W Imię Wiary I Rozumu – Ideologiczne Uzasadnienie Konfliktów I Zbrodni

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W Imię Wiary I Rozumu – Ideologiczne Uzasadnienie Konfliktów I Zbrodni W imię wiary i rozumu – ideologiczne uzasadnienie konfliktów i zbrodni W imię wiary i rozumu – ideologiczne uzasadnienie konfliktów i zbrodni Redakcja: Anna Kowalczyk Anna Cieszkowska Lublin 2017 Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Konrad Zieliński dr hab. Bogusław Gogol, prof. AMW dr hab. Agnieszka Lewicka-Zelent, prof. UMCS dr Małgorzata Adamik-Szysiak dr Waldemar Bulira dr Aneta Dawidowicz dr Łukasz Lewkowicz dr Paweł Płaneta Wszystkie opublikowane rozdziały otrzymały pozytywne recenzje. Skład i łamanie: Ilona Żuchowska Projekt okładki: Marcin Szklarczyk © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Naukowe TYGIEL sp. z o.o. ISBN 978-83-65598-45-5 Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Naukowe TYGIEL sp. z o.o. ul. Głowackiego 35/341, 20-060 Lublin www.wydawnictwo-tygiel.pl Spis treści Martyna Błaszczyk Dualistyczna koncepcja świata. Implikacja kolonializmu w kunstkamerach europejskich od XVI do XVIII wieku.......................................................................................................... 7 Anna Cieszkowska Zbrodnia i przemoc w „Kurjerze Łódzkim” na przełomie lat ’20 i ’30 – przyczynek do badań ...................................................................................................................................... 16 Anna Kowalczyk Marynarka Wojenna w służbie propagandy czy propaganda w służbie Marynarki Wojennej? – proporce i hasła U.S. Navy z okresu wojny amerykańsko-brytyjskiej 1812- 1814 ........................................................................................................................................ 23 Jakub Maciejewski Ku fotografii socjalistycznej ................................................................................................. 38 Ewa Paczkowska Wysłannik Boga na ziemi czyli walka o władzę kościelną w Anglii ............................... 76 Paweł Pomorski Demonizacja Innego, czyli kilka słów o przemocy symbolicznej w późno starożytnej Armenii .................................................................................................................................. 90 Michał Pytlik Rola dysonansu poznawczego w tworzeniu ideologicznych podstaw konfliktów .......... 99 Anna Szczepańska Pomiędzy Hutu a Tutsi. Burundi i Rwanda w drugiej połowie XX w. .......................... 109 Indeks autorów .................................................................................................................... 119 Martyna Błaszczyk1 Dualistyczna koncepcja świata. Implikacja kolonializmu w kunstkamerach europejskich od XVI do XVIII wieku 1. Kunstkamery w nowożytnej Europie Gabinety sztuk są nierozerwalnie związane ze swoją epoką, będąc odbiciem ówczesnego spojrzenia na świat. W obrębie kunstkamery rozgrywały się spory o uni- wersum, klasyfikowano byty, szerzono wiedzę. Schyłek XVI wieku w Europie to okres renesansu, humanizmu, rewolucji, w której centrum stoi człowiek oraz jego potencjał kreacyjny. To czas redefinicji systemu wartości, porządku społecznego oraz religii. To wreszcie czas wielkich wypraw. To nie przypadek, iż okres ten pokrywa się z czasem ekspansji europejskiej na morzach, gdyż to właśnie wymiana kulturowa z nowymi światami stanowiła bodziec dla zmieniającej się świadomości Europejczyków. Cieka- wość stała się dźwignią postępu, a odkrycia wiązały się z wymianą wartości intelek- tualnych oraz rozwojem nauki. Ta koincydencja przyczyniła się tego, że to właśnie ten okres stał się czasem świetności gabinetów sztuk. Teoretyczne podstawy kunstkamerowego kolekcjonerstwa stworzył już w XVI wieku flamandzki fizyk Samuel Quiccheberg, który przebywał na dworze bawarskim księcia Alberta V. Quiccheberg wytyczył dokładne zasady organizacji kolekcji, opierając się na „Historia Naturalis” Pliniusza Starszego2. Wydane w 1565 roku dzieło „Inscriptiones vel Tituli Theatri Amplissimi”instruowało kolekcjonerów, jak zorganizować kunstkamerę, dzieląc zbiory na kategorie, klasy i subkategorie. Samuel Quiccheberg klasyfikował obiekty w zależności od użytego materiału, stosując porządek logiczny. Quiccheberg zaadoptował również koncepcję Gulio Camillo dotyczącą theatrumsapentiae, według której to teorii wszechświat, w całej swej różnorodności, hermetycznie miał zawierać się w jednej przestrzeni. Jego zawartość charakteryzuje różnorodność, obfitość, nieregu- larność, dziwność oraz niezwykłość. Według Quiccheberga kolekcja miała nie tylko wymiar uniwersalistyczny, ale także definiowała jej właściciela, a jakośćartificialii świadczyła o jego honorze. Według zasad Samuela Quiccheberga kolekcja reprezento- wała świat zewnętrzny, symbolicznie zawłaszczony i rozumiany przez właściciela, podkreślając jego status, władzę oraz wiedzę. Późniejsze opisy gabinetów sztuk są kwintesencją tego sposobu myślenia o kunstkamerach, które według tej koncepcji miały być miejscem, w którym spotykała się władza, sztuka i nauka. Samuel Quiccheberg 1 [email protected] Uniwersytet Gdański. 