Resources Based on on Based - - - -        Outline Coal types Oil Oil Coal orGas from Coal Methane Bed Emissions Prices Reserves Mining Conservation Board, 2004. 2004. Board, Conservation Primer BedMethane Coal Coal CO Growth and Energy Coalin Role of The Bartis of 2 Chapter Base, Resource Coal The Resource The Coal , an Interdisciplinary MIT Study, 2007. Study, MIT Interdisciplinary , an , F. , Methods Camm – and D.S. Ortiz. Published by RAND 2008. RAND 978 by ISBN: 2008. Published D.S.Ortiz. and Coal by World Coal Institute 2005. Institute Coal by World by ALL Consulting and Montana Board of Oil and Gas and Oil of Board Montana and Consulting ALLby Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal Coal fromFuels Liquid Producing 2 Emissions, Chapter 2 of of 2 Chapter Emissions, The Future of of FutureThe - 0 - 8330 by J.T.by - 4511 - 9. 9.

.

utdallas edu

1 Page

metin /~      Coal contains much less hydrogen than oil or gas, but it still is a hydrocarbon. is still it but gas, or oil than hydrogen less much contains Coal (360 Period Carboniferous the during started Coal formation materials. organic fromforms gas, and oil like Coal, 1 Calorie increases the temperature of 1 gram water by 1 by water 1gramof temperature the increases Calorie 1 by 1 of water 1pound of temperature the raises Unit) Thermal BTU 1 (British Vitrinite – – 1 1 BTU= 453.6 0.556 * = 252.2 calories. Compare with the calories in your food. This increasing is temperature of 453.6 grams of water by0.556 reflectance is ability to reflect light (rises with the temperature the rock is exposed to). exposed is rock the temperature the with (rises light reflect to ability is reflectance Graphite Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Peat Fossil Fuels:Coal molecule ratio - 290 million years ago). years million290 50< 40< Carbon Carbon 85< 98< ● ● ● ● <98 <40 <85 <50 ● 0.35< 0.20< reflectance 2.00< Vitrinite 4.10< ratio ● ● ● ● <4.10 <0.20 <2.00 <0.35 ● o C. 14000< 14000< 8300< 6300< BTUper o pound C. ● ● ● ● ● <14000 <8300 <6300 14000< 14000< 4615< 3503< kCal o F ● ● ● ● ● per kg . <3503 <7784 <4615 Pencil lead Pencil Glossy black Black Brownish Brown

.

utdallas edu

2 Page

metin /~    6.6465/0.4536 = 14.653 Mega Joule. Rest of the table below is computed similarly. computed is below table the of Rest Joule. Mega = 14.653 6.6465/0.4536 gives peat 1kilogramThen Joule. Mega 6.6465 gives it BTU, 6300 gives peat pound 1 If 6300 BTU6,646,500 6300 Joule. is BTU = 6.6465 Mega (=1/9.8). by meter0.1 kg 1 lift to spent energy potential the is Joule 1 – – – – – A serving serving A of Hersheychocolate bar 220 has calories, T 238 calories = 1000 joules = kilo 1 joule = 0.001 megajoule 1 BTU= 252 calories 1 BTU= 1055 joules o o burn 238 Calories lift 1 kg bypackage 0.1 meterapproximately 1000 times. Energyin Terms ofJoule Graphite Anthracite Bituminous Lignite Peat 14000< 14000< 8300< 6300< pound BTU per ● ● ● ● ● <14000 <8300 <6300 lift lift 1 kg package by 0.1 meterapproximately 32.6< 32.6< 19.3< 14.7< Mega Joules Mega kilogram (=6,300*1055) (=6,300*1055) ● ● ● ● ● per <14.7 <32.6 <19.3 joules 925 times.

.

utdallas edu

3 Page

metin /~ Supplies and Uses Source: The Coal Resource 2005. generation Power - is generated from coal. This percentage is expected to drop slightly to 38% in 2030. - Use of coal depends of Use coal depends on country Significant amount of coal is used for power generation. In 2002, 39% of global electricity Coal SuppliesandUses - - China: China: 55% coal of for electric generation US: 91% of coal for electric generation Powergeneration Industrial Industrial uses Manufacture Cement Powergeneration Industrial Industrial uses Manufacture Cement Manufacture Iron & Steel Smokeless Industrial Domestic/ Fuel

.

utdallas edu

4 Page

metin /~ Mining  Mining Methods

.

