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Dry-Farming in Arizona

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Dry-Farming in Arizona Dry-Farming in Arizona Item Type text; Book Authors McOmie, A. M.; Fillerup, C. R.; Bates, L. L.; Heard, H. C. Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Rights Public Domain: This material has been identified as being free of known restrictions under U.S. copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. Download date 07/10/2021 19:03:29 Item License http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194879 University of Arizona, College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 84 A pioneer- home, Gila County, Arizona Dry-Farming in Arizona By A. M. McOMIE ASSISTED BY C. R. FILLERUP AND L. L. BATES Edited and Revised by H. C. HEARD Tucson, Arizona, February 1, 1918 GOVERNING BOARD (REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY) Ex-Officio His EXCELLENCY, THE GOVERNOR OF ARIZONA THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Appointed by the Governor of the State WILLIAM V. WHITMORE, A.M., M.D Chancellor RUDOLPH RASMESSEN Treasurer WILLIAM J. BRYAN, JR., A.B Secretary WILLIAM SCARLETT, A.B., B.D Regent JOHN P. ORME Regent E. TITCOMB Regent JOHN W. FLINN Regent CAPTAIN J. P. HODGSON Regent RUFUS B. VON KLEINS MID, A.M., Sc.D President of the University Agricultural Staff ROBERT H. FORBES, Ph.D Dean and Director JOHN J. THORNBER, A.M Botanist ALBERT E. VINSON, Ph.D ... Biochemist CLIFFORD N. CATLIN, A.M Assistant Chemist GEORGE E. P. SMITH, C.E. .. .Irrigation Engineer FRANK C. KELTON, M.S. Assistant Engineer GEORGE F. FREEMAN, S.D. Plant Breeder WALKER E. BRYAN, M.S Assistant Plant Breeder STEPHEN B. JOHNSON, B.S Assistant Horticulturist RICHARD H. WILLIAMS, Ph.D .. .. ^ Animal Husbandman WALTER S. CUNNINGHAM, B.S. ...Assistant Animal Husbandman HERMAN C. HEARD, B.S. Agr Assistant Agronomist CHARLES R. ADAMSON, B.S. Agr., Instructor, Poultry Husbandry AUSTIN W. MORRILL, Ph.D ..Consulting Entomologist CHARLES T. VORHIES, Ph.D Zoologist EsTEs P. TAYLOR, B.S. Agr Director Extension Service GEORGE W. BARNES, B.S. Agr Livestock Specialist, Extension Service LELAND S. PARKE, B.S State Leader Boys* and Girls' Clubs AGNES A. HUNT Assistant State Leader Boys' and Girls' Clubs MARY PRITNER LOCKWOOD, B.S State Leader Home Demonstration Agents IMOGENE NEELY County Home Demonstration Agent, Maricopa County HAZEL ZIMMERMAN County Home Demonstration Agent, Southeast Counties ARTHUR L. PASCHALL, B.S. Agr County Agent, Cochise County CHARLES R. FILLERUP, D.B County Agent, Navajo-Apache Counties ALANDO B. BALLANTYNE, B.S County Agent, Graham-Greenlee Counties W. A. BARR, B.S County Agent, Maricopa County W. A. BAILEY, B.S .. County Agent, Yuma County DELoRE NICHOLS, B.S County Agent, Coconino County HESTER L. HUNTER .Secretary Extension Service FRANCES M. WELLS Secretary Agricultural Experiment Station The Experiment Station offices and laboratories are located in the University Buildings at Tucson. The new Experiment Station Farm is situated one mile west of Mesa, Arizona. The date palm orchards are three miles south of Tempe (co-operative U, S. D. A.), and one mile southwest of Yuma, Arizona, respec- tively. The experimental dry-farms are near Cochise and Prescott, Arizona. Visitors are cordially invited, and correspondence receives careful attention. The Bulletins, Timely Hints, and Reports of this Station will be sent free to all who apply. Kindly notify us of errors or changes in address, and send in the names of persons who may find our publications useful. Address, THE EXPERIMENT STATION, Tucson. Arizona, PREFACE Since the rainy season of 1905, when accidental plantings of barley by teamsters feeding their animals by the roadside attracted the attention of land-hungry settlers, a persistent and increasingly ingenious effort has been made to discover methods of utilizing our semi-arid lands for farming purposes. In the southern part of the State at the altitudes of the great valleys it is fairly well determined that the ordinary rainfall should be supplemented by stored or pumped irrigating waters, used at critical times to start or save a crop. Subsequent work in the northern part of the State at some- what higher average altitudes indicates that it is possible, with good management and skillful handling, to produce a fairly reliable out- put of dry-farmed forages without the help of irrigating water. In the southern part of the State the crops apparently best adapted to altitudes of 4000 feet with a long growing season, include Kafir, Club-top sorghum, milo, and tepary beans. In the northern part of the State, under less stringent conditions, the crops that may be grown include not only Kafir, Club-top sorghum, milo, and tepary beans, but also various Indian corns such as Papago sweet corn, White Ilopi corn and other quick growing, drought resistant varieties. Sudan grass for hay, potatoes and several varieties of