Mobile‐THEL 1094 Marx bank power supply 1027–1028 propagation effects 1087–1091 narrowband HPM 1026 Space Based Laser (SBL) pulse power generators 1027–1029 programme 1095–1096 RANETS‐E 1048 Tactical High Energy Laser Shortstop Electronic Protection (THEL) 1094–1095 System 1049–1050 High power laser sources 1071–1086 Silent Guardian 1046 All Gas‐phase Iodine Laser (AGIL) 1077 types of 1026 beam combined lasers 1084–1086 ultra‐wideband HPM 1026 chemical lasers 1073–1077 Vigilant Eagle 1047–1048 Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser Warlock Green 1050 (COIL) 1075–1077 Warlock Red 1050 DF laser 1073–1074 weaponization 1037–1039 fibre lasers 1082–1084 Homing guidance 943–945 free electron laser 638, 1077–1078 active homing guidance 943–944 gamma laser 1082 AGM‐65 Maverick 944 gas dynamic laser 1072–1073 AGM‐88 HARM 944 HF laser 1073–1074 AS‐34 Kormoran 943–944 Joint High Power Solid State Laser (JHPSSL) DRDO‐Astra BVRAAM 944 programme 1082 MBDA EXOCET, 943MBDA MICA 943 Large Advanced Mirror Programme MIM‐104 Patriot missile system 945 (LAMP) 1096 retransmission homing guidance 945 Large Optics Demonstration Experiment semi‐active homing guidance 943 (LODE) 1096 Homing Overlay Experiment (HOE) 465–467

0003446234.INDD 1113 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM 1114 Index

HPM Blackout 1049 Intensified CCD 847–849 Hybrid topology 394–395 characteristic features 847–849 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol construction 847 (HTTP) 399–400 Internet Protocol (IP) 399 Hyper velocity rail gun 469 Inverse synthetic radar 192 Ionosphere 74–75 i Iridium constellation 402 Igla surface‐to‐air IR‐guided missile 988 IRIS‐T air‐to‐air IR‐guided missile 989 Image Intelligence (IMINT) satellites 433–437 j Image intensifier tubes 840–847 Jamming techniques 503–507 construction 840–842 angle deception 507 generations of 843–847 barrage jamming 505 operational modes 842–843 cross‐polarized jamming 505 Image sensors 812–818 deception in range 506 Bayer’s filter 813–814 deception in velocity 507 charge coupled device (CCD) 812–815 deception jamming 506–507 CMOS sensors 817–818 escort jamming 504–505 electron multiplication CCD 815–816 noise jamming 503–505 Inclined orbit (Satellite) 310 self‐protection jammer 504 Incoherent beam combining 1086 spot jamming 505 Information signals 5–6 stand‐off jamming 504 Infrared countermeasures 526–532 swept spot jamming 505 active IRCM systems 527–528 JD‐3 laser dazzler 1057 AN/ALQ‐212 Advanced Threat Infrared Joint High Power Solid State Laser (JHPSSL) Countermeasures (ATIRCM) programme 1082 system 528–529 Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) 3 Common Infrared Countermeasures Joint Tactical Radio System‐Handheld (CIRCM) system 530–532 Manpack 3, 94 GUARDIAN DIRCM system 530 MUSIC family of DIRCM systems 529–530 k Infrared guided weapons 968–994 K‐77M 1004 air‐to‐air missiles 989–991 K‐77M air‐to‐air missile 1004 anti‐tank guided missiles 984–986 Kepler’s laws 298–301 capabilities 971 Kepler’s first law 298–299 delivery parameters 972–980 Kepler’s second law 299–300 infrared guided missile seekers 980–983 Kepler’s third law 300–301 infrared homing guidance 989 Krasnopol‐M 959 limitations 971 MAGIC series missiles 970 l PYTHON missiles 970, 991 LADAR sensors 909–912 R‐73 missile 970 LAHAT laser‐guided missile 937–938, 962 RVVAE missiles 970 Large Advanced Mirror Programme surface‐to‐air missiles 986–989 (LAMP) 1096 testing infrared guided weapons 991–994 Large Optics Demonstration Experiment Injection velocity (Satellite) 308–309 (LODE) 1096 first cosmic velocity 309 Laser aiming devices 868 second cosmic velocity 309 LAM‐10M laser aiming module 868 third cosmic velocity 309–310 Laser Avenger 1062–1063