utdallas edu

5 Page

metin /~ Mining Pillar Room - supports move away and the panel collapses. - - Longwall After the shearer is done with a panel, roof 75% 75% of the coal beextracted. can Coal shearer roof has supports. Both Retreat Both Retreat and - Mining: Production:Coal Mining Longwall mining cause a collapse mining a collapse cause underground; effects over ground? the the the mine.Dangerous but possible. - - - Room To improve recovery, use retreat mining: remove coal from pillars exiting as Pillars Pillars can consume up to 40% of coal, so 60% coal recovery. Pillars support the rocks/soil (overburden) above the mine. Mining Longwall - Pillar Mining: Pillar

.

utdallas edu

6 Page

metin /~ www.paMSI.org Source: Surface Surface Effects of Underground Mine Collapse

.

utdallas edu

7 Page

metin /~ Spruce 1 mine of 1 mineSpruce in ArchCoal in 2007.In2009, EPA Appalachia would imposeunaccepwaste “dumpingsaying permit the revoked Water waste.by dumped polluted str becaninto soil wastestream(s) and rock,issues to dump EngineerspermitsArmy ofCorp 1 Surface mining is safer and can be used when coal coal I Surface to used mining when be closer But change the the mountain is surface. it safer can and can contours. on water quality and wildlife. Arch Coal attempted to take the matter to the Supreme Court which declined to review it in 20 in it review to declined which Court Supreme the to matter the take to wildlife. and quality attempted Coal Arch wateron 2 Surface Mining: 5steps Source: B. Kendall. Supreme court rejects Arch Coal challenge to EPA powers on permits. WSJ, Mar 24, 2014. 3

Source: http://mountainjustice.org 1 2 Source: pp.9 3 4 4 - 10 of The Coal Resource 5 eam s. Itdid for s. tab 14. le harms le

. 5

utdallas edu

8

Mountain top removal in West Virginia Page

metin Source: www.epa.gov/region3/mtntop/ /~ Economics andEnvironment    Emissions: Coal is Emissions: Coaldirty is Prices: Coal cheap Reserves: Coalis plenty and shippable

.

utdallas edu

9 Page

metin /~ most are in the USA. for 190 years coalSufficient reserves Coal reserves Coal reserves are moreuniformly distributed than Oil/Gas: Geographically large countries have large reserves. Top 8countries Kazakhstan Ukraine South Africa Australia India China Russia US Reserves Reserves Reserves and Production: 2006 2006 coal production is 6.2 billion tons = 125*10 and and % of Global Years 27.1 88.4 10.2 12.6 17.3 3.4 3.8 5.4 8.6 Source: Source: Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal. %Production 80.6 38.4 17.0 1.6 1.3 4.1 6.0 7.2 5.0

Source: Ch. 2 of The Coal Resource Base, 2007. 15 US Total Texas Colorado Ohio Pennsylvania Kentucky W. Illinois Wyoming Montana Btu Btu = 80% of annual oil production. Virginia Coal is Plenty Reserves in Reserves MM tons MM 267,000 14,900 18,000 38,000 40,600 74,900 11,500 11,800 9,500 9,800 Billion Tons Production MM tons MM 1,131

120 154 404 Source: The Coal Resource 46 39 25 67 32 40 in in by World Coal Institute 2005.

.

utdallas edu

10 Page

metin /~ Who are theProducers and Consumers? From left to right, producers, exporters, importers and consumers. Amounts are in million tons. Producers Coking coal Steam coalSteam Exporters Source: Source: The Coal Resource. Spain Holland USA India Russia UK Germany Taiwan Korea Japan Country Importing Amount 162 22 22 23 24 24 32 35 54 72 Consumers

.

utdallas edu

11 Page

metin /~ Solid circle for 2030 forecasts.for Solid circle 2002 numbers.for Hollow circle tons. in Million areAmounts Atlantic market is expected to get get smaller.to expected is marketAtlantic Germany,(UK, Market frombuys Atlantic Spain) Africa, North Indonesia. Australia, Russia, America, Korea, Taiwan,(Japan, Market Pacific Largest to exporter sells India). Australia Global CoalTrade: Coal is shippable

.