beans, and even orchard fruits, have been found feasible under these conditions. But of equal importance with the production of these forages has been their preservation as silage, in which form but a small per- centage of nutritive value is lost as compared with the very great loss in nutritive value incidental to the common practice of cutting and shocking such forages. It has been found possible at the Pres- cott Dry-farm to produce from 3 to over 20 tons of silage per acre grown on an average rainfall of 13.4 inches for the past six years. This silage is used to great advantage in connection with live stock of all kinds, particularly range cattle which are subject from year to year to a period of shortage during which an average of two pet- cent or more die, the remainder coming through in very poor condi- tion for the next season's operations. Experiments with silage at the Prescott Dry-farm last year, which are being repeated on a larger scale this year, Indicate the profitableness of this application of the results of dry-farming operations. A most desirable coopera- tion therefore may be established between the dry-farmer on the one hand and the range stockman on the other. The silo in fad, prop- erly developed, is the range stockman's salvation if he will but utilize it to the best advantage. Silos should be recognized as necessary insur- ance f( >r the range stockman's business. This publication is a digest of the results of several years oi dry-farming experiments in different parts of the State and relates to methods of culture, crops to grow, feeding of live stock, preserva- tion of crops as silage, and cooperative management between dry- farming and range stock interests. Along these lines of develop- ment we believe that large areas of semi-arid lands within the State may be developed to advantage in cooperation with range industries. K. II. FORHKS, Director. CONTENTS PAGE Preface Geology and Soils 4Q9 Colorado Plateaus Province. .490 Soils 500 Water supply 500 Arizona Highlands Region 502 Climatology 503 Temperature 503 Atmospheric movements 504 Principal dry-farming regions 514 Little Colorado drainage area 514 Valleys of Western Colorado Plateaus Province and Northern Arizona Highland Regions 518 Lonesome and Little Chino Valleys 518 Big Chino Valley 521 Aubrey Basin .521 Hualpai Valley 522 Big Sandy Valley 522 Detrital and Sacramento Valleys 523 Valleys north of the Grand Canyon 523 Pipe Springs Valley 523 Short Creek Basin 525 Antelope Valley 525 Hurricane Valley 525 Houserock Valley 525 Kaibab Forest Reserve 526 Valleys of Southeastern Arizona 526 Indian Agriculture in Arizona 530 Tribes and their characteristics 530 The Piman family 530 The Yuman family 535 The Athabascan family.. 535 Home life of the Indians 537 Farming by early white settlers 537 Experimental work in dry-farming 540 Snowflake Dry-farm 540 Beans L 542 Com 547 Potatoes 553 Small grains 557 Sorghums 560 Miscellaneous crops 564 Floodwater, summer fallow, and continuous cropping 566 Moisture storage 570 Prescott Dry-farm 570 Alfalfa 571 Beans 574 Corn 578 Fruit 583 Potatoes 585 Small grains 590 Sorghums , 596 Miscellaneous crops 604 Cultural practices for dry-farms 605 Silos and ensilage 607 Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-farm 608 PAGE Alfalfa 610 Beans 610 Corn 615 Potatoes 623 Small grains 624 Summary of Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-farm data 641 Sorghums ... 628 Miscellaneous crops *. 638 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Fig. 1. Reid's Yello\\ Dent corn, Prescott !>»•> firm ... Frontispiece Fig. 2. Scene in the Petrified Forest, Northern Arizona 501 Fig. 3. Scene in the Petrified Fores»t, Northern Arizona 501 Fig. 4. Amount and distribution of precipitation 510 Fig. 5. Amount and distribution of precipitation 511 Fig. 6. Amount and distribution of precipitation 512 Fig. 7. Amount and distribution of precipitation 513 Fig. 8. Ranch in open park in Northern Arizona forest 515 Fig. 9. San Simon Wash near Solomon ville, Ari/ona 528 Fig. 10. Papago rloodwater ditch, Pima Count}, Arizona 531 Fig. 11, Papago well, showing method of raising water 531 Fig. 12, Chemuc\ I Indian licit! subject to annual inundation .534 Fi«:. 13. Yuma Indian field of corn and beans 534 Fig. 14. Apache village and farms, Northern Arizona 536 Ing. 15. Wash on the Snowflake Dry-farm, showing uniformity of soil 541 Fig. 16. Dent corn and beans, Snowflake Dry-farm 544 Fio. 17. Corn, Snowflake Dry-farm, 1911 548 Fi«. 18. White Dent corn, Snowflake Dry-farm, August 17, 1912 549 Fig. 19. Corn, Snowflake Dry-farm, June 22, 1915 549 Fig. 20, Potatoes and oats, Flagstaff, Arizona 555 Fig, 21. Potatoes and corn. Flagstaff. Arizona 555 Fig. 22. Turkey Red wheat, Snowflake Dry-farm 558 Fig. 23. Winter wheat, Snowflake Dry-farm 558 Fig. 24. Spring wheat and oats, Snowflake Dry-farm 559 Fig. 25. Spring planted oats, Snowflake Dry-farm 559 Fig.
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