0003446234.INDD 1114 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM Index 1115

Laser bathymetry sensors 907–909 gas laser electronics 740–758 SHOALS system 909 high voltage trigger circuits 706 Laser beam diagnostic equipment 589–592 laser sensors 727–729 beam propagation analyzer 592 linear power supplies 669–682 laser beam profiler 591 microcontrollers 717–720 laser spectrum analyzer 590–591 peak detector circuits 699–700 wavelength meter 590 semiconductor diode laser Laser beam profiler 591 electronics 758–775 Laser characteristics 576–579 solid‐state laser electronics 730–740 directionality 579 switched mode power supplies 682–693 line broadening mechanisms 576–577 test and evaluation 729–730 monochromaticity 576–577 timer circuits 700–705 spatial coherence 578 trans‐impedance amplifier 697–699 temporal coherence 577–578 Laser fundamentals 555–576 Laser dazzlers 1052–1060 absorption 556–559 applications 1053–1055 constituent parts of 564–565 CHP laser dazzler 1055–1056 energy level structure 563–564 Dazer laser DEFENDER 1058 four‐level laser 561–563 Dazer laser GUARDIAN 1058 gain of laser medium 565–567 emerging trends 1059–1060 longitudinal modes 573–574 GLARE‐GBD‐IIIC 1056 principle of operation 555–556 GLARE LA‐9/P 1057 pumping mechanisms 569–573 GLARE MOUT 1056 rules of quantum mechanics 556 JD‐3 laser dazzler 1057 spontaneous emission 556–559 operational parameters 1053 stimulated emission 556–559 RGB dazzlers 1060 three‐level laser 560–561 Saber‐203 Grenade shell laser intruder transverse modes 574–576 countermeasure system 1057 two‐level laser 560 TALI 1058 Laser guided bombs 960–961 ZM‐87 laser disruptor 1057 Griffin 961–962 Laser designation pods 898–901 ‐I 961 ATLIS pod 900 Paveway‐II 961 Convertible Laser Designation Pod Paveway‐III 961 (CLDP) 900 Paveway‐IV 961 DEMOCLES pod 900–901 Sudarshan LGB kit 962 LANTIRN pod 901 Laser guided missiles 962–963 Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker AGM‐114 Hellfire‐II 962–963 (LRMTS) 898 LAHAT 937–938, 962 LITENING pod 899 RBS‐70NG 938, 962 TALIOS pod 901 Starstreak 937 Laser designation procedures 892–895 Laser guided munitions delivery general procedures 892–893 parameters 951–957 laser designation for artillery 893–894 beam divergence 957 laser designation for close air support 894–895 pulse repetition frequency 967 Laser electronics 669–775 pulse width 957 analogue‐to‐digital converters 706–717 spot size 957 constant current sources 693–697 target brightness 953–954 Field Programmable Gate arrays target irradiance 953 (FPGAs) 720–723 wavelength 957

0003446234.INDD 1115 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM 1116 Index