utdallas edu 12

Source: The Coal Resource. Page metin /~       OC: Open cast; OC: Open cast; Underground; UG: NSW: South New Wales, Australia but freight costs dropped. costs freight but 2009 to 2007 from increased costs Mining Investments into mining fields and transportation infrastructure solid. is Mongolia and Mozambique are joining the list of major coal exporters. US is swing a coal producer Demand growth continues but slows down. China in absolute growth and India in relative growth lead the market. global market. Chinese Coal demand is Source: Source: “Executive Summary” of 2011 Medium domestic domestic coal Mining costs $ per ton per $ costs Mining uncertain uncertain market as the the as recovery from global financial crisis is questionable. . It is of capable ramping Global Global Coal Market >3 the the international coal trade - Term Coal Market Report by International Energy Agency. ‐ up up exports quickly and nearly doubling from2010 to 2012. . An imbalance in Chinese market strongly affects the Based on Medium on Based Source: D. Source: Costs at destination $ per ton per $ destination at Costs Houssin - term Coal Market report 2011.reportMarket Coal term presentation on Jan on Jan 11,presentation 2012

.

utdallas edu

13 Page

metin /~ Quinhuangdao Richards Bay, South Africa Based on Medium Based , China Source: D. Source: CoalPrices $perton Houssin North WestEurope Coal Steam - term Coal Market report 2011.reportMarket Coal term presentation on Jan on Jan 11,presentation 2012 Coalis Cheap Price Price is per $ ton for Mid coal coal that gives about 6400 - - 1 For Or 11500 Btu=0.0115 Or 25 Gasoline is the most expensive. mostthe is Gasoline cheapest!! now the is Gas Pay $4 Pay Pay$3 gasoline; for $35 Pay Or about 0.025 Or about Or 1 Or 1 A cheap substitute for steamcoal? coal prices are decoupling! than coking coal. Steam and coking Steam coal is appreciating faster Coking coal for iron & steel manuf. Steam coal for power generation, MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu - - 5 for coal. for 5 gas; natural for 16 by paying about $120/ton. about bypaying , MMBtu bt MMBtu paying $4.80. - range range Bituminous per kilogram.per kCal per pound. per per per kg.

.

utdallas edu

14 Page

metin /~ Who Emits More now and in the future? nowandin Who Emits More    Coal combustion (burning coal) coal) Coal combustion gas. generates (burning dioxide, carbon a greenhouse Coal’s contribution to Carbon D Carbon to contribution Coal’s Non Dioxide Carbon  - OECD coal There are morenon » Penalties According According to 2006 estimates on p.7 of The Future of Coal byMITEI. 2006 emission of non of emission - based emission based for for Coal - OECD (Russia, China, India) countries than OECDcountries, is this grouping sensible? consumption? consumption? See appendix. Coal isDirty ioxide - was OECD countries more than that of OECD 1990 in of that than more emissions is increasing increasing is emissions is expected to expected is to 41%. 41%. to surpass OECD surpass . countries.

.

utdallas edu

15 Page

metin /~ Unconventional Coal   Unconventional use: Fischer Unconventionaluse:Fischer Unconventional reserve: Coalbed methane Tropsch Process

.

utdallas edu

16 Page

metin /~         Think Think of the water as prison guard the of around gas coal. exists CBM in three forms: With Coal has CBMis natural, common and causes explosion in coal mines. Coal Bed Methane: Recall Oil have and HGas along with while C; mostlycoal has C. In In summary,commercial and profitable reserves CBM should have          its its more surface area, coal can hold a lot of methane: Tradeoff between amount of gas and ease of extraction. easegasandof amount betweenTradeoff coal: Permeable such coal in maturegasis more Amount of production. commercialfor favorable Moregas: permeability.high haveshould (reserve) seam coal The permits; coal that provided wants escapegas to is guardremoved, the If Gas Gas gas methaneFree 6 - 7 times more gas than conventional gas reservoir.gasconventional than gasmore 7 times more surface area absorped reservedissolvedin coalwater inthe More surface areasurfaceMore per unit volume unit per Coal BedMethane(CBM) Coal orMethane,both? anthracite and bituminous bituminous and anthracite Saturated with 500 gas.Saturated on the solid coal surface solid coalon the Peat and ligniteand Peat H remains asmethane CH gas than than other rocks reservoir are more permeable than bituminous coal.bituminous than permeablemore are - 600 coal, less in lignite or peat.lignite less in coal, Less surface areaLesssurface per unit volume unit per cubicfeet per ton of coal is veryperton of coal 4 in in a coal reserve. Source: Source: Coal Bed Methane Primer, Feb 2004. Montana Board of Oil and Gas Conservation Prepared Prepared for DoE byALL Consulting and

.

utdallas edu

17 Page

metin /~    It It may not released be to agricultural fields without processing. The water has higher salinity with metals and dissolved salts within. reserve. This which gas releases goes up to the surface. Production is bypumping the water out to reduce the pressure in the Eastern fromUS is higher rank coals. production CBM in Western US is from bituminous coals; that in   Water declines fast later and more gasis extracted. more and later fast declines Water gas than is pumped water more stage, overwateringin Initially CBM ReservesandProduction

