DOCSLIB.ORG

Excessive Crying at 3 Months of Age and Behavioural Problems at 4 Years

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Excessive Crying at 3 Months of Age and Behavioural Problems at 4 Years JECH Online First, published on February 19, 2015 as 10.1136/jech-2014-204568 Research report J Epidemiol Community Health: first published as 10.1136/jech-2014-204568 on 19 February 2015. Downloaded from Excessive crying at 3 months of age and behavioural problems at 4 years age: a prospective cohort study Iná S Santos,1 Alicia Matijasevich,1,2 Marcelo F Capilheira,1 Luciana Anselmi,1 Fernando C Barros3 1Post-graduate Program in ABSTRACT 4 months and lasting more than 3 h per day, occur- Epidemiology, Department of Background Excessive crying in early infancy has been ring in more than 3 days in any week for 3 weeks Social Medicine, Faculty of 9 Medicine, Federal University of associated with behavioural problems among preschool (rule of three) that is typically known as colic. Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande children from high income countries but studies in low Colic affects between 9% and 12% of infants from do Sul, Brazil income and middle income countries are scarce. community samples.8 Others give less emphasis to 2 Department of Preventive Methods The 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort is a the amount of crying and give relevance to mater- Medicine, School of Medicine, population-based study planned to enrol all live births nal or parental stress due to the child unresponsive- University of São Paulo, São 10 Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil occurring in Pelotas that year and comprises 4231 ness to soothing or to the maternal perception of 11 3Post-graduate Program in children who so far have been followed up at 3, 12, 24, the intensity of crying. Health and Behavior, Catholic 48 and 72 months of age. Several familial, maternal and Negative consequences of excessive crying on University of Pelotas, Pelotas, child characteristics were gathered in every follow-up. At maternal and child health have been described: it is Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil – the 3-month follow-up, infants whose mothers perceived associated with early weaning from breast milk,12 14 15 Correspondence to them as crying more than others of the same age were frequent changes of formulae, and maternal Dr Iná S Santos, Post-graduate classified as ‘crying babies’. Child behavioural problems mental symptoms,16 besides being the most Program in Epidemiology, were assessed through the Child Behavior Checklist common proximal risk factor for shaken baby Department of Social Medicine, (CBCL) applied to the mother at the 48-month follow- syndrome.17 Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua up. Crude and adjusted ORs with 95% CIs were The association between excessive crying in the Marechal Deodoro 1160, calculated by logistic regression. first months of life and preschool children behav- 3o piso, Pelotas, RS 96020- Results Prevalence of excessive crying at 3 months was iour has been the subject of several studies in high – 220, Brazil; inasantos@uol. 11.9% (10.9% to 13.0%). Among children with income countries,18 21 whereas scarce information com.br excessive crying at 3 months the proportion in the from low income and middle income countries is copyright. Received 20 June 2014 clinical range for CBCL total, internalising and available. To explain the association between early Revised 25 November 2014 externalising problems at 4 years of age was 31.2%, regulatory problems (excessive crying, sleeping and Accepted 3 February 2015 12.9% and 37.5%, respectively, against 20.6%, 6.8% feeding problems) and behavioural problems it has and 29.6%, respectively, among non-crying babies. After been suggested that the former may be early controlling for confounders crying babies presented markers for similar processes of inadequate or increased risk of being in clinical range of CBCL total undercontrolled behaviour in childhood.19 The aim (OR=1.34; 1.03 to 1.74), internalising (OR=1.55; 1.09 of this study was to assess the prevalence of exces- to 2.21) and externalising problems (OR=1.29; 1.01 to sive crying at the age of 3 months and to test the 1.64) than infants without excessive crying. hypothesis that excessive crying at this age is asso- Conclusions Excessive crying in early infancy may ciated with behavioural problems when children represent one important risk factor for developing reach the age of 4 years. behavioural problems in later phases of early childhood. http://jech.bmj.com/ METHODS A birth cohort was started in 2004 in the city of INTRODUCTION Pelotas (Southern Brazil) when all live births were Studies have shown that psychosocial problems in included between January 1st and December 31st. childhood are associated with psychological disor- Only newborns to mothers living in the urban area ders later in life and that early detection and treat- of Pelotas were eligible to the study. Of a total of ment of psychosocial problems in childhood are 4263 mothers complying with this inclusion criter- on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected important for prevention of psychosocial disorders ion, 32 (0.8%) refused to participate