Laser guided projectiles 959–960 CO2 LRF 872–874 Krasnopol‐M 959 DL‐20 LRF 874, 876 M‐712 Copperhead 959 ELEM‐DP 10K 875 Laser guided weapons 935, 947–968 Eye‐safe LRF 875 attenuation coefficient 953 FM‐CW LRF 872–874 capabilities 958 FREG LRF 875, 880 delivery parameters 951–958 Geovid LRF 875 deployment configurations 951 G‐Force DX LRF 875, 881 laser guided bombs 960–962 HEIMDALL LRF 875, 879–880 laser guided bullets 964 LH‐30 LRF 874, 876 laser guided missiles 962–963 LH‐40 LRF 875, 878 laser guided projectiles 959–960 LIORA LRF 881 Laser Joint Attack Munitions (LJDAM) 963 LRB, 7X50 875, 882–883 limitations 958–959 LRB‐21K LRF 875, 878 new developments 963–964 LRF‐3, 875, 881 operational basics 947–948 LRF‐3M LRF 875, 876–877 position sensor 948–951 MELT LRF 875, 878–879 received power 954 MOD3/3CI LRF 875, 883 testing laser guided munitions 964–968 Nd‐YAG LRF 874 Laser Induced Plasma Channel (LIPC) ODIN LRF 875, 880 weapons 1098 phase shift method 871–872 Laser Joint Attack Munitions (LJDAM) 963 PROSTAFF LRF 884 Laser parameters 579–589 Rangemaster 875 beam divergence 583–584 Scout DX 1000 ARC 875 duty cycle 582 STIR‐6241A 875 irradiance 583 STIR‐6243/6244 LRF 875, 878 2 M ‐value 584–585 time‐of‐flight LRF 869–870 measurement of 585–589 triangulation LRF 870–871 power 580–581 TOR LRF 875, 880 pulse energy 580 Laser resonators 567–568 pulse repetition frequency 582 hemi‐focal resonator 568 pulse width 581–582 hemispherical resonator 568 radiance 583 plane‐parallel resonator 567–568 rise and fall times 582 stable resonator 567 spot size 584 unstable resonator 568 wall‐plug efficiency 585 Laser Source Simulator wavelength 579–580 MT‐1888/1888A 966–967 Laser Ordnance Disposal System Laser spectrum analyzer 590–591 (LORDS) 1064 Laser Target Designator (LTD) 884–901 Laser Phalanx 1096 airborne LTD 898 Laser proximity sensors 901–904 AN/PEQ‐17 896 Laser radar 197–198 deployment 884–886 advantages and disadvantages 198 DHX‐26 898 coherent laser radar 197–198 DHY‐307 897 Laser Range Finders (LRF) 869–883 GLTD‐III LTD 896 applications 876 laser designation pods 898–901 ATN Range Eye 1500 875, 883 laser designation procedures 892–895 CELT‐2 LRF 875 munitions delivery considerations 886–892 choice of laser 874–876 Rattler LTD 898

0003446234.INDD 1116 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM Index 1117

Laser warning receivers 490–496 Missile Approach Warning System block schematic 491–492 (MAWS) 496–502 Elbit’s Laser Warning System ALQ‐156 (V) MAWS 498–499 (E‐LAWS) 496 AN/AAR‐47 Electronic Warfare System 502 HARLID sensor 492 AN/AAR‐56 Missile Launch Detector Laser Warning system (LWS) 492 System 499–500 LIAS laser warning receiver 494 AN/AAR‐60 MILDS 501 LWS‐200CV laser warning system 495 EL/M, 2160 (V1) 499 LWS‐300CV laser warning system 496 Multi‐colour Infrared Alert sensor Naval Laser Warning system (MIRAS) 500 (NLWS) 494–495 MWS‐20 MAWS 499 Shtora‐1 Defensive Aids system 496 PAWS‐2 MAWS 499 Laser Weapon system (LaWS) 1096 types of 497–498 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 824–829 Mission Readiness Test Set (MRTS) 966 characteristics 825–826 Mobile Ad‐hoc Networks (MANETS) 3 drive circuits 827–829 Mobile‐THEL 1094 parameters 826 Molniya orbit (Satellite) 311 Link budget 385–387 Monostatic radar 195 Liquid propulsion 346–347 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) 173–177 Look angles (Satellite) 337–339 blind speeds in 175–177 azimuth angle 337–338 Multifunction radar 211 elevation angle 339 Multiple access techniques 358–367 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 312–313 code division multiple access (CDMA) 364 Lunar eclipse (Satellite) 336–337 demand assigned multiple access 358–359 frequency division multiple access m (FDMA) 359–361 M‐712 Copperhead 959 frequency re‐use in SDMA 365–366 MAGIC series missiles 970 preassigned multiple access 358–359 MAGS wide area multilateration system random multiple access 358–359 237–238 SDMA/CDMA 367 MBDA MICA 943 SDMA/FDMA 366 Mechanical structure (Satellite) 342–343 SDMA/TDMA 366–367 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 312–313 space division multiple access Mesh topology 392–393 (SDMA) 364–365 Mesosphere 74 time division multiple access MICA‐IR air‐to‐air missile 990 (TDMA) 361–364 Mid Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser Multiplexing techniques 34–36 (MIRACL) 1093 frequency division multiplexing Mid‐Tier Networking Vehicular Radio (MNVR) (FDM) 34–35 program 3 time division multiplexing (TDM) 35–36 MILAN wire‐guided missile 936 Military satellites 419–470 n communication satellites 420–433 NAG anti‐tank IR‐guided missile 986 navigation satellites 450–458 Narrowband HPM 1026 reconnaissance satellites 433–449 Navigation guidance 945–947 space weapons 458–470 celestial navigation 946 weather forecasting satellites 449–450 inertial navigation 945–946 Millimetre wave radar 198–199 geophysical navigation 946–947 MIM‐104 Patriot Missile System 945, 1000 ranging navigation 946

