Magna Sequentia
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On Modulation —
— On Modulation — Dean W. Billmeyer University of Minnesota American Guild of Organists National Convention June 25, 2008 Some Definitions • “…modulating [is] going smoothly from one key to another….”1 • “Modulation is the process by which a change of tonality is made in a smooth and convincing way.”2 • “In tonal music, a firmly established change of key, as opposed to a passing reference to another key, known as a ‘tonicization’. The scale or pitch collection and characteristic harmonic progressions of the new key must be present, and there will usually be at least one cadence to the new tonic.”3 Some Considerations • “Smoothness” is not necessarily a requirement for a successful modulation, as much tonal literature will illustrate. A “convincing way” is a better criterion to consider. • A clear establishment of the new key is important, and usually a duration to the modulation of some length is required for this. • Understanding a modulation depends on the aural perception of the listener; hence, some ambiguity is inherent in distinguishing among a mere tonicization, a “false” modulation, and a modulation. • A modulation to a “foreign” key may be easier to accomplish than one to a diatonically related key: the ear is forced to interpret a new key quickly when there is a large change in the number of accidentals (i.e., the set of pitch classes) in the keys used. 1 Max Miller, “A First Step in Keyboard Modulation”, The American Organist, October 1982. 2 Charles S. Brown, CAGO Study Guide, 1981. 3 Janna Saslaw: “Modulation”, Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 5 May 2008), http://www.grovemusic.com. -
Spread the Word • Promote the Show
Program No. 1409 3/3/2014 E. T. PAULL: Napoleon’s Last Charge –Nathan BACH: Trio Sonata No. 2 in c, BWV 526 –Edie Sibling Rivals . though Wilhelm Friedemann Bach Avakian (1928 Kimball/Cleveland High School Johnson (1998 Fisk/Furman University, Greenville, was reputed the finest organist of his era, he died penniless Auditorium, Portland, OR) Avakian Creative SC) Pipedreams Archive (r. 1/27/11) while his younger brother, Carl Philip Emmanuel Bach, Works 709-01 J. S. BACH: Prelude & Fugue in e, BWV 548 – prospered as harpsichordist to Frederick the Great and DAVID FULLER: The Fifty-Years March – Wyatt Smith (2010 Schantz/Martin Luther College, later as Music Director for the city of Hamburg. Christopher Howerther (1990 Fisk/Slee Hall, New Ulm, MN) Pipedreams Archive (r. 2/12/12) SUNY-Buffalo, NY) Pipedreams Archive W.F. BACH: Fantasie in d –Friedhelm Flamme BACH: Ricercare a 6, fr The Musical Offering, CHARLES-MARIE WIDOR: Marche Nuptiale – BWV 1079 –Michel Bouvard (1987 Kney/Uni- (2008 Hillebrand/Münsterkirche St. Alexandri, Herman van Vliet (1890 Cavaillé-Coll/St. Ouen, Einbeck, Germany) cpo 777.527 versity of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, MN) Pipedreams Rouen, France) Festivo 149 Archive (r. 3/17/13) C.P.E. BACH: Sonata No. 1 in A, Wq 70, no. 1 – J. P. SOUSA (arr. Faxon): The Stars and Stripes Roland Münch (1755 Marx/Evangelical Church Forever –Erik Suter & Scott Hanoian (Aeolian- Program No. 1412 3/24/2014 ‘Zur frohen Botschaft’, Berlin-Karlshorst, Skinner/Washington National Cathedral, DC) Conventional Wisdom: A Chicago Collection Germany) Christophorus 0110-2 WNC 501 . unique recital performances from the 2006 W.F. -
The News Magazine of the University of Illinois School of Music from the Dean
WINTER 2012 The News Magazine of the University of Illinois School of Music From the Dean On behalf of the College of Fine and Applied Arts, I want to congratulate the School of Music on a year of outstanding accomplishments and to WINTER 2012 thank the School’s many alumni and friends who Published for alumni and friends of the School of Music at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. have supported its mission. The School of Music is a unit of the College of Fine and Applied Arts at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and has been an accredited institutional member of the National While it teaches and interprets the music of the past, the School is committed Association of Schools of Music since 1933. to educating the next generation of artists and scholars; to preserving our artistic heritage; to pursuing knowledge through research, application, and service; and Karl Kramer, Director Joyce Griggs, Associate Director for Academic Affairs to creating artistic expression for the future. The success of its faculty, students, James Gortner, Assistant Director for Operations and Finance J. Michael Holmes, Enrollment Management Director and alumni in performance and scholarship is outstanding. David Allen, Outreach and Public Engagement Director Sally Takada Bernhardsson, Director of Development Ruth Stoltzfus, Coordinator, Music Events The last few years have witnessed uncertain state funding and, this past year, deep budget cuts. The challenges facing the School and College are real, but Tina Happ, Managing Editor Jean Kramer, Copy Editor so is our ability to chart our own course. The School of Music has resolved to Karen Marie Gallant, Student News Editor Contributing Writers: David Allen, Sally Takada Bernhardsson, move forward together, to disregard the things it can’t control, and to succeed Michael Cameron, Tina Happ, B. -