in the peri- in adults. Children with behaviour problems are natal study. So far, visits have been carried out to recognised as at increased risk for problems with the full cohort when children were about 3, 12, 24, regulating affect, behaviour and cognition in adult- 48 and 72 months of age, with follow-up rates of – hood.1 6 95.7%, 94.0%, 93.5%, 92.0%, and 90.2%, The prevalence of excessive crying during the respectively. More details of the study can be found – first 3 months in representative community-based elsewhere.22 24 This paper uses information col- samples from high income countries has been lected at the perinatal study and at the 3-month To cite: Santos IS, reported to range between 14% and 29%.78There and the 48-month visits. Matijasevich A, is no consensus regarding the definition of exces- Capilheira MF, et al. J sive crying. A frequently used definition is the Exposure Epidemiol Community Health Published Online First: excessive paroxysmal crying, that is most likely to Excessive crying was assessed at the 3-month visit [please include Day Month occur about the same time every day (usually in the by asking the mother whether “compared to babies Year] doi:10.1136/jech- late afternoon or evenings) without any identifiable of the same age, her baby cried more, less or as the 2014-204568 cause in an otherwise healthy baby aged 2 weeks to same”. Infants whose mothers perceived them as Santos IS, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015;0:1–6. doi:10.1136/jech-2014-204568 1 Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2015. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd under licence. Research report J Epidemiol Community Health: first published as 10.1136/jech-2014-204568 on 19 February 2015. Downloaded from crying more than others of the same age were classified as (‘staying with the mother’ or “neonatal intermediate or inten- ‘crying babies’.11 sive care”) was collected. Three-month postpartum covariables Outcome At 3 months post partum, maternal mental health was evaluated Child behaviour was assessed through the application to the through the application of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire mother of the 4–18 year version of the Child Behavior (SRQ-20).28 29 A validation study in Brazil defined the cut-off Checklist (CBCL)25 when children were 4 years of age. The ≥8 to identify women in higher risk of common mental disor- CBCL is designed to be self-completed (by parents), however to ders.30 Information on maternal heavy caffeine consumption maximise response rates, standardisation, accuracy and to (≥300 mg/day), breastfeeding pattern (exclusive, predominant, prevent embarrassment or error among less literate mothers, partial or weaning) was collected. Bed sharing (mother and questions were read out by trained psychologists in the identical child sharing the same surface at night to sleep),31 and use of order and form as in the original instrument. The CBCL items pacifier was also gathered at 3 months of age. are rated on a three-point Likert scale.26 Aprofile of childhood psychological problems provided scores on eight empirically Statistical analyses derived scales: withdrawn, somatic problems, anxious/ Only infants from singleton pregnancies were included in the depressed, social problems, thought problems, attention pro- analyses. Prevalence rates of excessive crying with 95% CIs (PR; blems, aggressive behaviour and rule-breaking behaviour. Data 95% CI) were calculated for every maternal and child character- from these scales were summed to provide an overall score istic. The association between excessive crying and CBCL scores (total problems), and were also grouped in two broad dimen- was assessed through logistic regression. A hierarchical model sions (internalising and externalising problems). A dichotomous was used to control for confounders. Variables associated with classification of CBCL scores comparing ‘clinical’ (positive excessive crying and positive CBCL score at a p level ≤0.20 screening) and ‘non-clinical’ (negative screening) groups was were kept in the regression model as confounders. In the first used. The clinical group was identified as those children with a t step (model 1) the crude effect of excessive crying was mea- score higher than 63 points in the CBCL total, externalising or sured. In the second step (model 2) the association between internalising scales according to the CBCL manual.25 In add- excessive crying and behavioural problems was adjusted for ition, CBCL scores were analysed as a continuous variable in maternal antenatal (antenatal care, smoking in pregnancy, caf- original score units, whereby a higher score reflects greater pro- feine intake in third trimester and maternal mood symptoms in blems. Mean CBCL scores were compared between crying and pregnancy) and perinatal variables (family income, maternal age non-crying babies using Student t test.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Crying Baby: Differential Diagnosis and Management Plan
