DOCSLIB.ORG

Arming the Continental Army in 1777

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arming the Continental Army in 1777 Excerpted from Vol. 46 No. 2 of the Tredyffrin Easttown History Quarterly Washington’s Great Challenge: Arming the Continental Army in 1777 Scott P. Houting This article was transcribed from a program deliv- Yes. In fact, if you’re interested, in the stable at ered by Scott Houting at the February 17, 2008 meet- Washington’s Headquarters we’ve a small exhibit ing of the Tredyffrin Easttown Historical Society. The about the Mount Joy Forge with artifacts that were program was held at the Education Center of Valley excavated in 1929 – 1930 from the forge site. Forge National Historical Park. Those are some of things that we think of when we hear the words “Valley Forge.” Today I’ll talk about ’d like to start by asking, “What comes to mind the lack of supplies and specifically about the lack of when you think of Valley Forge and the encamp- weapons, and not only the lack of weapons but also I ment that occurred here in the winter of 1777- the lack of training in the use of those weapons. 1778?” When the army arrived here, about half of the sol- diers had bayonets for their muskets. Very few, how- Audience responses: ever, were properly trained in the use of the bayonet. Snow. In fact, an occasional use of the bayonet was to roast Weather conditions. meat over an open fire. Von Steuben rebuilding the army’s discipline. Starvation. First, I’d like to read some excerpts from transcripts No battle. of three letters from General Washington. The first one is dated February 29, 1778, and it’s addressed Thank you! I’m glad we don’t have to clear that up. from Headquarters: “The Armory Department is in as Every day visitors come to the Welcome Center from bad a situation as it can well be and requires Brandywine or Gettysburg or other battlefields and measures to be immediately taken to put it upon a ask, ”Where was the battle at Valley Forge?” proper footing. Otherwise the army must be greatly What else? distressed on a score of arms and the public will be at a great expense to little purpose.” The hardships that they endured. Disease. A day later from Lebanon (Lebanon was a storage Lack of supplies. facility for the Continental Army); this is a Return of I think about the women and ladies who were Arms dated March 1, 1778: “1,564 new French mus- here. kets from New England, balance remaining here Jan- st Yes. And, of course, the children. This was a winter uary 31 per last return, 1,500 still there. 2,407 old camp of six months. There were families here. It was muskets unfit for service there, at last return still a large town for those six months. there. 460 of the old muskets in such bad condition the stocks all broke . Mr. Dupree thought better to Parson Weems’ story of Washington praying. take them to pieces, which was done. The good bar- rels and mountings will be packed up together and Okay, the myths of Valley Forge, the romanticism. sent to Carlisle.” That’s Carlisle, Pennsylvania, prob- ably for refitting on new stocks. The name itself. 45 Copyright © 2020 Tredyffrin Easttown Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Authors retain copyright for their contributions. This publication or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher. Contact the Society for permission to use any content in this publication.The Society does not accept responsibility for the accuracy of the information herein. Excerpted from Vol. 46 No. 2 of the Tredyffrin Easttown History Quarterly Moving along in the Valley Forge encampment, April land and around London proper were making compo- 30, 1778 - there is no location on this Return: “697 nents for military weapons. One person would spe- new French muskets sent to camp for the month of cialize in locks, another would specialize in barrels, April. 4,212 damaged muskets listed total.” And then another in the furniture on the weapons. These spe- he continues talking about rifles coming in the stores. cialized craftsmen made the parts and then shipped The point here is that the lack of weapons was a them to the Tower of London. The Tower itself was chronic problem faced by the Continental Army up the main repository for the British government going until the end of the Valley Forge encampment. By its back to 1078. So after 1715, individual gun makers end, in April and May of 1778, supplies were coming were specializing in one component of the manufac- in from France. We enjoyed the French alliance here turing, then shipping by the crate to the Tower. If at Valley Forge on the 5th and 6th of May; with that England went to war or if a regiment had to be re- we had more open trade. Overall, the French govern- supplied with weapons, they would be assembled, ment supplied anywhere from 100,000 to 150,000 inspected, and issued by the Tower. This, in a nut- French flintlock muskets during the war period. But shell, was the system of weapons development in before Valley Forge, a chronic problem faced by the England leading up to the establishment of the Ord- Continental Congress and Washington was the short- nance System in 1715. age of weapons and, if they had weapons, were they serviceable? As one