0003446234.INDD 1117 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM 1118 Index

Navigation satellites 450–458 o applications 451 Open System Interconnect (OSI) 396–398 Doppler effect‐based navigation Optical communication 77–82 system 452–453 advantages 77–78 future trends 458 fibreoptic communication 80–82 Global Positioning System (GPS) 456–458 free space communication 78–80 GLONASS system 454–455 limitations 77–78 GPS‐IIR‐M system 458 Orbcomm constellation 405 GPS‐IIR system 456–457 Orbital parameters 301–307 NAVSTAR‐II system 456–457 angles (defining direction of satellite) 307 principle of operation 451–453 apogee 303–304 trilateration‐based navigation system 452 argument of perigee 306 Network centric warfare 87–89 ascending nodes 301 advantages 88–89 descending nodes 301 OODA loop 87–88 eccentricity 304–305 shortcomings 89 equinoxes 301–302 Network protocols 396–401 inclination 306 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 401 perigee 304 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 400 right ascension of ascending node 305 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol semi‐major axis 305 (HTTP) 399–400 solstices 303, 331–333 Internet Protocol (IP) 399 true anomaly of satellite 306 Open System Interconnect (OSI) 396–398 Orbital perturbations 331–332 Sample Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 400 Ordnance disposal 1061–1064 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 399 applications 1061 Use Datagram Protocol 400–401 laser avenger 1062–1063 Network technologies 394–396 Laser Ordnance Disposal System circuit switched networks 395 (LORDS) 1064 packet switched networks 395–396 THOR 1063–1064 Network topologies 389–395 ZEUS‐HLONS 1061–1062 bus topology 389–390 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing hybrid topology 394–395 (OFDM) 3 mesh topology 392–393 Over‐the‐Horizon Radar (OTHR) ring topology 390–392 192–195 star topology 390 tree topology 393–394 p Newton’s laws 296–298 Packet switched networks 395–396 Newton’s law of gravitation 296–297 PARS, 3 LR anti‐tank IR‐guided Newton’s second law of motion 297–298 missile 984–985 Night vision technology 838–856 Particle accelerator 1018–1021 applications of 851–856 circular accelerator 1019 generations of 843–847 induction linear accelerator 1019 image enhancement vs. thermal Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 1019 imaging 851 linear accelerator 1019 image intensifier tubes 840–847 RF linear accelerator 1019 intensified CCD 847–849 ring accelerator 1019 thermal imaging 839, 849–851 Stanford Linear Accelerator Nuclear explosion detection satellites 443 (SLAC) 1019 Nuclear explosion powered X‐ray laser 468 Particle beam accelerator 469

0003446234.INDD 1118 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM Index 1119

Particle beam weapons 1016–1025 image sensors 812–818 Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) 1022 photoconductors 793–796 ancillary kill mechanisms 1023 photodiodes 797–806 beam propagation 1022 photoemissive sensors 818–820 effects of 1024–1025 photo FET 810 lethality 1022–1023 photometry 785–786 neutral beam weapons (NBW) 1018 photo SCR 810–811 operational principle 1016–1017 phototransistors 808–810 particle accelerator 1018–1021 photo TRIAC 811 power source 1021 radiometry 785–786 radial‐pulse‐line accelerator 1022 solar cells 806–807 target tracking and beam pointing 1021 thermal sensors 820–824 types of 1017–1018 Phototransistors 808–810 Paveway‐I LGB kit 961 application circuits 809–810 Paveway‐II LGB kit 961 Polar orbit (Satellite) 310 Paveway‐III LGB kit 961 Police radar 278–284 Paveway‐IV LGB kit 961 BE‐III 282 Payload (Satellite) 342, 355–356 Eagle‐II 284 Photoconductors 793–796 ENFORCER 283–284 application circuits 794–796 FALCON‐HR 284 extrinsic 794 PYTHON‐ES 282–283 intrinsic 794 Ranger‐EZ 282 materials used 794 RAPTOR‐RP1 284 Photodiodes 797–806 Speedgun Pro 283 application circuits 802–806 Stalker radar 280–282 avalanche photodiodes 800 TALON 284 equivalent circuit 800–802 Power supply (Satellite) 342, 349–353 photoconductive mode of operation 802 Preassigned multiple access 358–359 photovoltaic mode of operation 802 Precision guided weapons 933–1006 PIN photodiodes 798–799 anti‐radiation weapons 934–935 PN photodiodes 798 beam riding weapons 937–938 Schottky photodiodes 800 GPS/INS guided weapons 938–939, types of 797 1004–1006 V‐I characteristics 802 guidance techniques 939–947 Photoemissive sensors 818–820 infrared guided weapons 935, 968–994 image intensifiers 819–820 laser guided weapons 935, 947–968 photomultiplier tubes 818–819 radar guided weapons 935, 994–1004 vacuum photodiodes 818 types of 934 PHOTOINT satellites 434 wire guided weapons 936–937, 941 Photometry 785–786 Primary surveillance radar 195–196 illuminance 786 Prograde orbit (Satellite) 310 irradiance 786 Propagation modes 75–77 luminance 786 Propulsion (Satellite) 342, 343–348 photometric flux 785 Protocol stacking 407 photometric intensity 785 Protocol translation 407 radiance 786 Protocol tunnelling 408 Photo Sensors 783–824 Pulse compression radar 186–190 characteristic parameters 786–793 Pulse Doppler radar 177–179 classification of 783–784 true and apparent ranges 178–179