    ACTA SCIENTIFIC PAEDIATRICS Volume 2 Issue 7 July 2019 Review Article The Crying Baby: Differential Diagnosis and Management Plan Gihad I Alsaeed1*, Ibrahim G Alsaeed2 and Mohamed G Alsaeed3 1Department of Pediatrics, Al-Takhassusi Hospital, Saudi Arabia 2Intern Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Milan University, Italy 3Intern Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Pavia University, Italy *Corresponding Author: Gihad I Alsaeed, Department of Pediatrics, Al-Takhassusi Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Received: May 20, 2019; Published: June 17, 2019 DOI: 10.31080/ASPE.2019.02.0093 Abstract Crying baby is one of the most common causes of Emergency Room visits during infancy and is associated with adverse outcomes organic causes that could be serious or life threatening if not diagnosed early. The aim of this article is to illustrate the organic and for some mothers and babies. 20% of parents report problems with their Infant crying in the first 3 months. 5% of crying babies have non-organic causes of crying baby and to outline a professional approach and management plan. Keywords: Crying Baby; Infantile Colic; Formula Intolerance; Cow'S Milk Allergy; Breast Feeding Problems; Organic Causes; Crying Medication Introduction peaks at 6 weeks of age. Abnormal crying, by contrast, may occur at any time, with no response to parental soothing, and could be as- infancy; an explosion of feelings that might be disclosed or deliv- sociated with painful characters, pallor, cyanosed or mottled skin, Crying is the first communication skill to be developed in early ered in the form of the systemic activity of crying. Crying could be tearing, sweating, vomiting, or abnormal movements.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crying Baby: What Approach? Pamela S
    The crying baby: what approach? Pamela S. Douglasa and Peter S. Hillb aDiscipline of General Practice, University of Purpose of review Queensland and bSchool of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Cry-fuss problems are among the most common clinical presentations in the first few Australia months of life and are associated with adverse outcomes for some mothers and babies. Correspondence to Pamela S. Douglas, MBBS, Cry-fuss behaviour emerges out of a complex interplay of cultural, psychosocial, FRACGP, General Practitioner, Adjunct Senior environmental and biologic factors, with organic disturbance implicated in only 5% of Lecturer, Discipline of General Practice, University of Queensland, Royal Women’s and Children’s Hospital, cases. A simplistic approach can have unintended consequences. This article reviews Herston 4027, QLD, Australia recent evidence in order to update clinical management. Tel: +61 432982831; e-mail: [email protected] Recent findings New research is considered in the domains of organic disturbance, feed management, Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2011, 23:523–529 maternal health, sleep management, and sensorimotor integration. This transdisciplinary approach takes into account the variable neurodevelopmental needs of healthy infants, the effects of feeding management on the highly plastic neonatal brain, and the bi-directional brain–gut–enteric microbiota axis. An individually tailored, mother- centred and family-centred approach is recommended. Summary The family of the crying baby requires early intervention to assess for and manage potentially treatable problems. Cross-disciplinary collaboration is often necessary if outcomes are to be optimized. Keywords breast-feeding, colic, infant, infant crying, infant feeding, sleep Curr Opin Pediatr 23:523–529 ß 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1040-8703 and child abuse [10,11].
    [Show full text]
  • Etiology of Excessive Crying in Infants Aged Between 1 Month to 12Months in Peripheral Institute of Himachal Pradesh, India
    www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 6 June 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 ETIOLOGY OF EXCESSIVE CRYING IN INFANTS AGED BETWEEN 1 MONTH TO 12MONTHS IN PERIPHERAL INSTITUTE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA 1Subhash chander, 2Avishek dhiman 1Dr Subhash Chander, MD Pediatrician, Civil hospital, Jwalamukhi, Kangra Himachal Pradesh 2Dr Avishek Dhiman MS ENT, Civil hospital, Jwalamukhi, Kangra Himachal Pradesh Abstract Inconsolable crying conveys the evidence about an infant’s state as well as mental health which, when carefully seen can provide diagnostic information for parents and clinicians. When crying is inconsolable and imprudent, it can stress parents, disrupt parenting and in rare cases, make infant at risk for abuse. Around 25% of all infants cry excessively during their first months of life. This phenomenon has been termed “infant colic.” In most cases, clinicians are unable to determine the cause of the colic. In this study we are finding causes for the excessive cry in infants aged between1month to 12 months. The causes for the excessive crying like infantile colic, nasal blockade, diaper rash, hunger, acute otitis media, and post vaccination febrile illness, cow milk protein allergy, flatulence, fever, sepsis, and meningitis, foreign body in eye, hair tourniquet syndrome and excessive maternal concern were studied. Key words: excessive cry, infantile colic, acute otitis media Introduction Inconsolable infant behaviour and colic are usually used to express a range of behaviours in infants aged up to 1 year that include prolonged episodes of crying, difficulties with sleeping and also feeding1. Studies suggest that it is 20% prevalent and incidence rate is equal between both genders2-3.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical an Urgent Care Approach to Excessively Crying Infants