historian put it, in 1776 Wash- Having said that, let’s look more closely at the chal- ington faced an arms crisis. Without weaponry, the lenge faced by the American government and General war movement might have fallen apart at that point. Washington in supplying the Continental Army. In 1774, we were a new nation on the brink of war. Like To get a better understanding of the situation faced any young nation, we were ill prepared for it. Prior to by Washington (remember, we were allies with the 1774, of course, we were allies of England; actually, British prior to this war), I would like to take a look colonies of England. We had fought with them during at the British system of procuring and developing the French and Indian War and our militia had been weapons for their Army. Let’s look first at what hap- supplied by them with British weapons through the pened before 1715 and then how everything changed Ordnance System. But as the war clouds gathered, the with the adoption of a program called the Ordnance individual Colonies started to recognize that some System. system was needed to supply weapons to the Ameri- can militia. When, in September 1774, twelve of the Prior to 1715, the British government’s military was original thirteen colonies met in Philadelphia at Car- one of the strongest in Europe. At that time, the colo- penter’s Hall to establish the First Continental Con- nels who commanded the British regiments of foot gress, one of their actions was to adopt a resolution had total control over procurement. The British gov- calling for the American colonists to arm themselves ernment would give them an allotted amount of mon- with whatever weapons they could find, either pri- ey to purchase weapons for the soldiers in their units. vately or on the commercial market. The problem The problem was that the colonels would often pro- with this resolution was that it was only a resolution. cure inferior, cheap, domestic firearms then pocket There was no legal action. We had no legal system any leftover monies from the allotment. They worked established for the procurement and issue of military with commercial gun makers in England, through a weapons. group called the London Guild of Gun Makers. The Guild did not necessarily work for the government. In 1775, when it seemed that war with the Crown was They made weapons privately. From what I under- inevitable, the American colonies once again got to- stand, it was common practice for the colonels to gether to form what were called “committees of safe- keep some of the money. ty,” or “councils of public safety.” They were orga- nized with the sole purpose of procuring weapons for In 1715, this changed. The Ordnance System was an the militia of the thirteen colonies. The first contract attempt by the Crown, under King George I, to gain was let in the spring of 1775, about a month before better control over the quality and the quantity of fire- Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts. By the arms issued to the British Army. Under the Ordnance way, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania were two of System, different gun makers in the midlands of Eng- the leading colonies that took active roles in the com- 46 Copyright © 2020 Tredyffrin Easttown Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Authors retain copyright for their contributions. This publication or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher. Contact the Society for permission to use any content in this publication.The Society does not accept responsibility for the accuracy of the information herein. Excerpted from Vol. 46 No. 2 of the Tredyffrin Easttown History Quarterly mittees of safety for arming the colonies. The 100,000 French weapons were brought to the Ameri- “Committees of Safety” program was well- can States for the war effort. intentioned but their ability to procure weapons was very limited, for this reason: the colonists making the When we started the war, we were using British weapons were often hesitant to put their names on the weapons.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Two Guncases Panoply of Viennese Flintlock Firearms
    ing from the early eighteenth century (inv. nos. 38p-J3), and 100 Anton Klein (act. 1753-82) by a pair of fowling pieces dating from about 1760 (inv. nos. 206-7). Johann Lobinger (act. TWO GUNCASES 1745-88), court gunmaker to Prince Joseph Wenzel, made an­ Austrian (Vienna), mid-z8th century other pair of guns dating about 1770 mounted with Italian bar­ Wood, velvet, iron, gold; length 5831,. in. (z4g.2 em.); width zo in. (25.3 em.); height g?/s in. (25 em.) rels by Beretta (inv. nos. 426, 430). The firearms in this panoply are generally similar in appear­ The boxes are constructed of wood and are covered with red velvet with gold ance, with blued barrels, walnut stocks, and gilt-brass mounts, borders and bands. The hinges, locks, and carrying handles are gilded iron. including escutcheons engraved with the Liechtenstein coat of The interior of each is fitted with compartments for three guns (which traveled arms. The guns by Klein and Lobinger have wooden trigger­ upside down), lined with green velvet with gold .bands and equipped with a guards, a feature frequently found on Central European flintlocks stuffed and tufted cushion of green velvet with gold tassels to cover the guns. of the eighteenth century. SWP SWP 100 102 PANOPLY OF WHEELLOCK FIREARMS This panoply, composed of fifty-two wheellock rifles and pistols, represents a cross-section of the great collection of wheellock arms in the Liechtenstein Gewehrkammer. The majority are hunt­ ing rifles made by gunmakers in Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, where the Liechtensteins had their estates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Army Lawyer Is Published Monthly by the Judge Advocate General's School for the Official Use of Army Lawyers in the Performance of Their Legal Responsibilities
