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Academia Colombiana ISSN 0370-3908 REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA COLOMBIANA de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales LA ACADEMIA ES ÓRGANO CONSULTIVO DEL GOBIERNO NACIONAL VOLUMEN XXXIV MARZO DE 2010 NÚMERO 130 DIRECTOR DE LA REVISTA: PEDRO PRIETO CONTENIDO - CONTENTS Pág. Pág. Botánica (Botany) A unique continuation result for a generalized KDV type Las gramíneas (Poaceae) de la Guayana colombiana: equation with variable coefficients análisis sobre su composición, riqueza, endemismo e invasión [Un resultado único de continuidad de una ecuación generaliza- [The grasses (Poaceae) of the Colombian guayana: analyses on da tipo KDV con coeficientes variables] their composition, richness, endemism, and invasion] Alex Montes & José Raúl Quintero .............................................. 71 Diego Giraldo-Cañas ...................................................................... 5 Química (Chemical) Más sobre Matisia Gentryi (Bombacaceae-Quararibeae). Una Pseudopterogorgia Elisabethae de San Andrés y Providencia, especie promisoria y poco conocida del Chocó, Colombia una pluma de mar con excelente potencial como fuente de [More on Matisia Gentryi (Bombacaceae-Quararibeae). A little productos naturales con aplicación industrial known and prommisory species from Chocó, Colombia] [Pseudopterogorgia Elisabethae of San Andres and Providen- Hamleth Valois-Cuesta & José Luís Fernández-Alonso........... 17 cia, a feather from the sea with excellent potential as a source of natural products with industrial application] Entomología (Entomology) Carmenza Duque .............................................................................. 89 Variables ambientales, sensores remotos y sistemas de infor- mación geográfica aplicados al estudio de la distribución de Zoología (Zoology) Rhodnius prolixus en Colombia Moluscos del Mioceno y del Pleistoceno de la isla de San Andrés [Environmental variables, remote sensing and geographical (Mar Caribe, Colombia) y consideraciones paleobiogeográficas information systems applied to the study of Rhodnius prolixus [Miocene and Pleistocene mollusks from San Andrés Island distribution in Colombia] (Caribbean Sea, Colombia) and Paleogeographic considerations] Felipe Guhl ........................................................................................ 27 Juan Manuel Díaz M. & César Fernando García-Llano ........ 105 Historia de la Ciencia (History of Science) Identificación de nematodos fitoparásitos en guayabo (Psidium Energía, entropía y religión. Un repaso histórico guajava L.), en el municipio de Manizales (Caldas), Colombia) [Energy, entropy, and religion. A historical survey] [Identification of plant parasitic nematodes in guava (Psidium Stefan Pohl-Valero & Favio Cala Vitery...................................... 37 guajava L.), at the municipality of Manizales (Caldas), Colombia] Oscar Adrián Guzmán Piedrahita & Jairo Castaño Zapata ...... 117 Matemáticas (Mathematics) Estudio matemático del diseño precolombino de la espiral en el arte rupestre del noroccidente del municipio de Pasto Constitución de la Academia (Colombia) (Members of the Academy) ............................................................ 1 2 7 [Mathematical study of the pre-columbian spiral design on the rock art in the north west of the municipality of Pasto Publicaciones de la Academia (Colombia)] (Publications of the Academy) ...................................................... 1 2 9 Armando José Quijano Vodniza ................................................... 53 BOTÁNICA LAS GRAMÍNEAS (POACEAE) DE LA GUAYANA COLOMBIANA: ANÁLISIS SOBRE SU COMPOSICIÓN, RIQUEZA, ENDEMISMO E INVASIÓN1 Por Diego Giraldo-Cañas2 Resumen Giraldo-Cañas, D.: Las gramíneas (Poaceae) de la Guayana colombiana: análisis sobre su composición, riqueza, endemismo e invasión. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 34 (130): 5-16, 2010. ISSN 0370-3908. Se presenta el inventario de la flora agrostológica de la Guayana colombiana. Se registraron 152 especies distribuidas en 69 géneros y seis subfamilias. Así, en la Guayana colombiana está repre- sentado el 18,7% de las especies y el 43,7% de los géneros de gramíneas presentes en Colombia. Las subfamilias más ricas fueron las Panicoideae (110 especies/46 géneros), las Chloridoideae (21/ 9) y las Bambusoideae (11/9). Los géneros más diversificados fueron Paspalum (19 especies), Panicum (16), Axonopus (14), Eragrostis (9) y Digitaria (8). Se hallaron 19 especies introducidas y naturalizadas, lo que representa el 12,5% del total de las especies. Se documentaron ocho espe- cies endémicas, lo que equivale a un 5,3% de la flora agrostológica de la Guayana colombiana. Adicionalmente, se detallan varias novedades corológicas (pertenecientes