2 Annemarie Jordan Gschwend, Rarities and Novelties [w:] Encounters: The Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500- 1800, red. Anna Jackson, Amin Jaffer, London 2004. 7 Martyna Błaszczyk zalecał także włączenie do kunstkamery biblioteki oraz warsztatów (np. malarskich), co miało być uzupełnieniem o charakterze empirycznym3. Z biegiem XVIII wieku odejdzie się od modelu uniwersalistycznych kolekcji kunstkamerowych, choć jeszcze w 1719 roku stworzy taką Piotr Wielki4. To jednak wyjątek. Wraz z postępem nauki i nadejściem epoki oświecenia poszczególne kate- gorie z gabinetów osobliwości ulegną specjalizacji, dając początek poszczególnym rodzajom muzeów. 1.1. Posiąść wszechświat Przedmioty egzotyczne, dzieła sztuki, instrumenty naukowe… W kunstkamerach to nie tylko narzędzia pozwalające zdobyć wiedzę i umiejętności, ale także nowe insygnia władzy. Gabinety sztuk odegrały niebywałą rolę w kontekście społeczno-politycznym nowożytnej Europy. Były manifestem pozycji, władzy i erudycji, a także dowodem humanistycznej edukacji oraz referencją społecznego uznania. Przedmioty, choć wyrwane ze swego kontekstu, porządkowały świat i wiedzę o nim. Gabinety osobliwości to nie tylko zbiór kuriozów, ale kolekcje o orientacji encyklo- pedycznej, mające reprezentować pomniejszony model wszechświata, unaoczniając całość bytu. Jest to obrazowy inwentarz świata, gdyż kunstkamery niejednokrotnie są wyczerpujące pod względem geograficznym oraz typologii przedmiotów. Kolekcja, za której nadrzędną zasadę uznać można stwierdzenie im większa różnorodność, tym lepiej, daje możliwość rozważenia jej pars pro toto jako wyrażającej dążenie do władzy absolutnej, metaforycznej i dosłownej władzy uniwersalistycznej. Osobistości chcące cieszyć się wysoką pozycją w hierarchii społecznej, ale też w hierarchii władzy, musiały brać udział w swoistej rywalizacji, wykazując się smakiem i erudycją. Dobór dzieł odzwierciedlać miał także gusta i zainteresowania. Nic więc dziwnego, iż chcąc zapewnić sobie jak najlepsze dzieła i najciekawszą kolekcję, korzystano z usług kompetentnych specjalistów. Najznamienitsi członkowie rządzących europejskich dynastii znani są ze swej pasji kolekcjonerskiej, jak np.: Franciszek I Medyceusz, Albrecht V, Ferdynand II, Rudolf II, czy August II. Przedmioty zgromadzone w kunstkamerach nie miały cieszyć jedynie właściciela kolekcji. Były one udostępniane zwiedzającym, starannie wyselekcjonowanym, uczonym, członkom wyższych sfer. Przedmioty te przyjmowały rolę łupów, przecież już Pliniusz Starszy zauważył, iż to właśnie łupy stały się zalążkiem kolekcjonerstwa5. Kolekcjoner stawiany jest tu w roli niemalże rzymskiego triumfatora, Pompejusza z łupami Azji i Pontu, demonstrującego swe zwycięstwo. Kolekcji została nadana funkcja polityczna, stała się ona narzędziem propagandy. 3 VirginieSpenle, The discovery of the exotic for the kunst- and wunderkammer, [w:] Exotica, red. Georg Laue, München 2012, s. 39. 4 deRosset T. F., dz. cyt., s. 20. 5 Pomian K., Zbieracze i osobliwości: Paryż – Wenecja XVI-XVIII wiek, Warszawa 1996, s. 25. 8 Dualistyczna koncepcja świata. Implikacja kolonializmu w kunstkamerach europejskich od XVI do XVIII wieku Rysunek 1. Jan van Kessel, Toaleta Wenus, ok. 1650-60, Galeried'Art St. Honoré, Paryż Idee posiadania, jak i zgromadzenia całego świata oddaje obraz „Toaleta Wenus” Jana van Kessel z drugiej połowy XVII wieku (rys. 1). Wenus i Amor znajdują się we wnętrzach bliżej nieokreślonego gabinetu sztuk, otoczeni przez liczne rzeźby, odlewy, obrazy, przyrządy naukowe, muszle monety, rękopisy... To właśnie w tych okolicz- nościach Wenus odbywa toaletę, co wydaje się być dość osobliwym zachowaniem. Znaczenie tego gestu można odczytać jako próbę zobrazowania pożądania przed- miotów, które staje się namiętnością6. 2. Exotica Przedmioty o pozaeuropejskiej proweniencji w kunstkamerach określa się mianem exotica. Określenie egzotyczny pochodzi od greckiego słowa exoticos, co dosłownie oznacza z zewnątrz. Słowo exotic w języku angielskim po raz pierwszy jako określenie czegoś obcego użył w 1601 roku Ben Johnson w dziele „Cynthia’sRevels”. Z czasem termin ten nabierał głębszego znaczenia i już w XVIII wieku oznaczał nie tylko coś nie stąd, ale także coś dziwacznego, odmiennego7. Egzotyczne jest nie tylko to, co pochodzi z odległych lądów, ale też wzbudza ciekawość oraz zdumienie8. Termin o podobnym 6Tamże. 7Jackson A., Jaffer A., Encounters: The Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500- 1800, London 2004, s. 6. 8Schmitt R., We must become exotics [w:] Exotica, red. Laue G., München 2012, s. 61. 9 Martyna Błaszczyk znaczeniu nie funkcjonuje np. w indyjskich językach, jak hindi czy sanskryt. Dla określeń takich, jak obcy używa się terminów videś, videśi,
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