    Editor, Captain Scott B. Murray Editorial Assistant, Mr. Charles J. Strong The Army Lawyer is published monthly by The Judge Advocate General's School for the official use of Army lawyers in the performance of their legal responsibilities. The opinions expressed by the authors in the articles, however, do not necessarily reflect the view of The Judge Advocate General or the Department of the Army. Masculine or feminine pronouns appearing in this pamphlet refer to both genders unless the context indicates another use. The Army Lawyer welcomes articles on topics of interest to military lawyers. Articles should be submitted on 3 1/2” diskettes to Editor, The Army Lawyer, The Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, ATTN: JAGS-ADL-P, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781. Article text and footnotes should be double-spaced in Times New Roman, 10 point font, and Microsoft Word format. Articles should follow A Uniform System of Citation (16th ed. 1996) and Military Citation (TJAGSA, July 1997). Manuscripts will be returned upon specific request. No compensation can be paid for articles. The Army Lawyer articles are indexed in the Index to Legal Periodicals, the Current Law Index, the Legal Resources Index, and the Index to U.S. Government Periodicals. Address changes for official channels distribution: Provide changes to the Editor, The Army Lawyer, TJAGSA, 600 Massie Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-1781, telephone 1 -800-552-3978, ext. 396 or e-mail: [email protected]. Issues may be cited as Army Law., [date], at [page number]. Periodicals postage paid at Charlottesville, Virginia and additional mailing offices.
    [Show full text]
  • Gun Law History in the United States and Second Amendment Rights
    SPITZER_PROOF (DO NOT DELETE) 4/28/2017 12:07 PM GUN LAW HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES AND SECOND AMENDMENT RIGHTS ROBERT J. SPITZER* I INTRODUCTION In its important and controversial 2008 decision on the meaning of the Second Amendment, District of Columbia v. Heller,1 the Supreme Court ruled that average citizens have a constitutional right to possess handguns for personal self- protection in the home.2 Yet in establishing this right, the Court also made clear that the right was by no means unlimited, and that it was subject to an array of legal restrictions, including: “prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.”3 The Court also said that certain types of especially powerful weapons might be subject to regulation,4 along with allowing laws regarding the safe storage of firearms.5 Further, the Court referred repeatedly to gun laws that had existed earlier in American history as a justification for allowing similar contemporary laws,6 even though the court, by its own admission, did not undertake its own “exhaustive historical analysis” of past laws.7 In so ruling, the Court brought to the fore and attached legal import to the history of gun laws. This development, when added to the desire to know our own history better, underscores the value of the study of gun laws in America. In recent years, new and important research and writing has chipped away at old Copyright © 2017 by Robert J.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018,
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Printers, Obsolete Firearm Supply Controls, and the Right to Build Self-Defense Weapons Under Heller Peter Jensen-Haxel
    Golden Gate University Law Review Volume 42 | Issue 3 Article 6 June 2012 3D Printers, Obsolete Firearm Supply Controls, and the Right To Build Self-Defense Weapons Under Heller Peter Jensen-Haxel Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ggulrev Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Peter Jensen-Haxel, 3D Printers, Obsolete Firearm Supply Controls, and the Right To Build Self-Defense Weapons Under Heller, 42 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 447 (2012). http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ggulrev/vol42/iss3/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Academic Journals at GGU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Golden Gate University Law Review by an authorized administrator of GGU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jensen-Haxel: 3d Printers and Firearms COMMENT 3D PRINTERS, OBSOLETE FIREARM SUPPLY CONTROLS, AND THE RIGHT TO BUILD SELF-DEFENSE WEAPONS UNDER HELLER PETER JENSEN-HAXEL* INTRODUCTION “Will the next war be armed with 3D printers? One thing that’s for sure, the cat is out of the bag . .”1 Three-dimensional printers will allow people with no technical expertise to produce firearms at home. These machines,2 employing a novel fabrication technique called additive manufacturing (“AM”), may seem alien, indeed miraculous. [I]magine doing this: designing shoes exactly the right size in the style and colour you want on a computer, or downloading a design from the web and customising it. Then press print and go off to have lunch * J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wickham Musket Brochure