Trumpet Scales
Poston Scale Packet Trumpet Jenn Bock Concert F Major G Major Written One Octave Scale and Arpeggio #c & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w œ œ œ ˙ Full Range Scale # œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w Scale in Thirds œ # œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Arpeggio Exercise # œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Concert Bb Major C Major Written One Octave Scale and Arpeggio & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w œ œ œ ˙ Full Range Scale œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w Scale in Thirds œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Arpeggio Exercise œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ & œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Concert Eb Major F Major Written One Octave Scale and Arpeggio œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ &b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w œ œ œ ˙ Full Range Scale œ œ œ œ œ &b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w Poston Scale Packet- Trumpet- Jenn Bock 2 Scale in Thirds œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ &b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Arpeggio Exercise œ œ &b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ Concert Ab Major Bb Major Written One Octave Scale and Arpeggio b &b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w œ œ œ ˙ Full Range Scale œ œ œ œ œ b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ &b œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w Scale in Thirds œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ bb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ -
Number Line.Indd
The Blitz Key Signature Number Line Add flats Add sharps MAJOR C flat G flat D flat A flat E flat B flat F C G D A E B F sharp C sharp MAJOR MINOR A flat E flat B flat F C G D A E B F sharp C sharp G sharp D sharp A sharp MINOR This number line can help in two ways: 1. You can easily work out the dominant/subdominant of any key, and find other closely related keys. 2. You can work out how many sharps or flats are in any key More on the next two pages! This number line is a great way to work out which are the closely related keys. This is useful because your pieces will usually modulate to a key close by on the number line. The closest relative to any key is the key directly above or below, because it has the same key signature. It is usually called the ‘relative minor‛ or ‘relative major‛. One step to the right of any key is the DOMINANT KEY. Most pieces of music modulate to the dominant at some point. One step to the left of any key is the SUBDOMINANT KEY. This is also a very common key for modulations. One ‘diagonal‛ step left or right (e.g. from C major to D minor) is also regarded as a closely related key. MAJOR C flat G flat D flat A flat E flat B flat F C G D A E B F sharp C sharp MAJOR MINOR A flat E flat B flat F C G D A E B F sharp C sharp G sharp D sharp A sharp MINOR OTHER MODULATIONS: 2 steps to the right of any key is the dominant of the dominant! This is not as closely related. -
Keyboard Basics
Keyboard Basics By Starling Jones, Jr. http://www.StarlingSounds.com& http://www.SmoothChords.com In starting on the piano I recommend starting on weighted keys. I say this as your fingers will be adjusted to the stiffness of the keys. When you then progress to a light weighted keyboard, you will fly across the keys. It is still up to you which one you get as it needs to be something you will feel comfortable practicing on. Some keyboards are weighted as well. Keyboards can be 88 keys, 76, or 61. This is something you can decide on based on your needs and space available for the instrument. A lot of musicians have the 61 and/or a 76 key keyboard. It is easy to fit in the car as they travel from place to place. 88 keys is fine if you have the room, but most 88 key keyboards are rather heavy. I myself like a 76 keyboard as it give me the flexibility to play without the heaviness to carry. Keyboard Familiarization: ------------------------- The piano/keyboard uses the following alphabet letters: A B C D E F G The piano/keyboard consists of white and black notes. White Notes = Natural or Regular notes Black Notes = Sharps and Flats depending on how you address the note. Moving one note a half step to the right = Sharp (#) Moving one note a half step to the left = Flat (b) Notice the pattern in relationship between the black and white notes. Notice that there are 2 black notes together and then 3 black notes together with white notes in between. -