0003446234.INDD 1119 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM 1120 Index

Pulsed plasma thruster 347 RCS concept 129–131 Pumping mechanisms (of lasers) 569–573 RCS measurement 133–136 chemical reactions 573 RCS reduction 136 electrical pumping 573 Radar displays 167–168 electron beam pumping 573 A‐scope 167 optical pumping 569–573 B‐scope 167–168 PYTHON air‐to‐air IR‐guided F‐scope 168 missile 970, 991 Plan Position Indicator (PPI) 168 Radar functions 118–123 q target detection 118–120 Quality‐of‐Service 408 target location 120–122 target velocity 122–123 r Radar guided weapons 994–1004 R‐73 missile 970 active radar guidance 996–997 Radar 113–199, 203–284 air‐to‐air radar guided weapons 1002–1003 air surveillance radars 224–240 anti‐ship radar guided missiles 1003–1004 classification 117–118 future trends 1004 clutter 117, 137–144 missile guidance and control 998–999 fire control radars 265–272 semi‐active radar guidance 995–996 functions 118 surface‐to‐air radar guided weapons ground penetrating radars 240–253 999–1002 ground surveillance radars 212–224 track‐via‐missile guidance 997–998 operational frequency band 117 Radar imaging satellite 435 PRF class 118 Radar range equation 144–148 military radars 203–285 evaluation of range parameters 147–148 police radars 278–285 Radar receivers 159–166 radar antennas 168–169 block schematic 159–161 radar cross‐section 129–137 receiver parameters 162–164 radar displays 167–168 signal processors 165–169 radar receivers 159–166 Radar transmitters 155–159 radar transmitters 155–159 coherent‐on‐receive transmitters 156 range equation 144–148 coherent transmitters 155–156 resolution 126–129 non‐coherent transmitters 157 transmitted wave shape 118 quasi‐coherent transmitters 156 types of 168–199 transmitter parameters 157–159 weapon locating radars 253–265 Radar types 168–199 Radar antennas 168–169 bistatic radar 195 Radar classification 117–118 continuous wave (CW) radar 169–170 intended mission 118 FM‐CW radar 170–173 operational frequency band 117 inverse synthetic aperture radar 192 PRF class 118 laser radar 197–198 transmitted wave shape and spectrum 118 millimetre wave radar 198–199 Radar clutter 117, 137–144 monostatic radar 195 clutter from point objects 144 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) 173–177 surface clutter 137–142 Over‐the‐Horizon Radar (OTHR) 192–195 volume clutter 142–143 primary surveillance radar 195–196 Radar cross‐section 129–137 pulse compression radar 186–190 factors determining RCS 131–133 pulse Doppler radar 177–179 radar cross‐section of typical targets 133 secondary surveillance radar 195–196