a los géneros Axonopus, Cyphonanthus, Gymnopogon y Paspalum) y taxonómicas –nuevas especies– para la flora de Co- lombia (pertenecientes a los géneros Axonopus, Digitaria, Eragrostis y Sacciolepis). Por otra parte, se analizan algunos aspectos biogeográficos preliminares. Palabras clave: flora de afloramientos precámbricos, flora de Colombia, flora guayanesa, gramíneas neotropicales, región Guayana. Abstract The checklist of grasses from Colombian Guayana is presented. In all, 152 species, 69 genera, and six subfamilies were recorded. Thus, in the Colombian Guayana is represented the 18.7 and 43.7% of the species and genera of Colombian grasses, respectively. The subfamilies with the 1 Contribución derivada del proyecto “Estudios sistemáticos en gramíneas de Colombia: Parte II”, de la Dirección Nacional de Investiga- ción de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá. 2 Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 6 REV. ACAD. COLOMB. CIENC.: VOLUMEN XXXIV, NÚMERO 130-MARZO DE 2010 highest number of species were Panicoideae (110 species/46 genera), Chloridoideae (21/9), and Bambusoideae (11/9). The most diverse genera were Paspalum (19 species), Panicum (16), Axonopus (14), Eragrostis (9), and Digitaria (8). Nineteen species are introduced and naturalized in the Colombian Guayana, which represent 12.5% of the agrostological flora for the Colombian Guayana. There were 8 endemic species (5.3% of Colombian Guayanan grasses). In addition, some species are reported for the first time for Colombian flora (belonging to Axonopus, Cyphonanthus, Gymnopogon, and Paspalum), and some species are new to science (belonging to Axonopus, Digitaria, Eragrostis, and Sacciolepis). On the other hand, some preliminary biogeographical aspect are analized. Key words: flora of Colombia, guayanan flora, guayana region, flora of precambric outcrops, neotropical grasses. Introducción vascular de las lajas o afloramientos graníticos colombia- nos (“inselbergs”, Giraldo-Cañas 2008a). Así, este trabajo La región biogeográfica de la Guayana pertenece al pretende contribuir con el conocimiento de la flora Escudo Precámbrico Guayanés; dicho escudo forma un arco guayanesa colombiana, la cual carece de estudios de con- discontinuo de cerros, lajas, afloramientos rocosos, serra- junto a pesar de su enorme importancia taxonómica, nías, tepuyes y macizos en el norte de la Amazonia (Smith, ecológica y biogeográfica (Giraldo-Cañas 2008a). Aquí se 1946; Schultes, 1949). Esta región constituye un área cer- documenta la riqueza, la composición, el endemismo y la cana a los dos millones de km² (Huber, 2006), se localiza en invasión de las gramíneas de la Guayana colombiana. el norte de Sudamérica y comprende el sur de Venezuela y partes de Guyana, Surinam, Guayana Francesa, Colombia Materiales y métodos y Brasil (Maguire, 1970, 1979; Boom, 1990; Berry et al. 1995a, 1995b; Huber, 1995, 2006). La región Guayana po- El inventario de la flora agrostológica está basado en see una rica flora vascular estimada en cerca de 1800 géne- varias exploraciones realizadas por el autor en diferentes ros (138 endémicos) y unas 15000 especies, de las cuales áreas y formaciones vegetales de la Guayana colombiana un 40% tiene un área de distribución endémica de la región (arenas blancas, lajas, tepuyes; arbustales, herbazales, (véase Berry et al. 1995a). sabanas, bosques, ambientes acuáticos), comprendidas entre los años 1996 y 2004; éstas abarcaron tanto las épo- En su porción colombiana, el Escudo Guayanés ocupa- cas secas como las de lluvias. Los muestreos se realizaron ba un área cercana a los 250.000 km² del territorio conti- en forma aleatoria y cualitativa, los que comprendieron la nental actual que posee el país (Etter, 2001); en la actualidad herborización de ejemplares en estado reproductivo, con y debido a procesos de fractura y erosión a lo largo de base en los estándares de inventarios florísticos y de pre- millones de años, sólo queda un 20-25% de esta área en servación de las muestras (Johnston 1941; Lawrence 1962; Colombia, principalmente de forma dispersa entre los bos- Font Quer 1964; Gould & Shaw 1983, 1992, Llorente ques amazónicos y los bosques y las sabanas orinocenses Bousquets et al. 1994; Judd et al. 2002). Los ejemplares (Etter, 2001; Giraldo-Cañas, 2008a). La porción colombia- recolectados se determinaron en el Herbario Nacional Co- na del Escudo Guayanés pertenece a la provincia Occiden- lombiano (COL), en donde también se encuentran deposi- tal de la región fitogeográfica de la Guayana (Huber, 1994; tados bajo la serie de D. Giraldo-Cañas. El reconocimiento Berry et al. 1995a) y cuenta con tres distritos fitogeográ- de las subfamilias está basado en los recientes catálogos de ficos (Berry et al. 1995a; Giraldo-Cañas,
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