Rethinking J.S. Bach's Musical Offering
Rethinking J.S. Bach’s Musical Offering Rethinking J.S. Bach’s Musical Offering By Anatoly Milka Translated from Russian by Marina Ritzarev Rethinking J.S. Bach’s Musical Offering By Anatoly Milka Translated from Russian by Marina Ritzarev This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Anatoly Milka All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3706-4 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3706-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures........................................................................................... vii List of Schemes ....................................................................................... viii List of Music Examples .............................................................................. x List of Tables ............................................................................................ xii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................... xiii Preface ...................................................................................................... xv Introduction ............................................................................................... -
Tonality and Modulation
Theory Dr. Crist Tonality and Modulation Tonality - The hierarchical relationship of tones to a pitch center or "tonic." Tonal music involves the use of twelve major and twelve minor keys, the scales that comprise these keys, and the tertian harmonies generated from the notes of these scales. A harmony may be constructed on each of the seven diatonic scale degrees resulting in seven different harmonic functions. The seven different functions exhibit varying levels of strength but all serve to support the tonic which is embodied in the tonic triad. Tonality is achieved through a variety of means. The strongest tonality would involve: (1) Only diatonic pitches. (2) A pitch center (tonic) which exhibits a sense of stability and to which all tonal movement flows. (3) Strong cadences. Perfect authentic cadences (PAC) especially. (4) Begin and end with the tonic key. (5) Pedal points and ostinatos which involve reiteration of the tonic scale degree. (6) Strong harmonic progressions. In particular, dominant to tonic progressions which involve the leading-tone resolution to tonic. (7) Doubling of the tonic pitch. The tonic is given long rhythmic durations. The tonic appears in the outer voices. The tonic is framed by neighboring tones. The following progression employs many of the above mentioned techniques creating a strong sense of C major. PAC I IVP I V7 I I6 IV V7 I Modulation - The process of moving from one key to another. There must be a distinct aural shift from the original key to some other key center. A modulation consists of three parts: (1) a tonality is confirmed, (2) the tonal center changes, (3) a new tonality is confirmed by a cadence in that tonality. -
Finding Alternative Musical Scales
Finding Alternative Musical Scales John Hooker Carnegie Mellon University October 2017 1 Advantages of Classical Scales • Pitch frequencies have simple ratios. – Rich and intelligible harmonies • Multiple keys based on underlying chromatic scale with tempered tuning. – Can play all keys on instrument with fixed tuning. – Complex musical structure. • Can we find new scales with these same properties? – Constraint programming is well suited to solve the problem. 2 Simple Ratios • Acoustic instruments produce multiple harmonic partials. – Frequency of partial = integral multiple of frequency of fundamental. – Coincidence of partials makes chords with simple ratios easy to recognize. Perfect fifth C:G = 2:3 3 Simple Ratios • Acoustic instruments produce multiple harmonic partials. – Frequency of partial = integral multiple of frequency of fundamental. – Coincidence of partials makes chords with simple ratios easy to recognize. Octave C:C = 1:2 4 Simple Ratios • Acoustic instruments produce multiple harmonic partials. – Frequency of partial = integral multiple of frequency of fundamental. – Coincidence of partials makes chords with simple ratios easy to recognize. Major triad C:E:G = 4:5:6 5 Multiple Keys • A classical scale can start from any pitch in a chromatic with 12 semitone intervals. – Resulting in 12 keys. – An instrument with 12 pitches (modulo octaves) can play 12 different keys. – Can move to a different key by changing only a few notes of the scale. 6 Multiple Keys Let C major be the tonic key C 1 D#E 6 A C major b 0 notes F#G -
Baroque and Classical Style in Selected Organ Works of The