0003446234.INDD 1120 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM Index 1121

synthetic aperture radar 190–192 cross‐range resolution 127 tracking radar 186–190 Doppler resolution 128–129 Radar waveforms 148–154 range resolution 126 continuous wave (CW) 148–149 Retrograde orbit (Satellite) 310 gated CW pulse 149–151 RGB dazzlers 1080 linear FM gated pule 151–152 RIM‐174 Standard Extended Range Active nonlinear FM gated pulse 152 Missile 1000 phase coded waveforms 154 Ring topology 390–392 V‐FM gated pulse 153 Routers 407 Radiometry 785–786 RVVAE missile 970 illuminance 786 irradiance 786 s luminance 786 SA‐7 GRAIL surface‐to‐air IR‐guided radiance 786 missile 989 radiometric flux 785 Saber‐203 Grenade shell laser intruder radiometric intensity 785 countermeasure system 1057 Random multiple access 358–359 Sample Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 400 RANETS‐E 1048 Sampling theorem 28 Range tracking 186 Satellite antennas 342, 357–358 Rapid Retargeting and Precision Pointing Satellite constellations 401–406 (R2P2) programme 1096 Galileo satellite navigation system RBS‐15 anti‐ship missile 1004 405–406 RBS‐70 laser‐guided missile 938, 962 geometry 401–402 RBS‐70NG laser guided missile 938, 962 Global Positioning System (GPS) 405 Reconnaissance satellites 433–449 Globalstar constellation 402–403 Arkon‐1 series 446 Iridium constellation 402 Defence Support Programme (DSP) Orbcomm constellation 405 series 443–444 Sirius XM radio 404 early warning satellites 440–443 Sky Bridge constellation 405 electro‐optical imaging satellite 434 Teledesic constellation 404 Geosat Follow‐on series 445–449 Satellite eclipses 335–337 Helios series 446–447 lunar eclipse 336–337 Image Intelligence (IMINT) solar eclipse 335–336 satellites 433–437 Satellite hardware 341–358 KH‐series 447–448 antennas 342, 357–358 Neman series 446 attitude and orbit control 342, 353–354 nuclear explosion detection batteries 353 satellites 443 electric and ion propulsion 347 OKO series 444–445 Hall thruster 347 Orion series 445–446 liquid propulsion 346–347 PHOTOINT satellites 434 mechanical structure 342–343 radar imaging satellite 435 payload 342, 355–356 Russian satellites 4 power supply 342, 349–353 Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) propulsion 342, 343–348 satellites 437–440 pulsed plasma thruster 347 Tselina series 449 solid propulsion 345–346 US‐PM series 449 Telemetry, Tracking and Command 342, Repeaters 407 354–355 Resolution (Radar) 126–129 thermal control 342, 348–349

0003446234.INDD 1121 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM 1122 Index

Satellite launch sequence 328–331 constant current mode 758–759, 760–764 launch from Baikonur 331 constant power mode 759–760, 764 launch from Cape Canaveral 330 laser diode protection circuits 770–775 launch from Kourou 329–330 laser diode temperature control space shuttle launch 331 circuits 767–770 time division multiple access pulsed mode 764–767 (TDMA) 361–364 Semiconductor lasers 639–659 Satellite link design 367–387 characteristic parameters 655–658 frequency considerations 370–372 distributed feedback (DFB) lasers interference related issues 381–384 645–646 link budget 385–387 gain‐guided lasers 658 noise considerations 377–381 handling of 659 propagation considerations 372–377 heterojunction diode lasers 643 satellite link parameters 368–370 homojunction diode lasers 643 transmission equation 367–368 index‐guided lasers 659 Satellite link parameters 368–370 lead salt lasers 654–655 Satellite networks 387–408 operational basics 639–642 availability 387–388 optically‐pumped semiconductor cost 389 lasers 650–652 interconnecting with terrestrial quantum cascade lasers 645, 652–654 networks 406–407 quantum dot diode lasers 645 reliability 388 quantum‐well diode lasers 644–645 scalability 389 quantum wire diode lasers 645 security 388 semiconductor materials 642 throughput 388–389 types of 642–655 topology 389–395 vertical cavity surface emitting Satellite orbits 310–313 lasers 646–648 eccentricity (of orbit) 311 vertical external cavity surface emitting equatorial orbit 310 laser 648–649 Geostationary Orbit (GEO) 312–313 Shortstop Electronic Protection inclined orbit 310 System 1049–1050 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 312–313 Sensor‐based programmes 469 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 312–313 Shannon‐Hartley theorem 28 Molniya orbit 311 Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) 478–484 orientation of orbital plane 310 airborne SIGINT payload (ASIP) 482 polar orbit 310 CERES SIGINT system 483–484 prograde orbit 310 Communications Intelligence retrograde orbit 310 (COMINT) 480–481 Sun synchronous orbit 314–316 CSS‐4000 COMINT system 483 Satellite stabilization 333–335 Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) spin stabilization 333–334 479–480 station keeping 335 S‐3000 family SIGINT 482 three‐axis stabilization 334–335 tactical SIGINT payload (TSP) 481 SDMA/CDMA 367 TOP SCAN SIGINT/DF payload 484 SDMA/FDMA 366 Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) SDMA/TDMA 366–367 satellites 437–440 Secondary surveillance radar 195–196 Silent Guardian 1046 Semiconductor diode laser electronics Simmer power supply 735–737 758–775 pseudo simmer mode 736–737