    Clinical An Urgent Care Approach to Excessively Crying Infants Urgent message: Infants who cry excessively pose a challenge to physi- cians and parents. A systematic approach to the history and physical exam can guide the diagnostic approaches to determine if a benign—or serious— condition is responsible. TONI CLARE HOGENCAMP, MD rying is a primitive form of communication that infants Crely on to communicate their distress. Because infants cannot verbalize their discomfort, they must rely on their cry to communicate with caregivers. Estimates indicate that infants cry a total of 1 to 2 hours per day. Newborns cry the least, but crying steadily increases during the first few weeks to a peak of approx- imately 3 hours per day at about 6 to 8 weeks of life, after which it declines. It is often the excessive crying, when the total hours are consolidated or when the infant is inconsolable, that is the most stressful for parents.1 Parents may complain of excessive crying or excessive fussiness and may describe their infant as “colicky” or irritable. Most parents seek care when they are con- cerned that there is a serious medical problem respon- sible for the crying, whereas others seek care when they have become exhausted. The list of potential etiologies for excessive crying can © Corbis.com be exhaustive, but studies suggest that from 5% to 60% of infants evaluated in an emergency department (ED) from benign colic to serious conditions, such as menin- for excessive crying have a serious medical condition.2-3 gitis, congenital heart disease (CHD), and abusive head A more recent, prospective study of 254 infants present- trauma.
    [Show full text]
  • Approach to Infantile Colic in Primary Care
    Singapore Med J 2019; 60(1): 12-16 Practice Integration & Lifelong Learning https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2019004 CMEARTICLE Approach to infantile colic in primary care Teck Meng Lawrence Lam1, MBBS, Poh Chong Chan2, MMed, MRCPCH, Lay Hoon Goh1, MMed, FCFP Ms Sally Tan, a first-time mother, took her two-month-old baby boy Ayden to see you, their family doctor. Ayden had been crying incessantly for the past two weeks and Sally was at her wits’ end. She said that Ayden usually cried for 3–4 hours in the evenings, causing a lot of frustration for Sally and her husband, as they were unable to find the reason for his crying and could not console Ayden. Sally was keen to try oral simethicone because she had read online that it was effective. WHAT IS INFANTILE COLIC? caregivers. Often, the diagnosis of colic can be provided to the Colic or excessive crying is a common benign, self-limiting family once other possible causes are excluded. The features of condition that can occur in 40% of infants.(1,2) Although it is one of paroxysms, qualitative differences in crying and hypertonia can the most distressing problems of infancy,(2-4) it has no clear cause, be used to distinguish colic from normal crying. no gold standard remedy or preventative action.(5,6) It is common for infants to cry more during the first three months of life, with a Paroxysms mean duration of crying of two hours per day.(2) When the baby Episodes usually happen in the evening hours and are unrelated is aged 10–12 weeks, the mean duration of crying decreases to the baby’s prior activity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Health of Your Child
    Anglais THE HEALTH OF YOUR CHILD Recommendations for parents English-French Vocabulary Hello Bonjour My child’s name is Mon enfant s’appelle My child is …. Months old Mon enfant a …. mois My child is …. Years old Mon enfant a …. ans I am pregnant Je suis enceinte My child is sick Mon enfant est malade My child has fever Mon enfant a de la fièvre My child has a cough Mon enfant tousse My child is having problems breathing Mon enfant a de la peine à respirer My child has been sick Mon enfant a vomi My child has diarrhoea Mon enfant a des diarrhées My child has a sore tummy Mon enfant a mal au ventre My child experiences a burning sensation Mon enfant a des brûlures when urinating en faisant pipi My child has fainted Mon enfant a fait un malaise My child has skin problems Mon enfant a un problème de peau My child has been injured Mon enfant s’est blessé My child is constipated Mon enfant est constipé My child is crying Mon enfant pleure My child does not eat/drink anymore Mon enfant ne mange plus/ne boit plus My child is hungry/thirsty Mon enfant a faim/soif My child is bleeding Mon enfant saigne My child has a runny nose Mon enfant a le nez qui coule My child fell Mon enfant est tombé My child is allergic to… Mon enfant est allergique à… I need help J’ai besoin d’aide I need to go to Accident and Emergency Je dois aller aux urgences I need to see a doctor/dentist Je dois voir un médecin/dentiste Where is the hospital? Où se trouve l’hôpital? It is an emergency! C’est une urgence! Medicine Médicaments Thermometer Thermomètre Band-aid Pansement Table of contents The body ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Brief Interventions: the Crying Infant Bi-Ped Project