    A Musket in a Privy (Text by Jan K. Herman) Fig. 1: A Musket in a Privy (not to scale: ALEXANDRIA ARCHAEOLOGY COLLECTION). To the casual observer who first saw it emerge from the privy muck on a humid June day in 1978, the battered and rusty firearm resembled little more than a scrap of refuse. The waterlogged stock was as coal black as the mud that tenaciously clung to it; corrosion and ooze obscured much of the barrel and lock. What was plainly visible and highly tantalizing to the archaeologists on the scene was the shiny, black flint tightly gripped in the jaws of the gun’s cocked hammer. At the time, no one could guess that many months of work would be required before the musket’s fascinating story could be told. Recovery: The musket’s resting place was a brick-lined shaft containing black fecal material and artifacts datable to the last half of the 19th century (see Site Map [link to “Site Map” in \\sitschlfilew001\DeptFiles\Oha\Archaeology\SHARED\Amanda - AX 1\Web]). Vertically imbedded in the sediments muzzle down, the gun resembled a chunk of waterlogged timber. It was in two pieces, fractured at the wrist. The archaeologist on the scene wrapped the two fragments in wet terry cloth, and once in the Alexandria Archaeology lab, the parts were sealed in polyethylene sheeting to await Fig. 2: “Feature QQ,” the privy where the musket was conservation. found (ALEXANDRIA ARCHAEOLOGY COLLECTION) Conservation Preliminary study revealed a military firearm of early 19th century vintage with the metal components badly corroded.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Flintlock Components at Fort St. Joseph (20BE23), Niles, Michigan
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-2019 An Examination of Flintlock Components at Fort St. Joseph (20BE23), Niles, Michigan Kevin Paul Jones Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Jones, Kevin Paul, "An Examination of Flintlock Components at Fort St. Joseph (20BE23), Niles, Michigan" (2019). Master's Theses. 4313. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4313 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN EXAMINATION OF FLINTLOCK COMPONENTS AT FORT ST. JOSEPH (20BE23), NILES, MICHIGAN by Kevin P. Jones A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Western Michigan University April 2019 Thesis Committee: Michael S. Nassaney, Ph.D., Chair José A. Brandão, Ph.D. Amy S. Roache-Fedchenko, Ph.D. Copyright by Kevin P Jones 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank my Mom and Dad for everything they do, have done, and will do to help me succeed. Thanks to my brothers and sister for so often leading by example. Also to Rod Watson, Ihsan Muqtadir, Shabani Mohamed Kariburyo, and Vinay Gavirangaswamy – friends who ask the tough questions, like “are you done yet?” I want to thank advisers and supporters from past and present. Dr. Kory Cooper, for setting me out on this path; Kathy Atwell for providing me an opportunity to start; my professors and advisers for this project for allowing it to happen; and Lauretta Eisenbach for making things happen.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Firearms
    Foundation for European Societies of Arms Collectors A short history of firearms Prepared for FESAC by: , ing. Jaś van Driel FARE consultants P.O. box 22276 3003 DG Rotterdam the Netherlands [email protected] Firearms, a short history The weapon might well be man’s earliest invention. Prehistoric man picked up a stick and lashed out at something or someone. This happened long before man learned to harness fire or invented the wheel. The invention of the weapon was to have a profound impact on the development of man. It provided the third and fourth necessities of life, after air and water: food and protection. It gave prehistoric man the possibility to hunt animals that were too big to catch by hand and provided protection from predators, especially the greatest threat of all: his fellow man. The strong man did not sit idly while intelligent man used the weapon he invented to match his brute force and soon came up with a weapon of his own, thus forcing intelligent man to come up with something better. The arms race had started. This race has defined the history of mankind. To deny the role that weapons in general and firearms in particular have played in deciding the course of history is like denying history itself. The early years During the Stone Age axes, knives and spears appeared and around 6000 BC the bow made its debut. This was the first weapon, after the throwing spear, that could be used at some distance from the intended target, though possibly slings also were used to hurl stones.