BAROQUE AND CLASSICAL STYLE IN SELECTED ORGAN WORKS OF THE BACHSCHULE by DEAN B. McINTYRE, B.A., M.M. A DISSERTATION IN FINE ARTS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Chairperson of the Committee Accepted Dearri of the Graduate jSchool December, 1998 © Copyright 1998 Dean B. Mclntyre ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for the general guidance and specific suggestions offered by members of my dissertation advisory committee: Dr. Paul Cutter and Dr. Thomas Hughes (Music), Dr. John Stinespring (Art), and Dr. Daniel Nathan (Philosophy). Each offered assistance and insight from his own specific area as well as the general field of Fine Arts. I offer special thanks and appreciation to my committee chairperson Dr. Wayne Hobbs (Music), whose oversight and direction were invaluable. I must also acknowledge those individuals and publishers who have granted permission to include copyrighted musical materials in whole or in part: Concordia Publishing House, Lorenz Corporation, C. F. Peters Corporation, Oliver Ditson/Theodore Presser Company, Oxford University Press, Breitkopf & Hartel, and Dr. David Mulbury of the University of Cincinnati. A final offering of thanks goes to my wife, Karen, and our daughter, Noelle. Their unfailing patience and understanding were equalled by their continual spirit of encouragement. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT ix LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 11. BAROQUE STYLE 12 Greneral Style Characteristics of the Late Baroque 13 Melody 15 Harmony 15 Rhythm 16 Form 17 Texture 18 Dynamics 19 J. -
9 Press Release ORCHESTRA of ST. LUKE's ANNOUNCES DETAILS of ITS SECOND BACH FESTIVAL, EXPLORING the MUSICAL OFFERING AND
Press Release ORCHESTRA OF ST. LUKE’S ANNOUNCES DETAILS OF ITS SECOND BACH FESTIVAL, EXPLORING THE MUSICAL OFFERING AND MUSIC OF HIS SONS JUNE 9-30, 2020 Featuring Performances at Carnegie Hall, The DiMenna Center for Classical Music, Manhattan School of Music’s Neidorff-Karpati Hall, and Temple Emanu-El’s Streicker Center OSL in Association with Carnegie Hall Presents Three Festival Programs in Zankel Hall, Led by Principal Conductor Bernard Labadie with Guest Artists Cellist Pieter Wispelwey, Harpsichordist Jean Rondeau, and Soprano Amanda Forsythe Festival Opens with Free Concert of Bach’s Cello Suites Performed by Pieter Wispelwey and Concludes with Four World Premieres Inspired by Bach’s The Musical Offering Masterclasses at The DiMenna Center for Classical Music with Pieter Wispelwey and Jean Rondeau with Students and Alumni from The Juilliard School Pianist Pedja Mužijević Performs Bach Family Album at The DiMenna Center for Classical Music New York, NY, January 14, 2020 — Orchestra of St. Luke’s (OSL) today announced detailed programming for the second annual OSL Bach Festival, spanning three weeks from June 9-30, 2020, with concerts and masterclasses across four venues in Manhattan—including three orchestral concerts at Carnegie Hall— and featuring guest artists cellist Pieter Wispelwey, harpsichordist Jean Rondeau, and soprano Amanda Forsythe. The OSL Bach Festival was launched last June to great success as part of the first season of esteemed Baroque and Classical Music specialist Bernard Labadie as OSL Principal Conductor. Highlights for the 2020 Festival include a performance of The Musical Offering, Bach’s masterpiece composition based on a theme by Frederick the Great, led and contextualized by Labadie. -
Modulation: Pivot Chords
MODULATION: PIVOT CHORDS APPLICATIONS OF THE HARMONIC WHEEL CONTENTS 2 The Modulation consists in changing from one Key to another. To do that, it is common to use a Pivot Chord, which is a chord that belongs to both keys, and then the new key is affirmed by a Cadence, which may consist, simply, in the chords V7 I. In this presentation, an explanation is given on how to obtain the pivot chords between two keys, using the Harmonic Wheel. For the sake of simplicity, only consonant pivot chords are considered, that is, Major or minor. © 2009 www.harmonicwheel.com CHORDS OF A GIVEN KEY 3 Every Major or natural minor key contains 6 consonant chords: 3 Major and 3 minor. On the Harmonic Wheel, these 6 chords are inside a curved rectangle and they are placed taking into account their affinity. For example, in the C Major / A minor key these 6 chords appear in the following arrangement: Dm Am Em F C G © 2009 www.harmonicwheel.com CHORDS OF A GIVEN KEY 4 © 2009 www.harmonicwheel.com CHORDS OF A GIVEN KEY 5 Remember that the scale tonic is indicated with and the rest of the notes with . Traditionally, the modulation is studied with the aid of the cycle of fifths, where the keys are sorted according to their key signatures. On its own, the Harmonic Wheel is a much more complete representation than a cycle of fifths, since it gives a panoramic view of chords and keys, as well as the existing relationships among them. © 2009 www.harmonicwheel.com MODUL.