    BRIEF INTERVENTIONS: THE CRYING INFANT BI-PED PROJECT (BRIEF INTERVENTIONS: PEDIATRICS) Emotional Health Committee Maryland Chapter American Academy of Pediatrics Barbara Howard M.D. and Ken Tellerman M.D. (This article is an updated version of Dr Howard’s article that originally appeared in Pediatric News 2009 http://www.pediatricnews.com/columnists/behavioral-consult.html) All babies cry, but some babies cry a lot. Some infants will have real pathology such as GERD, food allergies, volvulus, a hair tourniquet or an injury. However, the vast majority of high crying infants are not ill but are instead suffering from overstimulation or a normal but immature digestive system. Keep in mind that although your level of concern may be low, parental anxiety may be extremely high particularly in the case of new parents. In what has been referred to as the “fourth trimester”, babies and mothers are making significant adjustments during the first few months of life and the inability of a parent to comfort their infant can be emotionally devastating. An extremely fussy baby for which there is no quick fix is also a challenging problem for the pediatric practitioner. What’s more is that the stakes couldn’t be higher because a third of child abuse occurs in the first 6 months of life. Why on earth would parents vigorously shake or physically injure a defenseless newborn? Because the parents are physically exhausted and the baby won’t stop crying despite traditional interventions: breastfeeding or bottle feeding, a new diaper, rocking and cradling. Pediatric practitioners may grasp for a solution that is quick to implement, advising a switch of formulas or worse, suggesting a breastfeeding mother switch to formula.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Responding to Unsettled Infant Behaviour
    Understanding and responding to unsettled infant behaviour A discussion paper for the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth Prepared by Jane Fisher, Heather Rowe, Harriet Hiscock, Brigid Jordan, Jordana Bayer, Anne Colahan and Vivienne Amery Understanding and responding to unsettled infant behaviour: A discussion paper for the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth Prepared by: Jane Fisher i,ii, Heather Rowe i, Harriet Hiscock iii, Brigid Jordan iv, Jordana Bayer iii, Anne Colahan v, Vivienne Amery vi i. Jean Hailes Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168 ii. Masada Private Hospital Mother-Baby Unit iii. Centre for Community Child Health Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052 iv. Social Work Department & Infant Mental Health Group, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052 v. Maternal & Child Health Service, Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, Melbourne, Victoria 3000 vi. Tweddle Child and Family Health Service, Footscray Victoria 3011 About ARACY ARACY is a national non-profit organisation working to improve the wellbeing of children and young people by advancing collaboration and evidence-based action for all Australia’s children and young people. Despite Australia being a wealthy, developed country, crucial aspects of the health and wellbeing of our young people have been declining. ARACY was formed to progress evidence-based action to prevent the major problems affecting children and young people. ARACY tackles these complex issues through building collaborations with researchers, policy makers and practitioners from a broad range of disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • Caring for Babies with Prenatal Substance Exposure
    CARING FOR BABIES WITH PRENATAL SUBSTANCE EXPOSURE Ministry of Children and Family Development Vancouver Coastal Region In partnership with Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2nd Edition updated December 2003, Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD), British Columbia Radhika Bhagat, MN, RN, & Pam Munro, MSN, RN Review and Contributions: • Child Development Centre, Prince George: Linda Martindale, Physiotherapist, Carol Oosthizen, Speech & Language Pathologist • Foster Parents: Colleen Anderson, Lorraine Jamieson, Laura Lang, • Forest Cottage Coaching: Tanya Helton-Roberts, www.ForestCottageCoaching.com • Infant Development Program: Bonnie Barnes, IDP Consultant, Vancouver; Dana Brynelson, Provincial Advisor, Annie Wolverton, Regional Advisor, Lower Mainland. • Ministry for Children and Family Development, /Vancouver Coastal Region: Sandi Karmel, Resources Social Worker, Lyna Kiviste, Resources Supervisor • Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children: Janice Duivestein, Lois Woo, & Nicole Raftis, Occupational Therapists; Janet Schlenker, Clinical Paediatric Dietitian • Vancouver Coastal Health Authority: Leslie Cochrane & Laraine Michalson, Community Health Nurses, Sheway Program; Corinne Eisler, Anne Swann, Nutritionists; Sue Wastie, Speech & Language Pathologist; Tana Wyman, Dental Program Coordinator • University of BC: Paul Thiessen, M.C.,F.R.C.P,(C), Clinical Professor, Pediatrics Pictures: Lenora Marcellus, MSN, RN, Mitch Stringer, & MCFD Illustrations: Infant Development Program & Doug Quiring The 1st Edition of this guidebook
    [Show full text]
  • INFANT CRYING Theoretical and Research Perspectives \0 Sarai,} Z