.

utdallas edu

18 Page

metin /~ Is ThisanOilWell,GasWellor CBMWell? Know - how how obtained in Oil drilling & Gas beused can in drilling; CBM or vice versa. An integrated An integrated understanding of Oil, Gas, Coal is and CBM useful. It is in Itis in Winn 100 about Louisiana; Parish, Perforated about 2,730 to 2,734 feet in an Paleocenein an 2,730 to2,734feetabout Perforated It is drilled byVintage Itis drilled 2004. 3114to Januaryin Petroleum feet Average. feet cubicis 450,000 production monthly This well is named CZ FeeCZ is named This well A No. 114. Fossil Fossil fuels require drilling. kms southeast of Shreveport.southeast - Eocene coal bed. coal Eocene

.

utdallas edu

19 Page

metin /~       Fischer gas 2015 South availability Post largest By In The Fischer 1925 1941 to first , WW Africa Sasol diesel in - , Tropsch , Franz two Ruhland Fischer II of Empirical has . fuel , C C steps crude Fischer Fischer 240 137 a technology - cancelled Tropsch H H - - Lake involve Schwarzheide 90 97 Tropsch oil, O O - Tropsch and formulas 4 9 Charles, NS NS led plants the Hans in is to 2015 for for an manufacture a technology Tropsch LA with decline assembly produced such high bituminous due plant capacity to - as grade in developed low project operation ~ of interest was Process 700 synthesis oil of anthracite coal, , under prices 180 000 to in a . turn , catalyst 00 tons It liquid . gas study assembles tons natural . of ( CO fuels per to petroleum in convert and gas year most made H 2 H into . to 2 ) industrial CO per CO from from ethylene and year to coal coal obtain H in . nations 2 . . at The A Germany CH 1 bigger atm technology . 2 groups, The , 300 . project Total low o C long leader to of cost to liquid 9 - turn chain plants, and is natural HCs Sasol, HCs high

the

.

utdallas edu

.

20 . Page

metin /~ Coal Gasification compansate Mitigation mol Hydrogen during In Some order CO systems the . COAL to Theoretically insufficiency burning reduce of SO for Hydrogen are 2 the + + O + H required the and hydrogen 2 O , 2 sulfur  sulfur that : + H + Generally Insufficiency H to ratio 2 : 2 SO insufficiency Wash O traps decrease 4 must acid ( of gasification shower be coal : corresion the Gas 2 . sulfur and CO in systems Water advance provide + system amount H ) Shift . 2 Separated with some results . Sulfur reaction some hydrogen vertical in causes chemicals 0 ( . next 7 rooms mol for page) of cracking for , use hydrogen external may some process be heating additives out used . of gasification to 1

.

utdallas edu

21 Page

metin /~ . Water Gas Shift Water GasShift (WGS) Reaction Otherwise To This Reaction obtain is CO +H an temperature exothermic side the WGS reactions CO +3H 2H 2CO + CO CO + H 2CO Possible SideReactions the of Water Reaction Gas Shift 2 + 2H + reaction ↔ ( depends - 2 41 2 O below C +CO 2 ↔ . 2 2 2 ↔ ↔ ↔ kJ/mol) C + H , CH C +2H on highly Iron, Cupper,Iron, / Cobalt oxides Cerium Zinc,Aluminum, CO are 2 4 catalysts [Fe, Cu, Cu, [Al Co] [Fe, / 2 2 + H likely O + CH reaction 2 selective High High 2 O O . 4 Catalysts . Generally Temperature so it catalysts releases / Supports / CH CH 2H 4CO + C + 2H CO 2 O , 3 4 4 2 high , + CO + 2CO + 4H + , Pressure , ZnO and heat 2 ↔ temp , CeO 2 2 2 . O supports ↔ ↔ CH ↔ ↔ CH 150 2C +2H 2C 3C 2H 3C + 4 2 ] CH 4 - 600 + 2H 4 are + 3CO + ° 2 2 C, O 2 O necessary CO O 3 MPa 2 2 or + . more H . 2

.

utdallas edu

22 Page

metin /~ COAL Putting ThemTogether: AIR Generator Oxygen COAL Energy Electric Tribune Compressor Gas Air Seperator Nitrogen + O + Gas 2 O + H + : N : 2 2 2 O Heat Cracking Coal Gasification Coal H CO + H CO + 2 Hydrocarbon O H 2 Heavy O Gas Tall 2 Coal Fischer Fischer (2n+1)H Seperator Gas Tropsch C H to 2 n 2 H