    [Show full text]
  • Pistols, Crime, and Public: Safety in Early America Clayton E. Cramer
    WLR44-4_OLSON-4-25-08 6/3/2008 3:46:03 PM PISTOLS, CRIME, AND PUBLIC: SAFETY IN EARLY AMERICA CLAYTON E. CRAMER1 & JOSEPH EDWARD OLSON2 There is a vigorous debate under way about the scope of the Second Amendment. What are the limits of that right? What “arms” does it protect? Does it protect an individual right to possess and perhaps to carry firearms? The District of Columbia, in its attempt to defend its 1976 gun control law, has argued that the widespread possession of handguns (“pistols”) represents an especially serious public safety hazard, and that even if arguendo, the Second Amendment protects an individual right, it would not extend to pistols, which the District of Columbia characterizes as “uniquely dangerous weapons” that present “unique dangers to innocent persons.”3 This paper examines what was likely the Framer’s original public meaning of the Bill of Rights provision that protects “the right of the people to keep and bear arms,” with no apparent limitations concerning handguns. We do so by examining what the history of pistols in early America tells us about foreseeable technological developments. I. GUNS, ARMS, FIRE-ARMS, PISTOLS: SOME DEFINITIONS A few definitions are appropriate because there have been a few subtle changes in the meaning of some of the terms over the last two centuries. “Gun” had a more restricted meaning in the eighteenth century than it does today, referring in some contexts to privately owned cannon,4 but most often to what today we call long guns: 1. B.A. (History with Distinction), Sonoma State University; M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow Nathan Lanan Gettysburg College Class of 2012
    Volume 9 Article 4 2010 The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow Nathan Lanan Gettysburg College Class of 2012 Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj Part of the Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Military History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Lanan, Nathan (2010) "The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow," The Gettysburg Historical Journal: Vol. 9 , Article 4. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol9/iss1/4 This open access article is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow Abstract The Ottoman Empire is known today as a major Gunpowder Empire, famous for its prevalent use of this staple of modern warfare as early as the sixteenth century. However, when Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq visited Constantinople from 1554 to 1562, gunpowder was not used by the Sipahi cavalry who stubbornly, it seems, insisted on continuing to use the composite bow that the Turks had been using for centuries. This continued, despite their fear of European cavalry who used “small muskets” against them on raids. Was this a good idea? Was the composite bow a match or contemporary handheld firearms? Were Turkish tactics incompatible with firearms to the point that the Ottomans would have lost their effectiveness on the battlefield? Could the
    [Show full text]
  • 1Jock Haswell, the British Army: a Concise History (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975), 9- 10
    CHAPTER 3 THE SOLDIERS: THE BRITISH FORCES The British forces that fought against the Jacobite forces during the rebellions were essentially two different and diametrically opposed armies. Although armed and initially trained the same, the two forces were very different. The first force to fight in the rebellions was the militia, and the second was made up of the Regulars in the British Standing Army. The former was trained yet untested and out of practice; while the latter was brimming with experienced veterans from continental warfare. This chapter will begin with a brief history of the standing army in Britain which will explain the existence of the militia; then it will explore the weapons and tactics of the British forces which fought against the Highland Charge. The British land forces had their beginnings in the eleventh century A.D. when the Normans brought the feudal system to England. Under this system, the Anglo-Saxon fyrd developed. The fyrd was a local military force composed of all free landowners between the ages of sixteen and sixty who served approximately two months per year and who could be called upon for defense at a moments notice. King Alfred, who reigned in southern England from 871 to 899, divided the country into military districts and required landowners who owned a specified amount of land to arm themselves.1 This was the beginning of the English militia, which was relied upon for the defense of the home front for the next eight centuries. The militia units were called upon during the threat of invasions, internal insurrections, and for service in Ireland.2 For the large-scale wars during the Middle Ages however, armies were raised for the campaigns or the duration of 1Jock Haswell, The British Army: A Concise History (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975), 9- 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeological Findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site Non-Sensitive Version
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Resource Stewardship and Science Archeological Findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site Non-Sensitive Version Natural Resource Report NPS/FOBO/NRR—2016/1361 ON THIS PAGE Photograph (looking southeast) of Section K, Southeast First Fort Hill, where many cannonball fragments were recorded. Photograph courtesy National Park Service. ON THE COVER Top photograph, taken by William Bell, shows Apache Pass and the battle site in 1867 (courtesy of William A. Bell Photographs Collection, #10027488, History Colorado). Center photograph shows the breastworks as digitized from close range photogrammatic orthophoto (courtesy NPS SOAR Office). Lower photograph shows intact cannonball found in Section A. Photograph courtesy National Park Service. Archeological Findings of the Battle of Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site Non-sensitive Version Natural Resource Report NPS/FOBO/NRR—2016/1361 Larry Ludwig National Park Service Fort Bowie National Historic Site 3327 Old Fort Bowie Road Bowie, AZ 85605 December 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]