    INFANT CRYING Theoretical and Research Perspectives \0 sARAi,} z. WtLlv YsU llwAvs. I '-', II c. CI.. r-"'-- fa r- '1 <:J lJ o.l\lJ~: ~\~L~o~'\\ ~ crL1tf\j . 6 ~ Written by 8-year-old Alyssa to her S-year-old sister, Sarah INFANT CRYING Theoretical and Research Perspectives Edited by Barry M. Lester and C. F. Zachariah Boukydis The Children 's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Infant crying. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Crying. 2. Infant psychology . 3. Crying-Research. 4. Interpersonal communica­ tion in children. I. Lester, Barry M. II. Boukydis, C. F. Zachariah. [DNLM: 1. Com­ munication-in infancy & childhood . 2. Crying-in infancy & childhood . 3. Language Development. WS 105.5.E5 143] BFnO.C78154 1985 155.4'22 84·26414 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9455-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2381-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2381-5 © 1985 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise , without written permission from the Publisher To our fathers, Norman C. Lester and A. Charles Boukydis, and to John Lind, one of the fathers of cry research. Contributors MARTIN BAX, Community Paediatric Research Unit, St.
    [Show full text]
  • THE EFFECTIVENESS of ORAL SUCROSE in MANAGING INFANTS' PAIN DURING IMMUNIZATION Gad R F1, Abusaad FE2, Dowling DA3, Bassiouny MR4, Abd El Aziz MA5
    Mansoura Nursing Journal (MNJ) vol.6. No.1 - 2019 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL SUCROSE IN MANAGING INFANTS' PAIN DURING IMMUNIZATION Gad R F1, Abusaad FE2, Dowling DA3, Bassiouny MR4, Abd El Aziz MA5. 1Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University 2Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University 3Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University 4Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University 5Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University Email of the corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Treating pain during vaccination should be a part of pediatric primary health care around the world, as untreated pain in children has short and long-term consequences. Few studies of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods of pain relief during immunization have been conducted in low-and-middle-income countries. Finding a cheap and effective pain intervention would improve primary health care. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral sucrose as a method of pain management during immunization among infants through six months of age. A randomized controlled experimental design was used. The study sample included 80 infants distributed into sucrose and control groups. Data were collected in an Egyptian primary health center. Outcome measures, including pain, as measured by the FLACC pain scale, crying time, and heart rate, were measured at three time points (before, during, and after injection). There were statistically significant differences during and after immunization (p<.001) reflecting lower: scores of pain, crying duration, and rising in heart rate for the sucrose group compared to the control group. The study supports the effectiveness of oral sucrose in managing infants' immunization pain and recommends for providing clinical setting with safe resources and education for proper administration of oral sucrose in pain management.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Manual Section F. Other Nutritional Concerns
    Feeding Healthy Term Infants Resource Manual Section F. Other Nutritional Concerns F.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Overview Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs when gastric contents pass into the esophagus with or without regurgitation (“spitting up”).1 It is due to temporary relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter or inadequate adaptation of the sphincter tone to changes in abdominal pressure.2 GER is a normal physiologic process that can occur several times a day in healthy infants.1 Regurgitation occurs daily in approximately 50% of healthy term infants 0-3 months of age, 67% of infants 4 months of age and only 5% of infants by 10-12 months of age.2 Most infants who regurgitate have no symptoms or complications and do not require treatment.1 GER is relatively common in healthy infants and generally resolves between 6-12 months.3 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when gastric reflux leads to symptoms or complications.1 Investigation of GERD is necessary when there is recurrent vomiting with poor weight gain, excessive crying or irritability, disturbed sleep, feeding problems or respiratory problems.2 Recommendations a) Most infants with uncomplicated GER can be managed conservatively with parental education and reassurance regarding its natural course. b) In otherwise healthy appearing infants with effortless regurgitation, a history and physical exam may be sufficient to diagnose uncomplicated GER. It is recommended that health care providers obtain a thorough feeding history, observe feeding behaviour and obtain measures of infant growth to assist in diagnosing and monitoring the severity of GER. c) Breastfeeding should not be discontinued due to regurgitation.
    [Show full text]