Distillation + 2n+2 Process nCO

Colon Oil CO Liquid H 2 WaterGas Fuel CO + CO H + H Shift 2 + CO + CO 2

O 2

.

utdallas edu 2

23 Page

metin /~ Natural Putting ThemTogether: Gas AIR Generator Oxygen Energy Electric Tribune Compressor Gas Air Gas Seperator Nitrogen Licensed Licensed by Gas , O , O 2 : N : 2 Haldor 2 Heat byChevron Licensed Topsoe Cracking Petroleum , Denmark 5% CO Hydrocarbon Liquid 2 Heavy , H , Gas Tall Gas 2 Nafta 20% Gas Fischer Fischer n (2H n H Tropsch 2 Kerosin to 2 15 C + nCO n - CO 35% 35% Distillation H 2n+2 Oil 2

Process Colon 2 ) Institute forEnergy Studies. O. Based on to Liquids” “Gas by Plant,Qatar. Oryx to Oil in New Zealand. inNewto Oil and Methanol Russia. Malaysia GasSome 15 Diesel Glebova Sasol, Lake Charles, LA?Charles, Sasol, Lake - 35% South South Africa Licensed by Sasol, - to , Nov 2013., Oxford - Oil plants in plants Oil H 2 O

.

utdallas edu

24 Page

metin /~ Summary turn turbines at power turn turbines atpower plants. combustionTheir beusedcreate can pressured to They all emitgreenhouse gasses in combustion. They to bepumped,all have drilled mined. and Oil, Gas, Coalmolecules are similar are andfuels. fossil        Oil Oil Coalfrom or Gas Coal Methane Bed Emissions Prices Reserves Mining Coal types – Methods Coal w ater ater vapor to

.

utdallas edu

25 Page

metin /~ Appendix: Appendix: Carbon Dioxide Penalty and Emissions Results Results of Emissions and Predictions Policy Analysis (EPPA) model:   Nuclear reactor capacity expansion expansion capacity reactor Nuclear Dioxide Carbon emitting for Penalty Countries do not participate in these penalties such as carbon as such penalties these in participate not do Countries happened! not have which scenarios all are These » » » » No penalty in 2012 or in the near future. future. near the in or 2012 in No penalty Expanded Expanded capacity: Limited capacity: 261 GWin 1997 and 327 GWin 2050. 1GW High penalty Low penalty Source: p. 10 of The Future of Coal. : : Starting in 2010, $7 per ton, increasing at 5% per year, and reaching about $50 per ton in 2050. : : Starting in 2015, $25 per ton, increasing 4%at per year, and reaching about $100 per ton in 2050. 261 261 GWin 1997 and 1000 GWin 2050. can be be can Nuclear capacity is 375 (= 375 GW is capacity Nuclear http://globalchange.mit.edu/igsm/eppa.html = - 10 cap and trade. and cap 9 W = W3.4* HighPenalty LowPenalty at about 28 Billiontonsperaboutyear.at in 2000). level(2 x the yeartons per Billion emissions emissions continue to rise. Business usual as and 10 : Emissions stabilize ~ 2040 at ~ 42 2040 at ~ ~ stabilize Emissions : 10 : Emissions stabilize about 2015 about stabilize Emissions : 9 Btu/hr 9 9 W) in 2010. in W)

.

utdallas edu

26 Page

metin /~   High penalty can change the composition of energy sources: energyof composition the change can penalty High can 2015 in effective becoming penalty High Appendix: Penalty and Emissionswith and Penalty Appendix: » » » » CCS is CCS is more important under high penalty and limited nuclear capacity coal when is expensive and needed. Source: p. 11 of The Future of Coal. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Carbon Captureand Storage Coal Coal consumption with CCS Coal consumption without CCS drops Renewables Oil consumption stable is and Gas consumption increasing is Limited nuclear capacity in the USA but expansions Limited in nuclear capacity but abroad; the USA expansions neither limited nor capacity. expanded decreases increases increase in in the Limited Nuclear Capacity case. in in Nuclearthe Expanded Capacity case Limited NuclearLimited Capacity penalty High reduce energy consumptionenergy reduce – Nuclear can substitute Nuclear substitute can coal! Expanded Expanded NuclearCapacity penalty High with respect to no penalty. no to respect with

.

utdallas edu

27 Page

metin /~