0003446234.INDD 1122 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM Index 1123

Sirius XM radio 404 Space‐based programmes 469 Sky Bridge constellation 405 Space based radar 272–278 Small form fit (JTRS‐HMS) 3 EL/M‐2070TecSAR 275–276 Smart phones 2, 91–93 RADARSAT 275 AME 1000 91–92 RISAT 275 Boeing black 91, 93 ROSAT 275–276 ES400 Enterprise 91 SARah 275–276 LG G5 91 SEASAT 275–276 LG V10 91 Space Based Radar (SBR) programme 278 Solarin 91–92 TanDEM‐X 275–276 Defined Radio (SDR) 4, 82–87 TerraSAR‐X 275–276 advantages 84 Space‐based weapons 458–470 architecture 84–86 directed energy laser weapons 470 different tiers 83–84 earth‐to‐space weapons 461–463 security 86–87 space‐to‐earth weapons 464 Software Reprogrammable Payload (SRP) 4 space‐to‐space weapons 459–461 Solar eclipse (Satellite) 335–336 Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) 2 464–470 Solid propulsion 345–346 Space division multiple access Solid state laser electronics 730–740 (SDMA) 364–365 capacitor charging power supply Space Pointing Integrated Controls 733–735 Experiment 1096 flash lamp trigger circuits 738–739 Space‐to‐Earth weapons 464 flash‐pumped solid‐state lasers 731–733 Space‐to‐Space weapons 459–461 pulse forming networks 737–738 Spectral beam combining 1085 receiver electronics 739–740 Spike anti‐tank IR‐guided missile 985–986 simmer power supply 735–737 Spin stabilization 333–334 Solid state lasers 593–613 Starstreak laser‐guided missile 937 active medium 593–594 Star topology 390 alexandrite laser 610–611 Station keeping 335 cavity‐dumped output 598–599 Stealthier platforms 537–542 continuous wave (CW) output 595 BOXER Multirole Armoured Vehicle erbium‐doped lasers 608–610 (MIRV) 540 erbium‐glass laser 608–610 Chengdu J‐20, 538 erbium‐YAG laser 603–604 F‐22 Raptor 538 free‐running output 595–596 F‐35 Lightning‐II 538–539 mode‐locked output 599–601 CV‐90 Infantry Combat Vehicle 540 Nd‐Glass laser 607–608 PAK FA T‐50, 539–540 Nd‐GSGG laser 606–607 PL‐01 tank 540 Nd‐YAG laser 603–604 Sea Shadow stealth demonstrator Nd‐YVO4 laser 605–606 541–542 neodymium‐doped lasers 601–608 Shenyang J‐31, 537–538 operational modes 594–601 Shivalik‐class frigate 542 Q‐switched output 596–597 Visby‐class stealth corvette 541–542 ruby laser 601 Zumwalt multi‐mission stealth vessel 542 titanium‐sapphire laser 612–613 Stealth technology 535–542 vibronic lasers 610–613 radar absorbent materials 536–537 Solid State Laser Test‐bed Experiment reduction of radar cross‐section 536 (SSLTE) 1082 stealthier platforms 537–542

0003446234.INDD 1123 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM 1124 Index

Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) 464–470 JTRS‐HMS 94 chemical lasers 468 Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) 94 directed energy weapon SRX‐2200 combat radio 96 programme 467–468 Wideband Network waveform (WNW) 94 Exoatmospheric Re‐Entry Vehicle TALI Photonic Disruptor 1058 Interception System (ERIS) 467 Target detection 118–120 Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT) 465 probability of detection 119 ground‐based programmes 465–467 probability of false alarm 119 Homing Overlay Experiment Target location 120–122 (HOE) 465–467 angular position 122 hyper velocity rail gun 469 range ambiguity 121 nuclear explosion powered X‐ray laser 468 range granularity 122 particle beam accelerator 469 range quantization 122 sensor programmes 469 ranging 120 space‐based programmes 469 Target velocity 122–123 Stratosphere 74 Doppler ambiguity 123 Strela surface‐to‐air IR‐guided missile 988–989 Doppler granularity 123 Sudarshan LGB kit 962 Teledesic constellation 404 Sun synchronous orbit 314–316 Telemetry, Tracking and Command 342, Surface‐to‐Air infrared guided 354–355 missiles 986–989 Testing infrared guided weapons 991–994 FIM‐92 Stinger 986–988 comprehensive characterization 992 Igla 988 IR Target Generator (IRTG) 993 SA‐7 Grail 989 MTS‐916 Target Simulator 993–994 Strela 988–989 target infrared simulator 993 Surface‐to‐Air radar guided serviceability check 992 missiles 999–1002 Testing laser guided weapons 964–968 AKASH 1001–1002 comprehensive characterization 966 MIM‐104 Patriot 1000 field‐of‐view 965 RIM‐174 Standard Extended Range Active immunity to false PRF codes 965 Missile 1000 Laser Source Simulator Surveillance‐based radar 203–208 MT‐1888/1888A 966–967 Airborne Warning and Control System Mission Readiness Test Set MRTS 966 (AWACS) 205 mixed code test 966 air surveillance radar 204–205 parameters 965–966 ground penetration radar 206–207 PRF code compatibility 965 ground surveillance radar 204 response linearity 965 over‐the‐horizon radar (OTHR) 205 sensitivity 965 Switches 407 serviceability check 964–965 Synthetic aperture radar 190–192 Thermal control (Satellite) 342, 348–349 Thermal imaging 839, 849–851 t generations of 850–851 Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL) operational basics 849 1094–1095 types of 849–50 Tactical radios 93–96 Thermal sensors 820–824 AN/PRC‐154 94 bolometer 822–823 AN/PRC‐155 94 pyroelectric sensors 823–824 AN/VRC‐118 (V)1 95 thermocouple sensors 821–822 Falcon‐III AN/PRC‐152A 95 thermopile sensors 821–822

0003446234.INDD 1124 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM Index 1125

THOR 1063–1064 Voice signals 6 Three‐axis stabilization 334–335 Vympel R‐73 air‐to‐air IR‐guided missile 989 Time division multiple access (TDMA) 361–364 w Toplite 97 Warlock Green 1050 TOW wire‐guided missile 936 Warlock Red 1050 Tracking radar 179–187, 208–210 Waveguides 57–60 amplitude comparison monopulse tracking modes 58–59 183–185 parameters 59–60 conical scanning 182–183 types of 57–58 counter battery radar 208 Wavelength meter 590 fire control radar 208 Weapon locating radars 253–265 lobe switching 181 AN/TPQ‐37 Fire Finder Radar 256–258 phase comparison monopulse tracking 183 AN/TPQ‐50 Counter Fire Radar 258–259 sequential lobing 181 ARTHUR Artillery Hunting Radar track modes 179–180 260–262 types of 180–186 BEL Weapon Locating Radar 264 velocity tracking 186–187 BL‐904 Artillery Locating Radar 263–264 weapon locating radar 208–209 COBRA Counter Battery Radar 259 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 399 MAMBA radar 262–263 Transmission lines 52–57 SLC‐2 Fire Finding Radar 263 equivalent circuit 52 Weather forecasting satellites 449–450 impedance matching with 55–56 Defence Meteorological Satellite Programme losses in 52–53 (DMSP) 449–450 parameters of 53–54 Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) 2 propagation modes 53 WIN‐T 97, 99 quarter wave transformer 56–57 Wire guided weapons 936–937 types of 54–55 MILAN 936 Tree topology 393–394 TOW 936–937 Trilateration‐based navigation system 452–453 x Troposphere 74 X‐ray laser 638–639 u y Ultra‐wideband HPM 1026 Yingji anti‐ship missile 1004 Use Datagram Protocol 400–401 z v ZEUS‐HLONS ordnance neutralization Velocity tracking 186–187 system 1061–1062 Vigilant Eagle 1047–1048 ZM‐87 laser disruptor 1057

0003446234.INDD 1125 3/7/2018 8:03:17 AM